PRE F A CE BY THE A UTHO R .

T H E m ot i ve wh ic h o riginal l
y i nd uc ed m e to ent er

on th e i nq ui ri es c o nta i ned in t h e fo ll o w i ng wo rk

w as th e d es i re t o i d atel
e uc , t h ro ugh th e m y th o l ogy
o f th e anc i ent E gy p t i ans , th e re at o ns
l i o f t h at

p eo p l e to o th er b ranc h es of t he h uman fam il y .

Th e arts and t he li terature o f E gy pt app e ar t o h av e

b een t h e p ro duc e of th e c o untr y and its p ec uli ar

p i
o s sess o n : th ey d i sp l ay no i nd i c at i o ns of fo re i gn

or i gi n and i m pro vem ent . The l anguage and t he

h
p y s i cal c h arac ters pof th e lik ew i se p een
eo
p l e are

li ar and stro ngl y d i st ing ui sh ed fro m th os e b el o ng i ng

to o th e r rac es of m en . E ven m any parts of t he
‘

E gy p t i an mytho l o gy, like th e p oet i c al fi c tio ns of

’

th e G r e ek s and th e Hi nd oo s, b o re an ev i d ent re a l
t i o n to t he l o c al features and p hy s i c al c o nd i ti o ns of

t he re
gi o n w here they were i nvented . These and
vi PR E FA CE B Y TH E A U THO R .

ot h er s i m il ar c o ns i d erat i o ns h ave l e d m any w r i t er

l ate t i m es ad o i ni o n t h at t h e E gy p t i ans
of to pt t h e o
p
w er e a d i st i nc t h uman rac e, w h o ll y s ep a rat e in

or i g i nfro m t h e rest o f m anki nd I fi nd t h i s o p i ni o n .

m o s t c l earl y ex p ressed by M Cham p o lli o n in t h e .

fo ll o w i ng t erm s

L a c o nst i t ut i o n p hy s iq ue l e s m oe urs l es , ,

ganis a t io n i l E gyp tiens

’
us ag es, et l or so c a e d es

navaient
’

j ad i s q ue d e t r es fa ibl es ana o l g i es av ec

’
l et a t naturell e p o li t iq ue d es p eup l es d e l A
’
et s ie

occi d ental e l e urs pl us p ro c h es vo i s i ns La l ang ue

,
.

E gypt i enne enfin navait r i en d e c o m m un d ans sa

’

m ar c h e c o ns t i t ut i ve ,
a v ec l es l angues A s ati iq ue s :
e ll e en diffé re t o ut auss i es s ent e i ll ement q ue l es
é cr i t ures d e l E gyp te d ifferent d es anc i ennes é c r i t ures
’

d es Ph é ni c i ens , d es Bab y l o ni ens, et d e s Perses .

C es d e ux d erni ers fai ts p ar a i t ro nt dej a c onc l uans ,

et
p e uv ent t ranc h e r la q uest i o n en faveur d e l a

d hyp o thes e, l e A fr i c ai ne d es E
’
s ec o n e o ri in
g gy pt iens ,
y e ux d es sa v ans so nt
p és d e l h is
’
aux
q ui se o cc u

to i re d e l a m i grati o n d es anc e ns i l To ut
p eu p es .

se m b e , l e n e ffe t , no us m o nt re r d ans l es E gy p t iens

un to ut - a- fa t é t ranger
p eu
pl e i au c o nt i nent A i
s a

t iq ue . D ans c e tt e hy p o th es e no uv e ll e, l es
E gypt iens s e ra e nt i une rac e
p ro p re a l A fr iq ue ,
’

p ar ti c uli ere a c e tt e i ill e

v e
p art i e d u m o nd e, q ui
 PRE FA CE BY THE A UTH O R . vii

mnt o re
pa r-t o ut d es trac es m a rqué e s d ép uisem ent
’

et d e d ec rep i t ud e .

A nearl y s i m il ar op i ni o n h ad b een m a i ntai ned by

o th er wr i t ers l ong b efo re it w as a d vo cate d by

C h am p o lli o n , and it m ust b e co nfessed t h at t h ere

ar e m any c rc um st ances
i n
c o n ec te d w i th th e h i st o ry
and in p art w i th th e l o c al s i t uati on o f E gy pt wh i c h

a
pp ear in so m e d egree t o g i ve it su
p p o rt . That
c o unt r i nd eed j o i ned A l tho ugh th e
y is to i
s a and a

Is th m us of S uez is a narro w nec k of l and , y et t h e

sea - b o rder p ar a ll el t o E gy pt th ro ugh its Wh o l e

l ength and fac i ng th e c o ast o f A ra bi a Feli x ,

b r i ngs t h es e t w o i
reg o ns i nto p ro x i m i ty . But
t h o ugh E gyp t is no t d i st ant from A s a i w i th re ere nf
ce

to g eo grap h i c al sp ac e a nd li m i ts , t h e re are o t h e r

c rc um s tanc e s
i w h i c h m us t h av e l ed t o r es u l ts s i m il ar
to th ose of a far m o re r em o t e se
parat i o n . N earl y
al l th at p art o f A s a i i nt erc e pted betw een t h e Ti gr i s
a nd th e M ed i terranean b et w een th e Pers i an and
,

A ra bi an gul fs , an d reac h i ng in l at i tud e a l m o st fro m

th e E uxi ne t o th e co ast o f Had ram a ut or to t h e

I nd i an oc ean, h as b een t h e i mm emo r i al p ossess o n i

an d th e perp etual d welli ng -pl ac e of a w ell - m ark ed

race , d i st i ngui shabl e fro m t he E gy pt i ans on t he

o ne s i de ,
and o n t h e o th er fro m the E asternA i i
s at c s .

I f t o th e so -t e rm ed S em i ti c nat i ons Thro ug h

“

re er .
viii PRE F A C E B Y THE A UTHO R .

th e terri t o ry of t h es e nat io ns it ca n h ard ly b e sup

p o se d t h at th e E gy t ian r ace m i grat e d t o A fr i c a

fro m th e E as t sinc e t h e t i m e w h en e it h er rac e first

b ec am e kno wn t o us in h i st o ry and the h isto ry o f ,

b o th reac h es b ac k t o a v e ry rem o te p eri o d By .

th i s b arri er w e find t h e nat i ons of A fri c a and o f

A i
s a c ut o ff fro m eac h o t h er no t l ess c om
p l etel y
t h an t h ey w o u d l h ave b eenb y ani nt er vening o c e an.

F urth er so ut h w ard , i nd eed ,

it m i gh t b e t ho ugh t

th at t he I nd i an s ea affo rd s a c h an e nl of i nt erco urse

b et ween E gypt and th e E ast ; b ut h ere a
gai n h is
t o ric al fac ts e s ta bli sh the negat i v e , s i nce it is

ad m i tted that ne i t he r I nd i an no r E gy pt i an mar i ne rs

nav i gated th e E ry t hr ean in earl y i

t mes .

A l tho ugh m any o bstac l es p rese nt t he m sel v es to

t he supp os i ti o n t h at d i rec t i nterc o urse subsi st ed
b etween t he E gy pt i ans and t h e nat i o ns o f E as t ern

A s i a th ere app ear even

, , o n a v er
y s up er fi c i al
co mp ar s on, i
so m any p h eno m e na o f st r iki ng co n

g ruit
y int h e i ntell ec tual and m o ral h abi t s, and in
t he p ec uli ar c h arac t er of m ent a l cu l t ure d i sp l ay ed
b y t h ese nat i o ns , an d p art i c ul ar ly b y t he E gy p t i ans
w h en c o mp ared w i t h t h e anc ent
i I nd i ans, th at m an
y
p ersons h ave fo und it x trem ely d i ffi c ul t to refer al l
e

t h ese anal o g i es t o m erely ac c i d enta l c o i nc i d enc e .

I c o nfess t hat to m y sel f t h i s l as t al te rnat i ve has

 PRE FA CE B Y THE A UTH O R . ix

a l ways a
ppeared to i nvo l ve th e mo st i mp ro b abl e
su
p po s i t i o ns, an d t h at a ft er
j
re ec t i ng it I h av e

fo und , in p urs uing t h e i nve st i gati on ,

m o re an d
m o re reaso n fo r ac q ui es c i n in t h hyp o th es i s
g e

o
pp o s ed t o it , w i th w h at ever h i sto r i c al d i ffi c ul t i es
it m ay a
pp ear t o b e enc um b ered . I s h all no t

att em pt in t h i s p l ace t o rec a

p i tul at e t h e ev i d enc e
o r e v en t o
p o i nt o ut th e d i fferent m eth o ds of i nq ui ry
by w h i c h I w as l ed t o ad o
p t t h e
poi ni o ns m ai n

t ained in th e fo ll o wi ng w o rk . Th e res ul t s a re t h ere

ac c e s s ibl e t o the re a d er w h o c ar e s to e x am i ne t h em ,

t o ge th er w th i a full st atem ent of th e ev i d enc e fro m

w h i c h th ey h ave b een d eri ved .

'

H av i ng b ee n i nd uc e d , a ft er th e l a ps e o f m any

ea rs o c c up e d i in o t he r
p u i
rs u ts , t o rev er t t o t he
y
su bj ec t of th i s i nv est i gat i o n ,
I h av e b ec o m e aw are

t h at m y m o d e of i
t reat ng it is li abl e to an o bj ec t i o n .

o f w h i c h th er e
I ntent o n es t a bli sh i ng a
general fac t,
th er e ill t o m e to be su ffi
a
p p eared and st a
pp ears

c eni
t ro o f, I co ll ec t ed c arefu lly t he ev i d enc e t h at
p
w as t o b e fo und in it s su
p p o rt , b ut in m any in

s tanc es h av e om i tt ed to p o i nt o ut, w i th so m uc h

l
c ear nes s and fo r c e as th e i r i m p o rtanc e p erhap s
re q u i r ed ,
t ho s e co nsi d erat i o ns wh i c h h ave l ed
 PRE F A CE B Y TH E A UTH O R .

o th e rs to l
an ot and a re p erh a p s c al c u
i te res u
pp os ,

l ated t o l eav e in t h e m i nd s o f p ers o ns c a ut i o us

in fo rm i ng o p i ni o ns a d o ub t o n w h i c h s i d e li es
,

on t he whole a re o nd e ranc e o f arg um ent

p p
.

Und er t h e se i
c rc um s t anc es it m i gh t s ee m r e q ui red
c t he
of m e t h a t , in a
ga i n o ffe r i ng to th e p ubli
frui t of my res ear c h e s , I sh o u l d m o d i fy al l s uc h
l i
c o nc us o ns eare d s t ro n l t at ed and to
as a
pp gy s ,

ad m i t o f i
a v ew d i fferent fro m th at w h i c h I had

b een l ed t o ad o
pt,
—a m o st d i ffi c ul t t as k fo r an

a ut h o r t o tak e up a c o nt ro ve rs
y a
ga i ns t h i m sel f,
and ra se all i p o ss ibl e bj ec t i o ns aga i nst an o p i ni o n
o

to wh ch, i in its p r i nc i al
p p o int s h e st il l ad h er es
, .

Th e nec ess i ty of
go i ng t h ro ug h an
y s uc h
p ro c ess
h as b een , h o w e ver, o b v i at e d by a i
c rc um st anc e in

w h i c h I d eem m y sel f p a rt i c ul a rl y fo rt unate . To a

t rans l at i o n of m y w o r k w h i c h h as a
pp eare d at

B o nn fro m th e p en o f M Hay m ann, . an d und er t h e

aus
p i c es of Pro fes so r Wel c k e r, a
p re li m i nary essa
y
h as b ee n p re fi x ed by Pro fesso r A . W . vo n S c h l eg e l .

I n t h i s th e w ri t e r h as s urve
y ed t h e w h o l e su bj ec t
w i t h t h at p ro fo und p h il o s o p h i c al refl ec t o n and ex i
t e ns iv e l e arni ng fo r w h i c h h e is i
un v e rsa ll y d i st i n
gu is h ed . He h as a d v er t ed t o a var e t i y o f c o ns i d e _

r at o ns
i fa vo urabl e in m any p o i nts t o an o i ni on
p
w h i c h is o pp o sed to m y conc l usi o ns . I f i nd eed I
 PRE F A CE B Y TH E A UTH O R . x1

h ad an
y fav o ur i te o bj ec t in t h i s c ont ro vers y d i st i nc t
fro m th e l
e uc i d at i o n o f t ruth , I sh o u ld , p erh aps ,
no t f
re e r my r ea d e rs t o t h e ar
gu m ent s of M de.

S c h l egel . B ut th i s aut h o r h as no t urged th e o b e c j

ti o ns w h i c h h e h as b ro ugh t fo rward b ey o nd t he

b o und s o f p h il o so ph i c al c and o ur and I am ,

no t

s ur e t h at h e d o es no t c o nc e d e in e ffec t al l t h at I

sh o u ld at t e m
pt to l im
c a as w e ll - es tabli s h ed by fac ts .

Th at t h e sam e fund am ent al p r i nc i p l es ar e to be

t rac ed as fo r m i ng t h e gro und -w o rk o f re li gi o us in

st itut io ns, o f p h il o so phy , an d of su

p erst i ti o us ob

servanc es and c e re m o n es a m o ng i the E gyp t i ans and

se ve ra l A i i
s at c nat i o ns , m o re es
p ec i all y t h e I nd i ans ,
is th e general c o nc us o n w h c h
l i i I h av e end e av o ured

to es tabli sh ; a nd I a m r ead y t o al l o w t h at th e se
ri nc i l es h av e und e rg o ne a d i ffe re nt d e vel o p e m ent
p p
o n th e b anks o f th e N il e and on th o s e of the I nd us

an d th e Ch o as p es . S o m uc h as I h a v e h er e as s um ed

I th i nk Pro fess o r S c h l eg el see m s d i s p o s ed t o ad m it ,

a nd I c an sc arc e ly ent e rta ina d o ub t t h at th e read er

w h o full y c o ns i d er s the i nti m at e r e at o n,

l i and in

m any i nst anc es a l m o st e x ac t

p arall eli s m w h i c h I
h ave t rac ed b et ween t h e E gy pt i ans and th e H in

d o o s, w ill th us far co i nc i d e w i th t h e i
v ew wh i c h I

h ave t ak en . Hum an natur e, ind eed , ass um es s i m il ar

as
p ec ts und er s i mil ar c o nd i ti o ns . Th e perfect c o n
x ii PRE FA C E B Y TH E A UTH O R .

t h e m e nt a h abits and
fo rm i ty t h at i
ex s ts bet w een l
t end enc i es o f d i ffere nt rac e s o f m e n is o ne st r iki ng
ar
gum ent fo r t h e i r d e s c ent fro m a c omm on or i gi n ,

a nd I h ave le s e w h er e c o m p ared , in t h i s p o i nt of

i
v ew , th e nat i ves of A fric a w i th t h e r est o f m an

ki nd But in c o m pari ng th e E gypt i ans and t he

.

I nd i ans a rbi trary c o m bi nat i ons p resent t h em sel ves

,

in al m o st num b e rl e s s ex am p l es fo r w h i c h it is im ,

o ss ibl e to ac c o unt w i tho ut ad m i tt i ng th e co nc u l

p
s oni w h i ch I h ave ad o
bj ec t
p t ed . O n th i s su ,

h o wever t h e r ead er w ill fo rm h is o wn o p i ni o n

, ,

and h e w ill fi nd t h e
p o i nts o f rese mbl anc e b etw een
t he nat i o ns h ere c om
p ar e d fully s t ated in m y w o rk ,

and th e e x am
p l es of d i fferenc e and c o nt rad ist inc

t i o n t rac ed with a m ast e rl y h and in t h e p reli m i nary

d i sc o urs e of M d e S c h l eg e l
. . O f th i s a t rans l at i o n
w ill fo ll o w , fo r w h i c h I am i nd eb ted t o th e k i nd
ne ss o f a l earned fri end , e x te ns i ve l
y ac q uai nt ed w i t h
the G erm an l anguage and li terature .

I t was at o ne t mei v ery

g ene ra ll y ex
p d t hat
e c te

t h e c ue l affo rd ed by th e Ro s etta i ns c ri p t i o n t o ward s

th e d e c y p hering of E gy p t i an h i ero gl y h i c s and

p
encho r a i l w ri t i ngs w o ul d have l ed t o very i mpo r
 PRE FA CE BY THE A UTHO R . x iii

tant d i sc o v er i es w i t h res
p ec t t o t h e re li gi o us no t i o ns
and nd t he
p ract i c es a
p h il o so p h i c al d o g m as of the

E gy p t i an pr i est s . H i t h erto li t tl e or no th i ng h as

b een o bt ai ned to ver i fy th is san u

g i ne hope . It

m ay i nd e ed b e q uest i o ned w h et h er fro m th i s so urc e

it cou ld have b een d i sc o vered t h at t h e r e m ar kabl e

d o c tr i ne of t h e m et e m p sy c ho s i s w as h el d by t h e

E gy pt i ans I h o p e to h av e ano t h er o of
.
p po rt uni ty
i nq uir i ng w h at t h es e r esear c h es c o ntr ib uted t o the

e l uc i d at i o n o f th e h i sto ry o f E gypt .

