ARABIC COINS and how to read them by Richard J. Plant Seaby© Richard J. Plant 1973, 1980 First Edition 1973 Second Edition (revised) 1980 ISBN 0 900652 527 DEDICATION to my wife Anne and sons Peter and Stephen Published by Seaby Publications Ltd Audley House, 11 Margaret Street, London WIN 8AT Printed in Great Britain by Robert Stockwell Ltd., London, SE1 Forwara Chapter t ‘Chapter It CChaprse 11 (Chapter (V Chapter V Chapter Vi Chepter Vib Chapter Vil Chapter 1X Chapter X Chapter X1 ‘Chapea Xit Chapter x11 CGheptar XIV Chapter XV (Chapter XVI Chepeer XVI Chaprme XVII Chapter x0. (Cheprer 0X Chapter XI ‘Chapter X11 ‘Chapter XIN Chapter XXIV (Chapter XXV ‘Chaptoe XXVI CONTENTS “The numerals, Arabic dating ‘The Alphebot Mint and dete on Ottoman cons. List of recent ult Coin denominations, The plu! Four coins with Ottoman conntetions. Names Modern royal cain. The short vow! sign Morocco. Non-oya coins “The Kuti script Katie dating Mohammed and the warly Caliphate, Umaivid Calis, Early ‘An Uraivideoin examined. The verb “The Abas coin, Abbasid Caiphs Th developing Kuli type. Secular rulers “The Umavids of Spain, Shi'ites, The Fatimid Sultan of Dein, Thar water eoin Liter Delhi coin. The Mohammedan kingdoms of Ini ‘The Almohades. The Ayyubid andthe Mamluks “The Sell advance, The Seljuk of Fur, The Ur “zengide “The history and coinage ofthe Mongol. The lkhane Postkhaald Persia. The Persian coupe ‘The Safovd Shahs.Nadir's chronogram. Honosfic epithets sjar Shane, Person numbars. Afghan rulers “The Moghuis, and tel earier cols, Persian solar months {Leter Moghul coins Moghul revere, Compeny coins, and coins of Native States Malays and Indonesia ‘Anewers tothe Exarclans ‘Voesbutary Appendices: Errata Index Numismatcally important Ayyutis ‘The Greznavids “The Sameniae Chronoloical Lists of Rulers ste of Mines NOSSSESR LLBRS 28a 150 151FOREWORD. Reading Arabic is fun. Peeve long enough at last 1 get through the “alphabet ‘snd whole new worl wil open up te the ealletorthraogh hi own coin, bane “Teach Yours Arabic” and othr grammar books get into comslizated dctesions sel conjogations nt very aly stages and im ay ease the wenulary taught mot ofthe tye ‘ended by the namsratt. Of what se 1 Nim re phrase ka “the tre inthe yo romero "D gi spt the wath and a nt"? am not teaching the eater Arabic. Aftar matarng tht Wook he wil ao be ale 0 ge ‘ut and hoa conversation wth on Arab; but ho wl have got he "tart he need toward ‘ondorstanding of coves writin Arabic The Arabic alphabet in fat coversanurbar of languages ~ Arabic Samii: Parsing nco-Eurapan’ and Hsloyan is In the Mayo:Polynetian group. Direnaes are not jt of ile, they a of hase structure. However Arabic tel fh rally importante, tang ‘miaonship to other Orwentalangunges mot unike that of Latin tothe languages of Ewope ‘iat as madiaval Eurapman coins ara insribed in Latin, 30 ar the arity af the ene of ‘ioreh Aftican, Turkish, Persion and Indian origin iaeribed unt very racent tines 9 Abe ‘A liming enowadge of Perion il‘ ecevary tor unraveling the Parinn post “couplets ound on todian and Paria coins paricuterly during he sevenionth and eighteenth ‘onturier AD, {intend 10 simlity things 8 much'ss possible. Pronunciation, for instance, not ot ‘fime importance to the numa, 40 only 9 rough squialent gen ~ 3 number of ‘Arable tars aca tanseribed as "2", "2" ham arog! AAgin, | intand to lave out the Arabi shart vows aymbow except jst t explain what these ar. intend to leave out cave enidings here these wre written ithe Arabi, tthe ajrity ar by share vowels and “nuration” symbols, whieh re aot usualy shown on the ‘coins. For siewpicny's sake ss are stot ut of the tramengton of the Arabi 0 Ewopmen letes I uther words the Arabic of this book eno lly greta that has ‘ean simplitag nerever pose, With gerd to the iutrations; sae if not relat tothe aca nice of the coin, but "athe ta the need af beng able ta Make out the wting on Accomm with 8 more complicated “neription wil tend 16 be "blown up" more thaw osm with wating that anil gibi. In ‘moat case I ave oUt the any ots and marks mich one finde on these coin, but which 3 ot part ofthe inscription — maria which canbe very confusing. [beni with the Ortoman Empire, hoping that she tril of clecovrng that shese ‘anmmon coins cap be interpreted wry sus al induce the reader t flow through tthe ‘ore made Arabic coins, ene then, by thio Ewing ama wnt the Arabic alaphabet, to {ekin the wary coins sight rom the werd of the "Arabian Nigh", rom the curd wisaion that gave us, amsngst other thiegs, Algebra From here we move forward ain an “nto she eal of Persian and Indien coins ‘Only srt sletion of possibe legends cmt lok tia mal bk tik thi; but biel Dit have succeeded i the tender gins am ierst in is Arabic eins, i prhape ‘makes him ga aut ane buy mare tok on mm met CHAPTER! Thermumart. Arabic dating (Our esiest topic wil be the numeral clshes so here we begin, 24 5s 6 7 & 8 9 European 12 toe Oo T vo AR AF woe} oe Figures do vary considerably in shape. 6, for example, may be O oF ©. Occasinatly they tip tote righe, for 6, < for 7 |All Arabic is written from sight to let, but inthe ese of numbers his cance out by tha fact tht Arabe speak of them the appotte way round rom the way we Go. 754 sto them “Four ond titty and seven hundred”, and + and V-", nich Trout together and terten in ther ual way from rh to leit Se VOe-Thi regan that for practical purposes [Arable numeral re "the ight way found” a fara Wo are eoncorned ‘Now that in Morocco they have used European numerals for the past two hundred yar, and an Arabic coin mith European numerals oni probubly comes from Morocco or, jst posibiy, Tuna Wie need # knomledge of numerals 10 work out the denomination of a coin. For exami, «Inge Turkish copeer coin with + inthe centre a 40 par enin. But our main ‘concern with Arabie rumors for working out dats Date av owcly alanye “Anno Hegre” rather than “Anno Domini” — AL. rather than A.D. The Hagia wos the Fight", Mahommed's Tight from Mecca on 16th Jy 622AD, Bur to change tn ALN, dae into an A.D. one ne Rave to do more thon ust 935 822; we have fake sccount ofthe Moslem ye being lant ns only Raving 354 day, ax compared with Cut {lar year of 365% days, hundred Moslem years are equa ninetyseven of OU Yan “This maans that wher faced with ate ka IWR we must do thes wigs. 11)" "We enaege into European numaras Pre becomes 1223. (2), As mere oe thvee more lunar years sar hundred than thre are solr, we subset 2%, 0, 24 12 for the 1200 AH. and another | fr the remaining 2, a hii geting on for © ‘wird ot another hunted, aking 37 altogether. 13) Weadd 622, ta bring AM. beck tothe same staring line a6 A.D, ‘So our sumis r23 A 3 Tres * waa 7808 4.0. {1223 AH the dateof the-acection.af the Otsman Sulton, Mahmud Mand this sauivotent 10 1808 AD. We examine a coin of Morocco with st ato Y971. Noinaed 0 teansiterate wis. We sustmct 3413 forthe hundreds A, and 2 move bacaune 71 about tobias Dt» fwrthar Funded, anal then wt ad 622 ‘Thesum seats v7) aaemus be prepare for sight ngcuracy a8 AH. and A.D. yas Ho nat coined Thus sp Mins susly fale thin two 8B: yor onan “Tha a other eating sysemesed on coins weiten i Arabs spt bu ony Ons can saty confuse th elacot ‘Beewmes 1920 and'1029'A.0. anc snc 1095 A.D: Afghenisten and since 1926 A. ‘Thow tre fom the Hegre IN SUZA.D. but ‘Prsien coin oth re system 0 1926 A.D, ‘wan ete 1308, exacty 622 les tan he Ae, Ta make tinge wave, hese oer Hage {yours are rl cles AM. 201826 A.D, was 1208°A tro Parse and 4384 Nt) {or the est of the Molen word. Earturatatyfor‘porpares of icumtiation- the ager ‘Boponion of Pesio cars pt the name of tw ragniog Shah and hie ayeatie are onthe {ins ond the change fo solar years wae made st the tnpining St za Shah Panos ro, 1d va theft Pats. This meas tetany coin wh the names she Aer ast be ‘ted in solar years The trouble that sore cans particularly that ower wale 0 not Insribe outer’ sore, For sase we must eter oa catalogue or ra sting, antes ngotat mE nnn eee tee seioeeaccnaceneiieseenar ene coeamrtieemennaeaeinia Sheepser Sete crn menmnmcrentscemmscert (CORR ranean RN ace intet cement setenv pa a te each Same stele ieee nate sence senate eee teen ae Sata naaanaae ane (One oxner tact muse be noted that in the 00's and 200% AH. ean eins we iitarene tgures for OAandS. Ol 0. v4 bY": and 6 is €- The O and € oe parataly ‘onfuungesthny ought toropesentS wna othr than Oana. Me te OC GOS A. On ‘coin for example of the Indium hog of Seunpur and te not 964 br Ie would be on an Eevoion or Perso coin xwrciae No.1 Dernite the denomination the foaming cone: 2. APonian coin: Valu nies. Pick ove the dea amines ai, anche ntaA.D. ‘An Ottamon sin, mind io Cao Acoin ot SHe“Alot Atghanten. Aan coin, [Aeron coin struck by Shah Ruth, on o eget Tircan ‘Ta hao \uhirarcmeei esAlatobetat omyjared anibis ofubiewnawatirerReraNEE aye | iign th tones te Jon Ih GL ODIO cde ee are ee a he “fess acta 1)Ralvhcooerat ata thstaeenais fe Smsrihgntte a wren ete ‘dees 7 ev nant: ise. seneavey" See mnie arctan Ae ‘notre yahsnner mada: thes nents ‘ta tee taut ate mot pee eeomacrds ete 3h RS, "Resale lisa ep ep ah A gee Del Peto CHER ‘aera i onan tet netic emi acon he Hees ey Ui brane stain onr mit dence Lm ekewseora eye iy ena! eeV we tence nats Sie ierpeatar er stmeranyesing ge. naire cede ase hte arosconsceen sto thle sec oinnaca Sdoidis invent one LOG PWNCLUCRNaT ater Mayr aiden spac cort oe ‘ciaauaisna im s ooectedre grins Tate fonstarear qe eee ionar She wei aRe ei roast ong rabies % oni =a UM hw sean eae ‘Pyar i foktearcisid tropa asada were ensnnas “ig a “istany w ahser ahs asbestos BesT ebePe Nah ew “amt sesame een eons ake" eins et nme de ee “chau rmanatoan nee (Rte sgide relive ed ues: Abioaract i Peek Theat em ry “cache meee es al adokareteestenalwret, mereovarkrds He ene feensecolergransisang Rut to-lyie ebyyrpertoeeMe@rente URE Se ‘tijd “s unseat re Tish; a Ne oleracea Book Dah Ha “nieepdicutinby thou ha evoleseuqoge, shut enaltechacctmr | Bis San§ fp mite Ablow dee wiPnuer en er staroehnavepunk ENRICH CAMBORNE SEI NAREL SOMA Porta a ait be ‘ MW * oa rae § & “Eegetst og cetswnerewhd Viacomemeyat anerenat a fe anaemia ithe ant iat fr cian enc BAe Meat S ‘nein unghie Inst eregiipe- Doron Acie sharor vee! “cdamy 9 erecingimvommnrce seat Pn an a or eg ora twat ununnn see ne ory gro mit eg aertcsense re. aL “uate msg eho 9 ska: tora nergy a7 viene (Riva 4 arin pn @eadanoa Su woe homer aN Seneca metffeinong gsr ‘here arena Sar ste auzranpsac ahah onal th 9 a5 var ame Penh \" Somer ecooanan maze tt tana get onsen (me a ea? 2 eran we he ws sta ano oe AD eh heme Ab wd Te ‘arte tamanass mart Jk nat bogey orwtmoncet parley Teeter 8 ‘Ssonanaco-tareat rac. ar ad Paice Sovesrwon were aca RaTYNe w SEC Sy peiouran ie ord :amuods newonainae ouehe ame svotatinoteine tah Yeon" Fe 8 jc st pda hs area br ra PU ar 9 Ha BIER1 the end of a word it can be placed “on the ne” without any “sareyingleterthoush no {ramples of this occur in this Book). As amas is only “symbol” teed poser eter “rest on ot Unde? ~ jst at the thore vowel symoie do. However with hemes ® "proper leterput in specialy fori 10 ret on, and I se! 3 wow, ad of yt be vse ini ‘ony. Whan incloded we sharta holder the holding alt, wow aye ot el Froncunced, i (on funtion so hoa aaa. A ine bepnning of word ats nays the hamza holder, and a It holds he hamza it siso holds the sown! uch thn hamao hold. In Omdurmon the ow held by » hema, but {er Kise unpronouneed) holst the hamaa’ and this maues Omdorman look 6 hough pins ith a ale? it wrtan ale m ich “Molde” the shor ul mae! pronounced Initgon right sea long n Thos, ne] Omaurniin Even a long vowel at the beginning of a word noses 2 hamze to hold it, and mart theratore begin with an ale? — thusGlat Te. Where tho fist vowel along Shih ae! its own right the werd ough to begin with two alt, one to Hold the amas and ge fort ong intact thee Wo acto writen tether arn with 9 "maa on top However the reader need take no further notes of initial Aamrs oF of mad, 3 | do not intend Yo mark ther inthe Arabic onthe wanslieration. Bur R must benatiend that In [action anita lf may represen any ofthe short vowel orang’ Medial hamza, however, must be notin tis weittn ovr alt, maw, oF y= the ys normally bing unotte. Thus mae "hundred is compose of tran syisbesm mich Moke {he short hamas which Hole Ue short. tt writen (eaing Out the ort vowel Marks [ut putting in the Dames) si ee below foram exlaraion of ith we dots =H, and on (ins this would normaly appear sn, wthout the homes mark Untomunty mea ithe ry sms rit a dtd yo wth ams mymoa Thus sigue ek aa) unk woBfes bron Otten coh semers ele ith ted yo omen ot ee ponauncad ak Bon Tae cota ‘ony ter cit hamzy | do inend vo rasSieate— bya, he same mark a fo ‘vm Thus She vet ond Sips, “The normel ering for feminine nouns in Arable it © t but this ot writen a to ots over-y hg form what is techriesiy know "ts marbuta” In madera Ara ie Combined etter only pronounced when food by a word banning wih s vow, butt Irtond to tarsitoote a6 Wosdinve¢ (hc), snat "yea, though when we core the Persian use of Arabic word we find Tt they writ aw sah 5.72 without dots, i sometimes used in pce of ae a the ond ofa wor and it pronounced 9 tong “Sr, sin Muntsgboonm rt = One other “syrbol” we mt row is ale tr, win spaced Sbow tert chow that tr dobod. Pareto Interesting 4 word Hike “Constantinople”, whieh In is Arabi form “Castentiniyah® as 9 tena and ay next to aach other. As tee ae both writen by the same Arable ya, it booger g gpuble letter, and the vo yar are writen together the word a suateneak = o erat ahaa prints te a cnn ns pith tan te leurs. pins an Pm. when writen on coins, the thc pt =k, arin Se pabl ratio: "Egy ie isthe Bou, Joh Ah We this Zo, a in desi aah eens ae J / abo fnks wth 2 folowing alt ibe this L4J= Ysera forming whats lest nox tar nthe Alphabet "Lam Alt sein AU SN i eRarsinsrt Start rom horn Arabic it nz Aten ‘which means "No God excot Al, where me see malt twice, Ones in the) meaning “no andoncein the SI i axcpt Cartan setters, namely Ute 3d 32 p1 32 32h 3ozdo not nate ete onto thom, and any ltr folowing one of hese waetaart gun” in ital for ola form, For istance, nthe Words seiohem the 3d andthe 7 Fate hola orm eachother, a8 9 annot be linked to » (Slowing letter: the 9 Ish iil rater han mall orm, rena cannot in onto thay One wry pect word anc anplration Jf hich ib ini atic hand ttertom oxterely common, on cane snd in rmanaton tau nt i wt Fn, tt owe ak pronoun ho word fons ova Seca, shes nfo ton orn ine ena toe wn tog om rv tant! onan” tare Thow ne ot Sih od Bt yr je pc gohan oe Biba x orn i i Se 1 tose. Tse rae tat word gal ergy neh writen ef my ey enna” wring ths show by 9 tnd te 94" cal ee The fie ot ach st “Rea elt” ately prorovnnd “Asef doa th he ‘sinasimine ote" ana te" roping oct sah cei ‘he fact that short vowels are not normally put i mens, unfortunatly that we hve to know what 9 word Ie before we ean be sure of Our reading of it Me shalt find tt Suthoritis o nota write the same word the same wy anyvty "the" ray be equal“ {oF "er The Ottoman sultan may be “Alsiul Mali or "abe Medjoed”o” “A Melia” [As regrds the spacial "Parson eters wp. ch jah Fa nn find tat hoe a not cre 3 on te war cis, ware thw langge ln Abe Even wand os tien ouge Yo comin ther ie find intend ine nto eqns bin esl Was in"Padsha he tof te Mog Empror, which swntme Ban) eed {or eh af ip the mat of tm hana cl im cad "Basen Sree gyn Saat “bt Une tor" Sp mm the re ot Se get Seay tic swt} aright ot."te bt oh ne rok Sates oa see Pree amarane yu te ‘ ar BR BSlz “a ye yk 7 igGHATS nN Minn estan ser Setomamcmie Linton atone Solin ect sant vat wt _e® i. mec Ye “onsets ry ist pris epalics? Seovame sommes ate Tne Tune vet, Reins mstins {Eg ote, eee teehee tips ae oe, as “This the Tara ie, sik Sure omen se test aoe scien Thay:ferefan goto tno ‘se Mensa: ay na0 males expen fH Rg ne eM la ee “re ares f ser aie eas oxi RO ‘array, uF Wray mea Ha, fag awe ever ing itn afar and ee (geomet msn are seat neo as ne aly HS ‘far tetewr mato top herb ne at a mt in the Tag anaes aoe Reman eT te ‘utters mane: Say sien haem swntongn Su ees ae "afer eta er a ed lem — ‘chor ait ey a tray mene Tere thar en “et Raker sue te remanent Dorma Fox re amt te ep Ee te rd suits nr” ae ain Yee Wa oe “Ror vat ai re tno ena 9 a ore off ane aa a ena eg inne ane Taos ore Sed te gap hw scab ann Bh acs au "Soe Ce 2 Gina: 3 astern ei aeons ontop xan Tearmthe mitre shai (00 coneetingie = aren, mace hone pian earner ‘ent feng Se en Aarmaon ae “nce el he mathe rate fourm ee aah (aco, i gc ee gw be nit the wor ton ign ang Whe abo gh igi eat pao min Waster femal domed RA ad," (Tn ete" glo ar ae ae {GH Topas caer mmargpaate et gs ewe ay anew a te ‘Bh men tx sp he oa eT ft tt ee ee Po (ira ~ ect te 8 1" arn 9 Tm EM sminsiaiwitarrae wineries “om ican ee ame lt Hea see F# ey Tie "igen “imonachm Mine Ses to et as eae ay eating ti These atten en sepa te Me of tH am uailimech Ping ini thea th ea Tah hu traortn soqpay onal Pipa Tes wet he Yam Sawa cotter, ES .4. ie “beeen tt ae eed As tha to ta eye st as precorme Lemmosicanie eanaity ag tne ha hop OU aa FEE inate orm mer ange on a meta ih arma set bow a5" mig well a a i he een ee wt de cea ir ‘Teeth etme srt "/ay of Ste aly" wh autem soe Toma ena Megat on a te "ME" we ra St eh one ey wp ws 3 cane np ony an going wt pene a ve sr hf wah sb ae tig eugene aS Seetean ye Pearly aac ne ‘ctl har r,t a og hi a te Sm eingerinat nage wean emactcmiimsnin tomemaiat: Stalled Festi e cornesinct coe CPB -ateynaseony Seabeousisncn nat toaenonepain wrnsrons union ae tea grt oa) Je oe = ee teres poet 8 vi ay ae an mid mee ot et ms . z “Uthman tit 1168 theme eres a . ‘sien ie Convio od io cos nem este yr wey ‘ Accession and the regnal yeer of the sultan, Mahmud 11 became sultan =e i in 1223 ANH, 1808 A.D. and 1223, his year of Accession, son coins poles ze (of these mints, usually at the bottom. A coin of 1224 AH. would not have\f¥Eon the coin, it =o a pul ote tz tesa Sona Send yar sng kak sr (of 1225 ALM. would have\f¥¥and ® 3, and so on up tOYrRe and 32, which is 1839 A.0. an) ia yen Abdul Megd begins AH omy pa SRR NSE eee eS Mohamed Vi 1396 1916, who was th los Suan, Thee ee wo fs ES Cn fence 9 wee fst cinoma youn rom flog he Aeon ea a te ta ne Re eh find en vy _ da lt sib ara matted oovaing nha Ss 2 5 tata 1G Sate an g2a We amo sect ot, ace sh 1s a Yr et Raa eran we int ate! ee nels cg a me vere meron cet yet Aci wien he Wan neha vary oho noe Tp Se Sige aoa ch ato wp wa “Toidentity the Orman Sultans ona must know the dats of acceso: * sco ® gu. a. CO Se than | omAH aman oi —, — Unthan oe 132 took my Fim ceed i ie = \r 20 Bayaria | ci 1388 we tad enon Ey ie toot By in Fa bet Kine inetaeutom) Bat te Sct Ea m sen jer ie ‘cor 13 ts Sa ie tea tae ern ite ise ean ice ise se Sn ‘sr ise tg ta ia ‘ant te ‘ete tong ‘se ‘ee Sate i ‘or » 6cnarreniy coin nominations. The plus! EAE arian aah ie» comuption of te word “once” er ime fom ooh Tibet arts, which rom these root an aS Teta femitel eyl abe Gomis for “Ze tnumn__areigutwhigh tam the some root BF Bayar Incl we toni tem! oe ee iho Samm, ie i rom the same 00838 Fane those nase) ons er ven ably Gr asl ibd or atad mare gat ind Ue) one JS Thoma nae) Sag kha er he ne nt Mar I gn we gn ob mark on xin fom Gao — thy note the vale Benet the obverse tghra Forty ares make a pat, ane accordingly the merrge iat. "Poa i more sriety 44 pak, ond pare wales hove a numeral 1p though on cope sone witht crear ged (cl Extranet an 1h Uw ra vaio i the mimarali thecontee ofthe everse wit na int of "ats The word for “pres ethan pin or FB ran but te a eter oh when wid the aboevtion ton te pw ace. Thus te Gon nh et a 10 ‘ose peer, nthe one onthe ight ne 10 pera ce. Ding Abul Hamid stopped using pare ‘allo ales, "The rah ot rst ‘wha gi Ax ths gont we must make a gamit! ne sbou the noun Een hough inte ‘ormaty art ese onde erst tow what ty ae, Are hie te re Nominate, or the sae of a enenc’ Accs or the set nd en he nou eed tombaly Gente, ote repos, ster fend ao ea Goseon In" terth of te posee’eay efaiah “he pare’. nthe gente ce — following on immediately after “renth” cio separate word for “of”, “Those cas ae mar nfl tng wit fret cae ening which neat te comin wih crtanexcep hs mending asnortimared 3 oe aetamtve waging Son's tried 1s ano gente ghar! tard, honors noun iden the {ower jncating cnt ening Goud nde hve ® noncativ:a8 = ho whi ae Seti secure: a gerne Tom doing ofthe ce ging ways ca “nanan Sra they ave pronodhced though sey tthd nm thar in gm “Thetenthot he pate’ actly Aa shu Toa, The be” of he senive automaticaly spying to, and mara win, the seceding noun har. {mronuncaton tet rset ten folowing one! “Turin ace 1 Egypt land forgetting ce ecg, hapaare becomes the ie tenth he pxtn' pa) v0 Stam eh anon thircom which eas ee Teg die OPN pine vee f v7 vas Se Wd auist and there avd beat 1 0 11 ieesting tha the Egyptian stamps of 1888 A.D. we bingo, nserbed in French and Arable "the salve being gan in tent of pie ia Arable but in “"mlemes French. In January 1918 Egyptien somes go over to English end Arabi, and om thse he [Arabic side ano gies the volun in Nillemer, but th fet coin with "Mller fe not wnt 1918 “The “tenth ries got ight downto wo sal cope coin, the li paint min susnarekeiran nat fromthe tent of te pase ebthe Brine rey bu in bat ‘oroith anda forth of 8 “with thebainit "a cery vsble above the ite Above nif the Cromin “Wom” Ras 6 peeulie looped tai, and tiayushur «wise movin. The eat hand coin Pope doe of thaueah of gish ae in a aight Une, and those ofthe one above thw thu, but we must be prepared for thing ke Ih ‘Thesbg'on the “hat” ho low dove rade the loop ot the we ah Fry dogaches= One yal" But the esi make no mention ot Bognches or Hale, ind Inaend tis of thing which mort pureinguntv ane eatie thot vive ae gv et factions! the arger inthe yal ABogach,atortithatayalni se Bey. ruby" wshur "quarter tnt, and» Maa es ge! thumn ‘usar Aer the break up of the old Ottoman Empie we get raw burst of fein te Mile Emuwrn coinsge ar European inthance flooded into the aren. Religion apowere to ow itt Influcnes before prog, ond the coirs go "Western witha sorts of des and port: ‘ut, most important, with writing losing i place asthe caval feature of he degh me Now find insorptions that are meg tobe end rather than ut tok prety. Also tere are ure fey denomination: thee mili “ilieme’ in Eaypt the forint Paleetine Mande, {haf in Iraq nie erounding aan. ‘As these donominatons ao used in quantities, 20s, 2 mi, an soon, We must lok at how te pla expressed, For” two" of anything Arabs use the “du”, hich ia form ofthe noun allon is Own “The cual ie the singular noun attvol “So! added when it nominative, andrain wen eit Fe Leuliminand seein OCLs Main wine ony nad frie mora 2 [Numbers bgtien seven and niowynine ae folloned by the pcuatvesrguar) Thur Bike GAB PM a7 Hasna AB roimesis Ue E7 Nuno shure rove geting. 