Experiment No.: ……. Date: ………..

Objective: To determine the strength of the given HCl by pH-metry, a standard solution of
NaOH of 0.1N is provided.

Materials Required:
pH meter , glass electrode , beaker , standard N/10 NaOH , approximately N/10 HCL ,
burette , pipette , glass rod etc.,

Principle:

Since the pH of the solution is related to the H+ ion concentration by the following formula.
pH = -log [H+]
Measurement of pH of the solution gives the concentration of H+ ions in the solution. When
NaOH is added slowly from the burette to the solution of HCL, the fast moving H+ ions are
progressively replaced by slow moving Na+ ions. as a result pH of the solution increases.
HCl + NaOH → NaOH + H2O
The increase in pH takes place until all the H+ ions are completely neutralized (up to the end
point). After the end point, further addition of NaOH increases pH sharply as there is an
excess of fast moving OH- ions.

Procedure:

The burette is filled with std. NaOH solution. Exactly 20 ml of the given HCL solution is
pipetted out into a clean beaker. It is then diluted to 20ml by adding distilled water. The glass
electrode is dipped in it and connected with a pH meter.
TITRATION – I
First a preliminary titration is carried out by adding std. NaOH solution in portions of 1 ml
from the burette to the HCl solution taken in the beaker and pH of the solution is noted for
each addition. This process is continued until atleast 5 readings are taken after the end point,
and the range at which the end point lies is found out by plotting volume of NaOH added
against pH (graph I).
TITRATION – II
Another titration is carried out by adding std. NaOH solution in portions of 0.1 ml near the
end point and pH of the solution is noted after each addition. The addition of NaOH is
continued even after the end point for further 1 ml. The accurate end point is found out by
plotting ΔpH/Δv against volume of NaOH added (graph II). From the end point, the strength
of HCl solution and hence the amount of HCl can be calculated.
TABLE – I
Titration of HCL (20 ml) Vs. NaOH

Sr. No Volume of NaOH (V) pH

TABLE-II

Volume of
Sr. No. pH ∆pH ∆V ∆pH/∆V
NaOH (V)

Graph-I pH v/s V
 pH

Volume of NaOH (V)

Graph-II ∆pH/∆V v/s V

∆pH/∆V

Volume of NaOH (V)

Calculations:

Step I : calculation of strength of HCl

Volume of HCl , V1 = 20ml

Strength of the HCl N1 = ……………………………
Volume of the NaOH V2 =...........................................(titre value )
Strength of the NaOH N2 = 0.1 N
According to the law of volumetric analysis, V1N1 = V2N2 N1= V2N2/V1
= …………..×.................N/20
Strength of HCl present in 1 liter of the given solution =...................................N
 Step II : calculation of amount of HCL
The amount of HCl present in 1000 ml of the given solution =
…………..N×Eq.wt.of HCl (36.5)
=...............................................gms

Result:
1. Strength of the given HCL solution =.............................N
2. Amount of HCL present in 1 litre of the solution=...............................gms.

Quiz:

1. pH meters can be considered as voltage sources with which of the following internal
resistances?
a) Very low resistance
b) Moderate resistance
c) Very high resistance
d) No resistance

2. The electrodes used in pH measurement have which of the following internal resistances?
a) Very low resistance
b) Moderate resistance
c) Very high resistance
d) No resistance

3. Which of the following is not a failure in pH meters?

a) Defective electrodes
b) Defective input circuitry
c) Defective electronic circuitry
d) Defective calibration

4. Which of the following is the simplest of pH meters?

a) Null-detector type pH meter
b) Direct reading type pH meter
c) Digital pH meter
d) Modern pH meter
5. In which of the following ways can zero drift be reduced in pH meters?
a) Using filter
b) Giving zero adjustment arrangement
c) Keeping the input impedance high
d) Using balanced and differential amplifiers

6. Which of the following can be used to provide automatic temperature compensation?

a) Proper insulation
b) Calibration for different temperatures
c) Thermistor
d) Thermometer

7. Which of the following is not the characteristic of null-detector type pH meter?

a) It can be battery operated
b) It has less accuracy
c) It is easy to maintain
d) Its electronic circuits are simple

8. Which of the following is not the characteristic of direct reading type pH meters?
a) Simple operation
b) Quick to use
c) Continuous indication output
d) It requires balancing process

9. Which of the following is not the characteristic of chopper amplifier pH meter?

a) Direct voltage from the electrodes is chopped at the main frequency
b) Using choppers for high-input resistance gives rise to spikes of waveforms at the output
c) It leads to stability in DC output of phase-sensitive rectifier
d) Magnitude of surge increases in the glass electrode output

10. In which of the following ways can the disadvantages of chopper amplifier type pH meter be
overcome?
a) Using zero corrected DC amplifier
b) Using modern design
c) Using digital design
d) Using vibrating condenser
11. The zero stability of vibrating condenser amplifier type pH meter is much better than a direct
coupled amplifier.
a) True
b) False

12. In vibrating condenser amplifier type pH meter, to maintain good performance which of the
following has to be done?
a) Frequency of the vibrator should be stable
b) Frequency of the vibrator should be constant
c) Amplitude of the vibrator should be constant
d) Both frequency and amplitude of the vibrator should be constant and stable

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