O ne c ur i o us fac t h as b een b ro ught t o li ght in

t h e ex am i nat i o n o f G reek and enc ho ri al m anus c ri pts

by D r Yo ung . . F ro m so m e
p assa
g es in th es e, it

a
pp ears to h ave b een th e c us t o m o f th e E gy p t i ans
to d evo te c erta i n revenues ,
and
p ro b ably t h e re nts

of l and ,
fo r t he p urp o se o f p erpetual o ffer i ngs of

fruit s and t he re
p et it i o n of li t urgi es in b ehal f of

p i
art c u ar l m umm i es . Perhaps t h i s fac t th ro ws

some li gh t on t h e no t i o ns ent erta i ned by th em re

ec t i ng the s t at e of t h e d ead It i nd i cates t h at

s
p .

th e d ec eased w er e su
pp o s ed to i n d ur i ng a
r e ma

p eri o d in an i nterm ed i at e stat e b et weenth i s li fe and

a fut ur e o ne , and t h at in t h i s i nt e rval t he ir lot

co u ld be i nfl uenc ed b v t he p r ay ers and interc e s

s o ns
i of t he p r i ests and by t h e o ffer i ngs of t he ir
s urvrvm
g l i
re at ves . I kno w no t whether we c an
xw PR E F A C E BY TH E A UTH O R .

go o n t o d raw an i nferenc e fav o ur abl e t o th e su

p

p os i t i o n t h at th e E gypt i ans ex ec t e d th e res urr ec

p
ti o n o f m umm i es o r o f th e i d ent i c a l b o d i es o f t h e
,

d e ad t o a future li fe after t h e l ap se o f th e 3 00 0 y e ars

,

w h i c h it w as t h e i r l o t t o pa s s e i t h e r in t h e s e p ul ~

c h re o r in t rans m i g rat i o n . Th e r ea d er w ill fi nd a ll

the i nfo rm at i o n t h a t is as I b eli e v e ex tant in an

, ,

c i e nt aut h o rs w i th r eferenc e t o t h i s d o c t r i ne and ,

t h e i d ea s o f th e E gy p t i ans as t o t h e s t at e o f t h e

d ead in t he t h i rd c ha
pt er of th e sec o nd book in

the fo ll o wi ng w o rk .
 A DVE RTI S E ME N T

PR O F E SS O R VO N S C HLE G E L S PRE FA C E
’
.

D R PR I C H A
. RD h av i ng fo rm e d t h e i ntent i o n o f re

ed i t i ng h is i
c ur o us and l earned w o rk o n the My th o
l o gy and C hro no l o gy o f anc ent
i E gypt, I h ave

il ed m y sel f o f so favo urabl e an o of

a va
p p o rtuni ty
ex h ibi ti ng , in conne xi o n w i th it, t he s ent im ent s
o f ano t h er d i st i ngui sh ed cul t i vat o r of I nd i an and

E gypt i an arc h aeo o l gy , Pro fesso r A U G U STU S WI L

LIA M VO N SCH L E GE L . Th e fo ll o w i ng PR E F A CE ,

w r i tt en b y th at aut h o r, is p ubli shed as an intro d uc

t io n t o G erm an l i
t ra ns at o n o f Dr Pri c h ard
’
a . s

w o rk , w h ic h . w as und ert a en k by t h e ad v c ei of

ano t h e r h o no ured fr i end of m i ne , Pro fesso r

WE L C K E R of Bo nn . Thus p r i vate m o t i ves of a

ve r
y grat i fy i ng ki nd h ave i nd uc ed m e to tak e an

i nt erest in p res ent i ng t h e s e r e m ar ks t o th e E ngli s h

r ea d er . A t t he sam e i
t me I c anno t d o ub t th at the

w e ll -
ear ned fam e of t he ir aut h o r w il l m ake eve ry
x vi A D V E RTIS E M E NT .

sc ho l ar d es i ro us o f s ee i ng t h e m w h ere t h e y no w

a
pp ear, esp ec a i lly w h en it is c o ns i d ered th at t h e

Germans v ewi q uest i o ns fro m a d i fferent

t h ese

p o i nt of o b servat i o n fro m o ur se l v es and th at ev ery ,

o ne wh o is i nt ent up o n tr ut h w ill w i sh t o b e a bl e
c o nc us o ns of
to j ud ge h o w far t h e argum ent s and l i
m en e q uall y d i s t i ngui s h ed b y
, th e ir l earning and
d ili gence o f researc h , are m o d ifi ed by th e i
c rc um

s tan in w h i c h th ey
c es are res
p ect i vel y p l ac ed .

I f the l anguage of th e fo ll o w i ng Preface sh o u ld

no t a l ways s o und h arm o ni o us ly t o t h e E ngli sh ear,

I t rust th e r ea d er w ill at t r ib ut e th e w ant o f an

easy flow o f sty e l to m y d es i re t o m ak e t he transl a

t i o n as fai thful and ac c urat e as p o ss ibl e .

J A M E S YA TE S .

L ondon, Oct 4 , 1 8 37
. .
 S C HL E GE L S ’

PR E F A C E .

DR . J . C . PR I C H A RD , th e auth or o f th e wo rk,
w h i c h is h ere p res ente d t o t he G erm an p ubli c in

a fai th ful transl at i o n, is a

p rac ti s i ng phy s i c i an in
B r i s to l , w ho has by m any l earned p ro d uc t i o ns
e s ta bli sh ed h is re
put at io n fo r i nd e p end ent t h o ugh t

a nd ac ut e i nve st i gat i o n . On a v s i it wh i c h he p ai d

me so m e
y ears a
g o, I h ad t h e p l easure o f fo rm i ng

h is pers o nal ac q uaintanc e , and of fi nd i ng h im t o

be an i nt elli gent and ac c o m

p li sh ed m an .

His fi rst w o rk , R esear c hes into t he P hy s ica l

”
H is l ory of M an ( A ,
. D . i i ll
t re at s p r nc p a y

of th e d i ffer ent rac es of m anki nd . I n t h i s p ubli

i
c at o n th e auth o r a d v anc es
p arad o xi cal o
p i ni o ns ,
a nd su
pp o rts t h em b y s
p e c o us i ev i d enc e an d by

fac ts d ex te ro usly p ut t o geth er . Up o n a l ater t rea

t i se of t he s am e l earned m an ,
The E as ter nO r ig in

f
o th e Cel tic N ations, & c .
(A . D . I h ave ex

p l a i ned m y sel f at l ar g e in th e Transac t i o ns o f t h e

Ro y al S o c i ety of L i t erature , vo l . ii . On ac c o unt

b
 SC H LE G E L S PR E F A C E
’
x viii .

of t he i nsuffi c i ency of th e p ro o fs h i th ert o pro d uc ed ,

and fo r no ot h er rea so n, I h av e d o ub t ed , w i t h o ut

d i st i nc t ly d eny i ng , th e r e at ol i n o f th e C e l t i c nat i o ns

t o th e no w n i ze d I nd o - G er m ani c fam il y
g rec o .

Th e w o rk b e fo r e us em b rac es m o re t h an t h e t i t l e

anno unc es . F ro m a m eth o d i c al and l earned r ep re

s ent at io n o f t h e m y th o l o gy of th e E gy pt i ans o f ,

th e ir p o
p u ar s u ers t t o n
l p s, and t h e s e c r e t
i i d o c trines

ir fr o m t h e c erem o ni es and th e ent re

of
p i
th e r est s , i
fo rm of th e i r reli gi o us w o rsh i p and l ast ly , , , fro m th ei r

p o li t i c o -
re li g i o us l egi sl ati o n , t he aut h o r p roc eeds to

a c om
p ari so n o f E gy pt w i t h anc ent i I nd i a in re

gard t o th e m ost i m p o rtant e em ents o

l f th e i r re li
gi o n and th e ir p o li t i c al c o nst
i tut i o n . Here h e
m eets m e , so to s e ak
p up o n t h e fi el d
, of my o wn

i nvesti gati o ns . It woul d l ead m e far b ey o nd t he

b o unds of a
p f
re ac e, if I att em
pt ed t o foll o w th e

p ro gress of th e i nq ui ry in its p ar ti c ul ars, e i th er

w i th a v ew i to c o n rm
fi or to refut e t h em . I sh a ll
c ont ent m y se l f w i th so m e g eneral r e m ar ks .

In cont em l ati n t h e r eli i o ns o f t he anc ent i

p g g
w o rl d , so m any p o i nts o f resembl anc e p r ess up o n

th e o b server as i m m e d i at e l y to su
gge st t he i d ea
t ha t t h is a
g reem ent of nat i o ns, wh o ar e in p art far

sep arat ed and es tranged fro m o ne ano t h er , or wh o

h ave b een strangers t i m e o ut o f m i nd , m ay b e best
 SC HL E GE L S PR E FA CE
’
. x ix

ib uted to
at t r . a co mmo n o r i gin of t hei r fa ith or

s u erst i t i o n
p , t h ei r s ac r ed c ust o m s and l aw s ,
in

so m e un kno wn h om e and rem ote ant iq ui ty .

Th e resul ts o f t h at s t ud
y o f l anguages wh i c h ,
h as

b een so m uc h e xt ended and a dv anc ed in o ur t i m es,

g i v e t o th i s su
ppo s i t i o n a
y et h i gher d egree o f

p b abili ty
ro The l anguages
. of th e I nd o -G erm ani c

s to c k b ear i nd i sputabl y th e st am o f an o r i ginal

p
r e at o ns
l i h i p, lth o ugh th e nat i o ns spread o ver t wo
a

q uart ers of th e w o rl d h ad e i th e r no i nterc o urs e at

a ll w ith one anot h er , o r, w h e re t h ey c am e in c o n

t ac t, h ad no c onc ept o n o f s uc h an a
i lli ance .

O ur h i sto ry of th e w o rl d , w h i c h , l i ly
r e at v e t o th e

ant iq ui ty of t h e h um an rac e , is very mo dern, p re

s ent s m any i nstanc es , w h i c h p artl y app ear i nc re

d ibl e, of th e i nc urs i ons a nd w anderi ngs of m o re

or l ess num erous h o rd es, c h efl

i y nom ad i c . B ut th e

g re at er num b er of nat i o ns , es
p ec i all y t h e agricul

t ura l , we fi nd s ett ed ,
l fro m th e m o st d i st ant a
ge
w hi ch o ur kno wl edge c an reac h , inth e sam e
pl ac es,
w h i c h w er e aft erwa rd s th e scene o f th e i r ac t vi i ty
and
p li ar d evel o pm ent
e cu . Th e i m m i grat i on, wh i c h

t o o k p l ac e b efo re th e p er i o d of h i sto ri c al tr ad it io n,

has b een forgotten, no t a few t rib es m ai ntaini ng

t h at th e ir anc esto rs w e re or i g inall y nat i ve s of th e

 S C H LE GE L S PRE FA C E
’
xx .

c o untry . l anguages are mani festly nearer

But t he i r
o r m o r e d i s tan t ram ifi c a t i o ns o f a s i ngl e m o th er

t o ngue sp o k en by o ne fam il y o f p eo p l e and p ro ve

, ,

t hat in a d i stant and ind et erm i nate ant iq ui ty

em i ra t i o ns t o o k l ace o v er w i d e t rac ts o f c o unt ry

g p
fro m So m e c o mm o n and o r i g i na l abo de .

Th i s is no hy p o th es i s , b ut a fact , l
c ear ly m ad e

o ut , t h o ugh no t rest i ng up o n t es t i mony and w h i c h

,

c an no l o nger b e d eni ed in o ur i nq ui ri es i nt o
p r i m ev al h i sto ry .

Th e supp os i t i o n th en rec urs , th at t h e l

s ett ers

b ro ugh t w ith t h em fro m t h at or i gi nal ab o de t o t h e i r

ne w h o m e t h e fund am ent al i l
ar t c es o f t h ei r re lig i o n
,

as w e ll as t he fi rst rud i m ents o f art s a nd i

sc enc es ;

and th is c o n ec ture
j i
rec e v es ad d i t i onal fo rc e fro m
the c o ns i derat i o n , t hat s ev er a l o f t hese nati o ns, t h e
I nd i ans, th e Pers i ans, th e H e ll enes, and th e I t ali an

tr ib es , b y th e grand eur of t h e i r p l ans , t h e i r h i gh

cu l t i v at i on , and t he i r ent er
p r i s i ng ac t v i i ty , at t est a

ed ucat o n
p rev i o us i .

Th e E gypt i ans i nd eed j ud g i ng from th e i r l an

,

g uag e , c ert ai nl y d o no t b el o ng to th e fam ily ab o ve

i nd ic ated Th ey s tand q ui te b etwe en the
. a
part
nat i ves of L iby a and E th i o p i a t o th e west and
s o ut h, and th e so -c a ll ed S em i t i c nat i o ns t o th e
 S C HLE GE L S PRE FA C E
’
. xxi

east, who , d i st i ngui s h ed by t h e i r ow n pec uli ari t i es,

h ol d l
a s o a very i m p o rtant p l ac e in t h e h i story of

t he wo rl d .

Th i s is no t, h o wev er i nsuperabl e o bj ec t i on
,
an

t o t he adm ss o n o f
i i an i nfl uenc e
p ro ceed i ng fro m
co unt r es s o rem o t e
i . M i ss i o ns , ch e i fly of p r i ests,
were inc o nt est ib l y und e r tak en in v ery ear ly t i m es
fo r th e ed ucat o n o f i th e nat i o ns , in th e fi rst p l ace
b y m eans o f re li g i o n and l aw s , an d th en by in

st ruc t o n in arts and s c enc es

i i .

I w ill no t h ere p ro d uc e so m e e nt re i ly h i sto ri cal

e x am pl es , as fo r i nstanc e t h at , Bud dh i s m h as ex

t end ed fro m t h i s s i d e I nd i a t o t he d i stant Jap an;

fo r h ere we kno w th e i nt e rm ed i at e li nks , w h i c h is

no t th e c ase w i t h th e a s s um ed i nterco urse b et ween

I nd i a a nd E gyp t . B es i d es , B ud dh i sm , en r a
g fted

up o n B rah m i ni sm b el o ngs
,
fro m its c h arac t er and

t he t i me of its p ro p agat i o n t o m o d ern h i sto ry .

But it is a fac t , th at b efo re th e Bud dhi sts a c o on

l y
of Brah m i ns s e tt e d l in t h e i s l and o f J ava and
i
ra sed t h e y et sav a
g e i nh abi tant s to a h i gh degree

of c v i ilizat i on . It a
pp ears fro m th e co de o f M enu ,

c en i Ind ians w ere no t to nav i

'

th at the an t so av erse

at io n as is o ft en su
pp o s ed O n th e ot h er h and ,
g
.

it is no t t o b e d o ub t ed , t h at t h e t nic ians ear ly

carr ed i on trad e by se a w i t h Ind i a, and b rought
 ii S C H L E G E L S PR E F A C E
’
xx .

I nd i an wares t o th e E gypt i ans . If S esostr s i '

th e

Great rea lly p enet rat ed i a upo n h is adven

t o I nd

t uro ns c am p a i gns , as Ch am p o lli o n r el y i ng up o n

,

h is xpl anat i o n o f anc i ent m o num ents i magi nes

e , ,

h e m i ght h av e b ro ug h t b ac k fro m t h enc e Brah m i n

r i s o ners B ut t h es e p o s s ibi l i t i es o f a fo re i gn
p .

i nfluenc e d o no t reac h b ac k far eno u

gh i nto p ast
ages by a great d e al , if w e g iv e on ly h al f as

m uch c re d enc e as Pl ato d id t o t h e d ec l arat i ons of

th e E gyp t i an pr i est s res

p ec t i ng th e or i gi nal immu

t ab il ity of th e ir re li g i o n .