100i gl 10 na rornbiner aly C1 siomnpan os ge i wrt ew pou ook ‘seme as the complefely singular forms yale “and . ‘The Arabe plural i canine to numbers between tree an ten! [Arabic has two ifferent types of plural — dares the “sound pra where the plural is the singular fom mth syllable aed on the end and tere fhe "roken” pur, which 0Jed chaning oF dng vows ini, the singe form. Normally ‘Plural or the other though occasional nouns have ore than one ‘The “sound” lun sng, Nascline nouns a9 ~dne in te rominati, ans in eter ten wo moet tefl short vai a ea ane Shia at doth un ondoas fthe tng, Feng nore 9 Sra cae psig v's tea Tor te ecuneosemion ‘Sancnn Menta eseage mini ohe cay Tet Fra” Sede made dae Stenosis” Stele re ioneneyou gear peteemaneenegcepseoe iceman ‘of forming broken aed Pquriish “piastres” pene rom, Fgirsh: and fuliis fron i ate Pree eat agpeomr ar AE bi fie abe at Sree oat vif Elgin 14 miligmes Eecathe too lb see kn 00a ms Simi with other cans. Thao it of Petia le min, a, nde mi pies Tne taptonk (rane ot Wart ina Ra SUgy3 ant und “SAG 5 tenth in the socabuy tthe of thi chap i Is ghen In Chapa Ninel Unto tray be remeraring the long to mame the Fl it whe ven {hat al suai except thse rlering orale oman beings are rete No. ‘state th vais ofthe following coin © © uaa? 6) Lebanese 51 Pamstinian n lee wee % 9 at By! " wy Bai 9 olyte “ MGS pie Syl pe on be? Ce reCHAPTER V Four coins with Ottoman connections Names Voeabuary ag Si Se emer Bo, belore of tine or dection Se tr pes tine “his chapter is 8 slghtly more generat ene, foking at four esing, with Oomen connections, ond then at the Arbic persona ame 4 he “inscription type" in common ute up 10 and including the reign of ‘Mah We read = UL oe! abel yea! Ley oct othe stn e bara wa kb eHbahanecsutan tn erstisn (ADB 2 barrin “af ene mln ane we aan “ofthe tw ae” ‘are both dasa the gente ese Gib Let is anoaaptaion ofthe Ok Monge tity of ‘engi Khan "Kg" a word which contacts to he even shorter form Ls "KNEN Gel on ineans “son”, a word which isoftn shortened 0 Gr bn when betwen he ame of te father ‘ed of the son The tecrption tana “Sultan ofthe to continents (2. Europe and Asia) and Kagan of he two sas 6. the ‘lack So and te Aegean), the Slt on of the Sula | love tess high sounding tts! Mahmud I ued this ond, and during hi egn occured the Graek War of Independence. The Oroman Emgee wer contacting, 3 Maha. Sceenora could no longer use these sila. The "Suan son atthe Sultans 9 commonly used Divace to emphasise legitimate descat trom the revous sultan, Re was either keene “Test sin 0 price rom te Contant at tetra. No svore dest» snr tat once war. To Slo Aa! Ha 1876-19094 ne Sy to versed athe egos me’ of Bt Mono: wee Copoed by feung rks nto mrtedTrky forthe Tri, 1008 tae foeey thew te ‘Sriram oh ABI Hanan rs tig of Ans ota barre Te Sin kins nw tnt apd ve Young Tar eleven Breuning ct te To mo wlotlohimed W nd Moher Vr ‘ie apy of tt oe con shows break Kom Nictound Mtn const tomes fe {Sree ct the tno aly Fepremning ‘Stan etre gong that wy. To re su ete Ott wording, hose te Serer we ‘Arua aves, ah Sins eign stoner ot One ese hariyyet “Freie igloos muse “eas shseae ses" Te roar hen a gh deat ‘amiah “tora Gon Sent! TKD ve reets tan te cn rks en Ane womens “ottomee Goveroment™ we 80. gine ns gb pes Now a coin of 2 country that broke auay from the Orton dominions, the Sudan nd the Man 1888 4.0. the Mand followers captured Khartoum ard ited Genera Gordon, and "though ibe Madera iad tat same. year, Ne followers retained ‘naependencn under "Abdus, he. “Kut ‘word meaning “suecasor” nodal used ofthe Seeesars of Mohammed, the word we anaciseas ‘ath, until in TB they were try detested by an Agiogyptian ery under Kitchener Benwren 1895 and 1898 they Strack cain Hom ‘heir pts! Omran, “Th revs rsd tho usual Ontoman way. solid re cube mor “rnted sn nda" the oly equity being that the fiat pM of Omduran isnot Hnked yo the a. The obverse ws avery oo" sr of toga, ‘ra Siow wee the sbrevian Cop for 30 pases, meu is Jn fot» cope en. ‘Above the Lisa word which soma have lot fins!) 1 the word) yada magbil which ‘eane “neces” ‘We pause at magbil for 8 moment. Most Arabic roun ate formed from base root of “The root may add eilabieg and may Bove any numbar of vowel charges, but e's har # meaning derived some wey fom thw base meaning held by the the root Cantonants though the connection ay appar rather obscure To ws) galbg magi comes from a ro0t wore of thee consonants, ba ql, which sa reposition meaning "befor ‘thr tie er erection. From wr "before” of ieeion, in front of. ennanot, comes whB Ipblon, which mene “southwards”. Thi ie because mast Moslems Ive Go te Novth ot Moce, find "toutnwarde” "in font of” them when they tun towards Mecca to pray Anott ime qvb~t word mans “pocket compas” at this enables us fo find te direction of Meera, ‘Aso tom the gorrat tes of nn front of com words ome oe oot ean “adeno elcome’, "ecrve","acenpt, "blew iy “ares 10", gai, Worm the "before of tine concep, similar words man "he future” and "mating fr Secreumeerineeathoe ners Be The fourth coin we look atin this chapter is teom 31S Kizhghar, oF Kosh, i Chinese Turkestan, The Mosier general Yak Bey revolted from the Chines and suck cine In'Kaahgar betwern 1895 and 1877 A.D, and this ove of his ser cons. thas two ifrent dies, 1291" and 1292. AHL. one on each sd. Tho Obwtie "wade Wom the. bottom pwardecls ill ue and efaahe Khia. This refers to the Oetoman Suifan Abel AZ 4Y861-1876°A.0, The meareet Otioman frontier at avery long way away, but Yakub Bor Duating he name on thinking of im a writsl ard temporal leader ot a Good Mslems— Ne are te br eran yng tp ta en mae or ka. ahout ity The reverse endigea\s po sar Kthghar "manna ef Koshgor Std dala) wt “pure above. referring to the quay of thw sive. Ihave rad"zpbas vb the ‘erbat noun pessive form "i mag inte!” simply beenuse in previous instances thas Been {owed by propoctian gp fin a we shal tat followed by @ nar werd whe Is ‘ied aa rein tb ele aio mean "in", but Ree i nat followed by any erepoition Without short von snarkngs rez could biter rar or zune equly wel: But when followed by "is" am conmierag that it i zune it'max minted": when thre fe [repontion as 276 “minting” On this Keshjor coin we notion that the tng it ot 8 "Qerurste” and tsi we a have 10 get oad to when wo gett tho sara cine. There ie no recgnanbie dot under the Se bof sags the US Aa! Kashhor i separated orm the ‘estof the word: there isn0 Jat ver the J gh ot Kashar. To gt the fel of Arable spt ‘tis various sage the reader ust tace ot Tor Rime he inkeptions to see how ey ae ‘erttemon sch con example, We sel find the sves of writing voting coriereby 2We conclude this chapter with nate about Arabi ronal name “The personal name prope, i, the eauialent af our Chistian name, normaly fle nto cone of thaw eteeris 1) Names of proses and patrischs mentioned In the Koren. For instance, SoS Yasut, te Arabic form of “osep".9L1 AY, the "ob" of the OW Testament 9D Hivin wise ie “Aaron”, We note that vary many of the OW Testament characters ore ‘mentioned in he Kor, 2) Names mascing “the Servant of Allah”. The wore for “servant” or “slave i dae ‘aed: his combines with “Ath” to form the name, gi te ‘abe Aah, whieh when ie ‘omirutive eae ending ie edd to ‘ab Yolly ‘abd AOR. The ft "A of Aloh it not Fronounced after the “u", andthe rome becomes bau “ish, or “Abdullah”. However, lish ‘ray be veered 10 a8 “The Merciful Ore’ welt wr Rahman, and we have the rare Geipl sue abd er Rahman "Sgrtan ofthe Mereol One" Abel Aut Abd! Hai, and ‘Be! Ab oc “Al name a mean “Serva of Allah” in one of Hie aspect, ad come into this eager of nome. 3) Names borne by the Prophet himself, by his family oF companions, by one of the fet ‘our Galips, or by one of the melee Iman. Monommeds ow name comet in thre forme sas Atahommad "te prasad 9 $° Mami, 0 meant bind "the most pried” “Alt is « rare in thi catagory, berg that of Mohammed's rn ini nd geen asain rancor. B99 C9 F the ond Son" Ty no iy Ure dir bee ht ‘omer, ake ving ram ame propery Ari hat» dS nya, wich {£2 sane of reno, sch asl Cx Ap “aon af Ay,” or ay oe gel a “tar of or tome ote tos, Ne sa na ar tat ony tars gi Ses anttoal komt such abl pater muttor “attr ot om Veto Ove” In addin them two nes, estates tk all ag which te of honour souahy OF» eto tare Suct wns bea slin eh tite mesg "mor ‘Sento te te anc be vst ae a rape nt natn ‘ems am be confusing, rcicuty wound he prio of Saladin, whe wow the ‘ular by ther ge, bat tare ery lym tht hm one rae th eae not ce inatanee {te cap of Nuredi, 1146—72.A.D, withthe legend “Wahonid ibn Zeng: ‘not Saladin, “Yau bin Appa": an ne of Saphadin, “ACD Bar bin Ay” ~ thw sre ‘oe ony ox ning thi ng — sing ony ht persona aes th ume ahaha sachin tettinnce, a fa SF ateielsiaJdada on MgB” SI ne) yt SH awe on a NC LEG 11) An Ottaran coin ram Tunis 12) cin from Afghanistan, where th ura he tle“CHAPTER VI Modern royal coins. The short vowel i, ng ‘cond ‘hho hes bee sent, resto, Pros the Universe, World home, aboce. Delors from the root gel amin. t0 be se, rly upon, baie in [As uring the Modern Paiod hove Iso tndoney t0 put io some of the short ‘owe symbole we ough io kno what these a, ‘A stoke above a consonant means 4 following short aor 4, as in Sus mai “king” tat” writing 9 lang 3 i's Hoke abow te precoding comonart combined with omaaf~ that er "abode" inal 3. {A sok below a contort means 2 following short /,arbelowte J ro Be mai ‘A tong Fist combination of the sroke and the iter ye tn “WlPacret ~ this exo consonant witha folowing ya makes the phtvong ows in Jaa Foal ond rise Batra ‘Short 0 end ware shown by 2 % above the preceding consonants ina Husain: and a ona. or by symbol and lotr, hur gD Ton Shorts sym comb'nad with ong iettor frm the Sipthongau acing douet “government.” Anson of gowel incited bya anal cet aed a “suka stowe the greceding consonant, thus 515 Kakhgar, weve the 2h Is Tolowed by the gi without Ienerwehng ‘very often when ai rymbols ae ut in they are more confusing than anything ebe eat vs reverwe of an Egyptian coinof 1917 AD. Heseatthe opis “Wiper dada esvitanacol niet he Eayptan Sunanate,” buts sory lca 20 tel whch symbat foe mith ch Jeg Te mt et ea symone when it neo ae a inthe important pices it gd Libya where the Teel sheet» 8 Sotinte Delp in reading he col AN, " ettculty staan coins oe nds any extra doe ae sgn that have no meering 4, merely bring docersive Numata can Marg to gnere sare vowel syngoly 9 Dott ‘ines bt lst osesionly Knowledge of them ius “The “Egyptian Sltaate” arose atter-many youre of nominal depandence on Torkey. “Toe Egyptian ree had borne an Ottoman tt, Kher and on cles haha ahah the mht the rigting Onarea, un the ert ot Ward War t,he tn 1944 Tart ete in-on the German sian Egypt ined the Ais. December 1914 tm Bean, ro make Egypt compseey indzpenaent ofthe now haste Turkey. ‘rae Homin Kara “Sultan” egal rank to theTwrkiy rer In 1916 Sted 9Y7 “cei “appner in “Hunan a name. The bese ros “False cS evaulidn Hasan locks naman ory '0 era nate earn peace F tn 1922 oye became 2 Kigom with Fuad os King, We fnd.2 definite parm of tnseripton amengt tha “raya cane! the former Oxtarnan terntorien | show 2-10 mileme can of Egypt under Kieg Farouk. The. Obwersa conse J9VIS gly Fly closure? "aoui the Fuse" and pedo Sy Male Mar "King ot Eayoe” D3) suman! tase” as no ral connection win 3S Ly. wana "one" “Tne reverse rade BZ ,2-0) 3 Lew | e)-mamfaat of-Mavirat “ine Eayption ina" amok the str 003 ri root hong onan rigeel Exyotion -” Manluks, 1250-1516 A.D, hove anu bead onthe sre rot Tnamide, which meane “alae” In tho sce Of “owned”: The Marla wore @ vray of eer hal sored teens sve as nt ysl Body (On the some pate i his ean of rag. This 2 fe (tae eed ne Snps form og a aus of Wis owe) 011953 rods ‘fat Bi Swi ‘Fuss ooh rt matie arsg “Faisal he Sedend Kinyo! ag Nin eocon efor te sae root SLi ttmnba"tng" The rover min vary ornate expt, red 453 La abel steanvataresiagiyat trea Kingdom aan, magn Maan we ia ye, Th obs of er char reads Ss Sal SlpS| ool LF Mahar ok eS na gh hy en sine, os ea “ne ich rms we etanarwitt cB aad ahen oe mettre mim nine NGA SRS aide: 2 ‘Sud Arabia began is numismatie Iie in 1926 A.D. ben Abdul ‘Asis Star of the Sovioos One With ae je tars Youte Ho the “are of “may hs vexory be lrigutl ibn Se’, ating conquered Hej, pried halt “King of jaz ond Sune ot Na. In Febrory 1927 te Beene King of Nn tos and in 1032 the oe kipqors ere ‘combined to became the Kinglom of Saud Aria, Tien of 148A) 190-8. sopsecton chien age laleg SUS nal chat satya me EN oe Sct pail Sy eeubatovece ses Sis a emma “sg id some on eS tc nn autores at cmon its then re arte “Socotra Span gana atone ‘Seinen ite anes a Sate “eta Somel Spl ee Samed in ho tat, ‘Moonee "8 dye IN Spal higy | Sl matter memanere tester id estrone a minor wre oki at nh chap ‘bese Geneminten it the ya cual 49 the reciting aria Theta thar The sazeition in tba bottom hall of ‘he observe texte \EAV Bat Uke BBB fhe sep subarea Son's {ana 136? "pte inte Ade atthe Calighate Sara, exe 1267". 1367AH i 1848 AD. Thi coin eerininly es not loti at mace a that The deserishion oF Sane at "the Abodethe Caliphate” sw action we shal ind ery the na of he pac. Teheran ao Do! te Theward DUS tnigiar “capa we datney. from daads Khoiae “caliph” Hine top secon of the “obwrse FEN LSA SLeeMet-momer eae see Te ow fwouetole Lngdom ot te Yoram "Gal ek-Yeranat acai bin an in foo oe mos of he wars rd om pop ou hich ond Set)“ beset nae,ay Mage ah te rn et cmrbed in vey much the ume toy oF SewSUDL SE 3 iat, the rnin shor Ko at S85 P GUIMuivit tant alin Monarmed rsd! Alp "No god exept Allah, Sonarirea’ i tesenger otto let ad nowt of the Kali st nar OF the Gonomsnation othe con 54>] Uky ya) maaan “Aaa “Tha revest ot, Te topYas at Aah noah “Al (bis help ~ ere mbsing that ea) no’ an “helo ton wa tory ~ ond the Ste 1387 repeated Inti smoiee erescons the sulers name Grad dngm agelApmad Homtd ede, the "ama wading laa meaning “pent Se of te oth In he og cant we ted eal) hora sola caenelen on et-omih on ir a Aah a6 eens Sabaten Kei a Sf temn“crmende domes with, “Casall fami rake thee Commando th Fatt te ot th Caighs SF nes Dh en rar mors Sr a Sify te meg eo, en, WN ge et on Rh indy an "mane “etender of the ‘elon of Sees Aish aed Gl Sp rte air “Lea a te Morte, {eoomeciod win eS RSaan mening "Ler and cp) Lain rg he Geanue Duh lke Sam ward) a int ame ofthe NOP pape Aland, [AC the bate of the reverse are two swords. These represent the sword of "Al, Moharunad'csonamlv, whe crginaly converted ths prt atthe wor to Iam. a fb aff ®O ao Enercte NO. CHAPTER VIL Morocco, Nonoyal coins Voesbuiory 4 ‘im yar, 9 word ut on Moroccan come Fi sat hin, the staring ofthe dsr the cin aye oa ans A she emntiot smote Ee imtnienn — oie tramroot 291g wena “one” sep hondinet sowernment ‘As we Gr 0 the ret of the Water Arab word find that by fr the most lice cing t9 work out are thon of Myocc, whee unt Mofommed V in 1856 A. stared Ifuaibing hs money In ordinary Arabic sep, the Moroccans had ther own version of Are. ‘pot tam sb f beng wrtan st ~9 ahd <5 q at <5. the wilng goreray has Goran taok"about t= even the words used thd 40 be diferent, 3. plein i wed Stueadof Shaw sont for yar and European numeral ae the fle “This isa oinof 1371 AH. 1952 A.D.: the obverse Rag Gt ex-sitian al Mohammodiya oh Shortt Bm 1371, ee, (ar 1271", Notice he Lhe5 serie which in normal Arabic would be writen der Vwin the dor above ‘ef Mice 100 the open m= ele Sor for ple The rus of Waorocza ware eat "Share" a word mmaning "Noble nd wo the country wos 3 "Sher Inanlated swe hal sw into tha Prench ae "Erte Cheriton" The reverse reads 20 00 {20 rank ine 20 bing se Yo g with Arable and Eon) Sw gd] Mago Th coin ean undted ue of 19711924, the obvarn reasng SEAN Ha edcamn ee taghoniya"e Te owe rene gg abd it fie vt Cn on, Ye find a uber of sal mints on Horoccan cis, he amernes jee arts BEBE "mite Pata" Zane ons fn ected ke ole tire yaya Se Sdn Set "sap i awe ans ween (GF which are the words aids ai//aiten afizahur 2 2 ‘Allah guard im” — she tn the (3 a eect RL Sarg ager Pineal sa coon es bend (Actually hafize is in the perfect tense of g Bz S "Pou Wah", "may he quar) 88 © "Moroccan f, Is srangey enough Inse pea Meo eh on rape Ts mr ae paws ares eg ores eas erie Se tet ee Som rece date. Ween Sai gall ou ‘era roves us wid an inten fore wanted into naic Sringeri a te tater teers, EAE AC Spd Sigg glo! jomniriat ablarVifyae ed "aiucrbtet eh end ait tn are “te Atgwran Domoote pr Reue"-Az) goer maya {emt ne me ie sre Toloyaanend "Stee ca wiper Sader hottie ete Saini natn ats, ence and Sepa oa tatoo bs Takia itch en “ta gather” or “exami”, means "popular". The word, EPL ned ivt i ciscval trot 49 |p dense “Alger” How plain when compared with these coins seem those of the Brith mandated Pslctine, with just the bare word Canal Fietin, the ld [Rrabc arma of the province, Of course wth incite in thee languages fone has to hae them short Svange how i Bice times the langues Greek Lat, and Hebron wore write ovr the Cros of Jews. Labenon, at that time. French mandated territory. began its umismatie existence e0 meSI] Lad dys daulst Lubrtn ef —febir stow e! Lebanon the grat” The word abit one we sal rest apne i itr "elatves form (hie 3 eet used to inlue both our Comparative end supetathe. “very grat” end "gestes”) oS! ‘Akbar, the name of the fist great Moghul Emperor. Lsbanon nowadays fant another ofthe rath age eo public, S Wey, Tae ee eee toe abe ge apir anes tae ger senone Bea a ey Stee See ane sa ee mene, hak taivoniitiet rites aeartenmit ems econo 2 she oats ame ow ke 8 om seat Kaien. ronal Now ited meine vec I sgn, a ae whe meyer yr ich engin a marta ie sk feminine, nares tone wih donot are mai. ‘iho "SD" pants mance, wherent "O39 data and By sean ort amare hema oo wowsen actin maar epg ye Sita noun ngunte mist Wom wma yates nat from 3 “ae Sys actaty | Gs” srtya oot has uNGergono a ath ‘sans Tin ncn form ofthe acne rue maig ages tg SS | peas sah D> at ard ioohinpet nnd AE > ig — kr we nea Copter the During the period ofthe United Arab Republic Eaypt aed yea haa separa coma, but both bore the same bgord, “United Arab Republic Fee an Eaypnen 20" miliemer OF 195A. The. ingerd. reads ApS aqeQlermjormiriyr et Arabiya et-muctanison, 2 miranda ing te word tor “une batterie See ess veh Stan Sam GOT area No.7 ead st mucha prs onthe following caneCHAPTER Vi The Kufleseript [At thi point 1 turn back tothe erty Arabic coins, back 10 the times of the Umsiyic and Abbasid Calipis. We have 1 barn new sipt called Kuti, whieh was wed from the ferlst Mohammedan times wilt ws usted by aounded writing caledNesk, perfected in the tenth egtury by the Viner Inn Mugla, which ad tly replaces Kut asthe normal srt fon caine by around 1200 A.D. Kuti is meh sauarer in shape, and dons laters Uno bt ands th Infact the goa sitcuty wth Kult that tery hard to tll any of the ketersapert: nt only 8 & and chiand @] Rhend EAM, Dutalse pm which Hooks very he the f@ group, {this at opin show positional ferences tna Maa Fina ane t ve et ew 2 + = eich te = ~ = oa 38 s ys de > - es Sin on e Pier 6 bi be = Poet ~ ~ ce 3! Se 23 = 8 De s a 4 i em - e on - = s *e ° a ae gue s ty a = tr ‘yim ¥ Lettre vary consieraby In sap, In particular the “box” tters $y) and) ray lngthen out to erotcliy any Tang. They way 1 tay the posse shapes 8 tay ‘may ta during she roughly tes hundrad yeas of thw ase of Kuti by reaing the EDI mci adi inser rede nl eda “ nadaguste. The mre cota can Be ‘Sy sly mac asthe otering Yt bol, but even te is saree ep know ‘att ngend ought 40 be befor one stars. On later soins there are many mates re ‘uselings 10 compe’ wt andy wy dtu, My Foaing i that supe ada ‘Srobot sie ound at ave vend many of the tpee ster Hower, depite very at af ho Urea aie Maroney Soran. 