Signals & Systems

503371-3

Dr. Masoud Alajmi

Computer Engineering Department

Taif University – KSA
Spring 2020

1
 This course focuses on
classification and properties of
signals and systems, Fourier series
representation of periodic signals,
Fourier transform and it
properties, convolution,
Course correlation and spectral density,
Laplace transform, representation
Description and analysis of linear time-
invariant (LTI) systems, LTI systems
characteristics, impulse response
and transfer function of LTI
systems, frequency response of LTI
systems, Introduction to analog
filters.

2
 Introduction and Fourier series and Properties of
types of signals line spectrum of Fourier
and systems. periodic signals. Transform.

Time and
FT of special FT of periodic
frequency
functions. functions.
convolution.
Course
Outline Spectral density
Convolution and Correlation Laplace transform
signals.

System impulse
System
response and LP, BP, HP Filters.
characteristics.
transfer function

3
 Course Objectives

To present and describe different types of systems and signals.

CO1

To describe Fourier representation for signals and systems and use

CO2 it to analyze linear systems.

To introduce the student to Laplace transform and its applications

CO3 on signals and systems

To describe linear time-invariant systems, its properties, analysis

CO4 and design using time and transform domains.

4
 Course Learning Outcomes (CLO)

Course Learning Outcomes (CLO): Upon successful

completion of the course, the students will be able to: Mapping to PLOs
Identify and classify signals and systems based on
CLO1 their characteristics and properties. a
Perform frequency representation for different
types of signals and systems using either Fourier
CLO2 series or Fourier transform. a, b
Use Laplace on continuous-time signals and
CLO3 systems. a

Understand the properties, analysis and design of

LTI systems in time and transform domains.
CLO4 a, c

5
Text Book
• Signals and Systems, Simon Haykin & Barry Van Veen, 2nd
Edition, John Wiley, 2002, ISBN: 0-471-37851-8
• Continuous and Discrete Time Signals and Systems, Mrinal
Mandal and Amir Asif, Cambridge University Press, 2007,

Other Reference(s)
1-Signals and Systems, A. V. Oppenheim, A. S. Willsky, & S. H.
Nawab, 2nd Edition, Prentice Hall, 1997. ISBN: 0-13-814757-4.
2- Signal Processing and Linear Systems, B.P. Lathi, 1998 by
Berkeley Cambridge Press, ISBN: 0-941413-35-7.
3-Introduction to Signals and Systems, D. K. Linder, McGraw
Hill, 1999. , ISBN: 0-07-116489-8.

6
 Mid-term exam 30

Quiz(zes) 10

Assignments 10
Grading
Project 10

Final exam 40

7
 • What is:

Introduction Signals & Systems

8
 Signals
• A signal is a function of one or more variables that conveys information
about a physical phenomenon.

• Signals are functions of independent

variables; time (t) or space (x,y).

• A physical signal is modeled using

mathematical functions.
9
Signals

• Examples:
• Electrical signals: Voltages/currents in a circuit v(t), i(t)
• Temperature (may vary with time/space)
• Acoustic signals: audio/speech signals (varies with time)
• Image (varies with space)
• Video (varies with time and space)
• Biological signals: Heartbeat, EEG

10
 Systems

• A system is an entity that manipulates one or more signals that accomplish a

function, thereby yielding new signals.

• The input/output relationship of a system is modeled using mathematical

equations.

• A system may be made up of physical components (electrical, mechanical,

hydraulic) or may be an algorithm that computes an output from an input
signal.

11
How is a System Represented?

• A system takes a signal as an input and transforms it into

another signal

Input signal Output signal

System
x(t) y(t)

12
 13

• Examples:
• Circuits (Input: Voltage, Output: Current)
• Simple resistor circuit:
• Mass Spring System (Input: Force, Output:
Systems displacement)
• Automatic Speaker Recognition (Input:
Speech, Output: Identity)
 Applications of Signals and Systems

• Acoustics: Restore speech in a noisy environment such as cockpit

• Communications: Transmission in mobile phones, GPS, radar and sonar
• Multimedia: Compress signals to store data such as CDs, DVDs
• Biomedical: Extract information from biological signals:
• Electrocardiogram (ECG) electrical signals generated by the heart
• Electroencephalogram (EEG) electrical signals generated by the brain
• Medical Imaging
• Biometrics: Fingerprint identification, speaker recognition, iris recognition

14
 Classification of signals
One-dimensional vs. Multi-dimensional
Continuous-time or discrete-time
Deterministic or Random/stochastic
Periodic or Aperiodic

Power or Energy

Even or Odd
Analog or Digital
Finite or Infinite Length
15
 Classification of Signals