S i nce p o l yth ei sti c li g i o ns have

re every wh ere

p ro c eed ed fro m th e sam e

p ri nc i le
p , m any s im il a
r it ies must b e e xpec t ed in t h em . Th e q uest i on is ,

w h eth er t h es e are of suc h a ki nd t h at w e m ay

t h enc e i nfer c o m m un c at o n and

i i i nstruct i on re

c eived from o ne or th e o th er s i de
, or p erh aps a

d er i vat i o n from a c o m m o n so urce : o r whet her the

co i nc i d enc e c an b e s uffic i ent ly ac c o unted fo r fro m

t h e nat ural end o w m ents o f t h e h um an rac e an d ,

t he anc i ent m o d e o f t h i nki ng I n th e form er c ase .

a o ne
l h as t h e i ns i gh t w e h ave gai ned an
y h i st o r i c al
i mpo rtanc e ; b ut in t h e
l att er al so o ur p h il oso ph i cal
i nterest in th e c o m ar i s o n o f r eli i o n
p g s r em a i ns
und i m i ni sh ed .

T hi s has in rec ent ti m es j us tl y b ec om e a favouri te

 S C H L E GE L S PR E FA C E x x iii
’
.

su bj ec t o f rese arc h , es
p ec a i ll y in G erm any . B ut

far fro m the p enet rat o n i wh i c h h as b een s

p ent
up o n it h av i ng l ed to an
y c er t a in and
generall y
ac kno wl ed ged r es u l ts , the d i vers i ty of o
p i ni o ns
a
pp ears rath er to au
gm ent w i th t h e e x t ens o i n of
l earni ng .

The aut h o r is no s tran er

g t o the G erm an l an

g uage an d li t erature . H e h as ev en i ns erted nu

a l tered a sec t o ni fro m myb ro th er s w o rk upo n ’

the Language and A nc i ent K no w l ed ge o f t he

”
I nd i ans . Yet m uc h t h at w as b o l d l y m a i ntained

a nd ea ly c o nt ested
ger in G erm any p re v i o usl y to

the c o m o s i t i o n o f h is wo rk, a
pp ears t o h ave b een
p
un kno w n to D r Pri ch ard
. . Th i s was p er h ap s o f

a d vanta
ge in re
gard t o th e i m pa rt i ali ty a nd s im

pl ic ity of h is i nq ui ry . We sh a ll ,
in no very d i st ant

p i
er o d , be b etter ac q uai nted w i th t h e re li gi o n o f
t h e B rah m i ns t h an w it h an
y o th er o f anc ent i i
t m es

v iz . as s o o n as the anc e i nt w ri tt en r ec o rd s h a ve
b een ent i rely b ro ught t o li gh t We hav e l o ng h ad
.

th e c o de of M enu : a c o m m enc em ent h as b e en

m ad e w i th th e Ra m ay ana an d M aha—
Bharata, th e

t w o m o st anc ent i h ero i c p o em s, w h i ch , b esi d es the

t rad t i i o ns of h eroes, co nta i n so m uc h o f c o sm o

go ny
a nd t h eo go ny : no w th e p r i nc i p al p arts o f th e V ed as

l
a one a re w anting , I m ean th e h ymns, t h e li t urgi cal
xxiv SC H LE G E L S PR E F A C E
’
.

form ul as, and th e r i tual . Th e l ater c o nt em p at ve l i

p art b el o ngs m o re t o th e h i sto ry o f p h il o sop hy .

If we i ntend to m ak e use o f th e Puranas w e m us t ,

a l a s us i c i o us c r i t i c i s m w it h r el at i o n t o th e r i
pp y p
enu i neness and th e d et erm i nat i o n o f t h e i r a
ge
g .

The c o rrupt o ns i of t h e m o d e rn s up erst t i i o n need

no t t ro ubl eus ; l e as t o f al l as t h e y ar e re
presented
in t he p art i a l ac c o unts o f m i s s i o na r i es .

The sacred bo o ks o f th e E gypt i an p r i ests are

l ost , as w ell as th e wh o l e li b rary o f O sy mandy as,

th e b ook s of th e Tus c an Tages , an d t h ose of th e

S abi ne N um a . We m us t d er i v e i
a ss st a c e n fro m
th e acco unts o f th e G r eeks . Th i s va i n p eo pl e ,
no t

w i th stand i ng th ei r p ro ud o
pp o s i t i o n o f G re ek s and

Barb ari ans, w i sh ed t o fi nd t h em sel ves every w here,

and c o nt r ved i in a m o st ar bi trary m anner t o exp l ai n

every fo rei gn mytho l o gy a c c o rd i ng t o th ei r o wn .

Th i s d o es no t m ere l y h o l d go o d w i t h resp ec t t o t he

h i sto ri ans , b ut l
a so t he l ater m y st i c s and h il
p oso
p h ers , wh o h o ed to
p g i ve t h e i r d o gm as th e ap
pear
ance of a venera bl e ant iq ui ty b y d er i v i ng th em
fro m E gy pt .

Wi th th e exc ept i o n o f
'

th e i nt i mat i o ns in t h e O l d
Testam ent and in Ho m er He rod o tus is , o ur o l d e st
w i tness . His p i ct ures que d esc ript i o n o f t he e nt i re
c onst i tuents of th e e xt ernal w o rsh i p , of th e i
p r est
 S C H LE G E L S PRE FA CE
’
. xxv

h o o d , th e t em p l es , s ac r i fic es ,
feast s , p ro c ess i o ns, p il

c o mm and s , and o ns ro h
g i m ages
r , c e re m o n e s , i p ibi t i ,

and l a s tl o f t h e i r w h o l e s o c i al c o nst i t ut i o n is i nv a
y
~
,

l uab l e . I t is a
p i ty that , w h il e b e s h unned t h e

i m put at i o n o f hav i ng b etray ed t h e G reek m y steri es ,

w h i c h w e re anal o go us t o t h e E gyp t i an b e c are full y ,

av o i de d , as h e d ec l ares h i msel f, t o uc h i ng up o n

the sac red i m p o rt . What m ay c onso e us o n l th is

su bj ec t is th e c o ns i d e rat i o n t h at in c o nse q uenc e o f
h is li m i ted p o w er o f p erc ept i o n h e p ro b abl y d id ,

no t c om
p re h end m uc h o f it . In my o
p i ni on, so m e

rec ent cr itic s h av e es t i m a ted so m e w h at too h i gh ly

the a ut h o r i ty of He ro d o t us in al l t h at l ay b ey o nd
h is i m m ed i at e o b servat i o n . H is c r ed u li ty is m ani

fe s t ; h e h ad li ttl e i
sc enc e , and knew fo r ex am p l e
, ,

far l ess o f ast ro no m y t h an h e m i gh t h ave l earnt

fro m h is G rec i an c o nt em
p o rar es , i to sa
y no th i n
g of

th e l earned E gyp t i ans .

I f Pl ato h ad l a i d b efo re us his kno w l ed ge of

c o s m o go ny , o f m y th o l o gi c al h i er o gl yp h i c s, and o f

the bli c an d eso t e r c i d o gm as , w i th o ut i nter

pu
m ixt ure of h is o wn i nv ent i o ns , we sh o u ld h ave

b een spared m any d o ub t s .

B ut anc i ent E gyp t sp eak s in ano th er w ay th an

t h ro ugh th e m o uth of fo re i gn w i tnesses to a s to

nish ed po steri ty ; sh e st ill s

p ea sk t hro ugh h er m o a
x xvi S C H LE G E L S PRE F A C E
’
.

numents, and in t h i s li es h er p re-em i nenc e . It is

t rue, Ind i a lik e w i s e o s ses s es ro c k - t em p l es an d

p
ro tt os , w o rthy i
o f a d m rat o n; i but th ey l ie al m o st
g
ent re i ly at the s o ut h o f th e Vind hia mo untai ns .

N o w w e k no w , t h at al l B rah m i ni cal cu l ture h as

p ro c eed ed fro m th e t err i t o ry o f t h e G anges . Th e

s o ut h ern
p i l
en ns u a rec e ve d i its e d uc at i o n in i il
c v

li fe fro m th enc e by m eans of m i s s i o nar i es and im

m igrat i o ns . The h ero i c t rad i t i ons h ave p reserved

th e r em em b ranc e o f a p ast ag e wh en t hese d is ,

t ric ts, b ut th i nl y i nh abi t ed by h al f sav age nat i o ns -

,

l ay waste and unc u t vate d ,

li as t hey are d esc rib ed
in th e Ram ay ana .

In t he t err i to ry water ed by th e Ganges we d o not

fi nd suc h i nd est ruct ibl e r ui ns w h e ther fro m a w ant ,

o f m at eri al s and s ui tabl e s i t uat i o ns o r b ec ause ,

arc h i t ec tural
p o m p w as a l at er a d d i t i o n t o th e r eli
i
g o us i
s erv c es . I t is i m p o ss ibl e to fix th e d ates
w i th p rec i s i o n; b ut th e Ind i an m o num ents can

s c arc e ly c o m p et e w i t h t h os e of th e E gy pt i ans and

N ub ians o n t h e s c o re o f ant iq ui ty .

A ne w ep o ch fo r th e ar c h aeo l o gy of t h e t wo l ast
nam ed co unt r es i h as s inc e th e b eg i nning of th i s

c entur c o mm enc ed w i th t h e F renc h cam i gns

y pa .

Befo re th i s t he a l mo st i nnum erabl e b uild i ngs wh i c h

surround th e N il e, t em p l es l and t o mb s ,
, p a ac es,
 SC HL E G E L S PR E F A C E x x vn
’
.

on ly kno wn and th at in a ll
w ere , v er
y sm a p art by ,

i nac c urate d raw i ngs . N o w w e h ave b efo re us th e

scu l pt ures , th e p a i nt i ngs ,

t he h i e ro gl y ph i c s , w i th

w h i c h t h e w all s , in p art w e ll p reserv e d , are co

v e r ed . E uro p ean c ur o s i i ty h as att em

p t ed , w i t h
b rilli ant s ucc e ss , the ex
p l anat i o n o f t h e h iero gl y
h
p i es and t he d ec i p h e ri ng of th e d em o t i c w ri t i ng .

B ut eve n if t h e ex
p li c at i o n of th e h i ero glyp h i c s

w ere l
c o m p et ed in a ll its p ar ts , i
v c t o r o us i o ver

e v er
y d o ub t ,
—if the as se rt o n o i ppo sed t o th e ana

l o gy o f t h e h i st o ry o f l anguage wh i ch w as , nev e r
t h el ess a d vanc ed at an earl
y p e r i o d and , h as o f

l a t e b een c o nfi d entl y re
p eat ed , t h at t h e C o p t i c is
the l anguage of t he anc e nt i E gy p ti ans, a nd has

r em a i ned q ui te unal t ered , w e re p er fec t l y es ta

b l ish ed t he q uest i o n st ill

,
r em a i ns , w h e t h er we

m ay ex
p ec t m uc h ne w i nfo rm at i o n fro m t h i s so urc e

up o n t h e ep ca i l c o nnex o n o f th e ri i m y th o l o gy , and

up o n th e c o s m o go n c and i p h y s i c al d o c t ri ne s e nv e

l o p ed in t h e sy m b o l s . We h av e e no u
gh o f i m a g es

ir a r tl i l s t o ne
of th e g d
o s,
p y n ar e
g s tat ues ,
p ar tly
in sm a ll i d o l s , and l as t l y am o n
g th e e n rav e
g d

sc u l ptures of th e i r b uil d i ngs ; w e p artl y k no w th e

nam e s of th ese g o ds, and e ve n see th e m re
pre
sent e d in ac t o n
i . But m uc h o f sy m b o li c al m ean

ing , th e s o ut o n o f
l i wh i c h has no t b een fo und o ut,
xx vii i S C H LE GE L S PRE F A CE
’
.

may l ie in th ese i
a c t o ns , as w ell as in th e varyi ng
att r ibutes an d s i gns of d i v i ne p o w er and d i gni ty .

We c an s c arc e l y m ake o ut any th i ng fro m th e

ll s in th e t o m b s , t he o ffi c a i l
p pya r us ro ex c e
pt
l anguage of th e p r i es ts em
pl oy ed in b ened i c t i ons
and c o ns ec rat o ns i . O n th e o th e r h and , th e m o nu

m ents are r c h i in v ar i o us ki nd s o f h i sto r i c al infor

m at i o n . In th e fi rst p l ac e th e i r asto ni sh i ng m ul
,

t it ud e supp li es us i nte rm ed i at e ly w i th a so rt o f

c h ro no o
gy l . Ho w m any c ent ur e s i d id it q ui re t o
re

e rec t al l t h ese , fro m N ubi a d o wn t o M e m ph i s o r , ,

go inu
g p w ar d s , fro m Th eb es t o N ubi a, if we com

p ut e fro m t h e s t at e m ent s of H ero d o tus r es

p ec t i ng
t he s
p ac e of ti me em
pl o y ed in S i ngl e b uild i ngs ?
Furth er, we b ec o m e ac q uai nt ed w i t h th e nat i o na l

h s i o no m , w h i c h p re s ent s so st r iki ng a c o ntrast

p y g y
t o t he S o uth A fr i c an . N0 o ne c an, in m y O i n
p oni ,

h ave att en i ly o bserved th e c o l o ssal statue in t he

t ve

Br i t i sh Musuem fal sely c all ed th e Yo ung Mem non

, ,

and w i th o ut d o ub t t h e likenes s o f a m o narc h , w i th

o ut b ei ng c on
i nc ed t h at at l east t h e t wo upper
v

c as t es o f t h e E y pt i ans b el o ng ed t o a v er
g y no bl e
r ac e . A s i ngl e p ag e in t h e w o rk o f G au is suffi
c i ent t o o pen to us an e nt i rel y no vel v i e w o f t he

p ast ages o f E gy pt . Th e ki ng s i t s up o nh is t h ro ne
;
res ents of h o nour a re o ffered to him, and t hese
p
 S C H LE GE L S PRE F A C E x x ix
’
.

c ons st i o f i
an m a s, l v iz . li o ns ,
a
p es , i
o st r c h es, a n
t e l o p es , and
gi raffes . Who c an d o ub t , t h at th e

i nh abi tant s of t he d i st r i c t s of th e i nteri o r o f A fr i c a ,

w h e r e t h es e s
p e c i es of an m a s i l a re nat i v e, w ere

t h en t r ib ut ary to the E gy p t i ans ? Th e num ero us

re
p r es ent at o ns i o f
b attl es ,
S ei ges , i
v c t o r es, i wh i c h

a re i nd i c at ed by p r i so ne rs of w ar b ei ng p ro d uc ed ,
ar e m ani fest l y h i st o r i c al ; and , if C h am p o lli o n h as

ri gh tl y d ec i ph ered th e nam es o f th e ki ngs and th e

c o nq ue red
p eo p l e ,
w r i t t en in h i e r o g l y ph i c s , we

p o ssess a
p i ec e o f anc ent i h i st o ry , w h i c h, tak en in

c o nnex o n w i i th the dy nast i es of Manetho ,

m ay b e

c h ro no o
g i l
c all
y a rran ed
g Th e G re eks k new a s it .
,

w ere o nl y , t h e fo r egro und o f E gy p t i a n h i s to ry ,

and e ven t h at w i th c e rt ai nty o nl y s i nc e t h e t i m e o f

Ps am m et ic us .

I ret urn t o th e c o m p ar so n o f r e i li g i o ns , wh i c h I

b efo re und e rt oo k . Th e m o re I s e arc h int o th e

anc i en t h i sto ry of t h e w o r d , t h e m o re
l am I c on

v inc e d t h at t h e c ul t i vat ed nat i ons c o m m enc ed w i th

a
p u rer w o rs h i p of th e S up rem e Be i ng ; t h at th e

m ag i c i nfl uenc e of nature up o n t h e i m aginat i o ns

f th e h um an rac e aft erwa rd s ro duc ed p o ly th ei sm ,
o p
a nd at l ength i l y o b sc ured th e sp i ri tual c o n
ent re

of reli i o n in th e b eli ef o f t h e p eo p l e
ce
p t io ns g ,

w h i l st th e w i se m en a o l ne p reser ved the pr i m i t i ve

 S C H LE G E L S PRE FA CE
’
xxx .

sec rets in t he sanc tuary . Henc e th e m y t h o l o gy

a ears to m e t o be th e l at est d e v el o p e d an d th e
pp
m o st fl uc t ua t i ng p art of th e anc ent
i re l i gi o ns . On

i
t h s ac c o unt it is h azard o us to b egi n t h e c o m p ari so n ,

as th e aut h o r d o es , w i th m y th o l o gy . He c e rta i nl y
c o m es to th e d i sc us s i o n fa r b e tt e r re ar e d than
p p
S ir W . J o nes in h is v er
y unsuc c ess fu l att em
pt at a

c o m p ar s o n o f i I nd i an w i th G r ee k and I tali c d e i t i es .

