EECE 301

Signals & Systems

Prof. Mark Fowler

Note Set #1
• What is “Signals & Systems” all about???

1/9
 Do All EE’s & CoE’s Design Circuits?
• No!!!! Someone has to figure out what function those
circuits need to do
• Someone also needs to figure out the “algorithms” needed
(i.e., mathematical computer processing)
• Someone also needs to figure out what the whole system
needs to do

So… lots of EEs/CoEs don’t design circuits at all…

What they do instead is design the systems & algorithms that
are needed to accomplish certain needed tasks

Rely Heavily on
Mathematical Models
2/9
 Signals & Systems
• Because most “systems” are driven by “signals” EEs &
CoEs study what is called “Signals & Systems”
• “Signal” = a time-varying voltage (or other quantity)
that generally carries some information
• The job of the “System” is often to extract, modify,
transform, or manipulate that carried information
• So… a big part of “Signals & Systems” is using
math models to see what a system “does” to a signal
Physical System System Model
vout(t)
Input x(t) Output y(t)
vin(t) Audio
System
Amplifier
Math
Voltage Electronics Function Math “Model” 3/9
Beyond “Signals & Systems”
EECE 361
Control Control Systems
Systems

EECE 323
Antennas & Propagation
Electromag.

EECE 377
Comm. Communications
EECE 301 Systems
Signals &
Systems Digital Signal Processing

EECE 315 Analog

Electronics Electronics

FPGAs for DSP

Computer
Networks

Computer Security

Computing Paradigms
(Artificial Intel., Neural
Nets, etc.) 4/9
Some Application Areas From Table 32.1 in Electrical Engineering
Uncovered, 2nd Ed. by White & Doering

Application Area Specific Uses of Signals & Systems

Telecommunications Answering machines, modems, fax machines, cell phones,
speaker phones
Speech and Audio Voice mail, speaker verification, synthetic speech, audio
compression (e.g., mp3)
Automotive Engine control, antilock braking systems, active
suspension, airbag control, system diagnosis
Medical Hearing aids, remote monitoring, ultrasound imaging,
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Image Processing 3D animation, image enhancement, image compression
(JPEG), video compression (MPEG), high-definition TV
Control Systems Head positioning in disk drives, laser control (e.g.,
printers, CD/DVD drives), engine & motor control, robots
Military & Aerospace Radar & sonar, navigation systems (e.g., GPS), secure
communications, missile guidance, battlefield sensors

In each of these areas you can’t build the electronics until your
math models tell you what you need to build 5/9
• Five Common Signals & Systems Scenarios:
– Given a system, determine a signal that will pass through it well
f e.g., Communication Transmitter
– Given a type of signal, design a system that will pass it well
f e.g., Audio Amplifier
– Design a system that will make a desired change to a signal
f e.g., Audio Equalizer
– Design a system that will extract desired info from a signal
f e.g., Radar System or Communication Receiver
– Design a system (and maybe signal) that gives a desired output
f e.g., Control System…. such as cruise control for a car
external forces: fe(t)
The Car
t Forward
speed: v(t)
System
t
t
Feedback Cruise Control
control forces: fc(t) 6/9
 Continuous-Time & Discrete-Time
• Modern systems generally…
– get a continuous-time signal from a sensor
– a cont.-time system modifies the signal
– an “analog-to-digital converter” (ADC or A-to-D) sample the signal to
create a discrete-time signal … a “stream of numbers”
– A discrete-time system to do the processing
– and then (if desired) convert back to analog (not shown here)
x(t) x(t)

t t
Sensor
Analog Digital Elec.
ADC
Electronics (Computer)
Electrical Electrical
Physical Electrical C-T Electrical Electrical D-T Electrical
C-T C-T System C-T D-T System D-T
Signal Signal Signal Signal Signal 7/9
 Our Studies
• Because there are many similarities between C-T
and D-T signals and systems…
– We will present many ideas “side-by-side”
– You’ll need to recognize the differences/similarities
Ch. 2 Ch. 2 Ch. 3 & 5 Ch. 6 & 8
Differential C-T C-T C-T
Equations Convolution Fourier Analysis Laplace Transform
Difference D-T
& Freq. Response & Transfer Function
Equations Convolution

Ch. 4 & 5 Ch. 7

D-T D-T
Fourier Analysis Z-Transform
& Freq. Response & Transfer Function
8/9
Course Flow Diagram (The Capital Letters Show Order of Coverage)
The arrows here show conceptual flow between ideas. Note the parallel structure between
the pink blocks (C-T Freq. Analysis) and the blue blocks (D-T Freq. Analysis).
D. Ch. 3: CT Fourier E. Ch. 5: CT Fourier H. Ch. 6 & 8: Laplace
Signal Models System Models Models for CT
New Signal Signals & Systems
Models Frequency Response
Fourier Series
Based on Fourier Transform Transfer Function
Periodic Signals
Fourier Transform (CTFT)
A. Ch. 1 Intro Non-Periodic Signals
New System Model New System Model
C-T Signal Model
Functions on Real Line B. Ch. 2 Diff Eqs
C-T System Model
System Properties Differential Equations
LTI D-T Signal Model
C. Ch. 2 Convolution
Causal Difference Equations New System Model
Etc C-T System Model
Zero-State Response
Convolution Integral

D-T Signal Model Zero-Input Response D-T System Model

Functions on Integers Characteristic Eq. Convolution Sum
I. Ch. 7: Z Trans.
F. Ch. 4: DT Fourier G. Ch. 5: DT Fourier Models for DT
New Signal Signal Models System Models Signals & Systems
Model DTFT Freq. Response for DT Transfer Function
(for “Hand” Analysis) Based on DTFT
DFT & FFT
Powerful (for Computer Analysis) New System
Analysis Tool New System Model 9/9
Model