Professional Documents
Culture Documents
SUMMARY Fikssss OPENSTAX
SUMMARY Fikssss OPENSTAX
1.1 What Is Sociology?
Sociology is the systematic study of society and social interaction. In order to
carry out their studies, sociologists identify cultural patterns and social forces
and determine how they affect individuals and groups. They also develop ways
to apply their findings to the real world.
1.2 The History of Sociology
Sociology was developed as a way to study and try to understand the changes to
society brought on by the Industrial Revolution in the 18th and 19th centuries.
Some of the earliest sociologists thought that
societies and individuals’ roles in society could be studied using the same scienti
fic methodologies that
were used in the natural sciences, while others believed that is was impossible to
predict human
behavior scientifically, and still others debated the value of such predictions. Th
ose perspectives
continue to be represented within sociology today.
1.3 Theoretical Perspectives
Sociologists develop theories to explain social events, interactions, and patterns.
A theory is a proposed
explanation of those patterns. Theories have different scales. Macro-level theori
es, such as structural
functionalism and conflict theory, attempt to explain how societies operate as a
whole. Micro-level
theories, such as symbolic interactionism, focus on interactions between individ
uals.
1.4 Why Study Sociology?
Studying sociology is beneficial both for the individual and for society. By study
ing sociology people
learn how to think critically about social issues and problems that confront our s
ociety. The study of
sociology enriches students’ lives and prepares them for careers in an increasing
ly diverse world.
Society benefits because people with sociological training are better prepared to
make informed
decisions about social issues and take effective action to deal with them.
Section Summary
6.1 Types of Groups
Groups largely define how we think of ourselves. There are two main types of gr
oups: primary and
secondary. As the names suggest, the primary group is the long-term, complex o
ne. People use groups
as standards of comparison to define themselves—both who they are and who th
ey are not. Sometimes
groups can be used to exclude people or as a tool that strengthens prejudice.
6.2 Group Size and Structure
The size and dynamic of a group greatly affects how members act. Primary grou
ps rarely have formal
leaders, although there can be informal leadership. Groups generally are conside
red large when there
are too many members for a simultaneous discussion. In secondary groups there
are two types of
leadership functions, with expressive leaders focused on emotional health and w
ellness, and
instrumental leaders more focused on results. Further, there are different leaders
hip styles: democratic
leaders, authoritarian leaders, and laissez-faire leaders.
Within a group, conformity is the extent to which people want to go along with t
he norm. A number of
experiments have illustrated how strong the drive to conform can be. It is worth
considering real-life
examples of how conformity and obedience can lead people to ethically and mo
rally suspect acts.
RINGKASAN
1.1 Apa Adalah Sosiologi?
Sosiologi adalah sistematis pembahasan dari masyarakat dan sosial
interaksi. Di order untuk angkut di luar mereka pembahasan,
Ahli sosiologi identifikasi budaya pola dan sosial kekuatan dan
tentukan bagaimana mereka pengaruh perorangan dan
group. Mereka juga kembangkan jalan untuk terapkan mereka
penemuan untuk sebenarnya dunia.
1.2 Riwayat dari Sosiologi
Sosiologi adalah dikembangkan seperti a cara untuk pembahasan dan
percobaan untuk pahami perubahan untuk masyarakat dibawakan
pada oleh Industri Revolusi di Ke-18 dan Ke-19 abad. Beberapa
dari paling awal ahli sosiologi dipikirkan tersebut
masyarakat dan perorangan peran di masyarakat dapat jadilah
dipelajari penggunaan sama ilmiah metodologi tersebut
adalah dipergunakan di alami pengetahuan, sementara lain-lain
diyakini tersebut adalah adalah mustahil untuk ramalkan manusia
perilaku secara ilmiah, dan masih lain-lain didebat nilai dari
demikian ramalan. Itu perspektif
berlanjut untuk jadilah diwakili diantara sosiologi hari ini.