4AH, veut m0 co aeMerwan ‘watt Suliman Yoga it foie Merve 2 payail commoner mins oecrring on Urayid ond Abbasid coins. These ramos a cag a0. oan, ea ee 6s & 08 ee ne % ™ Fa 1 101 rs 105 m3 135 me ‘0 Ta-T0AD, 127-124. ezSsuribo hos ed-dichom bi “was struc thi barn im > it the ther ofa town (of a province Where the ame iz of 8 provines, the mint wet in the capital ofthe provnes famed, es we have ween with Ottoman eoine ruck st ete” Mir, which actualy means {he capital tM ‘A. PRoviNcES ut Aa, at Sh “OIL | Ani taco or Asin slate BLE, ST” giyat The old Romen provines of Attica sround Tunisia. rian at ee ee erie creer ieteteemrom: lene Sli ‘Sifist3m, alsa cabled Seistan, GREE SELEL Ttite trate nor fe ene ee sek Sate ra ries sane Ne Sola int Theo mda te ele, tae Atrasng. Ae old name for Naber ‘Avante Knorr. Prussia in Farsitan. imssTee Se olga iy be Medina bah eahan Tataupr. The ancient Perso, etd Rhian, SouthHest Ian. ‘a. Deena, on th Campion Se Grosse Sov aikh Sometires prefixed by Meda Ti nei Sod Nese Suse in Khuvetn arrin The scant Carte In North Mesopot Huab Aboee. Dard Oxo Favinan Dimsina Dorasces for ABhiagt Haka, 0 te Euphrates = nee ne, ee em nxn seek ile Teme ae RIO foot Set Ream aa ee eee mente tore Up sarm S107 frre rae means "it plenses the one who 0310") je Seen wo BY SE BE onan see ghee Bere ci Te. jhe ee dhe SER Ss oe ee ee ee see Shima. perms 2) Oakes Tai, wks wle,S Komin Pes Tee) ee Sea wl nn x be df Ra ie, nian, Sith Hoy cae Tho iicot ete Tos tee Iter, Norn ot Abn Siete ned aba, Norn an i iver, er Bac tS Sonatine tte Meda ait One Capit eat are or Baghdad, Remember thet at ths period mint names are preixed by the preposition 2 Bim Exacta No. 10. Fare epg oe fst | SERS } Ss Sc 5 Jie ote sal 90, Siig oS ae ae Note that eters are 20 variable in shpe that the sme wors can sisume aiteren sperma the “Rue pic eres Ts can wry conn 0 wath Jo som LW for bi-BubhB where the CMs shad rahe citrenty or Salar for Swhargarel. Thre are tee hen one hes To ute» proces of eimastin to Sesise on the‘CHAPTER xi ‘An Umalyd coin oxamined. The vero Vocsblry pl im - 8 stk rer {intend to pas over the “mised” cans, where the conquering ArSDF Usk the coins ot ‘he poopie they conquered, the Arab~ Byzantine ond Arab Sasanian ius 1 bap iy Abd fiMeih’s reform of the coinage m, ane jst ster, 696 A.D. The legend te 010 of the Byzantine Emperor, ustinan I, complaining that the scl on the papyrus the Byzantines bought trom Araboccupied Egy mas offensive 10 Owstions. The Caliph, AbdG-Mali ‘old tha i the Byzniines wented the papyess they mould haw to put up with the ss Sstinian, knowirg thatthe Byzetine gold caine tha Arab rceaed In payment mere the ols ‘Source of Arab ool curraney, canter by fling the Calish that be would mate the in st ‘offensive tothe Arab the papyrus mast them Ad e-Mail said tht he Id not pend ‘nthe Byzantines fr is gold cos, a thereupon he stared minting hs own. Thi try i ‘Prebaoty not striate, but ths Arabs start iting tat gw cine at thi ie The gots — Ley ot ke Thar, 9 word from the Roman “enarius", was stent a rams dtm "psnya, ino or an om the, eae "arachra. The copper coin wes the "a2pid alts, which s plural of ld fi, vahich word i erin from the Roman and Bysansne "oe" Despite the Gaok origin of the word “hem the broad fit flan ae the oyu ofthe ‘ecgn mate faity obioue imitation of tm Sastanin (ren) ser cone though hay are ‘uel igh in wight The eovlaet Ger in the Brith Mureum fntalegue is trom the Damascur mie, dated 79 A.M. The dither ‘losrated is ofthe Wast mint 95 AH, 728 8.0, when the Unaivd Wate twas Cal ‘The marginal insriotion beans at the polnt where the avow fncaet near the top of the coi, ord to Be teas found In an steclockaes direction thus Kolle_aas 3d au tage yO SI1'49 psd Lous AO ma 9 phat haw f binge 9B wIlliD Wo Wet lait eurow hack earner Wai ana rhamt wot Meme biamiah is 9 word compoid of the aefin -tBi—"in", eel am “ara” ant "a1" allt, meaning sitopetner "inte Nome of Ala, Bema nowy meant Iitie mere than “esa” out nearly days twa ule religious sgiicance 10 nai is the masculine form of the demonstrative pronoun “ths” — the feminine being 9 4B haz This margins! ego it Known to uriematis atthe “Bismillah” from ite ist word; ‘ang one coin the Bish vancster, “Inthe name of Allah thi chem ma minted in West “The s:08 lotr i fy eaighttornard, —F-A> 9 wandeny means “atone, being reimed'to the word. 313 “wihid sone’, "B52 sherk meane “pariner”, and Te ta a 3 men means ein tn eu 0 Trecoinreads: VL all ¥ 453 aul SDS BEY saunemeianw there iso Gad except Allah, He Alone [Ther ie] no portner to Him'* SPUR 8329 AU Aon wancebu “This the fst part of the °Kalima, which i the "Second part "Mahommad ithe Mezanger of Allah + tsal shortened and has assed tt ‘Te collector only relly needs to know the Bila, which contains both mint and date; but at th rage | Itand to examine the revere ineripions an this dh nv rds. Invert these one needs to understund » certain mun of Arabic prema, poeuarly the The reader may fee he ean pass our thi ection it doesnot wt partie Mead, ‘The reverse nas to legen, both frm the Koran, The Koran i ‘ives into "Buras", oF Chapters, which vary very eonsieraby in iongth, some only one worse longt The re nsrigton is Sura 112, ra Iti eles "he Umaiyid Syrbo",lmcnuse found on all Uri coins incuing thse Of the Unis of Spain, up to Abd erRahenon {ivy rogn im 912 A.D, The Abbsedt, whan thay come to power, teplaed wth te Second prt ofthe Kline Mohammed rst Aloh, ‘Soham 1s the Meonger of Alls The margin! gerd on the fevere which wos continued in omy the Abbess ie Sure 9, ee ‘Blnnien known asthe "Seand Syma Before trandating tase I ean off 0 look atte vr, “The Arabic very has indicate, subjunciv, sod use mods: But we begin withthe ‘ais of toca hat thew oe only abe Gi eauahea by «fil short ver! we con urea ‘ord to grove thom avaporen svat! _Aasin, though thar 3 form of he vt for every parton,“ tuck" is zarabeu: "you struck" tirabiag ond On, we ormaly nly hand the tid parson singular form he edo need to know that there are to tenses. The “perfor” which has a past meaning [Alco we hove on Active aco Pasive, “he stuck" and “he was struck. Both pate nd Imperect neve Retve ad Pave forms Using ason oxame the vr pO 2 em see Pt inte A ite ToS mas Si ott ‘The gonerat rule f that the Pecteet changes Its “person” by changing the enigs — ‘arab, arabe, ee. Th Impriet charges spartan by proving diferent pete, ye ‘yu being the epororitsetnaso hth person singult However, the seuder will notion that if te short vowel markings a omited i is "he sihas” i the arm "hes rusk" Ar ei uring never id tthe Short oes, theres often doubt as to which i the tue asin.“Xp A at yoy Te arm, ray re eh” i 2 Sgatthu rot meaning of etnng# old Tha “weak Decay Me wise) 9, “rans talccrnny tit Spout TrePoetevereal 39 naa weed ius itog te te te veatan ek age bat i'n sopored Of i et woe ‘Second difficulty, there are levegular verbs, — ike lS king “he was" The Ienprtect sg okinu, wich generally hat 8 future Tsaning "he wil bed th very ist time freee I, inthe Umeiyd Synbol, ti in the Juss mood GGratest difcuty, she fact that each ver ean have up to fiteen “served” forms, ‘uhich Seales number Ifo XV; though, fortunate, not laren eommon use. A derived form Wish ‘Sure intr or keters, testo, or includ, the base Yor. Adevaed frm has Cranes ferent, marsng, aed its on Parfck an Imperect, Ati and Paste For instance, take Saw 3 12-1 which bas 8 root meaning of "mesage." Disa form Iv" as.» Causative Thad of meaning, which gies the sense “enue 2 essge” "Shapten’ The Perfect of Form IV protnes th al ihe Imperinct orm IV i ormearmerly byshorwowal cuanae] giving us Juul actala “despatches ‘Additional Voesbulary needed at this 98 deo tan eterna ©) fon ai ty orl fond yet ain sem AS is Fas tdi store veigos Be nage ah Be sonst BS ow all, every, 9 woe lthouth Stone edie “Tne “Umaiyid symbol inthe aren of the reverse of the Unaiyid dither reeds Ul ool ai 9 ah pl reo! ‘Alo ohad Allo ‘Samad lam yall wo Jem ytd wo lor yakun lana kuti ahad (Sura 112) {tam in many ease oritiog the fina! short owe! trom verbs es wall as from nouns, 2 ois queer us trom having to examine the “mods whee Iola not of wa importance (0 the sumismatit “This wansines, “Alan is One, Alloh is the Eternal. He did not beget and He was not begotten and thare no ot to Him sual inal on.” a {he "Secnd Symbot round the maintaining tthe pant road int dsm esac clade PSD Sly Loc de wplin) $210.29 SAL they! Wh Ioey AF owaceg i Alan slo = 7-to w €h o-tag Umesh dod oR see mantttn Sure ® wen 3) ‘hiss one ofthe harder gens ey) aati eid form WV of oney ret ne em ate setiog son se, He ent hi “can adic BH 9 SAL: ited ig ee ‘The hardest word is ¥ p@ ann) si—yuzhirahu, which hes the prefix J Ui wth dan To eo oe 1 Sen oF urn eae a" Thm wr elt Be ey ee Sather’ form WV eat, om th ook” pgs #-nr 0S Ligh Yorm pect woud hn a care "ted Tbe bit Porshe mich She soa tobe iat eh the wh an aig on sje wre te we word yeaa anh n ar that fr mgt Sure 0b AS oun’ hott “ait, withthe pronominal hu “al of i; but in thi case, att oa cation tox rom the Koren, among to beak my own pincipte of eaving off ‘See eninge Kir gente ater th proposition ‘BE ad ol hich makes ell ee. hi rather than hu 30 hat nhs insta i Hol “5 fare» gle or “he died, yt ih 8 ea set In Arabic sven a santos bits wih se, so won the Meo ha wth not sow been Sonata wr nage eter tee oS phe mushrikin i fom the same root as Se 7 sheik “partner”. being thy Burst of te gail formed rom We rived form TV vero “one to have Sartnet" mutrhin means "ply people who tay that Goa has nba ea! ‘Tho Sura transates, “Mohammed is the messenger of Alls He sont him with the SGuidnce and religion of the truth mv order that he might couse it to be bright over che [aready exiting) agonal a although polytelsts ke Gt) “The meaning of this is that Mohammed does not think of Ns religion as coming to estoy ‘ote akandy. exiting telgins, but. 82 coming to supplement. them. Allah sre ‘Motsmed' svine gudanos to pertact the manatheitemigions, Cristnity and duds, (2 {Sethe final it of seyaaton Marinating wha wax only die etre Eearcia No. Look at the dieing styles of thee vee dirhams. Resell the legen, ining min ard dat, Work out the AD, ate, snd By rtarting othe ists in Chapters 10 wid 12 attribute ‘eh coin toa Caliph. AEN: ) 4“‘cHarren xi ‘The Abbacid coln. Abbasi Cais pel ame command ’ [As tim want by. thowh the legends thames rmsin mae or est the same, the lariing ~ sit in the Kufte spt ~ can ge the coin yey diferent Spotorance from the eater dirhems, We saw she in Exercne No. 9, We Steven ete ferns in thablon dite ofthe Sour arms (or ‘Beni ere, ag they are aio ale, of the rogn of Mohamed ‘AMatai, 1086-53 A.D. tas very Daly stoped, with the Boman ‘mssng except the fst two words, which now look ar I hay are te op ‘ooped tik ar now Gopal, Se “This copoer fas of thw Samant of Bakar, isu bat fe he ony tree tate Kai er bound uta of om Ic fxd quite easly, upiningat ure dock ¥323 WN Y\ ast Siz igh als alah wala The out: ci os the Ba 9 a 9 SN ole pl ue ‘biamitancurba alts bi Bukht saat that wa arch we totthnfot ‘The cain nase number OF palates, ether marpallings or sorractions;notbly elated to. Ua the m2 ‘Turning back from thse ltr cane picked out to show how sires the "sme ting” cin look we may fave boon mr {he coval, nthe cave Baghdad. The majrity of iar re without mintame ~ hough one Suck st "Ml can be very interesting with ore nor srt elon {on gold the orginal agen hve change sc, withthe 3 Sybo tking te aceon he avert The Baril nds spoke 9 tine Ail iw 7 30-3 ad Dismia urbe ho ddr sna ithe ‘hat wo tan em pe of Al asta hyo tn ad bo hed”. The wa" of ‘but uch mizing eet common tobothr soour’ S| antes souk on sa go MPM a rand na Mit mi sy ni (mi Aan “hare te teat t Alar The mon Insrwne ge Gotan woe ‘ent toe te ais nae on tvs. Rowe Monae als? el Dle aha: ielon ah msgelall Upotght er hand, tw Comprar 813-855 80 nen the Abbas ist verthew the Umsivds they promised @ naw ere of Concord, Hesoines, and Just Rub. and they Tok spec Iagabe Wie Of horaur) to eaprest the ‘devotion to God — in fat is by thee agate tat thay ae know, ther oun perianal nares being unimportant xcept in afew ietanone Where tir personal name x gortent fr out Durposes But Win brackets Normally ve call ip by tshortened frm Ft age se cl oe alg of 842-887 A suiy nes DL BIT erasing Dina wtih wares os "te caning tm Aah" a UL," bith being te contacted ioe ain aan nr » an Al eonacs Ho ji When semi subs BS edd ltr saat Sa ther aban "te Pore oA nano ck edn at hahan i ty Tear ye aur hundred row the Kalin on he eben ve wor qpeual Zbl liegt olbull «sulin otmvaezon Soyo Aw Jab ‘Tughril Bek “ne very gent sultan Toghil Beg". Boy i spied hz bok, with $9. ke ue to star for the Pesan Fg, sweated im Chapter Tw. (On ths coin re some lovely “early ws” on some “Tug B29" srun together as one word. th inset. Notice how the “The revrs area goo on from “Mohammad Rail Aah" (tin the shape af the ‘nin tamed tothe name "OB mbar lah”, Caliph 10311075 A.D. The bottom Tine hae ance name Vols ge¥l — frolB peel eam Farimae Faramarion Moharmedvte the lc Kalai ler, tng rom 1081 to 1051 A The "FF Farkmore actualy points wpwards with canbe very fiat to tel the cy to tes apart Winn & weakened Cage, all sorts of independent dynasties were seiningng up ‘rough the Arab word; but the Bsc pater of ain was very lrgly moitaned. By no mean I" thowe dymantcn tcknow gad the aghdad Calphe, Dut many ois, and ndiete ta DY Fatainng thn Caliph name uly masts undernasth Mohammed radi Allah —thouah ‘Seceatonaly onthe Govesebansath eer ah “The fist ting do with coin of this period i to look forthe mint and dete: the ‘eon thing to 100k forthe Caligh's se, which fay sbily recognised bythe Bila oF Siar ending jot forgetting the poxsty tat te Calph mey be a Found ~ hated in Chapt i From the pornt some dynein give ue further help: at, for Testance, the ‘Aahibids wo ued in Tunis in the 600% AD. end who pul ph ghelabe, “he =conquered, above Mohammed on the Rowse, from which wordt ghaleba) comes their ynese aro "Alaba™ “The Buvaiyis ruled inthe Irag-Pesia region from 932 fo their dest ution by Tush 1g in 1056 4.0. The tres brothers who started this Gyasty are Known by thet lagabe 9 them, eek puting he thom the Syrasty was nord} Below thet own ures on their corns = @! ge See ‘Bown. Laer Buvaiyids are ardor to recogni, but hn "ed-dovat™ Iga ie they al hv, dos etp: though we Must wateh Out forthe Occasions! “ad-dsulat™” nga usd Dy 2 ‘ar ike Mohmad of Ghar The Tulum, who rule Eat inthe neh cintury AD. cn be help to with ‘Abad puting 3) gb> ue bin Tan star hs own are, sy tt bs sucha ‘Rou Gann he Had alr of Cpt 948-960 AD. .aho ated eee endl ge aon on Es Vl | ohlti (nthe otter tnd, aka ac ike thirater Worn Sond which 1 show the Rewer. The th and mnt alla, ae the Obwerae ae the Kali on nati more. On the lewrse beneath the Mohammad rad Allah she rood FBT bla, the rare ofthe Galan Fash 924-40 AD yard belo ‘hat ae bin nme, who at ntact the Samanid ler Naw 11, 913-82 & Dut there fe nothing at aon the coin to malt that its Samanid~ it could ‘on have bann a mere provine cap tat the Caliph Gites the coin and ware able o\eheck with > het of flee fr @ Nat, on OF ‘Ahi, Now look at thee two coins of Mahmud of Ghani in Afghanistan, 997-1090 A... founder of the "Chana dynaty. The fe in fa bent smal siz debe, of which show the Rovers, Ther ig no Marga legend of any sort on ether tide, except Yor Te Gcoratve ad fab writen around. There tno date or min: but the Caliph Gadi’ ars is vitton below the Mahammed oa! Allon and below tat the pain word 2 ee Mobmad The dinar of Neabur, 407 AM, 1017 A.D. thovahydoss not mention the word ‘Mtahmas” stall Instead, we tnd 3 numberof ts wich we know Wher ed Ue = ariculry the lagab 8 9 ll cane, amity ed—douat “right hard of tw state”. | Dave lvlargnd the particulor Revree 12 pornt ut one or two pocultae of sript— ually | have {und soins of tht period to be very Blurred snd quite ficult to Yaad. The rea of thi con ao toh to Aton OUI J) df Monamed ei Alan Monae the messenger of Aah Wy WI e-cF4r oon Qt biloh (Cap 9011031) Fage 9 war unset uedian of he tst OG Sal agi stan Dyat wsct em ed-couiet To right ae left we the mords, be! Geel 9 we ari el-muitt ad trusty ont of the nation” To ldentity th coin one ort has fo now tat thts are tls that Mahmod Us, bran one has to know whe ruled in Nisabur in 1017 A.D. es fortunate that not many Ful requite so aiticlt The ieywrs of FABLE 3) 9 wall unadet have peculartes, The yo shaped >. sie ait Band the of Wie Theor Page haat tom tea Roca pe" “aginnt™ we Sali met nt. Tow Abie wry of rng 2 80 tira out tote them, ingrtrt et, the coment, rahe ® uch enti fp he foot connections = Uhazot and aba sk tly een eres Gap ond Ape Seeceony commen Somme dynasty ia the Muri wo ruin Meroeo (ad in Anda fr» im) bene T080 ced 1947 AD wan tr Bom rtoye tu hater had re [aNidatae eporcec The Murvatonshown's dn’ cf Abu Boke fon Uren te et target rie lane Sine SS oly Come 9 ge Bi dol Lg Jip NAO 72 ee, shania pba iat dS oto me Kaw bt Mein Sirah a7 ats 085A. ‘The cburse has the two pats ofthe Kaki joled tester withthe rl’ ame wi viwy AW 39) AF Motard ail Alan i xh wo raniratl ate Fees bintunar [A tr date the Mabie gave thames lM “mma ofthe Misti ety uta oh Calla a-oa the tumphant trough Allah Fig hard ofthe tate, etow “Th tavrae the iterering tge. The Caliph Qa’ parsons name wot Abdullah, a, rir” way ao eatieg Caliph i ener, ths s what he I elld