Q Equations PDF December 1 2008 3 16 PM 234k PDF

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ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS
MODULE 3
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
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CHAPTER 2 : QUADRATIC EQUATIONS

MODUL 3
2.1 CONCEPT MAP 2
2.2 GENERAL FORM 3
2.2.1 Identifying 3
Exercises 1 3
2.2.2 Recognising general form of quadratic equation 4

.ax2 + bx – c = 0
Exercises 2 4
2.3 SOLVING QUADRATIC EQUATIONS 6
2.3.1 Factorisation 6
Exercises 1 6
2.3.2 Completing the square 8

Exercises 1 8
2.3.3 Quadratic formula 10

Exercises 1 10
2.4 PASS YEARS QUESTIONS 12
2.5 ASSESSMENT 13
ANSWERS 15
1
MODUL 3
2.1 CONCEPT MAP
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
GENERAL FORM
.ax2 + bx + c = 0
Factorization
x    x    = 0
Completing the square
x 2     x    = 0
Formula
ROOTS
x =  ,
b2 – 4ac
> = 0 (Positive) =0 < = 0 (negative)
Two different Two No real

roots Equal roots
roots
Types of roots
2
2.2 GENERAL FORM
2.2.1 Identifying
Example 1 Example 2
4x + 3 = 2x x(x + 5) = 7
2x + 3 = 0 x2 + 5x - 7 = 0
The highest power of variable x is 1 The highest power of variable x is 2
Therefore 4x + 3 = 2x is not a quadratic Therefore x(x + 5) = 7 is a quadratic
equation equation
Exercises 1
Identify which of the following are quadratic equation
5
1. 3 = .2. x(2x + 3) = x - 7
2x
3. ( x + 4 )(2x – 6) + 3 = 0 4. (3m + 5)2 = 8m
5. x (7 - 2x + 3x2) = 0 6. 3x2 – 5 = 2x( x + 4)
3
2.2.2 Recognising general form of quadratic equation .ax2 + bx – c = 0
Example 1 Example 1
.x2 = 5x – 9 x 2  2x
.x2 – 5x + 9 = 0 4x =
x
Compare with the general form 4x(x) = x2 – 2x
.ax2 + bx – c = 0 4x2 - x2 – 2x = 0
3x2 – 2x = 0
Thus, a = 1, b = -5 and c = 9 Compare with the general form
Thus, a = 3, b = - 2 and c = 0
Exercises 2
Express the following equation in general form and state the values of a, b and c
5
1. 3x =
2x 7
.2. (2x + 5) =
x
3. x( x + 4 ) = 3 .4. (x – 1)(x + 2) = 3
4
4 x3 6. x2 + px = 2x - 6
5. =
x 5 x
7. px (2 – x) = x – 4m 8. (2x – 1)(x + 4) = k(x – 1) + 3
x 1 x 2  2x
9. (7 – 2x + 3x2) = 10. 7x – 1 =
3 x
5
2.3. SOLVING QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
2.3.1 Factorisation
Example 1 Example 2
.x2 + 6x + 5 = 0 x + 3 3x 4(x +3) = x(2x – 1)

( x + 3)(x + 2) = 0 .x + 2 2x 4x + 12 = 2x2 - x
.x + 3 = 0 or x + 2 = 0 2x2 - 5x - 12 = 0
.x = -3 x =-2 .x2 + 6 5x (2x + 3)(x - 4) = 0
2x + 3 = 0 or x - 4 = 0
Therefore, The roots of the equation are 3
.x = -3 and -2 .x = x= 4
2
Therefore, The roots of the equation
are
3
.x = and 4
2
Exercises 3
Solve the following quadratic equation by factorisation
1. x2 + 3x - 4 = 0 2. x2 -2x = 15
3. 4x2 + 4x – 3 = 0 4. 3x2 - 7x + 2 = 0
6
5. x2 = 3x – 2 6. x(2x - 5) = 12
7. 8x2 + x = 21(1 – x) 8. (2y – 1)(y + 4) = -7
1 7  6m
9. 4y - =3 10. =m
y 3m  2
7
2.3.2. Completing the square
Example 1 Example 2
Rearrange in the
form
.x2 – 6x + 7 = 0 .x2 + px = q 2x2 -5x – 1 = 0
.x2 - 6x = -7 2x2 – 5x = 1 Change the
2 2 5 1 coefficient
6 6
2
2 .x - x = of x2 to 1
.x – 6x +   =-7 +   2 2
 2   2  2 2
.x2 – 6x + (-3)2 = -7 + (-3)2 Add 2 5  5 1  5
.x - x +   = + 
(x - 3)2 = 2  coefficient..of .x 
2
2  4  2  4 
 