B ut ev en if th e i m il ari t i es w h i c h D r Pri c h ard h as

S .

s o ugh t o ut w e re m o re st riki ng t h an t h ey reall y are ,

t h ey w o u ld ne ve rt h el ess p ro d uc e li tt l e c o nv c t o n in
i i
me . O n th e o th e r h and , t h e d i ve rgenc e of th e m y

t h o l o gie s p r o v es no t h i ng a
ga i nst t h e d ed uc t i o n o f
re li gi o ns fro m a c o mm o n so urc e . My th o l o gies m ay

h ave l o c ally c h ange d th ei r fo rm s in c o nseq uenc e o f

th e d i ffer enc e s o f c li m at e and o f c o untry t h e l o c al

or i gi n o f m any E gyp t i an m y t h i c anno t b e d eni e d .

S i m il ar i t i es , o n the o th er h and , m ay h av e i
a r s en

fro m a c o n en a
g i l i nc li nat i o n t o p o etry a nd o b serva
t i on ,
w i th o ut a ny ex t erna l c o mm u hic at io n . Th i s
h o l d s go o d w i t h r es
p ec t t o m any c o sm o
go ni c m y th i
th ey ec u at o ns u
l i o n nature —p hil oso /
are s
p p p zemata ,
as H ey ne a
ptly ca ll ed t he m , ex
p re ss ed in anth ro p o
m o r ph it e garb , and no t unfre ue nt q ly in fo rm s

c o ars e ly eali n t o th e sense s C h ao s , r eferr i ng

a
p p g .

to t h e wh o e l v s i ibl e un v ers e,
i is no th i ng b ut th e
 S C H LE G E L S PRE F A C E ’
. xxx i

d oc trine of t he et ern t i y of m att er, t o wh i c h t h e

i nt elli gent p o w er o f th e C reato r is su

p p o sed to h ave
i m p art ed on ly fo rm . B ut , c o ns i d ered as a
geo l o
gic al th eo ry , c h ao s is pretty w ell ca
p abl e o f d e fenc e .

The c o nt es ts o f t h e g o d s w th t h e i Ti tans and gi ants ,

w h i c h w e m ee t w i t h in all m y th o l o g i es , h ad ev i

d entl y a
p h y s i c al
i gnifi c at i o n al tho ugh it th enc e
s ,

asc end ed t o t h e d o c t r i ne o f a
go o d and a b ad p ri n
c ip l e b y w h i c h it was m eant t o ex pl ai n th e o ri gi n
,

o f ev il . I f w e w i sh ed t o j ok e , w e m i gh t y t h at
sa

the h eap i ng of th e th ree m o unt a i ns , O l y m p us,

Peli on, and O ssa up o n o ne ano th er w as a d i v i nat i o n

of th e m o d ern hy p o th es i s of th e l
v u can st s , i wh o

su
pp ose t h at h i gh m o untai ns h av e b een sudd enly
p us h ed up by e xp l o s i o ns fr o m th e i nt eri o r of the

eart h .

The anc en
it Brah m i ns taugh t th e d o c t rine o f

p eri o d i c a l i
c re at o ns and d es truc t i o ns of the w o r ld .

Th is ,
it is we l l kno wn , th e S to i c s d id a sol ; and

ac c o rd i ng to D r Pri c h ard t h ey
. o b tai ned th e d oc

i
t r ne t h ro u gh t h e m e d um i of th e E gyp ti an p ri ests .

E ven if t h i s w ere w ell p ro ved, in m y o i n

p i o n the
a c c o rd anc e w o ul d no t ll o w us
a to c o nc ud e
l w ith

ce rt a inty up o n th e d eri vat i o n o f th ed o c tr i ne fro m

Ind i a . Th e al t ernate c reat o ns i and d estruc t i o ns of

t h e wo r ld are an at t em t
p to ac c o mm o d ate t h e o pp o
 x x x ii S C H L E GE L S PRE F A CE
’
.

si t i o u o f t h e fi ni te and o f t he i nfi ni t e A . n a b s o l ute
b egi nni ng o f t h e v is i bl e uni vers e res i sts the p o w er

of i m agi nat i o n; o n t h e o th er hand th e ,

et e rn ty o f i
a c o nt i nua l c h ange e x c i t es t h e r ea s o n : h enc e t h e

s o ut o n o f an
l i i m p o ss ibl e p ro bl em w as p us h ed b ac k
w i th o ut an
y b o und s .

Th e d o c tr i ne of th e m e t e m psy c h o s i s is o ne of

th e m o st i nc i d enc es Th e i m m o rta li ty
s tr iki ng co .

o f t h e so ul and t h e c o nnex i o n o f t h e c i rc um s t anc es

,

after d eat h w i th t h e m o ral c o nd i t i o n o f t h e d e ar ted

p ,

w as t augh t by t h e w i se m e n o f a l l ages ; and t h e

p eo p l e h av e nev er en i ly
t re fo rgo t ten t o h o p e and

t o fear b ey o nd th i s li fe ,
h o w ever m uc h th e fut ur e

m ay b e conc ea e d l in d a rkness t o sens ua l m en . But

i m m o rtali ty in th e fo rm o f t h e t ransm i g rat i o n o f

an e n
th e so u l is t re i ly p e c uli ar d o c tr i ne, w h i c h w e
o ny l fi nd l
c ear l y ex pressed , am o n
g al l t h e nat i o ns
of a nt iq ui ty , by th e I nd i ans and E gy pt i ans ;

G reek ph il o so ph ers b o rro w ed it fr o m the l atter .

(Wh enc e d id t h e G alli c D r ui d s ? and s i nc e wh at

i
t me 7 O ur i nfo rm at i o n resp e c t i ng t h em is o f l ater
d at e .
) M enu fix es ac c urat e ly th e grad at i o ns of

as c ent and d esc ent ; b ut th e re turn i nto or

gani c li fe
b y no m eans e x h aus ts th e d o c t ri ne of th e Br ah m i ns

c onc ernng i th e co nd i t i o n aft er d eath ; t h ey b eli ev ed

in h eavenl y rew ar ds a nd in p uni shm ents in t h e
 S C HL E G E L S PRE FA CE ’
xx x iii
’

su b terranean wo rl d b o th b ei ng o f li m i ted d urat i on

, ,

and in fi nal d eli v erance b bein ab s o rb ed in t h e

y g
d i vi ne essenc e Wi th respec t to s i m il ar add i t i o ns
.

w h i c h m i ght be m ade t o t h e d o c trines o f t h e E gy p

tia ns , w e ca n o nl y fo rm c o n ec t ures
j fro m tho s e o f

the Py th ago reans .

The E gyp t i an p ri est s und erst oo d as w ell as t he

Brah m i ns h o w t o re
g ul ate t h e m anners a nd habi ts

of t he p eo p l e und er t h e ir guard i ansh i p . Rul es of

d i et, fo und ed up o n rea l ex

p er i enc e or
p erh ap s up o n

p rej udi ce , w e re ra s ed i t o th e ran k o f sac r ed l aw s ,

a nd th us re nd er ed i nv i o l abl e . A m o ng t h e num b e r

of th ese w ere t h e p r ec e p ts c o ncern ng i a ll o wed or

fo rbi d d en m eats . The co i nc i d enc es a re i m p or

t ant , b ut y et d i fferenc e s are no t want i ng ; ne i the r

of t h em i l y d em o nstrat i v e b ecause th e rul e

ar e s t r c t ,

o f d i et is d et erm i ned d i ffe rent l y ac co rd i ng t o c li m at e

and c us to m Ther e w as th e sam e fo rbe aranc e fro m

.

o rk a nd unc l e a n a ni m al s in E gyp t a nd I nd i a
p .

Wi th th e ab s t inenc e fro m b eef th e c ase was d ifferent .

Th i s p i m e v al
r l aw , as it a
pp ea rs to m e, w as

d i rec ted to w ard s t h e furth eranc e of a

gr i c ul t ure
w h i c h wa s j us t c o m m enc e d , a nd up o n w h c h i th e

inc rease of t he o u a t o n an
l i d of i ili zed li fe
c v
p p
i
c h e fly d ep end ed . I f th e s augh ter
l o f o x en w as

fo rbi d d en, th ey c ou ld on ly be us ed fo r d raw i ng the

 S C H L E GE L S PR E FA CE
’
xx x iv .

am o ng th e
p l o ugh . The l aw w as l ess st r c t i
E gy pt i ans . A g ri c ul tur e w as e as eri t o t h e m in t h e

fert il e and nat urally w at ered so il of th e narro w

va ll ey of t he N il e . B ull s m i gh t b e kill ed and

sac r ific ed c o w s al o ne w ere c onsec rat ed t o Isis . In

I nd i a o n t h e c o nt rary it w as an i mm ense
, , p ro bl em ,
and, w e m ay a dd , o ne no t y et so ved ,
l h o w t o p re

ar e th e l and fo r p l o ugh i ng A nd h o w c ou ld the

p .

c o w, th e em bl em of the earth t h at no ur i sh es al l

th i ngs ,
no t b e h el d sac red am o n
g th e Brahm i ns !
Th e m ilk, w i th th e pr ep arat i o ns fro m it , affo rd e d

t h em t h e m il d es t and m o st w h o l eso m e ad dit io n

~
to

th e i r v egetabl e d i et . B e s i d es, t h e l ifi ed b utter

c ar

had th e prero gat i ve of fe ed i ng t h e sac r ific i al fl am e,

fo r w hi ch p urpo se v eget a bl e o il w as used in E gy pt .

Th e E gy ptian p r i ests w er e eat ers of fl esh and

d r i nk ers of w i ne, and as w e re t h e m en, so w ere l

a so

t h e go d s ; far m o re i
an ma s l w er e sac r ifi c ed up o n

the i r al tars t h an in I nd i a . I n g eneral , t he Brah

m i ns p urc h ase d th e i r p re -em i nenc e by i m p os ing

up o n th em s e v es l far i
s tr c t er l aw s . In the ear ly
C h r i st i an i
t m es , th e Theb an d esert fi rst b ec am e
th e ab ode of asc e t c i l
rec us es , wh o s e m anne r of

li fe w as nev ert h el es s b ut a fa i nt co
py of t he pe
nanc es and m o rt ifi cat io ns , w h i c h h ad b een p rac t i sed
t h o usand s of
y ears b efo re on the H i m al ay a m o un
 S C H LE GE L S PRE FA CE
’
. x xxv

ta i ns fo r th e p urp o se of ac qui ri ng a g reat er sa nc

i
t ty .

The avo i danc e b y the Br ah m i ns o f al l bl o o d

s h edd i ng and ev en o f h urti ng any s ens i t i ve c reat ure
re s ts up o n an entire l y d i fferent p r inc i pl e fro m t h at

wh ich rend e re d o x en i nv i o l abl e . The E gy p t i an

w o rsh i p o f an m a s i l w as q ui te unk no w n t o t h em .

Th i s ki nd o f su erst i t i o n w as c arr ed i to an un re
p p
c ed ente d e x tent on the sh o r es o f t he N il e . Many
s
p ec i es o f ani m al s were i nv i o l abl e and s ac re d am o ng

th e E gy pt i ans . There w as w i th o ut d o ub t a rat o na i l

gro und fo r t he en o
j i ned fo rb earanc e : t he ibi s
d est ro y ed sn k es and o t h er
a am
p h ibi o us c r eatures,

wh i c h a b o und ed to ex c ess in t h e w arm m ud of th e

N il e ; t h e s
p arro w - h a w k h unt ed t h e bi rds wh i c h

d evo ured th e frui t ; t h e c at, m ice and rat s . Th ese

and o t h er b east s of
p rey no t d angero us t o m an, in
th is m anner freed t h e i nh abi t ants fro m t he t r ue

the c o unt ry In o rd e r rend er th e

p l agues of . to ir
i nvi o l abili ty t h e m o re sec ure, t h e w ho le s
p ec i es w as
a
pp ro pr i at ed t o th i s or t h at g o d ac c o r di ng to em

b l em at ic al l i
r e at o ns . Thus in th e c reature w as

seen t he i m ag e of th e ro t e c t i ng d ei ty , and th is
p
w as i
c a rr e d so far, th at l ength li v i ng i nd i v i d ual s
at

w ere tam ed , as re rese nt at i v es o f t h e rac e w e re

p ,

c arefu lly p ro v i d ed fo r, and had d i v i ne w o rsh i p p ai d

 SC HL E G E L S PR E FA C E
’
.

t o t h em inp ec uli ar cha e s l I f t h i s w as l

a so th e c ase
p .

h e re and th e r e w t h i res ec t to h urtful an m a s ,

il as
p
th e c ro c o d il e or h i pp o p o t am us, w h i c h a re ex h ibi t ed

u o n m o num e nt s as t yp h o n c e m i bl em s it w as p er
p ,

h aps fro m an e rro neo us no ti o n of d i sarm i ng t h e

m ali gni ty of th e i
s p ec es . A R o m an p o et m i ght

eas ily r i d i c ul e s o e x t r ao rd i nary an e rro r ; h e fo rgo t

t h at h e m i gh t h ave fo und no l ess s illy ki nd s o f

s u erst it i o n in b und anc e by o in b ac k t o t h e
p a g g

p r i m i t i ve h i sto ry o f h is o wn nat i o n .

Th e sam e h abi t o f m i nd fro m w h i c h p o l y t h e i sm

run w h i c h no t on ly an m at es a nd i g i v es so u s l to
s
p g ,

al l th e g reat o bj ec ts and p o we rs o f nat ur e b ut ,

a ll o w s even .
t h e i r p e rso nali ty m us t nee d s fancy ,

s o m et h i ng m y st er i o us in t h e i nst i nc ts o f ani m al s ,

al l
and t h us in p o l y t h e i st i c reli gi o ns ani m al s real , ,

or i m agi nary , a r e ad m i tt ed i nt o th e num b er of th e

of th e i m ag i nat i o n
go d s . Th e d i rec t i o n h as b een
d i ffer ent ac c o r d i ng t o th e s urro und i ng i
an m a l c rea

t ion , b ut t h e sy m b o li c al r efe r enc e c anno t b e d eni ed .

We m ay und er s t and t h e gro und s o n wh i c h th e

ser
p ent h as e ve r
y w h er e a
p p e are d t o m an t h e m o s t
en i gm at i c al o f al l c reat ure s That en d l es s se r
p ent,
.

up o n w h o s e r i ngs the s eel p i ng Vi s hnu res ts in t h e

o c ean, a nd w h i c h fo rm s a ca no py o v er h im w i th its
s e v en h e ad s , is , ac c o r d i ng t o its sp ec i es , t h e s ec
p
 SC H LE G E L S PRE FA C E x xx vn
’
.

t ac l e snak e, co br a di ca el l o,
p w h i c h h a s t h e p ec u

l iarity o f e rec t i ng i tsel f w i th its p ec t o ral c art il age s

i nflated . A nd th i s sa m e snak e (a rem ark abl e c o i n
,

ci d enc e ! ) ca ll ed by t he E gyp t i ans Uraeus, is c on

t inual l y re
p res e nt ed in t h e i r sc u l ptures ,
up o n t h e

h ead d ress
-
of th e go d s and ki ngs , up o n t h e c o rn c e i
of th e t em pl es, and in t h e m o st h o no urabl e and

i m p o rtant p l ac e , o ve r th e p o rtal s, w h er e t h e d i sc us ,
b etw een th e ex p and ed w i ngs of s
p arro w -h a w ks ,
is

b o rne b y t wo s uc h s nakes .

Th e c ust o m s o f i nterm ent of th e d ead w ere q ui te

d i fferent in t h e tw o i Th e I nd i ans r esto re d
c o untr es .

t h e so ul l ess b o dy t o th e e l em ent s by fi re and th ey

-
,

d o so st ill Th e c usto m w as a v ery ex t ens i ve o ne in

.

th e a nc e i nt wo rl d . Th e sa l t i ng and em b al m i ng of

d ead b o d i es h as b e en re ferred to so m e sec ret do c

t r ne ; p e rh a p s it w as
i or i gi nall y on ly a re
g ul at i o n
enfo rc ed fo r th e p urp o se f
o
p res erv i ng h eal t h .

Wo o d to feed th e funeral p il e w as w ant i ng in

E gy p t ; graves m i ght h av e b een unc o vered b y th e

annua l i nund at i o ns ; th e m i asm a was p re vente d by

conc ea li ng in g ro t to s th e c o rp s es , w h i c h w er e r en

d ered p ro o f a
g i n
as t c o r ru
pt i o n .

I n o ne p o i nt of t he r i t ual l aw th ere is a marked

c o nt rar ety i . A m o ng t h e E gypt i ans e v er
y unc r i
c um c is e d m an w as h e l d unc ean and c o u
l ld ta k e no
xx xviii S C H LE GE L S PRE FA C E ’
.