on this suconzor Musto, szo 8” Abdullah, and by the ond af hi ie called Asiltah tat thy caled ein ‘Abdu canten cniogel pol Anirel-niminte The maria niin on he eager 0's Kn 9 Verse 79. Ceol D | Ge TEIN 309 dhe Jats JP EL> LVI ab Be 0 9 se an ag atari etter ygble mis we awe Te-etiet min“This i complicate by being @ contionalsantenes. The ausebesinning with cre ‘oF “whosoever” having 8 we in th jus. mood, and the elause beplning fatan "aod not” having 2 subjunctive. The juste wr is | Aw yabiaghi, wien ie 2 derived form Kill wd = from = rot form ” Gunys means "the prownt world” ae oppowes to the "Heretter” have shortened ts formula ints lit forthe sae of brevity hic in very cae Dem AH. AD. Fest Dynarty — Turks Mo'izz eda Mohammed ibn Sm 1193 hls general, Tedd Vile (Qutb eden Aine 1205 arin shin 1210 Shams edi tis ion th tem) Fuk important th nama, Here ze haw bat te a, ted ENS Lae ai ed cinyl wo edo. the 5 8 of ump ‘Beng practically slave dotted ike tie nd often spi ver io lias. Sultans oF this ne aio wed hunt (tng rae) whi i waty the same ane, and wry “won feo tat kl et a STiqutr Ser of hn Visorovt One Unendon fw shar cnt Stott Buon ef than on th coper Tan con eas eV) Uebel es-tulin eb-ezam weal gla al Slee G0 et-aunyt wn ed-ath Sake pakiall yl set-muetar Baten Gea ersunin xe very et Stan Hl (riot he Ward wd of th Faith, ft ofthe Vetus a he" Suhar Hae git gio Gob ech more ntecable fr puree of ‘Senutcavor tan the Boon, There cn te wor eesti meine =e aa ‘Sen's tte eso on Lt hvay gab ern ono he fo “Ob Lecanto eta" San ade” mean "re of he ond 50 “The opverse of his same cain af Balban is given up 10 the Caliph, ‘Muse's, though in sctul Tact hen. Bao cams to the throne in 1268 ‘A.D. Murtssim had already boon dad for seven yor We Fea plo! e-inim reel oni 1 atte sen st te i Spend ainped from the iserly tbe rnd ut tout od PR EN Flos east ai) vio ws rk Mazi elfen bi-harat De? tnt obs wn stn a stat. Ws src i Ztrer comin the hoousbi Oi te yar tur a Sy nd a honed yg ¥AD hazii is tho feminine of — LAD BAO fizzarsiver” ong to word Tikkat “cain” ued, The epithet ‘harat “honourable the ire ace of what te wo become the "honorific ithe, whereby most Persian, and rn tnd, inte gan some wrt of el, fur 9F 3podo ofthe Sultanate” and 30, © “This is another coin of Balbon » copper one. This puting the name inthe centre of the ‘obverse with 3 Nagar legend arcu is ccrmmnon a ths te Balban i given te ‘of ts thee dots not Bad g5n3! Tha revert the normal ype, which we can make out even ‘hough the ee, 2¢ ual so-much Bigger than the ea, VES eraniineine Bole plas “emaniieoay GANS We rine “These vey orthodox rules of Delhi were very Keen to have the Calih'srame on their g0ld and ster eons to prove thw orthodoxy. The murder of usm and aking of Band bby tne Mongots m 1288 A\9. makes ths etn ial but Ms “im 1295 A.0,leeanim dcontinves ie uses steed, aking Ugh cminge)imelpoU.nisr ant gi-miimith His serte, Wokimmed I continues tie le, 6“hia eve la of Motard Te cbr ei: pueYT cUlabl eratin Gia)\ 91g a) Se Albed- domi wnod- dh 1 BGI get i o-munrerttonommed Shin We PEL cman ane why gout Suter Gir (I) of he word and tthe i te of tw itr, ‘Terre San tm Sut PDI hander ossint wet ain BOE oe. amination pete e)l posl anirel-mimiis the skin Aiorander, ht hand of the Caliphate, defender of the commander of the ‘sit the 2 Unive is removed from, but stil goes with, the amir et-animintn, The BE ga pe ie Pld past pail yoyo urbe hoa e-fcetBY-hetrt Bel anot Kame we ts we stone” Deli nt, 685 a Mubarak ater bagging ith th ar Of ie pedeessoraumed he ti of Ca riraitcacng ie ngue Ite BHI” Ser wg Blah "the rv Aaa el tml U1 GTS “rstar Aton ne Cap ofa Seg vy bats mortar rao oor" Caliph of tha Lord of the Words Bainaw teconing gs \L! J 0 emanate “em Abode of be Calihete ovo no of ba» ph eo dia fore memes on a Sh 1320 AB. Weaad calle Rime 1s) 9 wim el-maminin "hens i Cent oe Paar: AI nus Shah revere reding LS g pS Krust Srinoo-sutin rel QF BEL rwiria mar oRabran Cntegell prot 9 waleni-et-mimitn “xhusru Shah ttn Sultan, rane nthe help of the Merciful One, rend of ‘te commander ofthe fh “oghleg Shah ges back tothe plainer nBsrameeknimin Mohammed I, 1224-1951 A.D, audenly seems 0 scover the continued exitence of cvuine Abbasid Cathe m Egypt, and unt 1989 A.D, the Sultans hme these on thet cons. (On this piece Mofammed i ges to extremes, rot mentioning his own name atl ust that the Caliph Hakim, 721-75... i ri el ainad cae g! Bons avi Ain pS Lal ehinin pel, bam a he rame of the Caliph “el-Hikim Brame Allah The pecule sen frm of the mere ish by te alet of mr coming up bevel ean eget oe Notes epee Se Hinged “iy. se numberof” ways’ betaesn, this, peed and motra tint (SF sand is'» letter that is not always easy to recognise — in Ayyubid ni hak nn Sit oe ape ences bard Soe oo SL eee Toingining wre 2 Toman eT Mohammed Il ibn Toghlag wats man for novelty; but hit grstest novelty rnumismaticlly speaking was Rie leus cfs token surency iors This ctr in renity much sale then the illustration dca, paseo a iver tanka, “The experiment lated trom 790-732 AL. 1329-125 AD tut eit proved 8 Pappy hentng gun fr fren Nonornad rede ithe cae, eine Sn frei, Sw vale “The obverse morn andthe rovers oe writin in Pasian, but this ic 99 Klated ue of the Pasian languoge, which oes not reeppear on eins unt a much iter pid (endfor th enon Ido not wands the woros Indviualy. | Tabs rch more notice ot Paran from ‘Chaper Twenty onwards). ‘The rao he cera — In Arable — ro ELI ce mn CUabw! orwiton tet 989 tongad acs Crem yl er-Ratimon sig This sone of my faourite Arable apends!_ cw manin“who". gut 25 a'n gerne form WW vers meaning pbey” ~ sity, ng er, “hm obeyed” “e-god s compornd ff“ ond aed anion 80 word raking definatly pat pl | 33 gas a's "ne hed obeyed!“The sentence, being on Arabi conditions! antes, i ficult to wansate word for ‘word inte Ensan, "Wo obeyed the Sultan and he had obeyed the Merciful One” ts beter ote not ule sora, "Who obeys the Sultan obeys the Meret One” sme sere : GE 7G deol wa 197 138) Lis 5 sho : nr a i ra oe hl es 4s Sr hc os ane Exaroina No.1. ead th following cons, in particular identifying the ruler in each em, 2) This ie all one lgend sving onthe obverse the son, and following on the reverse vith the tthe CHAPTER XVI___Letwr Dei coins. The Mohammedan kingdoms of Indie Voosblry SS trates perptsse, proper ~ inthe otras: 2U)1 Ls snataa Aton mukana may Als perpetuate hie ign ASME Saks Anulde Raises trays Chae lt for ew OLE? mujiid siden the oor “aly war Sele, Bl cetecer F ES tan conc. OS sane ont THZS tain gureroun, ont nob, Fb moter moe aa resin Coins of thu Det Sultanate ater the death of Mohammed I in 1324 A.D. ae not very Intareating until we get 1 Shr Sheh in 1839 A.D. The cans ae usally Gumby. with ony & {at of the legend getting ont is usualy ase of picking ot the rl’ name, and apart roe {hat finding any ca ike ay other aay 1 1351—1908 A.D. tobe of which reat: VAO 6YS Cabs cotepell ol doa! ttt an ab-mdmisin KnatntWhaeshs 780 Ai (remember se pecubesty of inaan nmeratin the en sndight andres AM, d= Q™ OBE, "Oe OY “The Caliph, commander ofthe fifa, may his Caliphate lat for evr". The Sutane have ge up ning particular Caliph, ust Ving “the Caliph" ‘The reverse reac 2 past Cyd fle ati 59 od Frit Ssh asta euros b= hazrat Dai ‘-gutin hos become su, the sect "man of Sultan rank but for simplicity | randate Sthowgh lt were rattan rox Shah the sultan, (ths con! was stuck inthe honouraba Ds. The {of Ftd forme line sows te top ~ we zee tare the beginnings of very common ler habit of eviding ecln i horizontal sections on Indian cn E> EE oak en vee 115 oye bell at Sizer mecatr antes WUE 59,03 v1 aff Mobormad Sian Fs San bl sr Thiel th reverse of gold piece of Mahmud Shah 1), 1982-1412 és“The very greet sultan, fhe of the vtorious, Mohmud Shah (on of) scien tek sv This omivon of tl bin oe “Thi i copper esn of Sande I Loe, 1488-1517 A.D, wich radon th obverse FOF aos als toyed ral Se) WP {Foman ag l-riith katt baat 908 2H. Minh one ft commando oe tot int named) May his Capra et for ee.” The reves eats Male oS gle vs pa orl de ISH! sl-mtowat i er-Ratro Sore SH Buh Sutin “uno th rer Gn, Ser he, ton Bo Shh, th Sl. very confusing habit “The eters have square ook about thar, andar “serapoy". Shand hs given hime the alpha Bow" who tuts in the Meratul One" Shir Shah changes thing completly We hve now bowutifl series f large sive ois in fact Shir Shah introduced the “Rupee” in 1542 A. Instead of any mention of the CCalghote pretty wes by non’ ~ te Kalina Is ncoged ins souare with he four sceeeare ‘the margin AU) Jpy ag? IIA Y (ft 15 As band raid) Ala Tele St show Al forte vot ss brn te tard Name the seen f= wing ividioecieimineicst 9a Te merging 8 aot very eas, but ‘Abi ae, aon th let “etre athe to. Tererserads: le WU) als wl pu olbbell e-wltin ShirSAEW Nhat Aad mula “ene Suton Shit Shan May Allah perpetuate sein” cow hts Meo ews nin se rary Shing ar the int ad date: — EE Sed gt cca 9a 4,8 (arte om cn 205 0! muzator2ar0 Sirpxiah “nigye One Yaa ot the wor and of he tn, fthr ofthe itoriou, minting of sae 225 “Goes me vera! noun att snot fotoned bya pepotion “nl Shires This the rvranofssinitar saver en of alam Shah, 952-960 AD. Hare the iy LE Sah ten bow the names mekes i heer Se abl als olbebe #1 pais vel xb pL sinh on SF Son id Aah leas ‘San sono St Sa, SuRo. Moy an estan aay” yoke! seb hey in. tis fv thick pice, ecermemee Cail cca gl pod {AT ahd el~ ante al tbr wd —< salt aint a we “a tinsh the terns ofthe Suns of ‘uth, hea copper of Mahar ‘As Shah; I ave pus inthe fl legend t chow how moch bipger itis than the an of he 1.1 ee reasing in the Brion Museum Catalogue of the te Suttansof ath: but | cannet find a Ara word tat makes ena fer thi reading, imagine ‘moat bo notin te of te ruir~ ond sometimes the Leon rus use Ytherprellor ‘horde bur omit in te wandation Notice hom te, (Frans nt th male of et an Tremerereat: Slo ADI abe slg olbbe yt 70 para hcoernioin os a la! eo kz en chore Sw, May A rete Inthe tng of the Arie, deander of the 1h — From towards the end of Mohammed I's ren thre were other Mosier stata ang a India, The Empre wee teasing Up, and th Magnan were Heung Inepenotcae owgh {howe donot help vs by giving the name of the sat they ave for. These sats ve “Suappeer ter, absorbed back into the Empie ether Byte ater sultan of By ART ‘The shortest ved was the Kingdom of Jaunpur, independ from 798 A.M, 1394 A.D. unl reeanquoes By Sikandar Nh 881 A.M, 1476 AO. The copper of the thee malt (Sivstitng Kings very common ~ them re Ibohim 869-844 AM, 1800-1440 A.D. Midymue, 854-063 AM 144058 AD./ and Husain, B6O-EO" AM, 1450-76 A.D, with ‘oxthumoue eons of Huan stack unt ‘The gg con “The Cap, father ofthe Zonquet 640 AH. eoStaton (which is strictly Fath, but Ihave put the @ in to keep the # and sao) iS ing nee A eS a Buea oa Treremrsereaos Unk ¥Lb gael! hin si stot ‘TA ater kings 8 fairy easy to recognise, Beaute they kp the name of frahim on theic ening, the a6) 9 ofuhichbacomeraboalice “ES the miaeof the cn, The ings blld up thar genealogy, leaving out "bin — asin SkiN Mahmid SH Iorthiin Shin and i the uppermost name mentioned 40 whom 8 partie gain must Be ‘The kingdom of Maine dared its independence from Dati in G04 A.A, 1401 A... 10 eappaar aain'on es srweation By Gui ite, 1590 A.D. The commanen cae of naif. 2 word which put en the cone wth the fl yo forming ane ight aero contre ‘The Kha kings ae Matrud 1 899-880 A H., 1495-75 A.0.: Ghiyae Shah 880-906 1., 475-1800 A.D. Nati Shat 906-916 AM. 1600-1510 A..;and Matmad 11 816-37 ‘Rit; 1810-30 AD. Them four king folow rec How of scent, aoch mentioning Ne Thisisa therein of Chives Shh sted 8A, 1482 A.D. The vee reeds HOT LIE Sg wena mat coma Us ly ert cn The tutte the King, the one who seks protection, father of the conaunt, Ghivat Freres MAN Le ahs gl] Mabel Ls 258 ex sgurngtin gina wstpncier than nae 9 “Zant Moa Shah bly, my Alan pepo ea” would be very easy not 10 S90 the xe bin, and to stout to the father “The kingdom of Gujarat as incepencent of Det Between 799 A.H., 1996/A.0., and ite stmision fo Akbar in 990 A.M. 1572, Hare is» copper of Ahmad Shah 814-846 AH. 1411—1449 AD,, dated 81 A.H. 06 hard to eciper moc of the eget aoften the se wih copper edie The twee ust ae WAS ee! NLL oe min ated St5h in a squee, the US {BB of “Shin” boing the loop below the 1B “tof “Suivi. "Shah" tonde Yo e tend “way In pcullar ways. The revere (aly sal par of which is pe ond: Re Gea "WP -ot pour clk e-autinek-tzan ri dd wood dn S31 AH, “rthevery ret Sultan Oetendr Yada) of the world and ofthe ath. ‘The Kingdom of Kashmir tstd longer, between 725 AH. 1994 A.D. and 998 A.M, 1506.0, arte iusto is of «ase ir cin of Maud Sah 961A, ith he hn ring nich ttt re ae Kain iro, tr ny est under, Sane BTS ES i tenant es we akc ermine Ses ohare auctor eae “a the manghe of the yar qe and sat la oehundr ad”. The reverse recs aT SUS 3, SIU CULL “lesan of-a'zam Mbt SHSh 061 AM, "he very great Sati Mata Shak. The ‘ross the top of coin ith tw Pm ott the Here isthe reverse of » slighty eae, which snot “given nay’ by the zd asi ins ozenge. The horizontal ine vith the crt nthe cant isthe eharacteritic here ‘mga ine Kg ot expernend colar, The ending aighterar Te TS llaL ie utin al=a20m Hasan Shah, Hse apn being 1480-81 AD. “The Bahmanis ofthe Doosan lsted fom 748 AH, 1347 A, 10.933 A. ‘and minted ean some of which have quite diffe gens “This i sve pce of “Ala edn Ahmad Shah I! 858-862 A.M, 1435-57 AD., with meow rednG: Leg gi al! she de 35) eT plettolbaball san ethan ei-korin er! 8 Tad Aah oat eta ae vai ‘Sotnne moreno vocablry tan in nyse pend 0a thevors 932. ra cont and 1 want “Benevolent” Theificlty he Ka of frgvenes arising from kins Teehat the mow ia omae—holr and otsuch ought not be pronounced —yat hw wie long vowel and modern Arabs would pal he saps 3355 Sia d uenctite me sobs ome tne bd, nt un act eet Serine aman sum sete Savoie tense te mee ot Asoc, te ra wad es 2 sel cally Wall Me big! 9 {25 eins ‘80 aury8 we edt Anna HHO Arend Si -walet-Bobr Paine of hn vcteriwy, lary of the wer an ef te ft, Anat hah to ot Aree shan, th ovo, Bahn “Govtenor is one of the severe! mesrings of the word 99 walE The iting oF pep Abad ie pecule, the > 1 An are tinted, widen aks very ike the other h "D ” Th date below the square ACO . ich 850 ino 848) tthe period of Indian eaioge. “The Bahari requntiy do put on thir coin he fay name “Sahmani”. Bengal hat 9 lng line of ins trom Governors, and fom 739A. 1598 A.0., of Inaipendont Wigs. It wa ronguered by Shi Shah in 1637 AD bur repaind ireodom in 1882 IRD., retaining Indapendence unt conguered by Albar In 1676 A.D, The lage sr pices of {he Secon indepen are beautiful coin the style of thor of Shir Shah ted Isom ‘She, Among the rlre of ths peri are Mohammed Shan Ghat’ S60-962 AA, 1652-54 AAD.” Ghiyased~din Bahadur Shah 962068 A.H, 1954-60 A.D. end, blonging tothe Powe ‘2f Susimen Karon Dou Shah 990-604 AH, 1872-1876 A.0, “This i» ser coin of Ghivas w-din Bahadur Si. The Obverea ha the Kala Ina sauare, wih 2 row of "ashaide" sparating tha two pats and around he agin eee oF {he four mice SR A all ake apf LS ag? uel aL poly, Air Sn Mourn P48 GP tal An mula wa “Sunacur Soon son of Wohommed Sho her inthe mar gant fel, May Allah puprine ierogn and esate “Tis eri of independant Moslem Kingdoms is race dificult by paul of atin ‘Sesnglhing marke — tobe certain tat 3 eon of te Kings ot Benga tor netanca one mut faves knowledge of he names of he rls and tha daten exrcte No, 16. ‘Amongst these coins Fe ncded coins of Heer Shah of Kashi, 1467-69 A... ‘Mutatfor Sho of Gujrat 1611-1825 A. tand of other rulers entione wathon te conse of the chap » daeCHAPTER XVI The Almohades. The Ayyubide and tha Mambiks Veetutry 5S. commer sown madsen of fat pron JoLS amit eret ‘dle sin morty ano SOUL sine pent made mente Sew si sword Joan =e ‘We turn now 10 the far Wert — 10 & coin of the Almohades “Muwahhide" Thee ced Yor piritanical referm of the Mosim ath at 2 ‘shall se, farther Ease they were breaking the Prophet ordinances ad puttin {hinge on their money. The Almohades sized power in Morosco betwen 1148 and 1269"A.D. To Inco his prestige thew ist fuer snnounend hima to his Berber followers theong awaited Mab sen ofl the works with justin. The est coining” ruler was the Mahe scowsor, "Abd ‘mame ei-Kumi 1145-63 8, who sruck aquare onymous ems he wes going back to the old way: that it was only God whe counts, and not the human ruler. The writing fe not quite af the normal syle, buts beginning to take onthe pecllrites which make Moroccan cons ficult to read. “Tec re WIYUNY ein eaten AU aS 709 r-omr ton ah aU, 91 G95 Y armor vinn “Tharsis 90 God but Als, The command fe, pow) sof belonging t Aah, ‘Thar ico seen ncetin A erwin ata ti Wy SP tenet atid Giclat (sagedl et-mnarimimin “alah i our Lord: Mohemmed sour Prophet: the Mahdi ur Imam" We tura_ now to Esypt, the one aes besides India where there was reasonable umismaticstailty through the Mechrval perlod, After the Ftimiss came the descendants of ‘Ayvab, the Avyioits, who were followed by the Mamluks who ruled right through 10 the Ottoman conquest in $22.A-H, ISIS A. The fest Ayyubid we ae concerned with is Ssadin, 64-560 AM, 1169-93 A.D. siatin waste ‘Satoh ed=dh ‘The fest thing that wil strike us the umber of diferent types 2 single ruler can have this 1s very elifferent from the old Ruf days, a from the Sultan of Osh. For instancn, Selntin nar) 3 gold type (nbich was sen in Exercise No 14, gn) of the old Kf pater. 2) type with te inscrpton In square, on the silver mostiy of tw Damatcas mint. 3) 2 penegran” ‘ype, on the aver ‘eon the Aleppo mine 4) 2 coppe type showing ion 5) nother capo" type showing alain enthronnd, ned 6) 7) 8) tee otter eabeer es ‘Tg ier noticeable feature of the Ayyubide and the Momiuks if that they ae imate with 9 suit sdpetwe Salen is, wo Ut Hall ‘t-malien=nisr "the tending king” ~ tis canbe contuting in that Ween overees that {F the Caliph Nasr inn fat, particularly on Mark copper the epithet with mall ond Tobe themost notcesbe thing onthe ein “This is © Damascus ster pias of Saladin, The wording fe only one stp removed from ‘he Kul meme On he covert Kaira hm bean emoved tothe marsin YT all USS ae PSS SIT i i i cane toned tA egw pol Viyel, hind! @L YI etinin ei-Mateall bane Allah amie midminia ‘Tye gone has cei ofthe of “Blea nthe margin Soa Je nee eS SE BE ce Bang ne eh we “Seek Dama, Yer thre and seventy and he hee” arends: cl» Lyall zo -o LI Sit “math ener Eeltn anys wa edmde “The defending King, Hour ot the ari and ofthe el ef the form of some of tele the iuswetion ewefuly. The fil ya of i Btn above he” J 401 “Sh nat cout ashore ma, bt roy Here isthe Alpe type. On the obverse the Kalin i inthe angles, with the Cli the cant ibn enn ida Allah en el-niinin eect har of Sinn vad Se eT air etm enn st a oat i gD ' In the angles is he mint say WAASE bicHatad “in Aleppo and the date 580 A.H cy[Fore _ Oe “This athe period of very un-=Morlom coin type, Ike thie Slatin eopper. These vig ‘gues come trom seat whieh were In contact with te Crusaders, and thi type of ean wat probably dus more to finding something » Gusader could understand then to an Yelgiou: Inctferance on the part of the Mostra. The Urtugiss and Zengis have particularly fine ‘Sedans om many ofthe piss “om coven, sound the wae fine, end: yo Sy al swalgdo,oUll Yall na eri sali oda oda YOut Bin Ary Sta rvee hate phi cane WI plo! imam enn a veal po rian aan Coxtegell sol enk et miata odwound: lome 9 ote 9 om the pO NIIAD wd on: srs has Bottom: addbe saat Fight: at semana Let: wo haart “Wns rs th Stem hough ta © cer COM) Yeu Signy ed ve nar: No iat er Atte Stein the Ayysbide read ou with diferent branches in Eay. in Damon ‘Aeppo, snd in Mesopotamia ~ mn fact they become very sical t0toitow. The mom root cummatay ” wl dew vod! 0 SZ gl Joball Sut tinal oi (het King) ABD or bin AyD sa ad (rot faim), 1196-4218 40. 