.x – 3 =  2  2  2
.x = 3  2 To both sides  5 1 25
x  = +
.x = 3 + 2 or 3 - 2  4 2 16
.x = 4.414 or 1.586 33
=
16
5 33 33
.x - =  =
4 16 4
5 33 5 33
.x = + or -
4 4 4 4
5  33 5  33
.x = or
4 4
.x = 2.686 or -0.186
Exercises 4
Solve the following quadratic equation by completing the square
1. (x + 3 )2 = 16 2. (5x - 4)2 = 24
8
3. x2 - 8x + 12 = 0 4. 3x2 + 6x – 2 = 0
5. 5x2 – 7x + 1 = 0 6. 2x2 – 3x – 4 = 0
7. (x + 1)(x - 5) = 4 1 3
8. 1 - =
x 2x 2
9
Quadratic formula
Example 1 Example 2
.x2 + 5x + 2 = 0 3x2 = 4x + 2
.a = 1, b = 5, c = 2 3x2 - 4x – 2 = 0
 b  b 2  4ac .a = 3, b = -4 , c = - 2
Using the formula x = Using the formula
2a
  4    4  43 2 
 5  5 2  412  .x =
.x = 23
21
  4   16  24
 5  25  8  5  17 =
.x = = 6
2 2
4  40
 5  17  5  17 =
.x = or 6
2 2
= - 0.438 or - 4.562 4  40 4  40
.x = or
6 6
= 1.721 and – 0.387
Exercises 5
Solve the following quadratic equations by using the quadratic formula
1. x2 – 11x + 28 = 0 2. –x2 – 3x + 5 = 0
10
3. 2x2 + 11x + 9 = 0 4. 3x2 + 14x – 9 = 0
5. 10x(2x – 1) – 8 = x(2x + 35) 6. (x – 1)(4x – 9) + 7 = 10x
11v  2 x 2  3x  1
7. = 2v 8. =2
v3 x2  x 1
11
3x  2 x3 1 x 7
9. + =1 10. +3=
5 x2 x x5
2.4 PAST YEARS QUESTIONS
SPM 2001. PAPER 1 Question 3
1. Solve the quadratic equation 2x(x + 3) = ( x + 4)(1 - x). Give your answer
correct to four singnificant figures.
SPM 2003. PAPER 1 Question 3
1. Solve the quadratic equasion 2x(x – 4) = (1 – x)(x + 2)

Give your answer correct to four significant figures.
12
2.5 ASSESSMENT ( 30 minutes)
1. Express 3x2 – 2px = 5x - 7p in genegal from
2. Find the roots of the equation 2x2 + 5x = 12
1 x
3. Find the roots of = ,
x2 3
4. By using the quadratic formula, solve the equation 2x2 – 5x – 1 = x(4x - 2)
13
5. Solve the quadratic equation (5x – 3)(x + 1) = x(2x – 5) .