The I nd i ans , on t he
p art in any s ac red c e rem o n
y .

c o nt rar
y , ent erta in t he g reat es t a v e rs o n t o c rc um
i i
c is io n even w h e n s uffered l l o ss o f c aste by Vi o e nc e ,

is t h e c o nseq uenc e Th i s av ers i o n is ex p resse d in

.

t h e m o st anc i ent l aw s s uc h a na t ura l im p e rfe c ,

t i o n o f t h e m a l e o r ans b e i n r e a rd e d a s a c urs e
g g g .

D r Pr i c h ard in v a i n end ea vo urs t o p ro ve t h at

.
,

am o n t h e E
g gy p t i ans th e p r i es ts o nl y w er e c i rc um
c ised He h as w r o ngly ex p o und ed t w o p as sages
.

in H ero do tus (ii . 36 , and no t at al l no t i c ed a

th i rd w h i c h
, is d ec i s i ve (ii . C i rc um c i s i o n w as

d eni e d o nl y t o t h o se g o m i ni o us c o nd i t i o nand
of i n

t o p e rs o ns e xp ell ed fro m t h e i r c as te . We h av e an

anc ent i nd ver r e m ar k abl e i

t est m o ny in p ro o f f
a
y o

th is , w h i c h I w ill no t h ere p ro d uc e .

I n t h e wh o l e so c a i l c o nst i t ut i o n th e m o st st r iki ng
r es e m bl anc e a
pp e ars . We find in b o th h ere d i tary

r an s ,
k ev en d o wn t o t h e su b d i v i s i o ns of t rad e ; at

th e h ead , a no bili ty of p r i est s and w arr i o rs ; ki ngs

fro m th e ra c e o f w arr i o rs, w h o w ere end o w ed wi t h

h i gh p r i v il e ges, b ut c on fi ned w i th i nb o und s by t h i s

do ubl e i
ar s to c rac
y . But s uc h a c o ns itut io n was

no t comm on t o th e I nd i ans and E gy pt i ans l

a o ne ;
we fi nd i d ent t rac es o f it in se veral states o f
ev

the ol d w o rl d — am o ng t h e Pers i a ns th e Tus c ans , ,

nd the m o s t nc i ent Ro mans A l so am o n

g th e
a a .
 S CH LE G E L S PRE FA C E ’
. xxx ix

G re ek s t h ere w ere se
parate fam ili es of i
r es ts , to
p
w h o m w as i ntr usted th e po ssessi o n o f th e ri ght t o
c ert a i nc o ns ec rat i o ns furth e r t h ere we re A sc l e iad m
p ,

an d D aed ali d ae The o nl y d i fference is t hat th i s

.
,

co nst i t ut i o n, wh en it no l onger ans w e re d to t h e

w ant s and i m p ro v em ents of t h e p eo p le , w as ear ly

o bli ged to y i el d t o o th er fo r m s of
g o vernm ent ;
w h il s t in E gyp t and Ind i a it had tak en s uc h d eep

ro o t t h at it l asted unt il th e l o ss of the ir ind ep en

d enc e, an d e v en l o n er
g .

If al l h um an i nst i t ut i o ns are m o st r i ght ly es t i

m ated by th e i r p erm anent effec ts, we c anno t d eny t o

th i s d i sp o s i t i o no f so c i al li fe its g re at m er i t in regard
to th e e d uc ati o n o f nat i o ns . H e who c anno t l ay

as ide th e c us t o m s , o
p i ni o ns , p erh aps th e p rej ud i c es
of h is t i m e and nat i o n, w ill h ard l y c o m p re h end th e

sp r i i t o f th e p ri m i t i v e a
g es . We c l early r ec o
gni se
d i ffer ent p h ases in th e h i sto ry of th e h um an rac e :

no w ano th er se t o f
no w o ne and c o nc e
p t i ons h ave
i
e x erc s e d th e g r e a t e st p o w er o ver th e m nd s i of m en,

a nd ac c o r d i ng t o t h es e t h e a
ges are d i st i ngu i shed .

Wh at w as p rac t i c abl e and s a utary l in an earl y a

ge ,
b ec o m es in th e fo ll o w i ng p e rhaps p erni c i o us o r
, , ,

e v en q ui te i m p o ss ibl e A nc i ent E gypt appears to m e

.

a ro d i gy in t h e art o f go v ernm ent B ut t h i s is no t

p
.

t he p l ac e to p ra i se th e w i sd o m and fo res i gh t of h er
 S C H LE G E L S PR E FA C E
’
xl .

m any erro ne o us
p r i ests, and to c o nfut e e v er so

v i ews , w h en I h av e o ny l to q ue st i o n
d i s c uss th e

w h et h er its i nst i t ut i o ns w e re b o r ro w ed o r o r i g i na l .

I t is i nc o rrec t in D r . Pr i c h ard wh en in a t i tl e t o
,

i
a sec t o n h e us es th e t w o ex p ress i o ns h i erarc h y a nd

h ered i tary pr i es t h o o d as sy no n m o us
y T h es e t h i ng s .

are esse nt a i lly d i fferent . By h i erarc hy w e under

s tand a i
rad at o n o f s p r i i t ual d i gni t i es and t he ir
g
su b o rd i nat i o n und er o ne sup rem e h ead fro m w ho m ,

p ro c eed d i v i s i o ns wh i c h are uni versall y v ali d

,
In . .

t ho se r eli gi o ns inwh i c h c elibacy h as b een en

, j o i ned
o n th e
p i
r es ts , as in Buddh i sm and in th e Ro m an

c h urc h , th e h i erarc hy h as a l way s fo rm ed i tsel f i nto

t h e m ost p erfec t s
y st em . O n th e o t h er h and , t h e

h ered i tary p r i ests, b el o ngi ng to a c as t e, w ere b o rn

q ual nd p erso nal q uali t i es a o ne ra sed
l i t h em t o
‘

e , a

p re-e m i nenc e . In Brah m i ni sm a so l w e fi nd no t rac e

o f a su auth o r i ty am o n
g th e p r ie s ts in li
p re m e re

i o ns o ffe r i n s A m o n t he E t i ans w e d o i nd ee d
g g g gyp
.
, ,

h ear o f h ered i tary h igh p riests b ut th e i r auth o r i ty r

,

w as li m i ted t o a s i ngl e t em pl e .

Wherev er w e m eet w i th a p r i e s tl y go v ernm ent

in antiq ui ty , w e m ay w i th i nty
c er t a ex
p ec t s om e

a d v anc e in t h e i
s c e nc es , —
a c areful co ll ec t i o n of

h
p y si c al o b servat i o ns th e fund am ental p ri nc i l es
,
p
of m ath e m at i c s , and an attent o n to i th e m o t i o ns o f
 S C H LE GE L S PR E FA CE »
’
xli

t he h eave nl y b o d i es , w h i c h w e m i ght a l m ost con

s i d er as full of fo reb o d i ng . We are e nt i tl ed to

ib e th is p ro gre ss t o th e i nfl uenc e t he
asc r of
p ri ests ,
b ec ause t h es e i
s c e nc es w e re e i th er ent rei ly neg
l ec t ed or r em a i ned in th e i r i nfanc y am o n
g o t h er

nat i o ns o t h er w se i i nt elli gent , unt il i nst ruc t i o n c am e

t h em fro m e sew h ere
l E ven in Ho m er s t i m e
’
to .

th e fa m e of th e E gy pt i anp hy s i c i ans h ad p enet rat ed

t o th e G reek s . A st r o no m
y in p art i c ul ar w as fro m
t h e mo st a nc e i nt t m es t h e
i i
s c enc e of th e p r i e st s .

Th e ear ly p ro gres s of t he E gypt i ans in th at i

s c enc e

is i nd ubi t abl e t h e G rec i an as tro no m ers aro s e fro m

the ir sc h o o l . My w o rt hy fr i end C o l eb ro o ke h as

t reate d c o nc ern ng i t he as t ro no m
y o f th e Ind i ans

w i th h is ifi c p rec i s i on and h as
ac c us to m ed sc ent
i ,

d efend ed th em agai nst th e sli gh ts o f a M o nt uc l a

an d D el am b r e and esp ec iall y a gai nst b r i ng i ng t h e i r

,

i
s c enc e d o w nto m o d e r nt i m es .
(S ee m y flex ions
Re

Z E t ud e (l es L ang ues A s ia ti p 85 The

’
s ur ques, .

a
g e of th e ir d o c tr i na l bo ok s h as b een m uc h c o n
t es te d . B ut t he i nferenc e ,
t h at th e sc i enc e i tsel f

w as no t o l d er ,
w as q ui t e i nad m i ss ibl e . A s o ft en

as rec t i fy i ng o b serv at i o ns rend er ed th e o ld bo ok s

un t fi fo r use , t h ey w e re o bli ged to be r em o d ell ed ,

and t h en na tur a y t h e ll or i gi nal s w ere l o st . Th e

l anguage i tsel f p roves, by t h e num b er and the p re

 S C HL E G E L S PRE FA C E
’
xl ii .

c is io n o f th e ast ro no m c a i l re s s o i ns , a l o ng-c o nt i
ex
p
nued cu l t i v at i o n o f t he i
sc e nc e . Th e as t ro no my of

the I nd i ans p o s sesses o th er t ra c es of ant iq ui ty

b es id es it s m y t h i c al b I m e an th e m e nt i o n o f
g ar;

hea venl y p h eno m ena in t h e V ed as in th e C o d e o f ,

M enu ,
and in th e h ero i c p o e m s .

A st ro no m y p r o c eed s b y o b s erv at i o n and l

ca cu a l
t i on . D i fferent m eth o d s m ay b e a do pt ed in t h e

m eas urem ent of i

t me and s
pac e ; afte r all m uc h is

l eft t o th e ar bi trary cho ce i of . the p l ay ful i ma gi na

t ion . T o th i s b el o ng es
p ec i all y th e fi gur es , w h i ch

are in th o ugh t d raw n aro und c er t a in gro ups of

st ars ; th ey w ere w th o ut i d o ub t i nvent ed as a hel p

t o th e m e m o ry , as a m eans of fi nd i ng t h e i r po s i t i o n
in th e b
ex u erant ly r i ch as
p ec t o f th e s t ar r
y h ea v ens .

We kno w t h at B aill y w as p ers uad ed by t h e a

gree
m e nt o f far se
parat ed nat i o ns in s uc h p art i c ul ars ,
nam el y , in t h e t w e l ve i gns o f t h e Z o d i ac t o assum e
s ,

t h e exi s tenc e o f a p eo p l e b efo re th e h i s t o r i c al t i m es ,

w h o h ad i nd ust ri o usl y c ul t i vat e d as t ro no my and ,

d i ffused i nstr uc t i o n in it th ro ugh al l th e re

g i o ns of

t he w o rl d , b ut w h o h ad t hem sel ves d i s ap p eared

fro m th e ir no rth erl y abo de . V o l ta i re c o nt es t ed

th si h yp o thes i s up on s uperfi c i al gro und s ; d ee p er

t h i nkers h av e aga i n t ak e n it up and t re asured it as ,

wo rthy o f great c o ns i d erat i o n .

 S C H LE G E L S PR E FA CE ’
. x l iii

C o i nc i d enc es in s uc h p o i nts of astronom y, as

were c o mm o n t o o t her nat i o ns l

a so , are b y no m eans
d em o nst rat i ve o f an i mm ed i ate i nterc o urse b et w een
Ind i a and E gy pt , b ut o nl
y of t he i r d e ri v at i o nfro m

c o mm o n so urc e B ut, if th er e w er e
a . se
p ar at e
p ec uli ar i t i es, in w h i c h b o th c o unt r es i a
greed , as ,

fo r i nstanc e, in th e fo rm of th e y ear, in th e interc a

l at io ns and c
y c l es, D r Pri c h ard pt i o n w o ul d
’
. s assum

be re nd ere d v er
y p ro b abl e . F o r, if t he o ut li ne s of

re li gi o n and l egi s l at i o n w e re t ransferred fro m one

t o t he o th e r o f t h e t wo c o untr es , i it wo ul d h av e

b een i mp o ss ibl e to om i t g i v i ng ins tr uc t i o ns on the

fo rm at i o n o f t h e l
c a e nd ar , wh ich was an affa r i of

s t at e c o mm i tt ed t o t h e p r i es t s . A nd in t h i s ve r
y

p arti c ul ar , in t h e a
ppli c at i o n o f as tro no m
y t o t ec h
nic al c h ro no o gy , a
l fund am ental d i fferenc e a
pp ears

b et ween th e Ind i an and E gypt i an m et ho d s, an d

h enc e a
ga i n i
ar ses an o bj ec t i o n to th e aut ho r s
’

hyp o t h es i s w h i c h , it c an s c arc e ly
,
as a
p pears t o m e,
be s et a si d e . I con fine m y s el f t o a s i ngl e p o i nt ,

w h i c h is a c o nst i tuent part o f th e p o pul ar c al end ar .

The i nve nt i on o f t h e w e ek , w h ic h is a d i vi si o n

of i
t me i nt o seven d ay s and w h i c h is reck o ned ,

o nw a rd s w i th o ut any b o und s and w i tho ut regard i ng

th e d u rat i o n o f th e s n
y o d i c m o nt h and o f t h e
t ro p i c al y ear,
p ro c eed ed fro m t h e E gy pti ans : o f
 S CH L E GE L S PRE F A C E
’
xliv .

th is w e h ave t es t i m o ny Th ro ugh th e con

ex p ress .

i
s ec rat o n o f o ne d ay o f t h e w eek w h i c h t wo ,
m o st

e x t ens i ve l
y p r ev aili n re li i o ns h av e b o rr o w ed
g g fr o m

th e M o sa i c Law , t ho ugh w th i a d i fferent c ho c e o f

i
d ay s , th is i
r ac t c e h as re a d o v er all the eart h
p s
p .

I t m ay at an ear ly p er o d i h av e b een ad o p ted in

c o m m o n by the S e m i t i c nat i o ns, as t h e
y ar e c all ed ,

and a m o ng t h ese t h e Bab y l o ni ans a o ne c an c o nt es t

l
the c red it of th e i nvent i on w i th the E gy pt i ans .

A m o ng th e G reeks and Ro m ans t h e o b servat i o n o f

th e d ay s of th e i nt ro d uc ed v ery l ate :
w eek w as

al t h o ugh t h e c ust o m h a d m ad e so m e i nro ad s e ven

b efo re t h e C hr i st i an era t h ro ugh t h e i nfl uenc e o f

E gypt i an a nd C hal d ee astro l o gers and al so o f t he ,

J ew s , w h o w e re d i sp ers ed her e and t h ere t h ro ugh

o ut the R o m an E m p i r e . Id el er, in h is ex c e llent

Manual o f C hrono l o gy ,
r e m ar ks , t h at t h e w ee k h ad

a natural or i gi n in t h e ac c i d ental d urat i o n of the

of th e m oon Th i s b servat i o n q ui te
ph as es . o is

c o rrec t , a l th o ugh th e d i v i s i o n w a s p r ac t i call

y us e

l es s ; fo r as a er od
i of fo ur w e e k s i nc i d es wi t h
, p co

t he d urat i o n ne i th er of th e p er i o d i c al no r of t he

no d i c a l m o nt h , it m us t h av e b eennec essary e i t her

s
y
to d i vide a w eek b etw een t wo m o nth s o r to m ak e ,

p er
p et ua l i nt erc al at i o ns But the .
nam i ng of t he

d ay s of th e week after t he p l ane ts h as an as t ro l o

 SC HLE GE L S PRE FA CE
’
. x lv

g ic al s i gni fic at i o n , and th e p ro c ess was q ui te s

y st e

m at i c . Two assum
p t i o ns m ust b e mad e ; the s e ve n

p l anets m ust b e su
pp o sed to fo ll o w o ne a no t her

ac c o r d i ng to th e anc ent s i y st e m of t h e un v ers e, in i

w h i c h th e eart h w as c o nc e ved i to be at rest in th e

c entre, an d th e ar bi trary d i v i s i o n m us t b e m ad e of

t he n
y c k th emer on i nt o fo ur and t went h
y o urs
- -
. Th e

a s tro no m c a i l d o c t r i ne was, t h at l anet r es i d es

a
p p
o ver eac h of t h ese h o urs ac c o r d i ng t o t h e natura l
o rd er fro m S aturn d o wn to th e M o o n, and th at th at

p l ane t . t o wh i c h th e fi rst h o ur b el o nged , w as l

a so

re
g ent of th e w h o le d ay . I f no w w e c o unt o ver

t h e h o urs u po n t h i s p l an . we sh a ll fi nd t h at t h e

re nt m ust a l w ay s h av e fo ll o wed o ne ano t h er

g es

w i th an i nterval of t wo p l ane t s , w h i c h w e re om i tt e d .

