Cardiovascular

Risk Factors
IKE DHIAH R

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CORONARY ARTERIES

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CARDIOVASCULAR RISK FACTORS

Major

Additional

Non Traditional

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CARDIOVASCULAR RISK FACTOR

Major Risk Factor

 Advancing age
 High total serum cholesterol level
 Low HDL-C
 High LDL-C
 Diabetes Mellitus
 Hypertension
 Cigarette smoking
 Family History of CAD

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CARDIOVASCULAR RISK FACTOR

Additional Risk Factor

 Obesity, Abdominal Obesity
 PCOS
 Dyslipidemia triad

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CARDIOVASCULAR RISK FACTOR

Nontraditional Risk Factors

 Elevated lipoprotein (a)
 Elevated clotting factors
 Inflammation markers
 Hyperhomocysteinemia
 Elevated uric acid

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 HOMOCYSTEIN

 Proliferation of vascular smooth

muscle cells, endothelial dysfunction,
oxidative damage, an increase is
synthesis of collagen and
deterioration of arterial wall elastic
material

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PCOS

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 Proposed mechanisms by which uric acid causes hypertension.

Richard J. Johnson et al. Hypertension. 2013;61:948-951

Copyright © American Heart Association, Inc. All rights reserved.

ADVANCING AGE

 Man > 45 y.o

 Woman > 55 y.o
 Woman pre menopause <<< Man
 After menopause, the risk is equal

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RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CHOLESTEROL
AND CVD EVENT

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 LDL-C
Concentration and
Risk of CHD

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FAMILY HISTORY OF CVD

 Risk of developing CHD increases if an individual has a close relative (father, mother,

brother or sister) with the disease.

 A family history of premature CHD (i.e. a father or brother who had a coronary event

before the age of 55 years, or a mother or sister before the age of 65 years) is an even

stronger indicator of risk.

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OBESITY

 Potential Adverse CV Effects

  insulin resistance
  blood pressure
  systemic inflammation and prothrombotic state
 Albuminuria
 Dyslipidemia
 Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular abnormalities

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ATHEROSCLEROSIS PROCESS

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Normal and Abnormal Endothelial Function

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RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CV RISK FACTORS AND ACS

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REFERENCES

 Libby P, Ridker PM. Inflammation and Atherothrombosis: From Population Biology and
Bench Research to Clinical Practice. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2006;48;A33-A46
 Viles-Gonzalez JF, Fuster V, Badimon JJ. Atherothrombosis: A widespread disease with
unpredictable and life-threatening consequences. European Heart Journal (2004) 25,
1197–1207
 American Association of Clinical Endocrinologist Guidelines for Management of
Dyslipidemia and Prevention of Atherosclerosis. AACE Lipid and Atherosclerotic
Guidelines, Endocr Pract.2012;18(Suppl 1)

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