Give your answer correct to four significant figures.
6. Given the equation x2 + 4x – 5 = (x – a)2 + b , find the values of a and b
14
ANSWERS
Exercises 1
1. No 2. Yes
3. Yes 4. Yes
5. No 6. Yes
Exercises 2
1. 6x2 – 5 = 0 a= 6, b = 0, c = -5
2. 2x2 + 5x – 7 = 0 a = 2 , b = 5 , c = -7
3. x2 + 4x – 3 = 0 a = 1, b = 4 , c = - 3
4. x2 + x – 5 = 0 a = 1, b = 1, c = -5
5. x2 + 7x – 20 = 0 a = 1, b = 7, c = -20
6. x2 + (p – 2)x + 6 = 0 a= 1, b=(p – 2), c= 6
7. px2 + (1 – 2p)x – 4m = 0 a = p , b = (1 – 2p) , c = -4m
8. 2x2 + (7 - k) x + k – 7 = 0 a = 2, b = (7 - k), c = (k – 7)
9. 9x2 - 7x + 20 = 0 a = 9, b = -7 c = 20
10. 6x2 + x = 0 a = 6, b = 1, c = 0
Exercises 3
1. 1, -4 2. 5, -3
1 3 1
3. , - 4. , 2
2 2 3
3
5. 1, 2 6. 4,
2
7 3 1
7. , 7. , -3
2 4 2
1 7
9. ,1 10. 1,
4 3
Exercises 4
1. 1, -7 2. 1.77, - 0.17
3. 2, 6 4. 0.457 , - 1.437
5. 0.161, 1.239 6. 2.351 , - 0.851
7. 5.60, -1.60 8. 1.823, -0.823
15
Exercises 5
1. 4, 7 2. 1.191, - 4.191
9
3. -1, 4. 0.573 , -5.239
2
5. 2.667, - 0.169 6. 0.810, 4.94
1
7. 2, 8. 5.192, -1.925
2
9. 2.812, - 0.119 10. -0.403, -3.069
PAST YEARS QUESTIONS
1. 0.393, -3.393 2. 2.591, -0.2573
ASSESSMENT
1. 3x2 – (2p + 5)x + 7p = 0

3
2. , 4
2
3. – 3, 1
4. - 0.5, -1
5. 0.370, -2.70
6. a = 2, b = -9
16
SPM
ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS
MODULE 4
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
17
MODUL 4
2.1 CONCEPT MAP 2
2.2 FORMING A QUADRATIC EQUATIONS FROM GIVEN ROOTS

 and  3
2.2.1 Form a quadratic equation with the roots 4

Exercises 1 4
2.2.2 Determine the sum of the roots and product of the roots of the 5
following quadratic equations.
Exercises 2 5
2.3. TYPES OF ROOTS QUADRATIC EQUATION 6
2.3.1 Determine the types of roots for each of the following 6

quadratic equations
Exercises 3
2.4 SOLVING PROBLEMS INVOLVING (.b2 - 4ac ) 7
2.4.1 Find the values of k for each of the following quadratic 7

equations which has two equal roots
Exercises 4 7
2.4.2 Find the range of values of h for each of the following 8
quadratic equations which roots are different
Exercises 5 8
2.4.3 Find the range of values of m for each of the following 9
quadratic equations which has no roots
Exercises 6 9
2.5 PASS YEARS QUESTIONS 10
2.6 ASSESSMENT (30 MINUTES) 12
ANSWERS 14
18
MODUL 4
2.1 CONCEPT MAP
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
GENERAL FORM
ROOTS
.x =  and x = 
FORMING A QUADRATIC EQUATION

FROM GIVEN ROOTS
S The quadratic equation

Sum of the roots
Product of the roots
The quadratic equation
TYPES OF ROOTS
19
2.2 FORMING A QUADRATIC EQUATIONS FROM GIVEN ROOTS  and 
Notes
If x1 = a and x2 = b The quadratic equation with roots

Then (x – a) = 0 and (x – b) = 0  and  is written as
(x – a)(x – b) = 0
2
.x – bx – ax + ab = 0 .x2 – (    )x +  = 0 …….(1)
.x2 – (a + b)x + ab = 0
Sum Product
Sum Product of the .of the
of the .of the roots roots
roots roots
From general form ax2 + bx + c = 0

ax 2 bx c
+ + =0
a a a
bx c
.x2 + + = 0 ……………………(2)
a a
Compare with the equations (1) and (2) .x2 – (    )x +  = 0 ……….….(1)