Ba illy w as no t a bl e to so ve l th e r i dd l e ,
al th o ugh
D io C as s i us has c ear l ly ex
p l a ined it . We p e rce ve i
t h at t h e w h o le a rr an e m ent ,
g r es t i ng ,
it is t rue,

i l c o nc e i t c o ul d o nly h ave b een

up o n an a s t ro o g c a l ,

c o ntr i ved by a p eo p l e w h i c h h ad m ad e so m e sc ien

tifi c at tai nm e nts Id el er r em ark s t hat th e w eek

.
,

w as used b y t h e m o s t re m o t e nat i o ns , t h e C h i nes e

and Per uv i ans . But w e are no t aut h o r ized to l ay

an s tress up o n t h s i c rc um s t anc e
i in t h e e ar li est
y
h i st o ry o f a s tr o no my , unt il w e h ave ex l o red t he
p
 S C H LE G E L S PR E FA C E
'
x l vi .

w ay by wh i c h and the i
t me wh en th i s c usto m

h ed th o se l ands Id el e r asses o ver t he

r eac .
p
I nd i ans, and w i th go o d reas o n ; fo r t h ey h ad no t

t h e w ee k , and c ou ld no t h a ve h ad it , s i nce t h ey

d i v i d ed t h e n h t zemer on i nt o t h i rty h o urs , w h i c h

/
y c

by fo ll o w i ng o ut th e s am e m e th o d wo ul d gi v e i
r se

to an e nt re i l y d i fferent se r es o f
i p l anetary re
gent s .

O n the o th er h and , th e I nd i ans h ad fro m th e

m os t anc ent i i
t m es ano th er d i v i s i o n o f th e sy no d i c al
m o nth , i nto t he li ght and the d ark hal f . The fi rs t
was l
c a c u at e l d fro m t h e ne w m o o nto th e full m o o n,
and t he sec o nd t o th e new m o o n a
gai n . Th i s
I nd i an d i v i si on w e fi nd re c urr i ng in th e d i stant

w est , v iz . in anc i ent I t al y . Th e Ro m an cal end a r,

b o rrow ed fro m t h e Tusc ans , e xh ibi ts it, o ny l w i th

t he d i fferenc e t hat t h e C al end s i nd i cat e no t so m uc h

th e new m oo n, as th e fi rst a
pp earance of th e l unar

c res c ent . But th e I d e s ou h

g t a l way s to co i nc i de
w i th th e full moo n, p ro v i d ed t hat t h e i gno ranc e of

th e Ro man p r i ests d id no t b ri ng t he l
c a endar i nto
d i so rd e r . In c onnec t o n i w i th th is bj ec t
su , th e

s i m i l ari ty , w e m i gh t a l m o st sa
y t h e i denti ty o f the

w o rd I dus w i t h I nd u, no m . S i ng . I ndus , an o l d

I nd i an name of th e m o o n, is e xt rem ely rem ar k abl e .

It e xtends even t o th e c h arac teri st ic u, and to t h e

 S C HL E GE L S PRE FA C E
'
. x l vii

fo rm o f d ec l ens i o n, e .
g I aubas , S ans c r i t, I n ubbia
. d .

‘
I h e nasal d ro p t in th e Lat i n, is
, su
p pli e d b y l ength
cu i ng th e v o we l i inth e S ansc ri t .

Bes i d es t h e t we l ve si gns o f the Zo d i ac t h e

I nd i ans h ad a sol fro m earl y t i m es ano th er d iv i s i o n

of it , i nt o th e se v en- n - w
a d t ent y N a ks ha tras , or

Ho uses of the Mo o n . Th ese sm all er c o nste ll at i o ns ,

com
p r i s ed in all so rts of fi gures , ev i d entl y refe rred

t o th e p er i o d i c al m o nth , and c o rres

p o nd e d t o th e
full num b er o f t h e d ay s of its d urat i o n . I n o rd er

to fill up t he b reac h , w h i c h h ad b e en negl ec ted ,

t h ey w e re i ncreased ,
as o ft en a s w as nec e ssary , t o

e i gh t -a nd -t w enty b y an i nt erc al at i o n . I t is e a sy to

s ee t h at t h ey c o u ld be o f no p rac t i c al use ; b ut im

p o rtanc e w as as c rib ed t o t h em fo r as tro l o gi c al p ur

p o s es . The A rab s a d o te d t h e N ak s h at ras fro m
p
t he I nd i ans , ca lli ng t hem H o us e s of the Mo o n; and
no t t h e re v e rse , as M o ntuc l a ass e r ted at rando m .

I n anc i ent t i m es , so far as I k no w ,

no t th e s li gh test
t rac e of t hem is to b e fo und e i th er in A i M i no r
s a

or in E gyp t .

Thes e p ro o fs are s uf c enfi i

t to Sho w th at in t he

t wo c o unt r es i essent a i lly d i fferent m eth o d s w e re

l in th e li c at i o n o f astro no m c a i l kno w
em
p o y ed a
pp
l ed g e and th e fanc i es o f astro o gy l t o th e re c ko ni ng
of i
t me . A n e x t ens i o n o f th e c o m p ar so n i t o th e
 x l viii S C H LE G E L’ S PRE F A CE .

re at annua l l wh ic h I l eav e to p ro fes sed

‘

g c y c es ,

a st ro no m er s , w o ul d furni s h the sam e r es u lt , v iz .

t h at in e ac h of th e t w o c o unt r es i th e s c e nc e a
i d

vanc ed i nd ep end ently and in a m anne r p ec uli ar t o

i tsel f and t h at t h e re is no n to su o se a c o m
,
r eas o
pp
m unic at io n of i nst ruc t i o n e i th e r fro m t h e o ne s ide
or fro m t h e ot h er .

Th e d o ub ts no w ex
p ressed in o
pp o s i t i o n t o t h e
s ent i m ents of t he a ut h o r are
g i v en o nl y as m y i nd i

i d ual v i ew s They gh t by no m e ans t o l o w er

'

v . ou

th e l
v a ue o f h is w o rk , w h i c h h as su
p p li ed t o m e
m any an i ncit em ent to furth er i nv est i gat i o n . Wh en
w e t h us vent ure up o n h i st o r i c a l i ti c i s m
cr , and a
p
ro a c h o ne ano t h er in a fi el d w h e re b o t h w i tnesses
p ,

a nd m o num ents fo rsak e us , w h at w e m eet w i th on

t he w ay is o ft en o f no l ess va l ue t h an t h e end

w h i c h it w as bj ec t t o att ai n
o ur o .

D r Pri c h ard h as subj o i ned t o h is w o rk a sepa

.

rat e t rea t i s e o n t h e C h ro no l o gy o f t h e a nc i ent

E gyp t i ans . H er e l
a so h is l e arned i nd us t ry d th e
an

i nte lli genc e o f h is p ro c ed ure ar e w o rt h y of a ll

c o m m e nd at i o n : I c anno t, h o w e v er , ac c o m
p any h im
furth er t h r ough a l aby r i nth of num b ers and
p ro p er
nam es . Th e m o st rec e nt d i sc o v eri es in t h e E gyp

t i an m o num ents h ave se t th e c red ibili ty of Maneth o

in t h e m o s t favo urabl e li ght . Wh ere t he auth o r
 S C HLE GE L S PRE F A C E
’
. i
xl x

re li es upon suc h stat em ents of t h e nat i o nal h i st o

r an as
i are unfo rt unat e ly reserve d on ly in frag
p
m ent s, h e h as littl e need to fear c ont rad c t o n i i . But
if we h ere nd t h ere
a
p erc e i ve a w ant of frank ness
and freed o m fro m p rej ud i c e , w e m ust c ons i d er th e

s i tuat i o n o f an Engli sh wr i ter in referenc e t o t h e

p ubli c wh o m h e add resses . We m ai ntai n the r ight

of h i st o r i c a l i nqui ry t o th e m o st p erfec t auto no m
y;
'

t h at is , we m a i nt ai n th at up o n th s i fi el d no fo re i gn
aut h o rity y h o w ever v ene ra bl e , ou
gh t t o i ntrud e .

B ut as
y et th i s p r inc i p l e is far fro m b ei ng i
un ver
.

sa lly rec o
gnized in E ngl and . D r Pr i c h ard , it is
.

t rue , j
r e ec t s th e hy p o th esi s , w h i c h w as ad vanc ed

by S c ali ger and M arsh am and m us t b e a b and o ned

o nc e fo r al l , t h at t h e d y nas t i es o f Maneth o were

c o ntem p o rary : b ut h e fall s up on ano th er meth o d

o f red uc t o n, i wh i c h is no th i ng b ett er , and c o use

q uent l y i nc li nes t o th e erro rs of th e .

h arm o ni sts ,

wh o fo r fi fteen h und red y ears h ave b een vai nly

l ab o uri ng t o b ri ng i nto s eem i ng acc o rd ance t h e
c o ntrad i c t i o ns o f t h e so c all e d p ro fane h i sto ry and
-

of th e t rad i t i o ns w h i c h ar e d eem ed sacre d .

Tim e h as c o nv ey ed t o us m any ki nds o f c h ro no

l ogy ; it is th e bus i ness o f h i s to r i c al cr i t i c i sm to

d i st i ngui sh b etw een th em and to es t i m ate t h ei r

l
va ue . The astrono m i c al c hro no l o gy c hanges p urely
d
 l S C H LE GE L S PR E F A C E
’
. .

t h eo ret ic c
y l
c es i nt o h i sto r i c al p i
er o d s ; the m yt h i
c al m ak es its w ay su
pp o rt e d by o b sc ure geneal o
bl es ; t h e h y p o t h et ic an i nv ent i o n of
g ic al ta is

e it h er i
anc e nt or m o d er n c h ro no gra p h er s and ,

l ast ly th e d o c um entar rest s up o n t h e p arall e l un

,
y
i nterrupt ed d em arc at i o n o f e v ents ac c o rd i ng t o a
l
s ett e d re c k o ni ng o f y ears Th e l ast a l o ne d eser v es
.

c a ll ed c hr o no l o
to b e gy in th e st r i c test sense ; it
b egins ,
h o w ev e r, m uc h l at e r th an is c o m mo ny sul p

p o sed . Had t h i s b een d uly c o ns i d ered ,

w e m i gh t

h av e d i sp ensed w i th m any an a ir - buil t s

ys t e m .

A . W VO N SCHL E GE L .

Bo nn, J anuary , 1 8 37 .
 PR E FA CE .

THE cel eb ratedPanth eon E gyptiorum o f

Paul E rnest J ab l o nsk i h as b een so l o ng a nd so

j ustl
y h eld in th e im atio n b y th e
h igh est e st

l earned, th a t a ny new a tte m pt to ex pl ain th e

riddl es o f th e anc ient E y ptian M y t ho l o y m a
g g y
seem, t o th o se w h o are ac
qua inted w ith th a t
work , to b e a su erfluo us
p a nd a h o el ess task
p .

T o m e, at l east, itp p ears so

a
p r o b ab l e th at suc h

w ill b e the impressio n w ith w hic h m any perso ns

Wil l read th e titl e of t h is vo l um e, th at I feel it
inc um b ent upo n m e to give so m e acc o unt of my
motives in o ffering it to th e Public .

T he fo ll o wing treatise o wes its ex ist ence, o r at

l eas t its pub licatio n in th e p resent fo rm, to so m e

o b serva tio ns w h ic h a l ate w riter of distinguishe d

l earning h as fo unded o n a review o f J abl o nsk i s
’

w ork .T h e fac ts w h ich it h as d evel o ped, h e

rem ark s, inevitab l y l ead us to the co ncl usion

th at th e E gyptian rel ig io n is t h e pro d uc e o f

th e c ountry, pecul iar to itself, and without any
ii PR E F A C E .

m arks offo reig n im pro ve ment or innov atio n .

I sis, O sir i s, A mmo un, T yph o n, and T h o th , a re

nat i ves of E g y pt, re c e ive th eir na m es fro m its

verna c u a r l l a nguag e, and w o rsh ip fro m its
”a
p h ysic a l si tua t i o n .
le

I f this c o nc l usi o n sh o ul d be ado t ed , and

p
it sh o u ld be a l o w ed
l th a t th e re l igio n and

ph il o so ph y, as w ell as th e l ang uag e, and al l t he

o th er
p o ssessio ns of
p p e , w ere
th e E g y p tian
l eo

p ec u ia r
l to th e m sel ves, a nd ent irel y unc o nnec ted

with th o s e wh ic h b el o nged to o th er natio ns o f

antiquit y , we sh al l perh a ps b e o bli
ged to a dmi t
th e infe renc e w h ic h h as b een d ed uc e d respe c ting
th e o ri
g in of th e E gy ptia n rac e th o ugh it
contradic ts th e testim o ny of th e S a c red R ec o rds,

th e earl iest m em o rial s of m ank ind , a nd is at

varianc e with th e g eneral o b servatio ns th a t resul t

Travel s J am es B ruc e, E sq t o d is c o v er th e so urc e o f

of .

t he N il e . Third ed itio n, A ppend ix t o Bo ok 1 1 , N o 1 ( by the .

l earned E dito r .
)
I t m ust b e re m ark ed t h at al t h o ugh t his is t h e co ncl usio n t o
w h ich Pro fessor M urray h as beenl ed by J abl o ns ki 3 wo r k, it
was by no m eans th e o pinio n o f t hat aut ho r him se l f O n t he .

contrary,h e regard ed t h e E gyp t ian m yt h o l o gy as al l ied in its

o rigin t o t hep ns o f E as ternA sia, and m e nt io ns t he

s u erstitio

w rit ings o f t h e B rah m ans am o ng t h e so urces w h enc e w e m a

y
ex p ec t t o d er iv e a furt h er an d m o st im p o rtant el uc id atio n o f
l

”
its d o c t rine s S ee P
.an t h eo n zi
E i
gyp t o r um , inpro l eg o m e nis .

1 Th e auth o r cited abo v e see m s t o infer t hat t h e E gypt ians

were a r ac e p ec ul iar t o A fric a, and o rigi nal l y d i sti nc t fro m th e

p o sterity o f N o ah and o f A dam .

 PR E F A C E . iii

fro m a surve
y th e of or
g aniz ed worl d, and th e
distrib utio n o f s pec ies o ver th e
gl o b e) I
e

I h ave b een ind uc ed b y th is c o nsideratio n to

ex am ine t he d ata fro m w h ic h th e c o nc l usio n

b efo re mentio ned h as b e en o b tained ; a nd th e

resul ts o f this inquiry , to g eth er w ith the g ro unds
o n w h ic h it h as p ro c ee d ed , are l aid b e fo re m y

rea d ersin the fol l o w ing pages .

I nth e c o m p o s i tio no f this w o rk , and part ic ul a rl y

in th e fi rst Bo o k m y l ab o ur h as b een g reatly
,

fac il itated b y th e a m pl e c o ll ec tio n o f p assag es

fro m th e anc ie nt w riters re ferring to E gypt, w hic h
is co m in h
rised
t e a e s o f J ab l o nsk i N o m an
p p g .

c an b e m o re w il l ing th an m y sel f to a d m it th e
h ig h m erits of this a uth o r, w h ose a c ut e ness a nd
ing enui ty w e re e ua
q l t o h is p ro fo und l earning ;
b ut it a
pp ears to m e th at h e h as b e en l ed into

so m e e rro rs, t h e resu t o f l his fo nd ness for refi ned

and erudite ex pl ana tio ns, an d fo r e l ic iting fro m

I h ave el s ewh ere d

e n e av o ured t o p ro v e t h at th e v ario us

b ranch es of m ank ind fo rm b ut on

pec ies, and t h at t h e L aw
e s

or M e t ho d o f N at ure , inrepl enis hing t h e earth w it h l o c o m o t ive

b eing s, h as b ee n t h e o riginal p ro d uc t io n o f o ne st o c k , o r
famil y in eac h sp ec ies, and th e s ub sequent disp ersio n o f it
‘

o ver t h e gl o be R es ear ches i nto the P hysica l H is tory of

.

M an . L o nd o n, 1 8 1 3 .