2) His wn, MS sler se eG gt am ets goa A a at 18 A SI hiss0n JolSIt Bball ox 921 alge? Jali S19 ‘malic wali fhe Good Kind) Nef oor (a ofthe fh) yy bin -matic Hb, 12H0-N 20 se-Sath paved the way for the Mamiuks by purchasing » large eumber of saves (DEES manide "onmad'l for hitarmy, and when Se inhalants of Car complined of {tei lawlennes he Bult barracks for them onan Ilan in he Nile and they cre tobe calla "Bat (ofthe River} Mamiks, Also, Es-Salh mariag avery capable Turks sae con imeking er is qumen, with the ame Jl, Esher cde “Tree of Pea ‘When be dad in 1249 A.0,, St. Louis wat in occupation of Damieta, ond Eoypt sin 3 precarious postion. Sheer s~durr conceal her husband’ drath. She became the “power Shing the throne and se rulad trough the frat ofthe Batvi Maries whom she asad t tbe throne by marryig.Mardk power ws soon to spread fom Egypt to Syrateo. The Baht Maniuks ruled 648-784 A.M, 1260-1582 A.D, to be followed by the Burji Mamluks ‘Jar-a22 AN. 1982-1616 A.0,, at which tine the Oteman Selim conauored Eayet. This gold coin of the ft outstanding Bae! Mami, Bayan, 658-676 AM 1260-77 A.0, The obverse reads: bean ae) ee WEY NY irnat int alten WI gy 3 Maenmed rai Aen SAIL whey! erates 0 1-rue 23) wet Tw Bis) aber follown the me-dh at he otom, end the lotr "Thar s no God but Allah, Moharemadis the Mesterar of Alls. He snt him with the (idence and religion of the Truth “The marin legible would have given dete and mint Itahandervet. 8, Alexanda “The esr gs Beybar name and tes lal sere, toro poll! Ele maieer-zine Ng Lyall AS) rn ed dimyd wo oda noe go th Manis King, le Pu of te wor nda htt now the lauds tt fax with ayes toe mo of Reo “eeu nceaceet oe steam tea tomy. Suter pls lov ant cers tts tom sons am be Te {Syria mine & ote tte 9) ot Ma i an oprah he an J. Land tne Alt of he nonin St “sie primed To sion sin of Ee Sah oe 48-8 AM, 192-G AQ. lating we impertnce ofthe nay ste. The aba eae ta i nan rein ad stom the Sot ine got tin Wnumenea 28 rnnte fran tere www hin — Shes, voyich sore-emte between the Hines: Cnt SME daw DS Wsanat theidth wa arb’ below the ine Bee 9 womvinit ‘mints in Damascus in the year three and Torty and seven hundred”. Mamluk Europeanisation) ers3ih& © yal ano of oS an ch JE-$ AN L9 AD. The obverse rode in the cle ‘eed. Balow Sm Base?” Danish Ao. Maca mate Scag SEE” Sones stan Ow oe rant Be si na samiat "Sting of Damasas, your 763", The geeesy ims, ene ASS Monaro To the tote ‘To. the right Sila emai Below S-Di ehmansin "The Sultan, he sonar or Imansi King, Mohammed”. _Ashat Nasr edn Shaaban, A very common Mamisi numismatically speaking is 7A-78 AM, 1985-77 AD. $ ODL, > aunibo bi~1-Odhirat 9 EN Ste sanetrte' waitin Bl 9 wosebimrar air mint: 764 AH. Me) Ue nd es-suttin ot-mait we ce es BEY) ot achrat Sha'abin bin Hasan 1 SAN cx iner-matt emir Mana On war at SH ie rThe ut, the very nobis SEN aad eae Se Rea ate le scien! St va, Sot tn ten ina srr sn ot aan” = Theft a lng ering of he Br Mamluks mas Bara, 7e4-0F AN: 198D-ED AD To te reean of one of god Sooo treet whe wee suriva bi Halt Wt 80) AIL cetera 41 yell ga Se pe isnt ed-dun na eda a aU als 5 99 x. se Sut Boag thal Ath tka, spat sb'at (tama wa) soit (Gvvae is maculae, ovghe tobe the feminine eB heme eas 6 ‘Struck in Aleppo. The Sultan, the Manifest King, word ofthe wor and ofthe fit, ‘Abu Sa’ Bora, May Alls purptuste his reg, Yea seven sod eighty sna sbven hundred” The dove often aft to read set on ths Bargua eon. Diiculty ts caused by sm ofname, Thee are sven Marit led “ah~maie ex Shi", ad eight "t=mallk nr But dentiying the phe last nar the -Auat shan 1369-77 ECM a wat ESain Hay aat2 18. me Bu Memuts ee-zaie Bor 1262-9 na 1990-90 nN Far ‘300-1472 Ercatmwinah Abbe N4¥2 Echt aryas hal tare-2 Ect ann wat Ex San whem Maai-2 EL Atrat donb! taza Aa Ktougbe ta3e-52 aera tae wes trate Biers 1453-61 Ectara Ab Bele Ei Atrepyod Ahad ast Eat ExZanir Khoa vaet—7 Ersaim inert came arta e026 Kemi Saban tuna Hai Sah Sah [Et Arma Mohammed ‘The folowing coins ae all of rulers mentioned inthe chapter,CHAPTER XVIII The Souk edvanc The Sais of Rum. The Urtuquids and Zongide Po ste bles —tolowady me prepoiton de ‘lt SB tn shadow pe tim vse Uyol uma pleat jel anf “commend SE sary et othe matte bengased ‘As we tr the Centra prof the Ars terior, he pero before the a of he Mong tine wun wea Shed sng te titra he i Seaton el ‘Seecerdnts ruling ts ptty princes, with smal bt fly bln, Sauk emer surviving in ‘Bnetalia~ the Seluks of Frm. “The Saljsks wore Ghuze Turkoman tribesmen who dieing the 900s A.D, whist they wer til ving inthe opin of the Jacartes ver, had been converte to Isr The Samaria ‘lars welcomed ter at part of thelr Wantier defence fore, and Bey moved into the Bukhara feaion srourd 865, A.0. When the Samanid power pased way with to rion of Mahmud of Ghazni Mahmud established the Saljukr Io the Wontar region of Khorasan but they row lounst the Chsanswds during the relgn of Mahmud 1 Maud, defeating ther ner Mery in {O40.A.0. Tughnl ep, thet lnder, occupied Persia, taking Baghdad in 1055 A.D. where the Caliph oka’ walcomad hin ara dlhvrer from the Buwsiyide who nt any had bean doing ‘nt tay liked with the Caliph bt worse, were Sites. The Seljks Bacar the new power behind the Catia! throne ‘ugh! Boy's son, Alp Arslan, 1065-72 A.D, clisctd Seljuk conautsts Westward, suribe H- Gina paar Med eon e'em wy et las, Ghiyisod-dinyS wo eda Ketek in Ka Qu0 ‘su “stack at Qunyat (this realy part ofthe marinl inition). The vary great Sultan, tetp liv) ofthe werd ana ofthe fh, Kai~Khus son of Kal~Oubad” Note the shapes Of fe iii kof the names J J ‘This enter hem — of Kei—Kawos ‘The obvore rad Be! clad! erwin el-a'20m UI CI sit ten ro—sian feta? Se tee 0d-dunys wo ed-dn ppebSr p91SS FMI nat bi ai Ket 0 ‘Tne ory great Sulton, shadow of Allah in the word ory ("sa of the world and ofthe faith, Ks-Kemus, son of Kal Rar 2 marin — ju oh Ns suribe mittee WE POn owe “Tereverse haste Kalin, wth th Clips name and tes: lal. t-inin ei-Muaraxin Crstogall peat DY, i amir et-mininin it eg can etna ane 3 bua oS bh ws! ymbol toc 8 SE ers Bie same lg / BENGE itenrat 606 AM. wit I acing a 9 “The most important of the Urtusid, tram the umismatie point of view, were those variously éeseribed at bring of Darbekr or of Maridin. Their coins are largely beauty ‘Sedpned copper piers, copvng Greek, Roman, or Byzntine prototypes an list oF thei ‘ler may be found Pele ej eden pales ie!) Ghat r108-1122- the son of ijl Ure Hose eda Timur nis Nejm ed-ath Alor 3276 ‘AyyBb Qutb edaio 7 176-06 oni eis Valog Aras 1184-1200 } Brotters, ons Ne ed~ath Urtug Asian 00-1 Nem ed-gn Grct 1299-60 af Aran 1260-82 ‘Shor od Div 1252-98 Neimed-ain Gnd 294-1312 "ins adh “AALS 132 Shame edn Sn 4312 “Tis i coin of Nem eds Aig with 3 Byzantine revers. taken fom a coin of John 11 comnanus with the Vegin owning te Emperor. Urtuld Tepands ae vary simole, lay bonpgeneelreal, ‘On the obverse we reas, at the top we IT Ney ocd: atthe oe UTS BUS nn cnr isd ora pen Uri amare ei ct ali ych Jarman sry era and ang oar: A! 9 BOT SIU Bere! oe abi et acai Agr Bin Tehur bin ssi land 1h bn rota red tasHere is another, This coin faves out the genelogy, but ad another very intresting etre ofthe "Turon eins ~ an overlord. jin abate ha he name ofthe Uruaid ruler: right do fst, hen eft Ck DLAOU ee ST naar aah Urea Arid Its worth noticing tat tre Caloh's rane is [Nbr ih: Sect alr se NBL a ged “The revere gies the date 628 AH, 1291 AO, in the right and ltt margins. The conv reads pauls uv aie mcene niet SUP Caen LP Itonormed In otter words we have the Calih Mustansir and the Ayyubid el-Kamil wo ie recogniad es overt sta soto te ea te mandaes sis) fake! iin) a (atpedinenan nth” yl hag ie SF iit mere a wae See tne GST TB ad PA BLS sea ams etn ateeo , Aero ek oa ean me tonegar ee me —_ cngzle marin mar yuphtane yuaitansvethe verb connected with ‘hair "other than", withthe don ofthe pronominal sux hu and ead “curse (be he who changes i “This coin ofthe Urtuaie of Keyia and Ama ho have very similar type. The lr is Faxnr eddin Oa Arson, 1148-74 A0,, son of Dawud, 1108-48, son of Sukman, Torn04 0, “The covers gs the Kama at the bottom and going onto the at hasan bata on he “The revert has the dt 560 A.H.10 the ight an eta inte: YoY! Ble matt ium ee Shel 1S ansarsiron Ft 2913 Oma bin Sumo bin Ure “King of Commands, re Aran son of Band son of Sukman son of Ut 8, ith the Cat ‘The various rulers dessended trom Zeno} produced simier plturesaue designs, though not ll of thet cone are pctv. Here it coneer stuck lop from 1126, and of Damars 5 being Saladin’ overlord, to won Slain was sways loyal whe he lved, but fom hos sueceuor he broke aay occa (On the obverse is the lead 285? mania vin ate ee Pa shi 2 be made out, The reverse hat 1 SIGN emai ae et King »@ ‘This is 0 copper of the Zonaid Ausbegs of Mos. It is of Qutb ed-din Movdud 1149-70 A..,one af Zens sone and brotha: Nur ean Mahiud _TM abv ghs he Sate S66 A.M, ate magn of te rv reas: paw ST or gh) ur 23.390 MowSia bn Zeokibn Aa Sung. Themes ht Joledl Melt omer erst Vol Bibs pw) 6) stim matit umarz SB) Grill esh-shara a f-srrd SI SJ plo Tosatti aidook Lane Poo, is inrditan tothe BML. “iets! Coins” Vot.3witen In 1877 sage mat rs ephratetinedning “Falcon Koh eg personaly ‘howid be more Sad 4 it ware something mare ihe “Tuphel Beg” ~ powibhy i ‘mbes oiginlysopointe by Tughel Beg" The tanltion rune1 King, the jist, the wie, King of the Commanders of the East and ofthe West, Falcon Knight, Atabeg”. “The let Atsbeg of Mosul, who was reigning when the Mongols got there, was Beck din Lut, who war totaly 2mmorisk of the last of the Zeng ine. He succeeded i that ‘tpinous veer when" Gagndod fell 1258 AD. The ebvgse starting atthe ight end ide, reads ese 9 eng at a Sood y pO zuribe bi Tavs! sanst shad wo tan seat Sack wt Most BH AK. Seiad (rac sould od do ih (Fem ‘Ty Opera rg pth lr ties — staring om a ack 9 eal yg BOTS SISTT Bi $39) ear cums we aot i emt ict matter Sara "al mot ed 2a ond to te ft Li erect Tighe ry Neo Kine Tho tem get cent i oe epee ‘Satin eer vss we or toaadon BBL sie “0 . ae yes) RA tate a ai ers eer tCHAPTER XIX The hisory and consag of the Mongol. The ikhans Vocabulary JAS wit rev petwesatet on ih nee SOP, ime mck pteal AS) ris Sen ie ab, beled city, region GSA commer ration ~ plurat FP) oman Sew ethers “Seas elder oth se cant eProp 1? G daniddur valiant ‘Yasoe,the father of Jerghis Khan, as the first to amert Mongol independence fom Chinese ruler and he ruled over "ortythourand tents” His people were just an among Sane,» manber of ¢prest somad confederacy wandering about inthe oe tothe North ofthe ‘Gel Dest in sourch of wator ae pasture, hunting and breeding cate and ving on Hash and ‘our milealed um” YYisgel wae suceseded by Temuln, whieh is actully the name of, Jenghis Khon. “Temujin spent hi eat thiry yeas of rue straggling spans ors tome amange hi on and ‘iat ben Then in 1206 A.D, when he mat forty four yeas lg he summoned » Kurita [Diet of the clei of alte tibee and «sharma (rier) announced that Heme had decreed [higher tte © Temufn he was now "snghiz Khan” which moans "Wer mighty Kin” nen Jenghir Khan died in 1227 AO. at the strtened from the Yellow Sea tothe Cran oF 64, he ruled an Empire that His armies consisted entirely of chalry unsupported by infantry. Though by no means sapariar in number or armour to ter enema, the ncrecible Mobily snd Hoek ati OF the Mongols made them resize “The fist approach into Most tei wat mage in 1219 A.D steough Kwara ad tt waco ofthe Karim Sha Ala 0 Nonna T185:200 AD, nove foggy een th ha The oben reads CALoT xt ag geil gy 00 tien Ietamadbi essa “Path ofthe ona Maied wo of te Stan The rowee rages 9 Least plac UT clued rsa tsa eddunyS wa "the very grei Sullan of the world and ——"- tn 1227 AD., on Jenghis Khan's deat, it ws his clans rather than hs toto WT ‘were tibued smongit ht sons nthe mpornt appanage being alin’ toi boars ‘te of ne soe wer given the iprme gonrmand wih ha Wong sts Kher, wich in Rai ee SSE nsasan or endo, whion alo ed In ortened form STS gain and ain. ‘ie but pocay came fo bathe some hing SE in was 8 lee Jenghie Khan ha four sn: “The oldest wat Jul, whe had four son hima: Bat, Orda, Tuke.Timur and Sheybon. They ware t0 rule the ter of the vst aso fo the Ear of Russia and to the North of ‘Transwana, The gar name forthe wibes Is "the Golden Horde, which subavis into ‘he Bue Horde which was ruled by Bats descendants, and the White Horde ruad by ‘Ordo's descendant. The vibes belonging to Sheybe’s descendants are called "Usage ttt ne ot Sheva ing, Ug 1121240 A.D. Tw Ucbgs nae ete fo rove South ne @ & nai aster ot mye of Bos 741.768 A, 13087 AD. win ary gle cover Fang VOR As Uma 5 wy sar Kult 753: a see oS esa SGT SAB Revo nO Ka, "et Son SiSeq Khan”. Tw peeyi we wortinaicha the stip, he Sh fo ihekof he Bi aaped eueimna “This is another siver pleco, of Toatanish Khan, ruler of the White Horde; 778-9 4H, 397691 AD. (ako of the Blue Horde, hich he united with te Whiten 1378), who Bout s amporary revival ofthe old Mongol ley, sacking Meco in 1382, bt bing haat ‘Setesad by Tims and dying nee in 1408 AO i re set nl lglg aw Soe Leaner agy, 8 ne eee ae ie The revere reads: SSUES DOU; JoledI MeL eosuliin oS ‘lar aban gtd Kn ~ be hs the Moser ga "Dslr oe a" aes {ar ot name "no of the co, “The trove of he Coen Horde wert be aoa bythe ing power of tian tne size Contry, 4ulfs third son, Tuke Timur, hed deecendant who lived in the shadow ofthe Golden Horde, but wine emerjad itr atthe power of tho Horde cies. From this branch rom the Kharat of Karan, supresed by Russa In 1652'A.0; the Khanate of Karimot,seorbed By ‘asian 1678 A.D. onthe Khanate of Krm (th Crime which ve extinguisied by beatY between Turkey and Rusts n 1783 A.DHere it ster coin ofthe last Khan of Krim, Shahi Gis, 1191.97 A.D., 177.88 A... ‘mint at Baphantn Ser. In syle It emia o the Ottoman goin ofthe period with yer of ‘eenesion and rognel yer onthe rever. The cbverse reads oe ‘in SBS pol oninn near ’ 05 spl bin Atma KGB eS sun ectearom iv 2 raat eo oo eee ele ast Bighah Sorat ie tar ngt sat wpe 6 sham el Np ore ie ihsery asia terre ot tlie terme By Bt srt. neti Seven cal Tomghe. The nee tats “The Uzbeps begun with the Golden Horde, nd some of tham ware to say in Siberia, ere thay became the Care of Tismen. The sumamaveally important branch invaded ‘Transoslra under Mahomed Sheybaniin 908 A, 1500 A.D. “This is » spiel thin iver coin with tage, tan ised by she Sheybaniss of “Teansrlan. tw struck by Iskander Bahadur Khan, 156083 A.D. Ts syle i no ey to ‘Tad'parctary when te exin i worn. The obverse asthe Kaine with the four mexnBor, {nth sltable epithets aroun. The ravers has in the centre: US 2 Ub yaw d Tehonde anur Kh “ukander Vint Kho ~ the nil ao akan, cut hoogh ‘hetinerepemrting the oes toforma soreof cos “he ouside part ofthe eve, working und antlekes trom te righ fr st ‘the smal mark outside the coin, reads: Jo SD) BUo)l § DLP) wy (IS) Anan eS tes cbmatt ern “toast Rhagon and Patt King” The rst starting a thw second nw Tome bottom, eadina upwards, ad ten dropping to th boo fr te final wor, read “Silalieg SbacIas g[) LS thated sian W's mulkane we wna “May Als on igh perpeiate nboign sha his sultanate Urbeps and other of Mongol stoek ruled petty khanaes in tht rao unt he 1860s ane 1870's wien Rusia annexed them, Thare was the Emirate of Sukhara: we Khanate of Khiva, ‘hich was called Khwartm on goin, of wich thoee of rut like Ash Ql, 1825-42 A. lie not too uncommon. There warp the Emirate of Khogend — more usally Known eb ‘hokand ~ of which ths san example. Tha denomination of thi go pace Ie a "tla anit as, minged by Mohammed "All Khan, 82240" A. The chvers read “ES SE a 5 wo sor a obmuk KBound, "Suriking ofthe Abode af te Kingdom hotana =" other Going reed AAS KhSaond Theres rnd SBE ee? Monammed ‘Air SIN gh ad crater pon wor 1352 Mohamed ‘A tathe ofthe war Fihting nxn nies, Lar, 1252 A" Jecgtse Khan's scond son wat Jagstal, whose appanage wae Trensoxiana wich Ns tscendants hed until tea by Timur ?370 A.D, ~ the Timurida wor ae t be ousted in turn by the Sheyoaras ab mentioned sow. “This is 2 coin of the gets Mongols of Transoxiaa;» ver pce of Daithmendieh (wino wes actualy of Opotsl stock), 747.9 A.D, 13469 A.D, ond this coin wae suck In Buttars n 747 A.M. “Tha obverse fs the normal Kai — wth a very exotie“Mohenmed” — and the four “The revere reads Died! Jala! UWE rote 9:5t¢ oinanmend Ks WW! at hated Atah muta Blam yr ee = sti ee ow oD ergs Khan's thitd son. Ogos rectved Zura, the Western corner of Mong {iets and im adltion was appointed supreme Khagen of all the Mongols, Ogota died in 1281 ‘A... ar his widow Turakina ruled the Empire fr seetal ees, url i 1246 A.0. Ogoa's on Kuk war scted Kranan, When Kuyu did in 1248 A.0, th line of the fourth on of ‘lnghe” Khan, Tulul, t00% te supreme. power and the line of Ogotal appeared Ine ‘pacity, The svange things thatthe great Timur (the Tamerlane of Engish erste] Sttamptad to resurrect tne Opts: Kaan,“Tim's tamiy hadconnscions wth the dagata rulers of ssid tw tron of the Rhanat, wth Sarargon es hs capital. He beg 9 remarkable cre of conguest with the capture of Hert in 1361 AD. By 1598 he had eonauered of he Pasa, fecopotama, Grorgs repr. in 190 he loved Ind, sacking Dah He ie in 1408 A.D. 1 tras Tims faney to ske coins with ie ames of Suyurghatish ard, this son Mehmed, Aino were tharmans ofthe Ine of Oop, though he Goes nat stay cal them Khoa. 1 WSS BOOS SUA coast 8a Suyirnaemish Khan ord Abel 55 1,9 pai eesulan naan laa Kha rometiro Tr aulneven tis very modi tut wath the Tush word yarn "oy order” mpying that they were ny “sultan” by his oder, Timur cal Bimal SUS, 98 pet el air Tir kirk, Linkan bana an olf Tranonine tie "ragert™ meaning defone” “This isa siber coin of Timur with Mahmud, Timur’ eins come in many varieties of evan, with mint and date sualy ict to make gut. The abverse has 3 sauare Kalra not Silke that we dl meet among the Mongols of Persia. The four succestrs ar around, The — gle, sun “The peculiar frm of ‘s uomistakeable, However Timur imam ond he succestors, te Timur" tough Mongols, do not belong io the immediate famiy of nghis Khon, and we eas on to the fourth son, Tl ‘Though Tul’ snpanage atthe death of his father only consisted of the homeland wibes ‘of Mongalia, his dtcerdants schieved the retest glory of ny. Mangu, the son of Tul ‘Became Kagan, outing hs line of Oya, in 251 AO & ca “This ta iver coin of 653 AH, 1255 A.0.,minted in Tif inthe name of Mang The Kalina fin the veo of the cowern th the date, Ineuding the month ~ Roja — in the aga S Ge y gpm SL BL eA) BHR sant thlath Khaini “Te coves a 15 SS 5 ainansar PREG! snetazen Sold te ‘Mong, the very goat the Just Quan sew on li 2 popalllion Ti Mangs giein 1257 A.0.; but before he did he had made two vary important moves, He had sent one of fis brothers, Khia, to govern the Mongol prounansn China ~ Khu Kran wos to succeed his brother 3 Khagan, ae to eld a beliant court at Pekin, hich was 9 ‘anlace Kerekorum as capital a the Mangos Mangu hed sents scond brother, lagu, ake ‘ver Persistrom the minor governors wn had been stun hare by the Mongo, Mula as © subish there Ns own dynasty, who ae known either a "he Mongols of Persie or the khan. The woed"Iitanis” contits ofthe two words fel wc alba and Khan, an Hulgy took tis rites belng distinctly Fower Then “Khan — he was eniy 8 “iol chet Up 10 the split up whieh eccured aftr Abu Sais death the lkanid rulers wee 82 owe An AD Vag ck 35930 ee 56 Abage (abiga) Gul 663 1265, Ahirad ae! 680 1281 nein oy! eo i2ee Noiremna cae SI email =o a sack p98 1295, Canin sa oy SNE os tas ns S51 yoo 1304 pis sts inl neta unt 798 se 105 (On their coins there is url some Mongo! a wal a the Arabi aged, nas Mongol s not unike ‘Arabic in appearance, thi can be confusing wo the bepnner. For instanoe in Exercin 19 one of the coine hr four lines in Mongo, with only One, containing the rule's rame,in Arabic White Mangy i ale, atthe beaining of Huan’ reign, be i cecogised by name end has the ie pede 1 IMS Osan efa'zam “the very grost Khagaan ith Hulu Fist being juft GLE ahd. I is itereting to noe that ght fom Hulagu'e time the Tithanie ie the Moslem Kalina on onside of thew pecs. se tide pe Dut the Khagaa not sama Helse pe hime op Yo THdIG Thin ebonarsam "Halas ‘he very great Tribal Ran After Khia’ ceah elerence ios Khagen i aropped thst 'A numb of coppsr coins occur through this earlier lkhanis period sith figures on stam. tn‘ the Mons mit, ervingon ts Asbo Waar roses oe th ¢ ‘man sated eros egjed elding a cfscant moon, Ineigtions ae easy, with these copper eins ‘Often puting ater the Khan toe spare ke bake Jou, puasil “gin "he sloresin reat qualities” Ghezan’s coin ore usually very simple, and, though ne wes an ardent Shi'ite, nave no specia ormle’ in fact they often have more in Mangol than Arabi, wath wrvthing ke "By the power of Gad Ghazar's coinage”in Mango, and jst enum nite in ArabCGhazan, and all the ater Persian Shiite rusre ware “twelve, ciilowing the Ssinhetance of "Ali, but lowing the repeion of lamas but Its Uj wh Tete fst ‘namizmatle Sh, . OY “This ies svar coin of Ulta. On the dbvese we am. the Shiite Kalina, with the ending al 99 he “Ali wal Alon" ie the Friend of AlN: but Ree In mdion ste hovea wth’ imate ound te mers yepug! 