bx c
x2 + + = 0 ……………………(2)
a a
b
– (   )=
c
b
(   ) = - ( The sum of the roots)
c
c
 = ( The product of the roots)
a
20
2.2.1 Form a quadratic equation with the roots
Exercises 1
Roots Sum of Product of
 and  .the roots .the roots The puadratic equation
(   )  .x2 – (    )x +  = 0
Example 1
3 , 2 5 6 x2 – (5)x + 6 = 0
Example 2
1 1 1 3   11    3
, -3 + (-3)   (- 3) = .x2 –  x +   =0
4 4 4 4  4   4 
4x2 + 11x – 3 = 0
1  12  11
= =
4 4
a) 4 , -7
b)
1
2,
3
c)
1 1
,
3 2
d)
1 2
,
5 3
e)
6k
3k,
5
21
2.2.2 Determine the sum of the roots and product of the roots of the following
quadratic equations.
Exercises 2
The puadratic equation Sum of Product of
.the roots .the roots
Example 1
.x2 – 6x + 9 = 0 6 9
Example 1
.9x2 + 36x - 27 = 0
9 x 2 36x 27
+ - =0 -(4) = -4 -3
9 9 9
.x2 + 4x – 3 = 0
a) .x2 + 73x - 61 = 0
b) 7x2 - 14x - 35 = 0
c) 2x(x + 3) = 4x + 7
2 1
d) 2x + =
x 4
e)
4x2 + kx + k – 1 = 0
22
2.3. TYPES OF ROOTS QUADRATIC EQUATION
.x =
b b 2
 4ac 
2a
.b2 - 4ac
. b2 - 4ac > 0 . b2 - 4ac = 0 . b2 - 4ac < 0

. Two different . Two equal root . No real roots
2.3.2 Determine the types of roots for each of the following quadratic equations
Example 1 Example 2 Example 3
a) . x2 – 12x + 27 = 0 b) .4 x2 – 12x + 9 = 0 c) .2 x2 – 7x + 10 = 0
. a = 1, b = -12 , c = 27 . a = 4, b = -12 , c = 9 . a = 2, b = -7 , c = 10
.b2 - 4ac = (-12)2 – 4(1)(27) .b2 - 4ac = (-12)2 – 4(4)(9) .b2 - 4ac = (-7)2 – 4(2)(10)
= 144 – 108 = 144 - 144 = 49 – 80
= 36 > 0 = 0 = - 31< 0
Thus, x2 – 12x + 27 = 0 Thus, 4x2 – 12x + 9 = 0 Thus, 2x2 – 7x + 10 = 0

Has two different roots Has two equal roots Has no real roots
Exercises 3
1. 2x2 - 8x + 3 = 0 2. -2y2 + 6x + 3 = 0
3. 3x2 = 7x - 5 4. 4x2 = a(4x - a)
23
2.4 SOLVING PROBLEMS INVOLVING (.b2 - 4ac )
The discriminant b2 - 4ac of the quadratic equation can be used to

a) find an unknown value in an equation
Example 1 Example 2
The quadratic equation x2 - 2px + 25 = 0 The quadratic equation x2 – 2kx = -(k – 1)2
Has two equal roots. Find the value p Has no roots. Find the range of values of k
x2 - 2px + 25 = 0 x2 – 2kx = -(k – 2)2