• One-dimensional vs. Multi-dimensional: The signal can be a function of a single

variable or multiple variables.
• Examples:
• Speech varies as a function of timeàone-dimensional
• Image intensity varies as a function of (x,y) coordinatesàmulti-
dimensional

16
 Classification of signals
• Continuous-time vs. discrete-time:
• A signal is continuous-time if it is defined for all time, x(t).
• A signal is discrete-time if it is defined only at discrete instants of time, x[n].
• A discrete time signal is derived from a continuous time signal through sampling,
i.e.:

x[n] = x(nTs ), Ts is sampling period

17
Classification of signals

• Continuous-time vs. discrete-time

18
 • Analog vs. Digital:
• A signal whose amplitude can take on
any value in a continuous range is an
analog signal.
• A digital signal is one whose
amplitude can take on only a finite
Classification number of values.
of signals • Example: Binary signals are digital
signals.
• An analog signal can be converted
into a digital signal through
quantization.
Classification of signals

• Analog Signal

• Digital Signal

-1
20
 Classification of signals

• Deterministic vs. Random:

• A signal is deterministic if we can define its value at each time point as a
mathematical function
• A signal is random if it cannot be described by a mathematical function (can
only define statistics)
• Example:
• Electrical noise generated in an amplifier of a radio/TV receiver.

21
 Classification of signals
• Periodic vs. Aperiodic Signals:
• A periodic signal x(t) is a function of time that satisfies
x (t ) = x (t + T )
• The smallest T, that satisfies this relationship is called the
fundamental period.
1
• f = T is called the frequency of the signal (Hz).
2p
• Angular frequency, w = 2pf =
T
(radians/sec).
• A signal is either periodic or aperiodic.
• A periodic signal must continue forever.

22
 Classification of signals
• Periodic vs. Aperiodic Signals:

x x

….. …..

t t

23
 Classification of signals
• Even vs. Odd:
• A signal is even if x(t)=x(-t).
• A signal is odd if x(t)=-x(-t)
• Examples:
• ASin(2pfot) is an odd signal.
• ACos(2pfot) is an even signal.
• A signal can be even, odd or neither.
• Any signal can be written as a combination of an even and odd signal.

x (t ) + x ( -t )
xe (t ) =
2
x (t ) - x ( -t )
xo (t ) =
2
24
 Properties of Even and Odd Functions
• Even x Odd = Odd
• Odd x Odd = Even
• Even x Even = Even
• Even + Even = Even
• Even + Odd = Neither
• Odd + Odd = Odd
a a

• ò x (t )dt = 2ò x (t )dt
-a
e
0
e

ò x (t )dt = 0
-a
o

25
 • Finite vs. Infinite Length:
• X(t) is a finite length signal if it is
nonzero over a finite interval a<t<b
Classification • X(t) is infinite length signal if it is
of signals nonzero over all real numbers.
• Periodic signals are infinite length.
 Classification of signals

• Energy signals vs. power signals:

• Consider a voltage v(t) developed across a resistor R, producing a current
i(t).
• The instantaneous power: p(t)=v2(t)/R=Ri2(t)
• In signal analysis, the instantaneous power of a signal x(t) is equivalent to
the instantaneous power over 1W resistor and is defined as x2(t).

27
Classification of signals

• Energy signals vs. power signals:

• Total Energy:
For CT signal
T /2 ¥

ò x(t ) ò x(t )
2 2
E = limT ®¥ dt = dt Joule
-T / 2 -¥
For DT signal
¥

å x[k ]
2
E= Joule
k = -¥

28
Classification of signals

• Energy signals vs. power signals:

• Average Power
For CT signal:
T /2
1
ò
2
Pav = limT ®¥ x(t ) dt Watt

T -T / 2
For DT signal:

K
1
å
2
Pav = lim K ®¥ x[k ] Watt
2 K + 1 k =- K 29
Classification of signals

• Energy signals vs. power signals:

• Average Power (for periodic signals)

For CT signal:
T /2
1
ò
2
Pav = x(t ) dt Watt

T -T / 2
For DT signal:

K -1
1
å x[k ]
2
Pav = Watt
K k =0
30
 Classification of signals
• Energy vs. Power Signals:
• A signal is an energy signal if its energy is finite, 0<E<∞.
• A signal is a power signal if its power is finite, 0<P<∞.
• An energy signal has zero power, and a power signal has
infinite energy.
• Periodic signals and random signals are usually power
signals.
• Signals that are both deterministic and aperiodic are usually
energy signals.
• Finite length and finite amplitude signals are energy signals.

31