TUGAS III

KELELAHAN DAN MEKANIKA KEPECAHAN

RESUME FRACTURE MECHANICS

Disusun Oleh:
Septyan Wahyu N. 04311740000068

Dosen Pengampu :
Nur Syahroni, S.T., M.T., Ph.D

DEPARTEMEN TEKNIK KELAUTAN

FAKULTAS TEKNOLOGI KELAUTAN
INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI SEPULUH NOPEMBER SURABAYA
2019
 RESUME
FRACTURE MECHANICS

 Fracture mechanics is the field of mechanics concerned with the study of the

propagation of cracks in materials. It uses methods of analytical solid mechanics to
calculate the driving force on a crack and those of experimental solid mechanics to
characterize the material's resistance to fracture.
 It is the study of flaws and cracks in materials
 Can be seen as a special case among different design philosophies
 Mostly deals with crack growth and life-time estimation
 Why is Fracture Mechanics important?
 Strength of Material approach does not anticipate the presence of a crack or
does via concentration factors
 Presence of cracks can significantly decrease the structural strength and
reliability

 Why is Fracture Mechanics important?

 Flaw Size (a) is an important parameter in fracture mechanics approach
 Fracture Toughness replaces strength of material
 For linear-fracture mechanics (LEFM), fracture thougness of material is
determined from “stress intensity factor”
 For elastic-fracture mechanics (ELFM), fracture thougness of materia is
determined via energy required to grow a crack.

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 Effect of Temperature on Fracture Toughness
 Fracture Toughness of materials are affected by temperature
 Ships experiencing cold weather conditions may be prone to fracture type
failures

 CRACK INITIATION
 Physically, cracks initiate from;
 An imperfection
 An already existing crack
 A damaged (locally weakened) area
 A failure analysis must include;
 Stress analysis
 Failure criterion
 Theoretical Developments
 Griffith (1893-1963) published the results of his studies on brittle fracture
 He found the strength of glass depended on the size of microscopic cracks
 Three Modes of Fracture
 Mode I denotes a symmetric opening (opening or tension mode)
 Mode II denotes an antisymmetric separation (In-plane shear mode)
 Mode III denotes an antisymmetric separation (out-of-plane shear or
 tearing mode)
 Crack growth usually takes place in mode I or close to it.

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  The crack “adjusts” itself such that the load is perpendicular to the crack faces.

 Fracture Mechanics Parameters

 J-Integral
 Energy-Release Rate
 Stress-Intensity Factor
 T-Stress
 Material Force
 C*-Integral
 UMM Method (Unstructured Mesh)
 Energy Release Rate and J-Integral
 Energy release rate can be calculated from stress intensity factors
 The J-integral can be defined as a path-independent line integral that measures
the strength of the singular stresses and strains near a crack tip.

 Stress Intensity Factor

 The magnitude of stress field in the immediate vicinity of the crack tip is
measured by the “Stress Intensity Factor”
 Stress Intensity Factor is a quantity determined analytically and varies as a
function of the crack configuration and the external loads are applied
 Critical stress intensity factor is independent of the crack geometry and loading

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 and may be regarded as a material constant.
 Typical critical stress intensity factor values are;

Ultimate Critical Stress

Strength Intensity Factor
• AL 7075-T651 83 ksi 1/2
26 ksi in
• AISI 4340 280 ksi 1/2
40 ksi in

 T-Stress
 the stress acting parallel to the crack faces
 Unlike J-integral, it can have both negative and positive values
 Positive T-stress values promotes fracture, where negative T-stress values
results in larger plastic zones)

 Material Force
 Material Force” method provides parameters for global material and dissipation
forces that yield near-tip crack-driving force
 Can be applied to all kind of material models (elastic, visco-elastic, plastic…)
 C*-Integral
 Creep crack growth becomes a concern when structural components are
operated at high temperatures (ie Nuclear Industry)
 C*-Integral can be used to evaluate the crack tip fields under creep deformation

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  C*-Integral is a path-independent integral, which is the steady-state creep
analogue of J integral
 UMM Method
 The unstructured mesh method (UMM) is a numerical tool used for evaluating
fracture mechanics parameters on unstructured hex or tet element meshes.
 Unstructured mesh method supports:
 J-integral
 Stress-intensity factor
 Fracture Mechanics Table
 Which parameters is applicable for which assumptions :
 Crack-Growth Simulation
 VCCT-Based Interface Element Method
 Cohesive Zone Method
 XFEM-Based Metho

 Edge Crack Propagation

 Fracture parameters can be calculated directly using KCALC and CINT
command in ANSYS.
 Crack initiation angle and energy release rate can be calculated from stress
intensity factors.
 Cracks propagate straight (parallel to loading direction) to attain pure mode-I
conditions
 Edge Crack Analysis

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 In Thin Film-Substrate Systems
 Crack propagation is performed quasi-statically. Fracture parameters are
calculated at each propagation step and the geometry is updated for the next
propagation step.
 Cohesive zone elements are placed between thin film and substrate to model
interface

 Industrial Example: Pump Housing Fracture

 Pump housing subjected to internal pressure with a through crack

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