Thus, a = 1, b = -2p , c = 25 x2 – 2kx + (k – 2)2 = 0
Using .b2 - 4ac = 0 Compare with ax2 + bx + c = 0
(-2p)2 – 4(1)(25) = 0 Thus .a = 1, b = - 2k , c = (k – 2)2
4p2 - 100 = 0 Using b2 - 4ac < 0
4p2 = 100 (-2k)2 – 4(k2 -2k + 1)< 0
p2 = 25 4k2 - 4k2 + 8k – 4 < 0
p =  25 8k – 4 < 0
p = 5 8k < 4
.k < 4
2.4.1 Find the values of m for each of the following quadratic equations which
has two equal roots
Exercises 4
1. mx2 - 4x + 1 = 0 2. x2 – 6x + m = 0
3. x2 – 2mx + 2m + 3 = 0 4. x2 - 2mx - 4x + 1 = 0
24
5. x2 + 6x - 9 = m (2x - 3) 6. x2 + 2(x + 2) = m(x2 + 4)
2.4.2 Find the range of values of h for each of the following quadratic equations
which roots are different
Exercises 5
1. x2 - 6x - h = 0 2. hx2 – 4x – 3 = 0
3. x2 + 6x + h + 3 = 0 8. 2hx2 + 4x + 1 = 0
25
5. x(5 – 2x) = h + 2 6. 2(hx2 – 1) = x(x – 6)
2.4.3 Find the range of values of m for each of the following quadratic equations
which has no roots
Exercises 6
1. 2x2 + 2x - m = 0 2. mx2 + 3x - 3 = 0
3. x2 + 2x + m - 3 = 0 4. 3x2 + 1 = 2(m + 3x)
26
5. (h + 1)x2 + 8x + 6 = 0 6. (m - 3)x2 + 2(1 – m)x = -(m + 1)
2.5 PASS YEARS QUESTIONS
SPM 2001/P1 Question 4
1. Given that -1 and h are roots of the quadratic equation

(3x – 1)(x – 2) = p(x – 1), where p is a constant, find the values of h and p
2. Given that 3 and n are roots the equation (2x + 1)(x – 4) = a(x – 2),
where a and n are constants, find the values of a and n.
27
 
3. It is given that and are roots of the quadratic equation px(x – 1) = 3q + x
3 3
If    = 12 and  = 3, find the values of p and q
3
4. Form a quadratic equation which has the roots – 5 and ,
4
Give your answer in the form of ax2 + bx + c = 0 ,
Where a, b, and c are constans
28
2.6 ASSESSMENT (30 MINUTES)
1. Form a quadratic equation which has the roots 3 and - 4
2. Given that -3 and 4 are roots of the quadratic equation x2 + ax = b

Find the values of a and b
3. The quadratic equation x2 - kx + 2k = 4 has roots 2 and 6

Find the values of k
29
.4 Find the values of h if the equation x2 = 4hx - 36 has equal roots
5. The quadratic equation kx2 - 2(3 + k)x = 1 – k has no real roots.

Find the range of vales of k
6. The quadratic equasion x(x – 2m) = - ( 3m + 4) has equal roots, find

a) the value of m
b) the roots
30
ANSWERS
Exercises 1
5 2
a. -3, -28, x2 + 3x – 28 = 0 b. , , , 3x2 -5x – 2 = 0
3 3
5 1 7 2
c. , , 6x2 - 5x + 1 = 0 d. , , 15x2 + 7x – 2 = 0
6 6 15 15
21k 18k 2
e. , , 5x2 - 21kx – 18 k2 = 0
5 5
Exercises 2
a. -73 , - 61 b. 2, - 5
7 1
c. -1, , d. ,1
2 8
 k k 1
e. ,
4 4
Exercises 3
1. Two different roots 2. Two different roots

3. No real roots 4. Two equal roots
Exercises 4
1. m=4 2. m = 9
3. m = 3 and -1 4. m = - 3 and -1
3 1
5. m = 3 and 6 6. m = and
2 2
Exercises 5
4
1. h> - 9 2. h >
3
3. h < 6 4. h < 2
9 7
5. h< 6. h >
8 4
31
Exercises 5
1 3
1. m < 2. m <
2 4
3. m > 4 4. m < -3
5 1
5. m> 6. m >
3 3
PASS YEARS QUESTIONS
4
1. P = - 6 , h =
3
2. a = -7 n= 3
1 1
3. p = , q=
3 27
4. 4x2 + 17x – 15 = 0
ASSESSMENT
1. x2 + x - 12 = 0
2. a = -1, b = 12
3. k=8
4. h=  3
9
5. k <
7
6. m = 4, -1
x = 4, -1
32

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http://sahatmozac.blogspot.