9,de 9 ag? de do ppl SE d sl 9 SIDES des S509 ders a9 Seo “Ashura (3 form of invocation of Aish, “0 ANON"? sali“ Monarmed wa ‘AIT va (tttsen wo obtusa we ‘Alf wa Mohammed wa for wa Mus wa “AIT we Mohammed we ‘airwasltowan we Mobrmed. ‘D Althbles Mohammad and Alt nd Hazon ard Huss, oe” “The revere shows Uist “blwoming ov” 8 regards his weulrttes: en Po ge eri Dy Ske puke CAL g gall 92 > SU Wa EAE YW) A aS als ae Ciba Boot ura 1 gut som eat bazar m0 ate ne me ent tearing “ewec"l edo chum Chis wd. dunyd wa in Od sein Mobormed khaled ign (o iahyaerert-u of duet wen Meant grat uta, owner ofthe recks ofthe nation, Re ih Uiaity te Mohammed. May Aah perpetuate ne magia ges mit Lo 12 ake B= PS suit sod Orin sare cad Taro ween — 04a The commonest khan coins are thos of Abu Sad, who has a sere of eitferent types ~ insrtion im hexgrar:nsrition in square, ete, Of whith tees are two sample sbveren “Tho let hand coin has the dinry Sunni Kalima inthe centre, withthe suceestons below. The upper framework is made Up Ufa Karan test we have nos et tatare: Sunk ven 134 pol treed! 909 wh! pa nd Creyokthanun Alln wa hyve crane, | Foseyak Mahim ha at rot Imprectof te am ghee" KcPY omy, “es eng To ned ‘ake the we Gece ure Tie tiles oe th pre 2 nd hum “he” The word means, “and he wil be stint to protect you asinst thant fete completed! The whale eteree mean "And Allah wi be alent to [protect you apne them, ard He she eae, the Krome “The secon ain with its sua Kul Kaine: SUI 5) FQN IY (5 ah site. Moar ol Aah, So Ah ‘i “rhe no Gout Rah Mahone ithe meaner lsh, May Alo ble im" Exerin No. 19 2CHAPTER XX —_Postiikhand Persia, The Persian couplet Alter the death of Abu Sd 1335 A.D, Persian wa sit with hu contender for 1 throne, with Mohammad, ToyhacTen, SeharTimur, Sat Bey, Sle and Nushirwan a Sriking coins inthe 1340 and 1350' ith much overlapping, And, quite apart fom Ikan oman, the esis genes contol of Bagh sod Tabi: he Avatar, ars and Ieghan the Kage, Horst’ the Serbedarang, Kroretan, and the Turkomrs of the. Black: Shes, Diyaroeb and Kurata, “hie chuoe was swept amy by Timur, who by 1304 A.D. hax gained possession of the viole rein: but it was Tenure san Shah Rukh, 140547 AD who restored to Perla to rewire of her former prospm'ty. Hi expt, ‘Herat, was the conte of 8 renewed and ‘eetzaty brent Pesan culture The vests ofthe coins af Shah Fuk haw the ordi Sunn Kai with he four sucersars sound, but the way these wre writen may very sptmendouly. Thess both hove ‘nach the sme legend, except forthe date, KRCW iw sora 843 n rw cane of The revere of both thee coht it simost dent. Both read A {ehough th atferent in <> we eI eNakall eosutin etssam Ut as 22h, Ey LE shin mute nondsur Krad Atoh wth 5 ‘mulkanu wa sutnan NEQ FAD Hevea ‘wriking of Heat 829 AN, The very rst sult Shah Rukh the Vallnt.May Alon perpewate neeignand his lant” The E_J_Auth usualy stands out prety eeariy near the cone ofthe coin as ‘does are. 24, ahSaur ie one of thaw word one ought fo learn ok out ie ‘arying apse i horewhere the Be bahia Xan i a very commonly ved After the pasing of Shah luk, Persia once again spit up, with the Sheybani taking ‘over in Transoxina, ond the Black Sheep Turkomans and White Sheep Turkomars #o9oing The last important stronghold ft to the Tauride wat Herat, where Hussn Bsikara ‘led in splardour 873913 A.D 1489-1806 A.D. Hit snr con of Husain altars snl in eye © M8 coh of Be Sons tan The obs hate Kalina th ite trea nocache ed essere san defen anne cnges BLD 3 yer ent om , ovwtng tutte pe Yt oth ome pita oa oa a as be bo aut as “This warsiaes, “the vory greet Sultan, Husain, lather of the warrior apne infidels \aliant. May Ali on High perpetuate is oh and hi sltnate [AL this point we glance backwards at the Serbadarane, who ware mentioned a ontroling KhovatanDnfors the aval cf Tine. Thete Setoadarios ore orca Itresting {bang lca! groups of wariors and ethers who were bound together in a religous anciaton ‘th s'common religous teacher. Many such absoaatons grew up during the Mongol period ome were Sunni and some Site [At the time ofthis coin thle fader wat known to fave been ‘Al e-Musyyad, 1964.81 AA®,, but as often happens when religion becomes allimporant there is no mention of te ‘pevia rier on the cin ‘Tho obverse, er lke the Uist coin only eer in execution, ha the Site Kalin wth the tele mms oround ‘ere hatin tho cance quae U1 el Sk Sow, bimasa AstioSe ‘agpack) Ta tne city gt aigepubagn’: and svoand é 9 Case pate LL ES iron snar ome ene senistntnerentvotia ven BANS Another sre sition, so Ste, wa founded st Arb by 2 man ce Sat sd, 1382 1334 AD. wo cad be erento oe ame Hs rend we ows, rom hs none, 3 Seon an one of thew wan ene ane tok conmard ofthe Seosedan in (408 05, laud hie fonere conquer Pea When hook Fabs ‘E02 AD. he tot the to “Sh In 300 AD he cent her eneres inthe ee, the Terman tthe hte Shot rein 1510 he dteta earn enemsern tw ato Porte Sayer! Usa soa new Mar ha Pron Ne pouevon o ut force the Snr fon open te eo, tough we to ipo ee malay of Pas Pascua been SuKali in he ene square: ad round th, in the fou tangle athe twsve lar in trae, th on A Ineach care writen to form the tnes ofthe wangias, Outage this ite ‘oem in Arse, he tens of which Ca upon Al the manifesto of mice ‘Thou shalt fi hi 2 elp unto tee in aiersies Aa care and rit sal vanish, By the holiness, 0A, 0A, OAS, att te Sm "0G" a be wn ot he tp. Mt of 0 con = sae YS Oi tee tat evel te inter QIN dae ASIS mp 20rd Kishin sense 968 and around — Jolsd| oUt eesultén edit oie TUeUGt sstinne : Abe) haat lpitst guide) brmucattor hin St tt) # or (ahs dur we ‘Stith lana’ 58 “Joka Setar? {Re MAL te acct Sultan, Father of the vicious, tsi ude, Khan, vant on, With lane'l and the Hse of the Sefavide there now enters 8 new factor into the fpumismatis of the Pern influenced part of the word, Ths the vee of he Prion Couper" ‘The eariet Persian couplet war on 2 coin ofthe Indian rer, Mahomed Keri, King of Gularat, 144951 A.D. and the iva was taken vp by the Sefnad Shan, Imai, TSI ‘A.D. who didnot wish the sacred formula ofthe Kalina, veh at ona coms cf tha tie, tofallintothehands of unbelievers, Bu yt sid not want fo be Bought fo be intending to eae the nome of Al off is coin He thought of 9 may of wlving hs ifeutes = he put the couplet on the obverse. an lmam thee be benveen the East and West, All alana, ith Al's house, for bee” ‘The couplet idea wa then dropped unt Abbas I, 164267 A.O,,cevived it — not for ute Kalimo, but on the revere ws way of inluding Ps ow nae ‘though by ne’ meant sed On every coin, couplets are ery ommoniy used an Persian cone unl the 1290, They wets sendy beng wssdbetore thie BY the Moghol Emperrs, Aker used them very acasonaly an shang very treo and ister they wore o be vd by sever of thn ules ofthe nave sates, a Wee by te Ouyons oF Atghanistan. (On the coins thew couples are made more lifclt by the way they startin fern {seca some are to be read from the bottom up, sets fom sre point the midi, and times thy ae apead ver Both revere ane obverse, Almost sey though, the ul name tha'he min, tere that is ineloded in the couple, we in fay prominent poslons “These couplets are inthe Pesan lnguegt, a do occupy jst two lines when writen cue sory, how et, erage ei, rmn, Uy eh “ast ah "Goat the oof he feline tying with YL Tihs end of te second r something ofthe so. ‘Although the language Pesan, many Arable words "ikhae "coi" becomés Sw shah wd, ond those ae Pesanised, “The couplets tend to be similar in pater, and the knowledge of comparstivaly few Persian words will go Jong way. In this chapter I propose to examine sven couplet, end in ‘he ewer to ask the onder fit the lsteated cine to the couplets, Tir wil gv ut a ast {or furtur tidy of coin of he “couplet period Voedutary =U sxin_ may sto be wateg ah % Leo Us" satin, vnior buts op ino" Coa Lo eer stinansian "Sha of Sano emma no” Og SL, inten Meher "Emp werd abe saiitis iste oiuratot SUL surtin, > LO ahi lord combines with 2 158 adn, which mans the ‘rycugpe iva conjunction of te pants Venus ad tp, make te Side Uo snoarn ord a hepatica whch mi te i nd by Tu. Ts ue can be aetna GL Rye UO shorn "he re ae oy te Lard ot The pre ‘Another tira rlat may thats 9 on Ravel, whch ie scraty the old Peian ame Cyrus, the name ofthe area conquer” wo died in 529 BC, and has the general meaning “eonqueror’ “God may be the Arabic a! teh, or the Pasian — | AS Khodi— its ‘orresting thatthe Persian “Khdabonda” (Shah, 1878.87 A.0.) has the same meaning asthe “Abdullan” 12S KhodF meaning "Goa end aduy banda meaning “haga "teuth May abo be wed of God, trreeworts: SS ear SL Sad Stat, “Hoge may seo be Sac) nen ~srmow' weiner ay Lew sonar JB at cae ee i tes im wes Laat Be JSF goanie means “regions ate gir "ne see cine The “sun may be SI oti or with Spee mat sea) ‘ord aismenning month in Abie es ®wort, FTP Hn *siver’, end zr “aol oe erent th commonest of Verge ued are ips el me a ruck": peal ast “hare i"; ont : Ppcitions: (the meanings of thes have considerable latitude! Ft parvove. 51 aetrom 22 dain 9% ont "ihe" Akg theres the prepositional retin Banta" "a" 7 tn hn soups vou rt crore tpt soem nich oe they hve the eree"bunen thn Thr ins short wwe Denes te eo noua aaa Sinner As! eg Nob ehich oe prenemas recy ny Era’ "aptar” ourtn of gn, nang in teeta, Are oat ot putin te wg ina, or neko imply, ae 8 ‘even Example of he Coupe. 1) belonging to he Stevi Sah of Peri, Tehmeyp 172231 AD. eal pkea lO aSae Sek, begtfathah nba? gd OL iogb So Sab S251 25 sneer gg Ter Set “Inthe world coin tot the wort used by the Lord ofthe favourable conjunction) he suck by Ut. from") he Grace ofthe True One cd Tahnasp the Seuond.” 2) wed by Nedie Shah of Persia, 1736-47 AD. lg bw 7: nnd Ube lin hast or sti ohn Sl Lo pb sols «lb 3 snr WB SEs “A Sultan there is ove sultant of the word, the Shah of Shah, Nese, Lex ofthe fovourbie conjunction of the planets” cutie ey mer te te sR A. ae shy GaP apes all ph yo 2) aie aboh elder shte Aer Khu gi pondh ESL aS el Rl cally AL sh wir ent in Akbar BBG. “Money be sck inte ity of Aga i he Congo, the Rage of he wort, Sah, it ‘rol the ith, ahora Son of Anbar, Emperor" 4. sed by the Mosh Experor, Shah “Alm, 175-1808 A. OT JOD eles ptiF pQMOy, 2) Lae sikkah z0d bar att gat yah fat Fin WLS ob pile aL set xo ol anrain Mobommed Shih Ham bisbah "Money he suck trough far the sven climes dd the shadow othe rot of Gad, Defender of the Religion of Mohamme, Shah ‘Alem, Emperor” '5}__One of the hee diferent couplets ued by the Duran, Sulaiman, whe had very short sepcgamentner main 7A, Le she O92 J) 9 pre 7: 35 SS sikka zad bars wo 20 cio mine wa rid OS sel oct EL ol galas suinimin Bastin tn Atma Soh “Cain he suck on liar and god, la sun ar moon, od Sulaiman Emperor, son of Ahmad OF 6 Phy Dac ao he, 10-128 0 UBB IL Fy Lee stk ctr sd tty I Wi 98 chin AT 9S ous git etn tabmad ih “Coin on gol he suck BY fhe) the Grace of God dl he Congunror, wor reper, Maha oer 1) gue by Wa} All Shs, Slam of Av, 164786 AD. el a2 9 JAD 1) 9 po 2j Sw ita 20d bor Sm za fl wt Ha WLS ob pile cL» gle 3219 §> Bhs sir magg nia Ailsa ‘am DBs, “Coin he struck on verso gol by thw Grace and Help of God di the Shadow of he Tie re, Wed At Sultan ofthe Wel, Erpeor” Exar No. 20, ‘The abow seven couplets ae inscribed on thew coin, Sort out which couplet ison wich enCHAPTER XXI The Savi Shahe Nadir ehronogram, Honore epithets Vocabulary, PE nim name Pl ater ack Tim “The Safavid Shave reigned flows A AD, Tehwese 90 1524 fan ea 1876 Mohammed Khodsbandh, oes ise 90s 1507 vse 1620 wake, te Thane name Sof it cond Bh jul Tones “The cenular obvere of Sat coins mas the Shite Kala, very ‘often with the oveve imme writen aru, aon fein of Abba: But the form of the Shite Kalima ‘is somieraiy. be onthe curemof 2 Sama | ‘Sin'rnea oe nas whee the oh a, Mohammed radi Aitab is wien aud, with SY YS ge armaisan ne cne Twat Shah Abbas I who invocuce the couple ata reglrfestre ofthe reverses. nd sutcnte oer me Te eee \elselo. Beg skkan SSnogueT BU ple ES Sod 97 5129 sect ae cauttg Moa “ADORE Sot ‘in te wold the ar of ean 8 Lar ofthe fortunate canjneton of the planets strikes he stuck By the Grace of the True One, Abbas the Second” In the legend ie the dete 1059 A.M. ard below is te mint Ke eed wih Tobr, a But often insted of curler the Sefoide ose Revers like this of Husain, wich ade: MEP SII vz ane ono ae tae (\ = bandon Snob Wilyat Musin rb Tdn Ge Esnan) 100 Ng bjt word cow 1098" sol sword which hoa ide rn of mening, end ait, "governor, “gosan”but ima anive conn! prtcury rte to-Al a he "ea ot Aoh anda Sah pot ‘unas var f the Lard of Fendi, unt ‘At; though on Engin venation doe tot ae fl ris to a that tw See would hore rend ita the ran For rata! ume ry tat ta hy ar ming tbe goed bd a Sea “Te gen on te coin Wana,“ the Lard of Friend, Hui, Suing ot erie aE" “The horizontals ae formed by he ey of wiv ar the OF sas We ao te tes csr tey hed oat nh can ote Getan by the “dah of bony Thee 9 oF Haat, fat Se tira = 1 1722.0, Hsin wa rv rom hi cpt tea, byt Aghans und Mad the Giles Mutmod snd hc on Reels who sree i ued ene fr ew Yo ‘lasns sn Tatrnp fed Nor washed the oad frtne wo fim nn apy St {ied Har Gah Star fq the Wander One nde Nad Gute fo acare Nady Sato ran pers 1929 A.D here ouch Ag ‘Aghn coins ae recogni by the Sunni Kalina which they us inst ofthe Shite Kala of the Sets This ko gol con, of the denomination known san “aa ad Att mu ry ogo nae he sat ne re sey le el 2) PEL teasbratt esr nim anjenie ai ey LS ot Se j 2 snare sktan Astrat bar otto rastd “Upon the Ashrati the mark of the name of His Excaleney cam Nobility (ehra] from the coin Aaa upon the sun thee came Beiow the couplets AGRO | wpa sa fain. The horizontal a formed tpt Nett“ G tdemedse ne vee A fet Nad ruled Posi inthe name of he Safavid he was being, Tahar I; but in 1731 A.D Nein deposed Tahu and replacad him By hi infant son, Abbe I, who ein 178A. ames ofthe puppet kings Tabmesp 1 ‘and Abbas Ill but many coins se minted inthe name ofthe popular ehh imam reputedly img by mann 619A oud wes — etc ed wa oe ott “stiee maga "nly Ty igh imam war ated Al sed fo ditngugh Men from he itor lsh had thei WSs y rnd" plesing one 101This eon ie dated 1143 AML, ln Thaw 1 1 “The obverse if normal, the averse Fad Nas Bab 9 Ab Se Lil I nomen o cma bey soe de xo BE ols was ram ima tind AZ “From Khorman on on gold wan, bye Get of Go by tad and ep of he Shah of Fetpon bono Mas the Peng ve and fe gives Al nn oye! sy, Beiow the couplet i, the mint srABe Apne pac carb Mashed mogndss. The horizontals ae the aholahal othe Fal nwatiand the eB of ze In 1736 A.D, Nadir proctsimed hinzelf Shah, He invaded Inc, sacking Ost in 1799 and taking off ast loads of wearure, including the Kahr another jets In 747 Ned wee Sssasinate in cmp by hs Onn oftcrs. Ov of Hs Empire roe to factor. ly, the Independence of Afghanistan under bis general Ahmad Khan, whom the ‘hot king with the ties Ahmad Saab Bache ‘Secondly, in Psi ital there follaved a ng period of vida ule uni evenly the (iar dynasty ware eablishe, Nadir used couplets, one of whch wan given in the previous chpter but many of hs pects much simpler ae {hi con. Have he nar omit the ting, sc esa sve resdings gUbsLa! 91 Nadir ersuttin. The reverse has @ 3 IDI as tide tas vo 22rd Oath 1150 A.M. khan Aah mali, of al Nadie’s eons, tis type the most inwesting. It sortane« follow the tere nd waa AS find cans “wile”, on twa’ "happent”. "by Chroratamy, the bast wi apoene ibe Hebrew 2220 Fm 1 t ma * er a ee ee amie I ¥ Es ¥ If GbE Hebrew SS 57 bY BD & B Eroieh B » © © & % & % 100 Arable SC wer es eS ids up t0 1148, which ie the A.M, date of Nadr’ssuecetsion, 1736 A.D. ‘Aft: 1747 A. Perso split up. There is Shah Fukh, of Nadr’s in, wo ruled on nd off in Khoratan under the protection of Afghanistan {rom 1748 through 1706 A.D. There fe. numberof Satovds, sucha Slniman I, 1749-50 oe ler 1175058 A.D. as wal os Imerberr of the Gal and Zand wibos claiming the throne, Eventually the Qajrs wor to give Paria eae ruling hou, but before thi time the Zand, Karim Khan, 1750-79 A... worth nating Keri struck coins in the rayne of the twefth Imam — the one who dsappered in about 874. AD. He calls tis Imam Cle Pl alo sind encemin "the Lord ofthe Age ‘ecaanthi Ime wns 10 ave a on 3 he preset ope, to inaugurate a new oe of joe See = COE 4 bat “The obverse of his ol ple of Kern has the coupe: Mee 72 preg 1) Mle 9 GSLs she aad wml ar wa sn cr in who?! Alo Gx plo! gS ja sitksn imi behaa sino exzemin “ct sn and moon (in form of) ld a svar through the wor, hans {jt aeitcnteonr] the cin the imam ruth, the Lod otf as" ‘The horizontals wre formed by the <= Dot oftib ard the ib of si, “Te cevra is partiouary Intereming a thas an “invocation” atthe tp (ZS Lv ai" Karin, wich i the only laze onthe coin whore the actual ruler i entione ‘The conte gue the mint ey poll )2 pac? sarb dB ebmarz Rash "minting of the abode of the frontar Fst” which frit ha Os: dire oe elow thisisthe date 19 + 1190, wit the 9 backwards, “Throughout thie period from the begining ofthe Salvi tit recent ines no copper wae ruck in te royal name, Instend each city intl is own. The obverse rua has 8 103plctoral desgn, ar the reverse tas he place of minting, which ie without any honorific epithet on the conser Each city usd 8 whole number of ifring obverse designs, and this mans that, ‘neat seaking, one har be able to red the mint name tbe ble oie the cin fein suppremed the provincial mints, making Teheran the it for ‘As. belo towards the ientfeaton of ater Prsin one the mins nd thr honor ‘nines ar lst The nguge of he epee Arse mar eprraer asetbes ak Lt] tocror om tamer cretegell js a atrtmint tetonin wdc! eoseotme sutmnne “GebaL 2 a eonutnat Timi (evan) {hel of ppnow gS hard Tabs abode of the Suitanate baked JLo gar ensustanse nat soar ot purty Wea 7l3irareott Resht sade othe frontier | Srl 12. air otmare 2mnfin tbode ot haope Balaal 7l> af enu'diat a sod of earina N 3. aire Taparisin dbo ofthe kgm 1 11> darstmae Tererin Doseatme aba jy reonenne BML 1s a osniiae 9 79 coode ot te Surana — Ribbed > ar ensurone SUSIS eoode ot me taint egeegell Jd cr atmiminin be ,S, wade ot tery SL jI9 dretansn Kerminahiin Up Ue S soade of te government “@gall jd aoc dale Meshes Socket holy “yr ihe. mogade 2) mont holy ground 7 ABLON ar sates Homan Wlaty® — siesantionn Re Fab, ise eyviee Yeu Dh sede piety — FSU 712 a eri “The reve of» sve Ke thi of Ras csr, 105698 "LN SE stmt beast sun ne of te mints or cies but the it sha ta a Praan cin en only be Taran Now we kao et mare, eget si fo make ot 108 ike thie gold coin of Keri Kha om Yea ae no 0 vey 2: fitters ee Sb pom oe Z tne ight fond loop and Dies Yard tne leh Errcee No. 24 Fed the Yoliowing coin, in each cae identiting te mi. 105CHAPTER XX! aj Sha, Prin sumo. Ahan ruts Veesbutry nor prophet —piwrat Lael anbiys prophets Ss? ttn ity lave gi | afta very maby CF ad Seca e PAS Okt te Pomert ne, God totem command Gs pte, now, ary le mints — eon with LAr meimanat — romeiy charkh wheel revolution ofthe havens eee natty ion pols Kitimat gle? our tree (njar rte