I n t h e l at e wo rk of M r L awrenc e, ent itl ed

. L ec t ures o n
”
Co m p arativ e A nato m y, and t h e N at ural H is to ry o f M an, t he
unity o f s pec ies in m ank ind h as bee n d emo nstrat ed w it h

re at ab il it y, and b a m o re c o m prehen sive s urve

y o f fac ts
g y
t h an any fo rm er writ er h as att em pted .
iv PR E F A C E .

su erstit io n d ig nified and

every o u ar
p p p l a

hil oso h i c a l m eanin A no th er c irc um stanc e

p p g .

h as b een unfo rtuna te, unl ess I am m is tak en, fo r

th e a c c ura c y of h is c o nc l usio ns : I m ean th e
und ue re l ianc e he
p l a c ed o n th e d o ub tful
evide nce o f ety m o l o g y fo r ,
w hic h a p ro fo u nd
'

ac quaintanc e w ith th e rem ai s n of th e 0 0 ptic

o ined eat fertil it
l ang uag e a nd l iterature, j to a
gr y
c o nec ture, see m s h a ve i en h im
of j to g v a

redi ec t o n
l i
p .

I n th e fo ll o w ing treatis e I h ave pl ac ed no

d epend anc e o n th at fa ll ac io us tes tim ony w hich
h as so o ften l ed t h e a nti quarian astra y , and

h ave c onfi ned m y sel f to th e e vid e nce wh ic h I

h ave b een ab e
l to co l e c t l fro m th e anc ient
autho rs, and fro m so m e ll ateral so urc es o f
co

info rm atio n th a t w ere scarcel y a c c essib l e t o th e

a uth or o f th e Panth eon . I t m ay b e o bj e c ted th at

I h ave transgressed th e li m its o f m y o rig inal pl an,
w h ich w as th e com o f th e E y tian
a riso n
p g p
do c trin
e w ith th e A siatic m yth o l o g ies, b y avail ing
m ysel f of th ese ve r y m y th o l o g ies fo r p l
ex aining
th e superstitio n o f E g yp t . B ut I h a ve o nl y
a l ied to this reso urc e und e r c erta in restric
pp
ti o ns w h ich h a ve , as I h o pe se c ured m e fro m
, ,

th e c h arg e o f reaso ning in a c i rcl e H aving .

o nc e entered u o n th e sub ec t, I b e c am e d esiro us

p j
of presenting m y readers w ith a s c o m pl ete an
acc o unt as th e ex i st i ng m a te ria l s enab l ed m e to

su
pply of t he E g yptian rel ig io n and ph il o so h y
,
p
 PR E F A CE . v

and, in o rd er to el uc id ate, as far as

p o ssibl e, a

s ub ec t
j invo l ved in no sm al l d eg ree o f o b sc urit
y,
I fo und it nec essary to ex a m ine th e rel atio ns

wh ic h this s stem
y of m y th o l o g y b ore to th e
do c trines and o b serva nces o f o th er natio ns .

A l th o ugh m y ul tim ate o bj e c t h as b een th e

ill ustratio n o f an h isto ric al questio n, I h a ve m ad e
no all usio n to it in th e fo ll o w ing treatise T he .

inferenc e s I w ish to d ed uc e a re suffi c ientl y

o b vio us .

I am no t w ith o ut so m e furth er h o pe th at th is
w o rk , as w el l a s ever y o th er c a reful researc h into

h eath ensuperstitio ns, m ay a l so tend to a no th er a nd

a no t l ess im ortan t resul t T h e m o re dil ig entl y
p .

ex a m ine t h e m o ral and reli

we g io us histo ry of

th ose natio ns w h o w ere d estitute o f th e l igh t of

reve atio n,
l th e stro n er
is o ur im p ressio n o f th eir
g
ex trem e d eb asem e nt a nd m ental d a rk ness, and th e
m o re j ust w ill be o ur estim ate o f th o se m ea ns by
wh ic h D ivine Pro vid enc e h as b een pl eased to
d el iver us fro m th e atro c io us b arb a ris m a nd
unm itigated d epravity , in whic h o ur pag an
a nc esto rs w ere invo l ved . T o th i s effec t a n atten
tive surve y o f th e l ig io us d og m as a nd prac tices
re

of th e m o st l ea rned peo pl e o f t he p rim itive wo rl d

w ill no t fa il to c ontrib ute its d ue sh are .

I c a nno t b ut b e sensib e o f l m a ny im perfe c tio ns

in a w o rk c o m po sed d uring th e m o m ents o f re ax
l
atio n fro m t h e d uties o f a n ac tive ro fessio n b ut
p
I am a ware t h at th e t rib unal o f c ritic ism is
vi PR E F A C E .

scarce ly to b e p ro pitiated b y a ny represent atio ns

of a riv ate o r p e rso na l na t ure, a nd t ha t I m ust
p
c ontent ud g ment th a t w ill
be to a w a it a
j
d epend on th e d eg ree of suc c ess w h ic h my
a t te m t sh al l b e th o u h t to h a ve a t ta ined .
p g

S ubj o ine d to the trea ti se on E g y ptian M ytho

l o g y is an A na lysis of th e R em a ins of th e Ch ro
no l o g y and H isto r y of th e sa m e of w h ic h
p eo p l e,
it is ne c essa r y to gi ve so m e ac c o unt, as th is is

no t l
c o se ly c o nne c te d w ith th e sc o
p e of the

re c e d in
p g w o rk .

T he h isto ric al rec o rd s o f nt E g yp t h ave

a nc ie

b een suppo sed to c a im

l a d eg ree o f antiqui ty,
whic h far ex c eed s th e d ura ti o n of th e h um an
ra c e, as d ed uc e d fro m th e Sa c red S c riptures .

Vario us p ex e d ients h ave b een d e v i sed fo r

rec o n

c ilin this d isc re anc , o f w h ic h t h e h y o th esis

g p y p
of S ir J o h n M arsh a m is th e m o st c e l eb ra te d .

Y et, it is a m e re h ypo th esis, and is fa r fro m

h aving th e sup
p or t, as I h a ve e nd ea vo ured to
sh o w , of h i sto ric a l ev i d enc e ,
as fa r as suc h
evid enc e c an be co ll ec ted .

My rea d e rs w i ll d e m a nd with w h a t p ro s ec t
p
o f suc c essI h a v e p res um e d to e nter upo n a fi el d
w hic h h a s b een so o fte n a b a nd o ne d in d es a ir ?
p
— w ith w h a t h 0 pe I h ave so l ic i ted th eir a ttentio n
to a d isquisitio n o n a m ass o f c o ntrad c to r i y frag .

ments whic h
, so m any l earned m en h a ve in va in
 PR E F A C E . vii

attempted to reduce into o rd er

? My pl y
re m u st

b e, that I b el ie ve m ysel f to h a ve fal l enb y c h a nce

upo n th e c l ue b y wh ic h th e eni
g ma is to be
so l ved . I n repeate dl y ex am ining the frag m ents
of th ese C h ro nic l es, I th o ugh t I p erceive d so m e

p h e no m ena th a t seem e d to ex pl ain th e princ ipl e

o n w hic h th e y w e re o ri ina lly c ons tr uc ted , a nd
g
pro m ise d to c o nnec t on th e wh o l e into
e sy ste m .

T h e m ore I investiga ted th e m atter, th e m o re I

b ec a m e c o nvinc e d th at I w as no t d e c e ive d b y
fal l a c io us pp earanc es,
a o r b y m erely a cc i d ental

c o inc id e nc es Of th i s,. h o w ever, m y rea d e rs w ill

no w ud ge I sh al on ly prem i se th a t, if I
j . l am

c o rrec t in m y c o n ec t ures,
j th e re is in rea l it y no
w a nt of h arm o ny b e tw een th e h i s to ri c a l rec o rd s

of t he nc ient E g y ptians and

a i ned t h o se c o nta

in th e o n t he c o ntra r y
Sac red S c riptures ; th at, ,

th e a nt iq uit y a s sum e d fo r th e E g y pt i a n na t i o n ,

fro m t h eir o w n arc h ives is fa r w i th i n th e era ,

assi n ed b y t h e c h ro no l o g y o f th e L X X fo r
g .

th e sec o nd o ri g i n o f m a nk ind .

T h e t rea tise o n E g y ptia n C h ro no l o g y w as

w ritten fo r th e m o st p ar t so m e y ea rs ag o ; and
, ,

I a vail m y sel f o f t h e present o p po rtuni ty o f

resen tin i t to t h e Pub l ic
p g .
 TA BL E O F C O N T E N T S .

—ii
vi C

I N T RO D UCT I O N .

O N T H E SO U R C E S O F I N F O R M A T I O N R E S PE CTI N G T H E
L E A RN I N G A N D M Y TH O L O G Y OF E G Y PT .

F o ur S o urc es of I nfo r m at io n . 1 . F acts r eco rd ed b y p erso nal

o b ser v ers . W rit ers of t h is c l ass subse ue nt t o q t h e M ac ed o

nian C o nq uest —Und er t he Pers ian E ra —U nde r th e K ingd o m

o f th e Ph arao h s . 2 . A nc ie nt Writ e rs on M yt h o l o g y—Pl ut arc h ,

Po rph yry M ac ro b ius , and

, o th ers . In quiry w h enc e th ese w rit ers
d eriv ed th eir i nfo r m atio n 3 . A nc ie nt Sc h o o l s , w h o se fo und ers
—
.

b o rro w ed t h e i r disc ipl ine fro m E gypt O rp h eus Pyt h ago ras , ,

Th al e s .4 Co m p ariso n o f t h e E g yp t ian F abl es and D o c

.

t rines w it h t h o se of t h e B rah m a ns C o p t ic E t y m o l o g ies

—1 7
.

fal l acies Pp 1
.

BOO K 1 .

O F TH E PO PU L A R R E L I GI O N OF TH E EG Y PTI A N S, COM .

PR E H E N D I N G T H E I R T H E O GO N Y, A N D T H E F A B UL O U S
H I S TO R Y
O F TH E I R G O D S .

C H A PTE R I .

OF T HE N A TU R E OF T HE E GY PT I A N GO D S I N G E N E R A L .

PA GE

Sec tio n I . D ifferent I deas resp ec t i ng th e N at ure of th e

X TA B L E OF C O N T E NTS .

YA GE

S ectio n I I . R eference t o th e M yth o l o g ies of th e G reek s

and R o m ans
S ec t io n I I I Test im o nies of the A nc ient Write rs pec t ing
—M
. re s

t h e E g y pt ia n M yth o l o g y in g e ne ral of D io d o rus

—
: ac ro

b ins —C h n E use b ius—I a m bl ic b us C o nc l usio n

aere m o .

S ec t io n I V A t t em pt t o p e ne t rat e furth e r i nt o t h e M eaning

.

o f th e E g yp tianF abl es A nal ys is o f th e O rp hic ZF ic t io ns,

.

and o t h e r m yst ical R ep resent at io n s d r iv ed f ro m E g pt

e y

C O MME N TA R Y O N C HA PTE R I .

N o te A O nt h e N ature o f th e E gyp t ian Go d s

.

N o t e B Ph ys ic al D o ct rine o f O c el l us
.

C H A PTE R I I .

O F THE W OR SH I P O F I S I S A N D O S I R I S, HORU S A N D T Y PEI ON

-
.

S ec t io n I . R e cap it ul at io n of t h e O rp h ic D o c t rine . O rph ic

D io nusns a nd D am at er, co m
p ared w ith O s ir is a nd I sis .

L eg end o f O siris and I s is

S ec tio n I I I nt erp retat io n o f t h e L egend o f I sis a nd O s iris
.

sec t io n I I I C o nt inuat io n o f t h e s am e subj ec t

. G eneral .

Co nc l us io n re s pec t ing th e nat ure of O s ir is . T yph o n,

H o rus , E g ypt ianTriad , H ar po c rat es, S erapis

C O MME NTA R Y O N C HA PTE R I I .

N o te A . O n th e F ive D e it ies of the I nt e rc al ary D ays

N o te B . O nC o p t ic E tym o l o g ies o f t h e nam e o f O s iris .

N o te B O n t h e I siac F est i v al

n
N o te C . G reat F est iv al of th e Per s ia ns
N o te D . E g yp tia n F est ival s and S ys t em of t h e C al e d ar

C HA PTE R I I I .

OF T HE OT H E R EG Y PT I A N GOD S

S ect io n1 . Of so m e E mbl emat ic al R eprese ntatio ns o f t h e S un 1 0 5

t

S ectio nI I . O f the h y po thesis o f J abl o nsk i, and so me o t h er

 TA B L E OF CO N TE N T S . XI

PA GE

w riters, p ecting S erap is , H arp o crat es, H o rus, J up it er

r es

A mm o n, H ercul es , and Pan .

Sect io n I II . A m m o n, or t h e E g y pt ia nJ upit er

Sect io n I V T h e E gypt ian H erc ul e s

.

Sec t io n V M end es, t h e E gypt ianPan

.
l
S ect io n VI Pap rem is, th e E g yp t i
.

S ec t io nVI I A nubis . .

S ec tio n VI I I . T ho th , th e E gyp t ian M er cury

C H A PTE R I V .

OF T HE E GY PT I A N G O D D E S SE S .

S ec t io n 1 . O f I s is
S ec tio n I I O f B ub astis , th e E g yp t ianD iana
S ect io nI I I O f E il et hyia
.

S ec tio n I V O f I s is in h er m al e fi c ent
. o r v ind ic t iv e c h aract er

T it h ram b o , H ecat e, or Brim o

S ect io n V N e ph th ys , o r Ve nus U rania
.

S ec tio nVI B ut o , o r L at ona

.

C O M ME N TA R Y O N C H A PTE R I V .

on J ab l o nsk i O p inio n pec t ing B ub ast is

’
R em ark s e r es or

S UPPL E ME N T T 0 B O O K I .

O f t h e E gyp tianG o d s,

BO OK II .

O N TH E PH I L O SO PH I CA L D O C TRI N E , CO S M O G O N Y , E TC .

O F TH E E G PT I A N S Y .

CH A PTE R I .

I N QU I R Y I N TO T HE E S OT E R I C PH I L O SO P HY OF THE

EG Y PT I A NS R E SP E C T I N G T H E S U P RE M E D E IT Y ,
A ND T HE O R I GI N OF T HE WORLD .
xfi TA B L E or CO N TE NT S .

A nal ys is o f th e O rph ic a nd Pyth ago rean C o sm o go nies F rag — u se

m e nt s r ef err ing t o t h e E gyp t ian Co s m o go ny c o m pared

w it h t h e fo rego i ng

C H A PT E R I I .

or THE D O CT R I NE or A L T E RN A T E D E ST R U C T I O N S A N D

RE N OV A TI O N S or T HE W O RL D .

S urve y of t h is D o c t rine as it o c c urs i n t h e Ph il o so ph y of th e

G rec ian S c h o o l s —C d est ruc t io n b y Wat er

a t ac l ys m , or

E c p y ro sis , o r d es t r uc t io n by F ire C o nnectio n o f t h ese .

e v e nts w it h A st ro no m ical Pe rio d s, and w ith t h e M o ral

C o rrupt io n o f t h e H um an R ac e . D erivatio n of t h is
d o c t rine fro m E g yp t

S UPPL E M E N T TO C HA PTE R II .

I l l ust ratio n o f t h e fo rego ing Fic tio n, fro m th e F abl es o f o ther

N atio ns o n o u t . c t 9 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 o 0 0 o o -o o o o c o o .

C HA PTE R II I .

Y PT I A N S
'

O PI N I O N S o r T H E E G R E S PE C'r m o T HE F A TE o r T HE

DEA D.

Mo t iv es fo r em b al m i ng B o dies —Ul im A l l o tm ent o f th e

—E
t ate

S o ul m anat io nfro m , a nd R efusio n into t h e D eity

S U PPL E M E N T TO C HA PTE R I I I .

F urt h er il l us t rat io n of th e E g ypt ian D o c t rine res ec t i

p ng t h e
S o ul . C o m p ariso n o f t h e E g yp t ia nPs yc h o l o gy w it h t h at
Of th e Hind o o s 21 3
 T A B LE or C O N T E N TS .

BO O K I I I .

A TTE M PT T O I L L U S T R A T E TH E E G Y PTI A N M Y TH O L O GY,

BY CO M PA R I N G I T WI T H T H E S U PE RSTI TI O N S
O F TH E E A S T .

C H A PTER I .

I N T R O D U CTI O N .

Sec tio n I . Prel im inary

Sec tio n I I . G ene ral O bser v at io ns o n th e H ist o ry o f t h e I nd ian
M yt h O IOgY u o O o o o . . d o -o Q O Q Q Q Q O O o o o o o o c c o o t o o .

C H A PT E R I I .

O U TL I N E OF T HE H I S T O RY OF T HE H I N D OO Y
M THO L O G Y .

S ec t io n I . D o ctr ine o f t h e E m anat io n and T ransm igratio n o f

So ul s
S ec t io n I I . O f t h e B el ief in A st ro l o gy, and o f th e Wo rship
of N ature
S ec t io n I I I O f t h e D o c t r ine of T w o Princ ip l es
S ec tio nI V O f t h e Sys t em o f Pant h eis m
.