CHAPTER 2 : QUADRATIC EQUATIONS

2.1 CONCEPT MAP 2

2.2 GENERAL FORM 3

2.2.2 Recognising general form of quadratic equation 4

2.3 SOLVING QUADRATIC EQUATIONS 6

2.3.2 Completing the square 8

2.3.3 Quadratic formula 10

2.4 PASS YEARS QUESTIONS 12

CHAPTER 2 : QUADRATIC EQUATIONS

> = 0 (Positive) =0 < = 0 (negative)

Two different Two No real

2.2 GENERAL FORM

3. ( x + 4 )(2x – 6) + 3 = 0 4. (3m + 5)2 = 8m

5. x (7 - 2x + 3x2) = 0 6. 3x2 – 5 = 2x( x + 4)

2.2.2 Recognising general form of quadratic equation .ax2 + bx – c = 0

7. px (2 – x) = x – 4m 8. (2x – 1)(x + 4) = k(x – 1) + 3

2.3. SOLVING QUADRATIC EQUATIONS

.x2 + 6x + 5 = 0 x + 3 3x 4(x +3) = x(2x – 1)

7. 8x2 + x = 21(1 – x) 8. (2y – 1)(y + 4) = -7

2.3.2. Completing the square

3. 2x2 + 11x + 9 = 0 4. 3x2 + 14x – 9 = 0

5. 10x(2x – 1) – 8 = x(2x + 35) 6. (x – 1)(4x – 9) + 7 = 10x

2.4 PAST YEARS QUESTIONS

SPM 2001. PAPER 1 Question 3

SPM 2003. PAPER 1 Question 3

1. Solve the quadratic equasion 2x(x – 4) = (1 – x)(x + 2)

2.5 ASSESSMENT ( 30 minutes)

1. Express 3x2 – 2px = 5x - 7p in genegal from

2. Find the roots of the equation 2x2 + 5x = 12

4. By using the quadratic formula, solve the equation 2x2 – 5x – 1 = x(4x - 2)

5. Solve the quadratic equation (5x – 3)(x + 1) = x(2x – 5) .

6. Given the equation x2 + 4x – 5 = (x – a)2 + b , find the values of a and b

PAST YEARS QUESTIONS

1. 0.393, -3.393 2. 2.591, -0.2573

1. 3x2 – (2p + 5)x + 7p = 0

CHAPTER 2 : QUADRATIC EQUATIONS

2.2 FORMING A QUADRATIC EQUATIONS FROM GIVEN ROOTS

2.2.1 Form a quadratic equation with the roots 4

2.3. TYPES OF ROOTS QUADRATIC EQUATION 6

2.3.1 Determine the types of roots for each of the following 6

2.4 SOLVING PROBLEMS INVOLVING (.b2 - 4ac ) 7

2.4.1 Find the values of k for each of the following quadratic 7

2.5 PASS YEARS QUESTIONS 10

2.6 ASSESSMENT (30 MINUTES) 12

CHAPTER 2 : QUADRATIC EQUATIONS

FORMING A QUADRATIC EQUATION

S The quadratic equation

Product of the roots

The quadratic equation

2.2 FORMING A QUADRATIC EQUATIONS FROM GIVEN ROOTS  and 

If x1 = a and x2 = b The quadratic equation with roots

From general form ax2 + bx + c = 0

Compare with the equations (1) and (2) .x2 – (    )x +  = 0 ……….….(1)

2.2.1 Form a quadratic equation with the roots

2.3. TYPES OF ROOTS QUADRATIC EQUATION

. b2 - 4ac > 0 . b2 - 4ac = 0 . b2 - 4ac < 0

Example 1 Example 2 Example 3

Thus, x2 – 12x + 27 = 0 Thus, 4x2 – 12x + 9 = 0 Thus, 2x2 – 7x + 10 = 0

3. 3x2 = 7x - 5 4. 4x2 = a(4x - a)

2.4 SOLVING PROBLEMS INVOLVING (.b2 - 4ac )

The discriminant b2 - 4ac of the quadratic equation can be used to

x2 - 2px + 25 = 0 x2 – 2kx = -(k – 2)2