was to gve Posi ts fest peri of stability since the Afghan imasion of 1722 “The founder of the Ose dant, Mohammed Hasan Khan, had been just another of the seokers ‘of power inthe post 47 ora. As one amongst mary ters between 1760 ond 1759 ‘A'D, he had indulged! in iting coins with li za eouples By 1759 Karim Khan, the Zand, had outdo rua ~except Shah Rukh in Khorotn, who ruled rom Meshed unt 1796, nen Kerim died in 1770 A.D. there wos mother Gai cisimant, Aas Mohammed nan, who. sucemfuly puted out Kerm's Zand success, end war able to ule lone ‘benwten 1796 and 1787 A.D, when he ded and a his point Gsjrrle was firmly established ‘Aaa Mohammed uses coins with “Lord of the Age couplets, ad hat the invocation 13 Mohammed ove the mint name On his overs. “Tiss ist of Aga Mohammed's Gai sucessos An AD. Fouhnt avd 12h TB formate tm mots re : crock con bee Monona 1290 1936 Nines tien jase ‘inion iba 09 onenned AT Saat 907 Sia tiaras ts0025 ‘Once patt the “couple period, which ends roughly at she besining of Fateh “A's ‘eign, he obverse takes the Shah's name and tile, including the deste “OB. The revere ‘ha the mt inthe form shown inthe preour copter, The date putin at lime any poi 108 Theta beermatasivercoin of Faah At tease rl He dase TAL ort Walt Fathi Shih Oi evan ia eveudn Wen Thc ene crest patern agai, tre of the Fat SS re ot te ean and the ott Ping te ts oie We crescant ore, Dut romana ab Seren i in cm ALT cel SLT OBE caso MLS an one “ans Con wh ‘Sand lets dropping wo the bottom. Monona nas sateen ste. His cera SOF tool aUkoLs whiner ano Monanmed Ne ‘empacr ot te prophets Nonommea”. Thsomer inthe ca of lave reigout con the srac veter othe Prophet Morne, et 8 ed Whores toot mplivsthat the Shah Mommed at (Y v the Shah ae the isming authority. This i another of Shah Mehommms ain, whic i shown because in {his case the uel obverse and evers inscriptions are crowed together on ane dt ~ the mint ‘One ether hing out Mohammed. After his dest in 1848 A.D, rebel bythe name of Hasan Khon Salar continued mining tase same coins rm Meshed betwen 184 and 1860 A, 1264 and 1266 AH ‘As we come to Nai s-i's ein we find denominations written onthe ein in Pesan ‘on hi new sive coins of Teheran from 1281 AM, 1846 A.D. and we need #0 know the Note that in Persian final A ean indent Final hort vowel ~ asin sere on Bee rourcen 42/165 chanasn m0 a Fitteen sae h, pineaan — Sawn 9p? naan for Lhe hake seenten GARE toon Fe type Eigteen gas ehh sm sat eh Nineteen" 39? neh tem at Tony Soe Be cat Sk at Twenty-one Be 3 Smet Bit ove es oo sermon ie Ten +> an "Foand he Aa“ Ewen 433, pean sey o @ Taw #ajlgo cosa cory Sgz ene Tine vane Side ey sige oe 0?sixty Os het 500 OS, pines seanry SAR hata 000 OE theta Eey ok nana 700 KORO hate Nine 2y nad 0 SOO harm 100 soo soo DOa2 aahuad 200 4 cameo at 1000 Wj hace me aha oneaurer —” ay 100" 400 im (On this go tan toman pace of 1680 A. of Nair eein the ttle are much faller than an rede : oe call ol SPM GID, plus) olbsLal esotin ea” ta wa e-48896n eb ateham isi ec 28h OB “Tine wer ret Sultan ona te vey righty Khan Nat ein Shah Car ‘Above the circle in mal ting ie the int yl te Toberin ~ theth shapes ‘y and simon cisppesringster the tas : ‘At the bottom is the denomination be y¥ yy dan tmin ‘Ten Tomans” The ‘oun of deanmination ater the numeral doesnot crange to plural form on Pasian coins “Ths now style coi of 186A Included copper, and this 63 vowel he Gren sig ain wits seen oh heey CLS Oe 131] mamitat Trbn 50 cngr "Cruising (coin) oF the ‘cingdor of han” 80 Dinas”. cot b> Teherin is at the Bose of the aim Note the ape of the Pian 8 ra heart upside down “This ie sver coin of the same 1864 lev, with the value blow the lion ie 9 5093 a8 heeds dinie"Twe‘Trouand Dinars” We find thot though catatoges let "60 ‘21 Shahi: 20 Shahis = 1 Kran: 10 Keane = 1 Tomar’, the value on the iver is given Tt became 100 Fyne ~ 1 Polen, 108 “This 10 Ryas of 1966 A.D. looks very sii in we have jut seen, He increment Ses 2 Tene ray, Chel visas ple a2 Ley af Mohammed Riss evs Shani Ti ‘he Seip on tase modern Perio pices not easy reed ~ tho syle of writing i very ramped ~ the dynastic name Pablev for Instance, has the fina, ‘not previusiy seen, and it Is over the rs} of the word ‘written © ut witha tendency to become (On this coin the date ie 1 YEE 1944: shin Shah A ‘efered ton Chater One Tis ald woman of a nn that dete wal ; i ui ie. rad WT AP us 254 “oteremnt 1268 AEDS? ase er Se se Y3F imino OTT AT J Siri this vr cin of Sah it, pute BETO a at aetna “vast ah Ne, miwenment Sos on ad Wee TST sh jude Hea an Enron nthe month of ‘sar 908", having eof tw mimina, 1908 aye botom ‘ound te oo ve rade Cle! yw LeUD US Pahlev? Shahanshih Trin. _Atguniten i umismatialy very smite to Perso, wm Anmad Sa, eso corto oe HEU EU oye 1205 jl ab plo okam snod se Oba Behtn bo Ahmad Bieehit 7 ‘ia rnb Sn ‘Tre wora ee Fonda's chin “ke” with the prefix 9S BF “without: so the top ine tranlaes "the command care fom he Powerful One, who has none ike Hi, to Ahmad the Emperor” 160.86 AM, 1747-72 A... he first Durrani, we go straight imo hs coin rade: One means | J an a nine gn neo tic nha not athae form. 35 aad “he sack Tape "hea "mari stersing here tothe contac "Pace" cede "To ake coin over tnd gd om the ight a he Fah uf he Moon 109VIET po jt ss (nthe coin the couplet Thedote —} [NY 1181 AH. iswriten ‘down the att hand ofthe cin : The LD___ toring the third horizontal B39 er evi woe AB wt lo min ie Ee eal sl ‘Triscon wa minted a took nina herve ofthis con anes wo review She indiana of he peried, Reasingupmardsuehaneaia cere ght) aia Bel arb Ato sanat 21 uot moimanat mands, “mcg ot Atioek gene 21 oF hi reign, WE EL ‘oth Nacir Shah and Ahmad struck a number of coins in “Shahshanabad, she name by tshieh Ds was known, and ais wa the Moghul capital! This means that an “indar™ con ould lust possibly setuliybe a Durrani oe Nag Nad’s Deh cone ae 1781 ond 1182 A. ‘Ahmad's are 1170, 1173, ond 1174 AHA the Durrani army witha onthe lst ecaion it se arma yh Sika wo way new poweraigin Northam nd td wh am no Anes capital wa Candahar, where he Out 2 new ety called Akmadsnan but on his {eaty in 1772 A.D. 2 younger Son, Sulamanused Gandahar a te headquarters of reblion ‘sonnet Amc olde son, Tai. The Febion war s00n equated But Ferman moved the pital te Kata, etry i into remain Thi sd com of Tamu, 177259 0, 11861207 AI, wih te coupe one ley ant) 95 jl Ai 9 Yb ag ore rk ri ad il wa ura 2 teh wa nh 1S pe BE oa wd {i kand bar ehatrah nash stkat Toindr S30 fis ces eis ser of em Fest, Pa se oh te conan Ea von wa” Soph aan oat ee OS tama ace, Penge tate cea tom “mato eugene, “The went fe hee is acne team te um and moan rath ngs nef he aa ve san eto eae Sa ais, Nownow te “why” nan ioc ou hep mewonoavensh So Ssimest leave ap" ey am cha! a) Gach sd 8 the oP The eves is in ie “tnian” sy of he previous cin — ws inti in Pashower arabe cece pale yyling ed card Peshinar 18 jlls mamonst mat, "wk ing of Pesuwar (year 18 of his reign eoeted wath romper Coupes cminue to be used by the Afghens up tothe 1840's. Some ol the couplet sare not yet fly deciphered. The thing about Afghanistan vs that there were $0 ary many ‘opportunities for research. To show what 1s moane, here s 8 list of rulers between 1800 and 1900 a.0. AH.Oste A. Date ‘ah Zaman 120616" 1793601 Shan Shu elmulk 12161801 (Fist Reign) Mam Shan 121645 1801.29, A Herat winAlghansiin os a whole he had two reigns?) 1801-1803. 2) 1800-1848 ‘reo of conta it kite) Shah Shula etmulk 1218-24" 1605-1609 second Reign Shah Smut 12278" 181243 "At Peshawar and Kashmir Shah Shue etmuk = 12531818 2 Prva air saan iit ‘At Oanaahae ‘ier Sa i223 {8078 |S Kabul nc Kashi Coin iesed in nam ofthe peton saint of Kash, Shah Nuvu edn 1808.13 Sut" 230 1818 “At Kabul = no coin of his re Ayu Shah yas 1e1829 Av Kahrs Peshawar Dost charmed 125955 1823-39 (First Reon) Kabut ana Ganahor aman Shon Vase 187042 ‘A Herat Sultan Menemmed 3287-49 1891-29 ‘At Pwonower ShanShulaetmulk 125558 189042 (Thid Reig Konanait Khon 128667 1240.81 Fit Reign) ete ung 128 tea Sharpur Sho 125 tBaz ‘Dor Monarnmod 125590 1842-65 Second Reign) onandit Khan 1273-78 1856.61 (Second Reign ot Onndshar Shi'a 128083 18636 (Prt Herm) Moharimes Att 1031866 Monarmed Aram 12834 1866-7 Shirai 120806 1868-78 Yaqub Khan 12961878 Wa shia 12078 187880 [At andahar Wai Mohammed 12978187990, ‘at Kebut "Red er hman 1290-1919 1850-1901 's there any other nineteenth cantury state so consistently comptieat? After he coulet arid inscriptions are very simple ‘Ths 2 pe of Shir AG, and he obser Ra jut the nome ith the pin tle “Me™ lor “Ame which vende spurts” yeah ke yess Shi Alramf The everge ieinne Persian styin siW ibaball a nb -2ab dir x sltnat Kabul mHerat i also “the abode of te Sultanate, and tise the Rovere of ong of Mahmud” Shah's, very common. Heret rupees Stn SALLI /'2'y 5 za “dir srsutanat Horde. the lover horizontal being formed by the” cy “tot ard st anoer of Man Sse, rom the Katrin. ato ye ne “iar tn ad Co ee eS ahs vb tr Kt Reis sana 10 ini txt Sa wD ‘nar on igre hehe el ri ASM tnt tte capt And atic foam ot the hy of unr This te opt dll oot oben of See, On cor OF tarnepun, wn ws “rece” ho an ann TN7 A ‘704 A. the words ae very much wit up:g@L3 age] stbll 5d! x92 200 sa or Anas tn tf ne rata tS tree Wh ‘Abd sara’ ion Athan at st hac # pod of sbi, and summa Sete ager es ne ie eston to aro ‘but thie mot wat he calls hime on his oi re pals alll 9%) 29! alll ue Habba Airc Aah sin dh Friend of Ah, the Amir, Messager of Als, Sarvant of Religion.” This colourtul ss ba oe tr, 1313, wl pi and 196 AD = Aton eer 1920. and_ 1929" and sree 1908 'AD. At the top of the covone is “SST appt: Socio te conve we go it ack to Modan es with sve oe wl de Som Ws ,olb ae Mohammed Zirh mutowakhi ‘AB Allsh “Mohamed Zahir Shah, te one who trust in Allah” ‘The rove gies the valve 25 9%. pi 12 xarcin No. 22 ‘Rea the value on the folowing coins: » © a @ 6® 13CHAPTER XXIII The Moghul, and tar ata cone. Panian slr months Voesbutary AS) tee cate ot yrs ha “the Great” 1 aa ik vitet to be found, or available wut tee Teej tvie (eto cevamans ceed sath eaness Neo sna tame 39) ures ~~ 7% bidam “vegan, female tite of royatty jibe sao EB ents scat itn 2ST Se sonar ahad Ft renal yaur 24, Boer (tne tiger"), was descended trom Timur on his father’s side, and {com Jenghiz Khan of his mothers At tive years old he succxeded Yo the throne ofthe sal Brovinee of Farghenah in Transoxiana, but war ven out by the Shabani inte Alghonen ‘At the 99 of forty-three, in 1825 A.D, he invaded Inde; but though he ond hi san Humeyan iat wes ole Det, twas left to Babes randron, Akt, to bull on Empire in nda Akin ied tom 1886 A. when he wa thiten 0 1808 A.D. Dating is tine he onauered lage ert of India, and by his wise toleration he bul isting Emre dei the diversities ef race and religion. He sbolithed the Kala substituting ery rp formals ich religions could accept, This wer -x51 alJl “Alan akor "Gods wer peat with the response ad Ur J fla Jala “Slanted be Ha iory"sand this formule sppess his "iahi coinage”, whic began in 992-8, 1884 A.D. Tras a ram eer chang, a ro ha Kara Inthe centre withthe four succtsorssround onthe lft Xt gl 9 ach) bina ab? Boke “by the truth of Abu Beke" at the ep area J soy 8a! Umar "by the justice of Umar" at the right Lede sls! Bihays"Ueima™ "ty the movety of Uthman site il oj naa fr hae do ‘ili “Ah "by ts The eves enc: SL QE AI SS eration wid mutta $07 EL SXS1 A tamed antort800%4 SIE Gea) JI Jn ech ghia? daassb EihaLI jb pD ere cee staat oor “May Aah on high perpetuate his kingdom. 987. Mohammad Akbar Emperor. Glory of se faa, "naiog pat hei, Mining ot he Ae ot tw State, Puen Favenpur ws founded in 1669-71 A.D., and is 2 very common mint of coins betwen 96 onc 999 A.M, after mbieh i caoppear, numismatialy speaking The fina! Bot wid « kept unt! eter the malkanu to gue the top horizons rae ‘There is a most interesting coin of this type, ee wi on San i tb AH IEST Ne at Darin Sg sie ion nonheme En he BSS 5 rd tr co sce wt sa ery odie tai smn hos igus giicanes, connected wath he S5a2 Reva tomvaine pose soot 1000 Ait heey be meting emp of Betoeemng empha oe However not all coins of this toe are what they seem. This one is dated AA oe AH, 1980 0.0. Buti ie et acon ata ti 8 copy Of an Akbar rope proba of the Lahore int and isin fact a Moslem "Tempe Token". The erty of thes [vest ony ~shiparticlar type of 998 A.M. is the one most commonly copied Be ‘Akbar has quite @ numerous copper coinage, with the doe written out in Pasian, a wall sx inthe Arse figures, Titi nce thick copper of the Labore mint; but the aiicwty, at ‘uth mony Indian coppers, it, that only art tts onthe flan. Th obverse reads SL (119) gh SAS carb ful dr essuttanat, and at that point it stops. This is ntoreunote a: Anmadbad, Fatehpur, snd Lahore areal i eecultnat and i es ony BY ‘omparion with ater cain was ale tobe sue this wes Lahore “The revere pact of BD hate 9 AO bahia 0 Gav 97 9 Lg roherd 0 ot ecg” i nt wat ERE TOE tn J\e | aD] Aran akbar jalla jalé! "God is very Great, glorified be His Glory”. No tt en eid orenieen St at 1e reverse reads Slag pe zarb Al d, and above that Ws Ns a eetet econ crmaemnie Ue geatelah veer 28, the fet appearing on Akbar’ coin 1685 A... andthe at, 50, 1605 A.D, They are cleiated from the Year of his seceion, and thoy are dropped aftr his death, ‘wih Aktur's son Slim, who took the better known name of shang worleper"), "everting to te Hegre yoo khang, however, retined the Panian solar months, which ae 2598 Fearn’ ayo lael Mario ars) 8T Rew Sahep IN mean Spe Sante 52 os ploy ae nora Fe te oles tines ett oUt tin Pa Nadel Mande ‘Shah shan aso used these Pasian months, and both he and sahangir count thr regal your escorting to the sla yout Jshang’srodacl coins ar 2 development of the custom of putting the month on. To quote Sahegir hima "it now secured to my mind tha, insted of he nome ofthe month, $f Fre ofthe sin tthe savin eenponcing 0 the prt month shold be Ramo Fer instenca, nthe month of Farwardin, the figure of Ram, n Ardoinst, that of ul aut smerny onal nwa vce mp bees toe te comeson ‘hich the sun might be atte ime, sould be imoressed on one side oft" “These zodiacal pieces were ined ak gold mohur and a silver rupees between 1027 and “hich rom Arh gta 1028 AH. The rv ah ott 292) J) 99) 081 j2 Bl, yitaroa aga ifm siyir pel aL WL 6 Ups jl ax sehig Sita Shin Atoor “ihe fee of ald ress oramants at Anat. fan hao Shah on of) Sh ‘obverse has Aves, the Ram, ond below IN© pegh> aan sora lds 14, “Year Another intresting feature of sshengi’s coinage is the inclusion on some eons of his wit Nur Johan ("Lag of the world” 134) 30 ch pilgy wh Ge gh ya nd 1B LT, die iy Se). caiainsian mere “by the cana of hh angst 0 odo mond fund nae net sha oa BS a hen ee Bon a this lr apreed ove both ede, with cate, 1037 AH, and mint weFl wpe aorb Agra nto. The top line ree dow’ te verse, and te ower le dawn ie rote of the ein, ne 'A story ia tld about Nor Sdn in connsetion withthe Zodiac eons, though the foes prove that it hae no historia basin Stil i ira charming tle story! Nur Jehan bead her ‘coring husband for twentyfourhoure of supreme sovereign, end, on eboining his consent, the immediatly lsved the sodiocal coins, heving previous ha the necessary lion ellcted find the dies engraved with her own mare and tat ofthe Emperor [Another intresting Johangir coin isthe porrit mohur, with the Emperor Rolang 8 book, + tat im ti ea, goblet. ‘tre covers reads —on thatett LS Sl xls pai Ube deed snobs ‘Shin Atbgr Shane tikes of hange Shah (on of] Akbat San and on ie rt "gy es da tra ahah treat eo “The reyaret has the om anc un typ WAN ag pf Vos hae saat 1020 Mi “year ofthe Hegira 1020". ». om, thei are rare cine This isis commonest Obverse Werendss Lb ASI pL G lg well yy? nar eaan d aig Sit ako Sith “Cio fas Sani Sah on 0 At F Santtne pe” and otter comimoed now ne Ge formate ya Up antag ever dente “Thema ie of Moghul Eps ey flo AM.Oate 0. One kta 968 1956. sbharair 1014 1608, ‘Shon lohan 1037 1628 AAurangab "Almac 1069 1689 ‘Shahla Bahedr m9 v7 ‘anandsr 1124 i Farrah siyar n38 m3, Mohammed ua 9 ‘Ane 16 18 ‘Alama ner 1754 ‘Sha'Alam Ih "7 1789 eames Akbar It tat 1806, ‘shad Shah I 1253 1827 Sshadur war depoetd by the Brith in 1260 AL, 1857 A.0., for taking port in the Incian Mutiny. He wan ent to Rengoon where he ied in 1862, ’ “Tis let le eeichtforward; but at ofton a not there ware one OF two “wsurbee” trweon reigns. For instants, betwen shang and Shah ehan there was Dar Bak, who Frock some wey rate cine a Lahore,‘Shah Gahan is very tame efter Jahangir, and this is hi commonest type of coin, The Kalina back on the Obvrse wth fhe auctor around, dere oae eo ae Dae ae bal Umar wlgie py jl, ‘redlim Uamin ‘9 Som ait “ry wnt rue of ab Beka th ution of Umar: bythe modesty of Usman and the wisdom otal “The reverse has in the central squere, wp ile whack lpr we grin st Basin Gad a tien 2 gap state coat cig Sibu tiny eda wohorned i aid Efe sie Yruno ete at bbe chs or nn be sa be “The hardest hing 0 tis ype eto pick out the mint name ny find i useful to have just few of he mins of the sely Moghul period USI atta senor shen 0 Aaah by Shh an 2992 WO Burhinotir i ashe Pana y SULGUZALE saints or steno gh etn. Exercise No.23. Extract ae much infermation a pons rom the fllowing oi. '@ , & CHAPTER XXIV. Later Moghul coins Voeabutary se mont sing See miner ornare “Syteemuink sic, frunat SUN ea orzon ptr form) 4 inisy sue Hing Slr bek3tbhesing lure fem) Syl wien ha a com Ee stor tom Pyare [At the end of shah sahen’s reign tara wore two pretenders, who both struck eo very much in th Shah han style, end dated 1068 A, 658 A.D. @ Bele ate ta ggg ct a i eta Se eae Manachined i8N Shaft BBNSn MET, with isle 321 ahad fr the frat regal ve Te ht hand_goin it 9 vas of rad BAN Cre fe, edie FSS TS Si WE enh oe tare te Bata 'AH,, 1707 A.0., at the age of almost ninety, the unity of the Empire, which hed been ‘on Auber policy of religour tleration, had been very stlouly undermined, and in ‘ry sort time it had largely sintered, ‘Aurangei, after starting wit coins in the Shah Ian sve, ected to tah the Kalina ‘off — fart the raced words should trampled under the fet of Infidels. We introduend naw {vie f ain, when watt lst ht taught he ond of the Moghl period. ‘Auranglb abolitied marin inscriptions. The obverse wast have ether the Emperor's simple is, oF 00 ate "coupe, andthe rover to hve. the formula Mea le Signe esky die sanat fle mamanat minis "Year of bis Th _asodaied with prosperity" A style we sam copied by the Durrani in Indl, v0On his dpe the cout FA je 9% Ube jo 2} Ke sikh 200 dor jin cb bade moni phe ei j3) AE Sn aurankco Range “sn suri Ama ecm i he mode (eh in hota von off, chin “Vike") thashining full moon”. aad n the coin the hors are formed, the upper on by ‘usual, gad the tower one by ae Biot Bae LS shah tas is its uly either etka or the final eased orig thie lo ie vam sl not 100 aitfiult waking out thee couplets on the coins Providing one sry to “ump aout for words. On coin the dr jaan i t te bottom, snd Inthe centre eed hb bedr mantr ~ a6 1a stat got onthe con they ware ot too concerned out the ere ofthe word inthe couse. The roars is mora wih Regnal Year 41, end S24 pe yD arb STrt ane tet ohh te Sf. “se song gE SO Sea Soman tee Sor Seen” SNR eae mere i See elas es arb Akt 4, Akberabed being the daria marte enc ech eases foe Akbarabid with gL 1aJ| Atenidia. oe shit Te goes margin rn tom ett se: 2791 fo gS A aA tas ester sty SGN tnaned mura SaaS me 10%4 oe tiny, sree he iene Monarnas, Aarene, ean an The severse margin reas from the bottom-wH be crew gle die ‘sanat 4 ule meimanat mins ~e sie wordg a on Ws"“new" cols. ™ terier cons with variations, such ex “Slamgit Aura” and “fulde ‘maimanat"in te cantil boxe, Moving onto the end of ranges eign in ‘pretenders, Azam Shah end Kan Batic. | am ghing ther ihstations to the exercee — bl the fun Of coin ealctng ‘ean could: AE gig e729) ska cr jin belt wo jh Lb plac! Wigs wtii ol aici mamiti A’z0m Shin 120 emperor of the counwies | SULE® —mandtik in plural of 2SLe™ —mamiokat Kingdom") A'zam Shah strek coi in the wordwith governmental power [my transetion at ulnar gry” Kam k's coupe: tle 9 seb) 98. «52 y2 2) aK sikkan 20d dar Dakican ber KhlrahTd wo min aly, oo Gas pS vLbol aicnin Kin Bonn cn pein “Eimer Kam Beh, lt of htt, vkcoin nthe Deccan on sun and mn i on eid ond ster From shah ‘Alam Sahu’ time couplets do appear, but ast often, The wus pattern i ‘hg sme name and ter sf the Emperor preceded by the word ar iktah of ‘ikkeh' mubek "fortunate money” Thereverer are alin thestyle Aurangas inode. “Toe ony rol bra atthe ‘he devaut Alamgir il to pute Ka Je tempt inthe one yosr 1168 A... 1785 AO. by 1 our caro ck onthe coin. i phone of pau pied Been from he Soto (TET upnards Ite gj west. joker plu we Sy Imubtrok Si8p ‘Alain BabSau BEasish GPOET 1120 A ‘Tot muberak forming the lowest horizontal aa ‘After Baad comes hander (*word-onrer" in 1124 A. 1712 ‘A.0.0ne of hi two coupltreae ‘whe 9 pbs Soe GLI pe 3) aSCe atta ac drat en mir wo ith WUE gage Sil ZAR gel anZetten gn sonia sin ‘the ther of comguer te soder ase fide, ahand Shah, stuck coin in he horizons son ad moon Faruth Sir (happy nature’, 17194940, uid scout 19 ge 7 > Job sia sed fo Hag bar Sn wa 0 po EP FS = ele sleiiteiih pai wa barr Forrukh-Siyar “Emperor of Sen ond Land Farrukh Siva srack cin by the Grace ofthe Trut One on ser na goa” Betwonn FarrubhSiyr sod Mobommed ar “sandwiched Ra” eda rank’), Shan lata Ian rh, ho mint colesin the 1710-20 perio, 5 (summit Fat wait and rahi tot ve coi SUS. lj Se 95 Le than sd Boia Ren bk aI Eby 2.3 pat eLLOLS sansa Gar ws ba Raed “emperor fea nan Ra era ek inn Inia with totrancr of Beso” 0S DK OMe 9 35 Le sta rc rj botat Karn pet aS? glo le stinatan Mobermed loin “the tmeeror Sonora ahi eck enn the word by the ren ofthe Genero one wk, waCMRI ey Sia SESE BS es ment ‘Sh2% ANS bath ‘Bet 1191" ALK, with horizons formed by the 4 “bi ok mubak ee the ial yo Ot ge = nomaje it and Soan’Aam I, skin coins in 1173 and 1774 AH, 1759 tnd 170 A.D, and Oe oly way t0estinguih him Wom Shah can 6 the core “Tis coven i the normal one For his pared Her ave sve oxacy sia eos “Te fat, deed TIT AM. is of Mohammed, the unfortunate Emperor who autres Nadir Shas nation, boing the olde Bahstur blow te topline. “Te ridhthand coin ie dated 1171 AM, and belong to Alam Nadir Shah's inution hook the Empire tothe cote, and it began to crack up. The fina tow came in 1764 2.0. wan Shah Alay Tl wat i-adisnd enough to atack th Bengal He ae utteriy defected, and by she Tieaty of Allnabad the its Es Company in"1765 annexed Geng, Sher, and Orie, allowing the Emperor to etait Drownce of Allahabad and ‘of Kors and ging hia yearly cabiy of money. Nokaoed eal put on he thre, thought mas oly nt tracery mort tne ‘Stan Rom warez by the Marios sod kept by em pant Dt 01808 ‘20 evan oer Lod Late entre Oa cusiog te power fe Marth, Monae Bah ied ean ith cole: EDEL SyHy je 9) See sikhah ae ve sartc 1jwete Sh jetdn Monarmed 3-Banhe “Shao he wo Mohan Ba Ba, har of erown and tron, ruck coin on te ‘Suan Alam It himset commony utd tw couptts. One we have sendy seen in Chapter ade pi aA Sn iba alse LIE OID Dele ME AF on2 g HEntdin Mohammed Shan Arwen SEED) EY “is wasten on he cin tse this THe tomer qQE PL {Le a wt “The defender ofthe ath of Mohammad, Shah Alam Emperor suck cin sorsonal ethetesl par oh Bhbaréat Eats j 3j soproprise toa Lord of te fortunate conjunction ofthe panets by the pace of God ee x 12 Yoram Att ape took ite is: eset ee LOSES Si Silettonammed Alber ‘shah Bao ae onset Bhai sit sikksh mubdrak"iehamvred Attar Shah, the Empere te {gains infil, the sacond lord of te fortunate conjuction ofthe her, over the m of mutSrak, The umbrella mintnerk ie thesymtol of n 7 123CHAPTER XXV Moghul reverts, Company ecg, nd coins of Native Staten Voxabulary aglow soar cone and equate, sve avtraot, supa. Atal plas nie amu “te cto Kg a we TLS > fastandan napisy lek bunysd——teunation 5 snamnr——wordan pls ie speci “es i enya, Ce sont necee oe bait house ‘The reverse of thas ato Moghul eons is almost sways the same formu tana ale ‘maimanat mans. The mint name ie sometimes atthe tp ad sometines atthe ortom. Mt (es on te fan at onge, Dokki kro {i Oe ere a wel = ir now nore, comer “Ahmadnaper Ferckiabed”, Dele shisanabad™ withthe nono eh iniior aded. Honever this type of revere formule and the Mops! Emperor's rame do not entre that we are ealing wth @ Moghul cin. The Emperors were in mary ways salar tothe the rulers ofthe state that secured some measure of Independens from the Moghul Erpe Senate” EDS ATE . ames. Bee) Lie ry g This is rupee, of which tho obvere hat 8 Shah Al 1 couplet: ‘trough the seven liner, the vadow of the Groce ot God, defender of Mansrmmed, Shah Alam the Emperor” te couplet ww savin Chapter 20, Tm Sn spear 10 feove ough we Ler adja “anadow encdes date, 1229 A ‘The reverse has the normal formuawitn — 2Y 1 he stonammeiibi at: nd yy aaniver athe bottom. that two gl yeu, 17 and 4. ‘The mint town of Banas, of “Mehammedabad Berar” a1 on theo, pated trough te stages na short number of yeas, I begen ata Moghul ty then ft went wh he tule of Anach on their cotining independence, and than it parted to th Est Ind CCorpsry. The date 1223 A. 1B14 AD. makes this coin belong tothe pariod ofthe Catt Ingla Company, but tors nothing abt rom the date to inlets tis The fa and tela frei math na wal sarae they belong tothe mint a uch rather tan to. rie, The fo repr dates are confusing: the 49 Shanon regan you, he ving ad hs Btn Year, wich wa 1221" AM. 40 thie 8 psthurnacs eon Tor awhe ls concerned. The 17 ‘hut afer to something which hapoonea nthe 170 year of Shah lam, prey something to ‘domi he rte of Awad, East Indie Compary coins wend 10 be very much “Moghul” coins, ‘capt in 20 fr ae the later ons are aching mace Th, Iiraary t0pickout the <2 pow fot ao euty always to til which & Company, and which i from Surtbafore ‘he Company guned poxuson. Oster smlar prtcuary eommon Compe aire come from Murtidabad and Arcot. eee “his coin ted 1218 AH trom ip Pratap "Singh 778-1003, AD. oF pet Big Imenon of ether Maris on he cin, hugh it vue tat te Hot ea ‘evans the min mark tht ook! tert cate pur fone could mot rad the mt name ede rao sn ie ry ed Be a A gefieny ror one of Stu cetng cps on he aeae tl yi 93h JU pL teas matt coun oh Sh Sum Bonen on the ena aug be a sath ieee ee ermine Sana ee en AEngh nan! 728A nd he foundation of Io {ote pronnerho ore Sh won“ ros Jkipuc acknowledged the ruler of India even aftr the Mutiny had pet an end to tha last Noghs. This nip com ha the nme of Cueer ieteria spaled with a whichis one ofthe ere ets Hindustan hoe fee phate ‘which medal Se aes gon bor om B a 859 TiS orl Sie Sher Int grata os 4 SL. Spa Iafo acu oy sare ot) Mas neaeman NESSIE Inttanat Angletia Vetone “Striking of Sawai dbput by permision ofthe ‘ory arest queen ofthe Empire leultanat of Engen, Veto Vor smile are hese two obveres of ois of Kutch. The lel hand one reds upward: 8) i wo ghee seh hi Noe 1870 nin Venti maan (ae cial of Koch), 1870 A.D. Queen the adie of Indl and tase: ey a9 (Goer ind Vite“. Hina” bnina te tide "Emperor 9 aie Viti ore the top horizon However, not al the Native Stats ene off their own rule's name The rules Anah, we sain choot 20, wether own Pasian couplets containing thet ‘Sem ores; but tise bncee aftr 1819 A.D, they Halt rank of Sana therThis i the reverse of the rupee of Walid ‘Al Shah, the obverse of which har the souptet we have elrendy sss, It reactor the bottom round role Ae rahe Othe Li 58! 1351 Sto 9igT tbe) ete ‘aro bet essuitont Lothnad mutt” Avodah Atttamopar saat jas S maimenot mints “Wanting of trehowv othe Slanae, Lucknow of ‘of Anedh Akaroa (it an "ext athe gered from pss ot his ron toca wth ora ‘The Hyderabad legends ae intresting. These have the name, not of thy Moghul Emperor, but ofthe founder of ther sats, Asaph ih, Thr man wae» distingied offer of [Auranguib's army win str in 1713 A. ws appointed gvernor ot the Oneean, Hs reeind ‘te tie “Nizam slamuk” frm the reigning Moghul but rove avay from the Empire Mohammed's rein. Tics 34 Anna con of 1962 Al, 1942 A.D, of @ ruler eled “Usman “AI Kha, 1811-48 A,; but the Only ndeation othe edgog Neem his ia ete nude the gateway. At the tp, between the minreais yLghO]Aawfsh write one word, with gay sone J2 above all the Hyserabe coin hove thie (te, but lay noe sre what fees too te ete in JUG babe valont” and {o height Sed pL mim amt th te dat 1962 ah bottom. PO TES Mpls die aU lym Sheer BSD vo ‘1d forthandah Dunya Hager saat ul 32 maimanat min “Mining of HyGarabad, of feppy foundation ear 33 of ren etd with prose" ‘This is Hyderabad coin ofan eave syle, quarter ropes, Acualy the legend it ‘actly similar te the "modern cin excep that incoporaer an Oxte fm, the ‘tthe regning Nisam, Mah Al, Khan I, 1068-1911 A. The obverse reads ees jo Teeth Aan 92 Ue p Sua pA: Wik emul babe we kan 1300 126 SAY ete pits moimanat shes Yas rae le inn farthandehbunyid Dla SB ard Moiswriode bio) Ee Perhaps one of the commonest inion cons thinconoer dub of Hyderabad. 1 i con hich looks elder than iti: One can pick Ou Ne A! of "hlo “it the ltt of le) mit on oben Theo ra hav te om 0, THe i 6 “Gar” wen sree "tur yw ad en ern et tae ak Tait at's toners Moto denguaustinat on oe see pacina hone TS Share trot Nene itog sie Define sak seta ys Som entre gente tie ener eae era then Gu Pap cies af Sed Was Fees arse Erny crows” The acy sta any iy aponos ot hetuin rn see ee SRN tm nae ington ccna tara ee ee rasan mien 7 Det vols foe en eS oo eae ates Soe — ’ Sane 1 amen Gr sun ramadan he ta he en nh Ha rt. Tiow Sultan, ruler of Mysore between 1782 and 1799 A. i most facinating ‘umismatiay. In Chapter One meso that he wad hy own astom ‘of dang Wom Manor's bith he ae invented his oun name fr cain denn ‘and ser after Mohammed andthe Tete Iams, The copper, isan "Usman" he named silly, Bt later he shanged to th norms ofthe heoverty beset, ‘The Double Piss then becomes ®. "Muar" the nam ofthe planet uote, the pales "Zahra ater Venus; the hal peise a "Bahra after Mae the unter an Autor”, "esa and the igh a "Oui" the Pate Sta “This Double Pass has Tips ual elephant on the obverse withthe Malus dae 1219 AM, 1PIAD. : “The reverse ges the mint Patt, which is his eas Seingaptam, with the hone aode of the Starate Taiz names the coace : . cya etc eatcpcnenneteeen Jos rata reme 7 a eves tan ime ngomacr een one mae Bencamer wepsigne x is ee 7 voter st et antotonen aeeye* ina he oe carta nants nani? ay A psn eo line * . aa KaBiTeOe so wee pean iol sind ‘bio itrckas ag taibta Sd 9Bee wee Even thn lator coins root afways hep ul with ere plas of ern. This vitae tin pace rade ust PEW Jo\adT Ske i got mak tg 122%, "nf the dunt King 1222 AM, (1867 A.D)"Aetuay ‘Somes from Teenggan onthe East cont of Malays ee ‘Shes et nae Gas mat fin te ae Sota pa tra he “igure gh yarn, and War dhe By EGS Frosh 17 Patarg ean Sse ake Be oboe’ tra arb tgs" yr yn 265 Pn ned a ol es ee her fre nS bn a toe oe ea =the "Jet ath Gd a ak aan dew "jr hat ert hu ‘The Muteysindonmi region hat for very much ofits history been 2 colony: o2om= foreign power Fat there were Chines and Samena, then cam the Portege, thn te Dutch, (alto took Walace from the Portegues ip 1641 A.D], then the Britah st the ehd ofthe ‘Sorte century and beprning of he rneteenth @@ ‘vat gas carat yn cin mine nd Bit cn. The srt toss ye ya GtGnohMalya" "the and of the. i Arey gs SLL | 10 teing 1267 one bang 1287 AH ‘One of the sangeet Btn clonal cone this fom Pansng wich te son after this con called "Pulu Penang", "he and of Ponang’-ovt hich atte time of th pico war ealed “Prince of les {wand The legend fends Repo faiah sand” sre the cane, arc soon anton ‘oe $10 ie prin ob, raratenting the Engh “Prince of Wale into rab er, yr cae inca of wh ed le a i ‘mpitacnon uh Sa of son cay the oe tr hchir nba, and that x, Setis orca" “tne Hand’ of Porta” ~ and recognising too som of he es amar z &) © “Tea, for retance, this rude Duteh colonial type. Te writing bi, but on thin spreman the name Gomme, pT Bavjormada, 2 to Sut of Bornes lary seen ck by priate companies, an her on se Chigag mags = mh Chino on tbe Taene” mending US EEG ria rina tara (sted act te fells ti rat of Sree J tad eta an "eg 3 ete spavinesente anon itn en Since or poor er ine Arsbic 2) algh obs! A sxperomet pion ‘ioyah one din y fy at eae th te Eon et ‘ssn Gua od Cnt thc he arn Rope et “Answers xarcia No 1. 1940 paras, 2) 60 dinar. 2) 25 fi, 4) 1927 AM. = 1909 A.0.5) 1268. AH. = 1881 A.D.—1 have taken off 3 forthe 88, ws this is approaching 100-6) 1267 AH. 1832 A.D. — Ihave only taken Toff for thea7. 7) 843 AH. = 1440 A.D. Exercise No.2. 1) Tine 2) Kabul 3) Baghalid 8) andor —— 8) Marites Ghientt — 7hLande 8) Teherda Exarcia No.3. 1) Cairomint. Reign of Abd Hamid I. Dated 1322 A.M. 1904 A.D. 2) Coie. Mahmud 1, 125%0\H, = 1830 oF 1837 AO. 3) Conrantinopte, Aindl Mejd. 1278 AH. 1858 A.D. 4) Tell Selim il. 1210 AH, 5) Tome Mh i 1245.8. 8) Algiers, Mustafa i, 1472 AH, = 1759 4.0, 1} ghitsh wand One pase 2) Five paras 3) Five fis 4) Toro tthe of a pistee 5) lla Too mule 5) ghinhdn Two plaster 7) shams miltinst Five miliemes. 8) San irankfe Ten trance 9) arb'ghurGan Four pastes 10) mut min shar fg Mal from the tenth of the piste 11) milindn wa nef Two riliemes and 9 halt 12) 2h exerci No.5. 1), Mohammed 2) Alf) tens 4) Faia (King Farouk) 45) Faisl6) Husain 7) Fis) ‘Abd er Reaman 8} Yanut bin AyyGb 10) Mahmud UI resding sulin Mami thin 11) Mustafa I reading suftin Mustafa hin ‘are nasa 42). MAb erShman, Mir of Afghanistan 1890-1901 A.D. 1) akmamiakt eF-Lo7yae “tne Libyan kingdom’ 2) FBsdotoual malik Mier “Fd te Fest, King of Egy” 3) Hain Rémi salt Mier, "Suton of Evo 4) altiaam othr! elmamiakat stMaghniyat “Hasan the Second, the Moroccan ‘inode 5) hamlskat a-Urduryato-Hashemyat "he Hasherite kingdom ofthe Jorn’ 8) Toretouwal marie is he i, King of Libya" 1) Jomixiyat Tirkiyah “Turkish Republic" 2) Qik wild “One plese: aljombirtyat et Lutmdofyat "Lebeneee Republic”. 3) 5 mitlomes: dembrvat wSudin "Pepublic of the Sodan 4) shjomndrivat exSoriyat "The Syrian Republic” 5) a!jombiriya al tisiyat "The Tragh Repub 6) reading frm the hotter upwards Faso ir Turk? Sutin Musaat we ‘Oniia ob. eesithat:aMfohammediyat eohSherte: euribe Br Birk, eddaulot Moghrbiyar “cain cf the Mohommesen Sherfat: minted in Pes, The Moroccan Govern mont” Rey, ekdoulat ef Maghibiyat: exsktat ekmahammedivat eahsheTot Sm 1372. 200 fra The orocan Gomrrmont coin othe homme Serta, yew 1972 700 Frans Maint Samargand 10) MadinatexSalim. Exerc No.9. 10129 AM.21257 A.M, 3) 969 AH. 4) 90 A.H.5) 135 AH. 6) 218 AM. Exerc No. 10 . 1) Zurioe aed ed dirham bi:7-Katot saat ind wa mat Tia debe was minted in Kus yoor 101 AM. 2) bir Rayy ~98 AH. 3) ~brdacint Bukhid — 184 AM.) ~ bhArmiatyat 167 AH.5) ~6-7Baert — 200 A.M. 6)— BFKermin — 102 AM. Eero. 11 1) Damatout mint. 100 A H.= 719 A.0. Rein of ‘Umar It 2) Madinot alin. 182 AH, 799 AD, Hien e Rar. 3) Samargand, 187 AM. = 819 A.0, Reign of Arn o Mimin xara No. 12 1) Muka?’ 902.8 A.0. 2) Ofhir 99244 A.D, 3) Muntasc 861-2 A.D. 4) Musas 1170-1180 A.D. 5} ‘Amin 809.812 AD. 6) Mutawakiil 847-961 A.D, 7) tu'tazz 865-960 AD. 8) Clim {021-1078 A.0. 9) Pst 924940 A.D. 10) Mukaff $02,008 A.D. Notice the shape of the tal of teva, 1) Buwsiya. td ed uta be Haran, Caliph Mul 2) Ahmad iba Tle, Caliph Mami 43) Semanidstema’l bin Ahmad, Caliph Metz. 4) ‘Theoby of number 1. Moi ednulat. Medina e Salm 398 AH, 15) Aghisbid.Zivfaet Als I. No mint 209 A.M, ExerciseNo, 14, 1) Gi'im, 994985 A.D, It reads — etait 6-OF'm bilah, Mohammed rai Alleh lant otmdminin| 2 “Vain 898-1020 A.D, Area, ebHikim biamr Allah amir etndninin. Sisioh: Diontah sorts hos etna“ ‘beSaifo sont kama wa 7h we teat at Mint icy Polerme). 298 A Bye! M0120 A.D. Contre: eamnkin ak Mansr. nner ce: ab AIT ahAm biahkiin ‘Ala anit semiinty. Ove cc isle er aban ero zr haz edinar br Mist {Snat theme Calo mint 500 A. ay ira, 160-1179 AD. Cant tke Abdul, inet ce {hein Alan amit etmiminin, Oto cre: Blanilah er Fahman eral zuriba her edar bear sane stn wa Rhamany at Cairo mint, 850 A. 7 8). Saladin, recognising the Caloh Ahmad Nasir «Gente: ed Ahmad, ner Gece: LF Ib ie Alten sb0 et ‘Abos orig ff Ala. Outer ite: bismilah er Ratan erin ‘ribo hats edelvar Be 7 Skee VY bit lakanderfat sanet theleth wa tmnt ve Tihamani't Aexondri int, 583 A. 11 pl oY ein 2 Se Made PO sel] eetuntncir (1035-1098 A.D.) al St, finan z sel ante tet gl eentminin carci No. 15 1). Tashan Shah |, 1220.26 A.D. Oby.eesuln gat Chips eordu® wa eth. a. 80 obmutetterTaphlg Ship esultin 722A. 21 rahi, 1385 A.D. Obv. enaultn waar rukn ("pila") eddy wood abd ‘Senucttar Irth Shan eorn bin (Ro) eva aba'zm Jal edamy’ wa eh iri San ni anh nih. 5] Mahal Shah 1, 24668 A.D. Obu fT 'ahd (nthe tee ef) enn ol Mus ain air Lente oan ota nS 2 m8 na eh teat ta fon Be aoued 1287.00, Ode lsd af Mae tim ami etnkiminth, Rev. esol abc Mo‘ o-duny we ed 0 oemazafar Ke! QUbBS ost xara No. 16. 1) Maina: Mahmud Shah I, easing Mabrild Shi hii bin Nii Sh 2) Seunpur: Hunan Sh iin) Mabm ad SAN fe) trim Shh. Dated BEB A. 3) Dain But Loh, essing ef emutwath ‘fs or Rahman Buti Ssh Sutin 3) Gulprats Mucstar‘Shen I~ ersufin Bin (he poston of thie word above Muzaffor ‘roles it aguoue) Mabmdd SH3h Mutaffar Sih 920, Sp brs Dat. DHSS Stan bin ‘Suansn Sih Kart Kaled Alun muta we By ices: Hadar Shah, The Rov. rede sult a'2am Haider Shh. B74AH.The Obverse ‘ade 874 top ight, boon ll, ple, bottom rat 11, e:KGiit Mohammed ending — etna omit ast env wa eta Matammed ‘ln Abb Bok, Margin blemish zurib bi Dima sare st ahrat we stat 6168.¥ 2) ee hati Sot euin Abd Geur, of the Demarcus mint. Reading: edly etal a3 ‘Aba Bekr bin Ay Saft. Sr tiadtal She's, reading: eer Tar — etme sasha ~ Souls, Torabuhs = Trpot tS, 1 Mansi Sain «d-dh Motammed, son of Muzaar Kai, son of en-ihr Mohammad, ico mint, 764 AH, The dae is wren with the arb a the top let, the wa atin we inion at the tres ie reads turbo BE}QRhirat sanat wba" sesuttin emai Sanna Salih wy wo ech raha Muzatar on e-news w seomiat xara No. 1) Selvis of Rum. KeiQusid | Obv, margin: sure hezl ed-drham bi-Dinya. Ares: Stautin elmuaczom ‘AIS ec.duny3 wo eh AOU eat KaP-Qubs bin KabKhua Rew. ‘marin’ to taf end right: the date G17 AM — above end below: am atmlminn. Ac Pinkney Ale ilu omarsenti)~ he Caph Nasi. 2h Urns of Morin, Nis wd Urtug Arn. Ob. BME cnet) th’ wa hams Una, $99 AN. Fen, area Iho Caliph and the overiord)en-sir Irn Allah ani mina et male oA “ADU Bekr male Dive. At the tp ie bin Ay which mt 90 ‘withthe name of the AYVubld WA The rst of the arin: Mir ay Urtag Aan, *latAaisifedcin 1198-1218 AD.) 23) Urtuleof Maisin, at to GHEE Ob 00" sb Kamat 87 A. yaa entre ry nal tt Coho ey an rd ah ‘ctdohem met Gn man yugtiuhs margin starting st 0p" Qu ean bin Nem aay it ms rg att ‘we 4) Urtaids of Matin. Hosim edn Timur. Are: alma aBim oat Hosdim ‘etd Marin, starting at eght: Tenors bin Gn bi Urea. 51 Urtuge of Marcin, Hs enV lug Araldn. Ob. Moai exh YSlug bin GREK Fv, aes: mall omni Sly acunys wo ech bn Avy ~ thse Slain, whois But ‘sr ovriord, Margin: sri sana hdd tabi wa kharnen/ot 883 AM, xarse No. 19. 11 anid ABS. ‘Copper of Mosul. Obv, in erecan eat or. On ozwm. ADEE WANE emer aaa 21" Bilan Quit, Khan of Kiva (Kwara). Obw- (rom Bote) zar a ersultanee owiram 1287 4M. Rev. Kh BahSdur Gul Aah a FghSa. 23) tne ikvaned Ghéain Maden, Four lings of Mong, with thea? Tibetan characters at {he att Ta thd ine down tthe Arse reading ~ Gen Mab. 4) Hulag, wth ne of Khana Mang, Olneanam Mnet 3 Odin 51, Abu Seid. Main reads: zur oBlro726 ALM. Ave: zuriba Fdeulatehmaul eesutin {420m Aba Sa, Khao Alon mula xan No. 20. Sgr Oo. a a, me lb ak gros SI 7! one 1017AH) p> wel refit rer welll y¥ ech sie hao ine ft epee srs am te ttm working par 2) CoupletNe. 1 “Tahmase I. Top horizontal ine formed by ya of Sibir tower in by the ‘bin zard mogads Mesh "mintig of Holy Mesh”, which atthe bottom of the ein — JP ee rey) 3) Couplat No.5. Sulaiman. Tres “crescents formed by of chin: crm of ln co mot Suan a hron inc fomad oy "8 an tatth oye Ft ska mais sence ok Lede tle 9 rhe vl woe apm rh