Sectio nV Co nt inuat io n o f t h e s am e s ubj ec t

. . S uccessio n o f
Ph il o so ph ical D o c t rines and M yt h o l o g ies int h e E ast

C HA PT ER I I I .

C O M PA R I S O N B E TW E E N T HE S U C C E S S I ON OF S U PE R ST I TI O N S

IN T HE E A S T, A ND T HE H I STO RY OF Y
M T H OL O G Y
IN E GY PT .

Sec tio n I . G eneral Resem bl ance s b e tw een t h e I ndian and

E gyp t ian Myth ol o gies in t h e C o nc ept io n of t h e D ivin e
N at ure
S ec tio nI I . O f t h e F o rm s of E ast ern M yth o l o gy , t o w hich
th e S uperstitio n o f E g yp t is p art ic ul arl y re l ated I ndian .

I swara, o r R ud ra, co m pared w ith O s iris a nd Typh o n

Compariso n
 TA B L E OF CO NT E N TS .

PA G E

S ec t io n I I I . I nd ia nF abl es r el at ing t o Vis h nu , c o m p ared w ith

t h e E gyp t ian M yt h o l o gy . F ic t io ns p ec t ing Vish nu

res

res e m b l ing t h o se th at w e re c o nnec t e d w it h H o r us

S ec t io n I V . E so t e ric Ph il o s o p h y of t h e E g y p tia ns , co m p are d

w ith t h e D o c t rines of th e H i nd o o s, i n t h e e arl ies t p er io d s
E g yp t ia n a nd H ind o o C o s m o g o nies, & c .

S ec t io n V . G e ne ral I nfere nc es res

p e c t ing t h e O rigin a nd
H isto ry of M vth o l o g y

BO O K I V .

O F TH E E X O TE R I C O R PO P U L A R WO RSH I P O F TH E
EG Y PTI A N S , A N D O F T H E V A R I O U S C I VI L
I N ST I T U T I O N S E M A N A T I N G F R O M
TH E I R R E L I G I O N .

C H A PTE R I .

OF TH E W O RS H I P OF A N I MA LS A ND P L A N TS .

S ec tio n I . I ntro d uc t o ry R e m ark s

S ec t io n I I O f t h e Venerat io n p a id t o A nim al s in g e ner al
S ec t io n I I I . O f th e Wo rsh ip of Quad r up e d s 1 . O f O x en .

O f D o gs 3 O f C a ts 4 O f th e Wo l f 5 O f the
R
. . . . . . .

am . 6 O f t h e G o at
.
7 . . O f th e D e er . 8 O f M o nk eys
nd A pes 9 O f th e I c h ne um o n 10 O f t h e Sh r ew
'

a . . . .

M o us e 1 1 . . O f t h e L io n . 12 . O f t h e H ip p o p o t am o s . 13
O f I m p ure A nim al s
S ec t io n I V . O f th e Wo rsh ip of B ird s : 1 . O f t h e H aw k
2 . O f th e C ro w . 3 O f t h e V ul tur e . 4 . O f t h e E agl e .

5 O f th e I b is . 6 . O f th e Go o se
S ec t io n V . O f fab ul o us B ird s w h ic h a re t rac ed in t h e E g yp
t ia n M yth o l o g y . Th e Ph oenix
S ec t io n VI . O f th e W o rsh ip of R e p t il es , I nsec ts , F is h es,
Pl ant s , &c . 1 . O f t h e C ro c o d il e . 2 . O f S e rpe nt s . 3 . Of
I ns ec ts . 4 . O f F ish es . 5 . O f Pl ant s . 6 . O f S to nes . .

S e c t io n VI I O f t h e M o t i v es w h i c h l e d t h e E
g yp t ians t o
.

t h e W o rsh ip o f A nim al s and Pl a n ts D ifferent O p inio ns .

o n t h is s ubj ec t H ypo th esis o f D io d o rus and Pl ut arch

.
 TA BLE OF CO NT E NT S .
xv

PA GE

H ypo th esis L uc ian and D up uis T r ue E x p l anatio n, s up

of .

p o rt ed b y th e t estim o nies o f Po rp h yry, Pl ut arc h , a nd

'
.

—
D io d o rus E gypt ianA y at ars, o r I ncarnat io ns o f t h e Go d s
E x pl anat io n o f t h eWo rsh ip o f Pl ant s and S to nes
S ec t io n VI I I O f t h e Wo r sh ip o f M e n
.

S ec tio n I X O f t h e A nt iquit y o f t h e Wo rsh ip o f A nim al s

. in
E gyp t M

N O TE O N B O O K I V C H A PTE R I . .

C o nfi rm at io n o f t h e fo rego ing ex pl anatio n f ro m th e Fic t io ns o f

t h e H ind o o s ;
‘
1 . O f th e sac red Quad rup e d s o f t h e H ind o o s .
2 . O f t h eir sac re d B ird s . 3 . O f t h e ir s a c re d F ish es
R ep t il es, and I nanim at e O bj ec t s

C H A PTE R I I .

OF S A C R I F I C E S, F E ST I VA L S, A ND R E L I GI O U S CE R E M O N I E S

OF T HE EG Y PTI A N S .

N o t io ns c o n ec t edn w ith t h e Pe rfo r m anc e of S ac r ifi c e . Of

H um an S ac rifi c es O f t h e S ac r ifi c es of A ni m al s — f S wm
o e

—f —f G
.

of B ul l s o Sh eep o o at s . O f C e r e m o nies rel at in

g
t o T yph o n . A nnual F es t iv al s of th e E g yp t ians

C H A PTE R I I I .

OF THE C I VI L I N ST I T U T I O N S O F THE E G Y PT I A N S .

S ec t io n I D is tri but io n o f th e Peo pl e int o C ast es E num e

’

.
.

r atio n o f t h e C as t es , a nd D esc r ipt io n o f th e m

S ec t io n I I . D es c r ipt io n o f th e H ierar c h y or H e red it ary Pr iest

h o o d, and it s S ubd iv isio ns

S ec tio n I I I . R el ig io us O b servanc es of t h e S acerd o t al C l ass

N O TE O N B O O K I V . C H A PTE R I I I .

I ll ust rat io ns d eriv ed fro m th e I nst itut io ns of th e Hindo o s

 CON T E N TS

O F THE

CRITI CA L E XA M IN A T I O N O F TH E RE M A INS O F
E GYPTI A N CH R O N O LO GY .

PA R T I .

S U R VE Y O F TH E S O U R CE S O F I N F O R M A TI O N .

C O M PI L A TI O N O F M A TE R I A L S .

PA GE

S ect io n I . O rigin of H is to ry . Pro b abl e A nt i uity q of th e

O l d e st R ec o rds
S ec t io n I I . q
A nt i uit y of t h e E g ypt ian Reco rds. H isto r ic al
Bo o k s . I nsc ript io ns . S yr ing es
S ec t io n I I I . A ut h o rs fro m w h o m w e h ave receiv ed I nfo r
m at 1 o n r es p ec t i ng t h e E g y p t ia n H ist o ry . M aneth o n .

U nk no w n A ut h o r of t h e O l d C h ro nicl e . E rat o s t h e nes .

S y nc el l us . Pto l em y of M e nd es . A p io n . Ch mremo n .

H e ro d o t us . D io do rus, a nd o t h ers .

S ec t io n I V . C o py of t he O l d C h ro nic l e a nd t he C h ro ni c l e

Of M anet h o n
S ec tio n V C o m pariso no f t h e t wo fo r ego ing Chro nic l es
S ec t io n VI . Series of S yncel l us
S ec t io n VI I . E g yp t ian C h ro no l o g y ac co rd ing t o H ero d o t us

a nd D io d o ro s S ic ul us
S ect io n VI I I Remains o f th e L aterc ul us
. of E rato sth enes
xviii TA B L E OF C ONT E N TS .

PA R T I I .

A NA L Y SI S O F T H E F O RE GO I N G D O C U M E N T S .

S ec t io n I . Prel i m inary O bser v at io ns

S ec t io n II . D at e s o f th e Eg y pt ia n C h ro no l o gy c o m p ut ed

up w a rd , fro m t h e Pers ian q

co n ues t to the ac c ess io n o f

S ec t io n I II . D at es Of t h e E g y p t ia n C h ro no l o gy c o m p ut e d

u p w a rd s f ro m Ps am m it ic h us t o t h e p erio d w h e n E g ypt
b eca m e s ubj ec t t o t h e E t h io p ia n

S ec t io n I V O f t h e F o ur D y nast ies w h ic h p rec ed e d t h e

.

E t h io p ia n C o nq uest , v iz t h e 2 1 5 t , 22d , 23 d , a nd 2 4 t h
—O f
.

S ec t io n V . Of t h e l 9 t h a nd 2 ot h D y nas t ies the 1 8 th

D ynas t y, a nd th e Pe rio d of th e E x o d e O f th e I srael it es

—
fr o m E g y p t H is t o ry o f t h e H vc s o s fro m M a net h o n
H y c s o s ex pel l ed b y Te th m o s is H yc so s ex p el l ed b y A m e —
no p h is , und e r t h e g uid a nc e of O sa rs ip h , or M o ses . H ist o r y
of the E x o de , as r el at ed b y C h mre m o n, L ys im ac h us ,
A p o l l o m us , Tac it us, D io do ro s D at e . Of t h e E xo d e, as

d ed uc ed fro m E g y pt ia n H is to ries
S ec t io n VI O f t h e fi rst S e v e nt eenD y nas t ies i nt h e Ch ro nic l e
of M a ne t h o n . Princ ip l e s on w h ic h t h is C h ro nic l e w as

c o ns t r uc t ed . D at e o f the C o m m e nce m e nt of t h e E g y p t ian

M o narc h y
S e ct io n VI I . C o nne c t io n of t h e E arli er a nd L ate r Par t s of

t h e E g y pt i a n C h ro no l o g y . G eneral S ur v e y of t h e S yst em

of the E g yp t ian Ch ro nic l es

C O N C L U SI ON .

N O TE S T o T HE T RE A TI S E ON T HE EG Y PT I A N C H RO N O L O GY .

N o te A . O n th e R e m ains of q
R e m o te A nt i uity, preser ved in
t he Bo o k Of G e nes is
No te B . O nt h e S c ript ural D at e o f t h e b uil d ing of So l o m o ns ’

Te m pl e . a nd of t he E xo de
N o te C O n th e D ate
. of th e T roj an War
 IN TRODU CTI O N .

O N TH E S O UR CE S O F I N FO RMA TI ON RE SPE CTIN G TH E

L E A RN I N G A ND M Y TH OL O GY O F E GYPT .

THERE are fo ur s o urces w h enc e w e m ay c h i efl

y
e x p ec t t o d e r i ve i nfo rm at i o n resp ec t i ng th e l earni ng,
th e i ti o us nd th e l igi o us
su e rs t
p p rac ti c es, a re fabl es .

o f th e anc e n
it E g y p ti ans .

T h e m o st i mp o rtant of th ese, s i nc e it a ffo rd s us

info rm at i o n o f th e m o st a uth e nt i c d esc ri p ti o n, is t o
b e fo und inth e w o rk s o f a few a nc i ent w ri t ers w ho
v s i i ted E gy pt , a nd w h o h ave d esc rib e d wh at th e y
p erso nally w i tnesse d .

T h e p o wer o f th e E g y p ti anh i erarc h y h ad d ec li ne d

fro m th e a
ge of Ps am m itic h us wh o , r ged fi rst e nc o u a

t h e i nt e rc o urse o f h is s ubj e c ts wi th fo reig ners a nd ,

t h ereby e nd ang ere d t h e infl uenc e o f t h o s e s up er

s t itio ns w h i c h d uri ng s o m e th o us and y e ars h ad
, ,

m ainta i ne d th e c i mp ressed by a nc i ent

h arac ter
ri est c ra ft o n th e p e o p l e o f E g y p t B ut t h e con
p .

q uest o f th e w h o l e c o untry by t h e a rms o f Pers i a ,

t h e w anto nty ranny o f C a m by ses a nd th e c o nt i nual ,

d i sc o unt e nanc e w h ic h t h e o l d rel ig i o n s ustai ned

w h il e E g y pt was und er th e d o m i nio n o f a nat i o n
w h o w ere d i sp o sed t o p ersec ute id o l atr y mus t ,

B
 2 on
m r no nv c r n .

h ave i ntro d uc e d m a ny i m p o rta nt i nno vat i o ns o n th e

a nc i e nt s y st e m I t is p ro b a bl e t h a t s o m e fo rm er
.

r i te s w ere d isc o nt i nued d uri ng th i s p eri o d t h e p ri ests ,

fi nd i ng t h e m no l o ng er p ra c t i c a bl e o r t h e p eo p l e
,

b e i ng d e terred fro m t h e p er fo rm anc e o f th e m .

A fter th e M a c e d o ni a n c o nq uest t h e s ta t e o f th i ngs

,

w a s a g ai n al te re d T h e G re e k s b o re no e nm i ty t o
.

th e s up ers t i ti o ns o f E g y p t : t h e y w e re a w are t h at
th i s c o unt ry h a d b e e n t h e c rad l e o f t h e i r o w n m y th o
l ogy T h e Pto l e m i e s w ere d es i ro us o f ga i ni ng th e
.

affec t i o ns o f th e nat i ve p eo p l e a nd th e y p a tro ni sed

,

t h e p ri est h o o d. T h e i d o l a tro us w o rs h i p o f E g yp t
re c o v e re d a p o r ti o n o f its fo r m e r s l e nd o ur ; b ut its
p
feat ure s no w b o re an i m p ress i o n in m a ny resp ec ts
d i ffe re nt fro m th at o f a nt iq ui ty T h e ri te s a nd th e
.

fi c ti o ns o f th e fo ll o we rs o f H erm es w e re bl end e d w i th
th e e x o t i c c usto m s a nd p h il o so p h y o f t h e i r E uro p ean
c o nq uero rs . T h e a sp ec t o f th e nat i o na l m a nne rs
a nd r eli i o n w a s l ess e nui n e and l ess e c uli a r
g g p .

F ro m th e t i m e o f th e fi rs t Pto l e m i es t h e m t ho l o
y
,

i c al l e ar ni n a nd s u ers ti t i o no f E y t und e r w e nt a
g g p g p
g rad ual d ec li ne b ut susta i ne d no g re at c a tastro p he
, ,

unt i l th e p er i o d wh e n th ey w e re d o o m e d fi na ll t o
y
va n i sh to ge th e r w ith al l o the r fo rm s o f i d o l at ry b e
, ,

fo re t h e i nc re as i ng li gh t o f C h ri stiani t T he c o n
y .

q uest o f E g yp t b y th e R o m ans intro d uc e d no s ud d e n

c h a ng e a nd t he o ld reli i o no nl s uffe re d by th e d eca
,
g y y
o f o ul e n c e a nd th e fa il ure o f l o c a l at ro n w h i ch
p ,
p a
g e ,

nat urall y e ns ued in c o nse q ue nc e o f th e re d uc ti o n o f

,

th e c o unt ry t o t h e c o nd i t i o n o f a ro vi nc e A s l ate as
p .

th e t i m e o f S tra b o t h ere w ere p e rso ns w h o as s um e d

,

th e c h arac t er a nd p rete ns i o ns o f t h e o rd e r o f S ac re d
S c rib es th e d ep o si tari es o f th e H erm eti c l earni n
,
g .
 SO URCE S OF I N F O R M A TI O N . 3

T he go d s o f t h e E g y pti ans w e re s till fe d in th e i r

old

anc i e nt te m p l es no r d o es it app e a r th a t any att e mp t

w a s m a d e to l ant t h e m w i t h G re c i a n o r R o m a n
s up
p
i d o l s T h e wo rsh i pp ers o f s e rpe nts a nd cro c o d il es
.

h ad i nd ee d t o e nc o unte r t h e b ant e r and r i d i c ul e o f

t h e G re e k s ; b ut so fa r w a s th i s fro m p ut ti ng t h e m to
sh a m e o r l o o se n
, i ng t he h o l d o f t h e i r s up e rsti ti o n ,

th a t th e y b o re t ri um ph antl y i nto t h e c o untry o f t h e i r

c o nq ue ro rs t h e s tra n e m a i c al c ere m o n i es o f t h e i r
g g
nat i ve p ri es ts ; a nd th e p o m p s a nd m ys te ri es o f I sis
a nd O s i ri s e v e n in th e m e tro o li s o f t h e c i v iliz ed
, p
w o rl d d i s p ut e d th e p a l m w i th J up i te r o f th e C ap i t o l
'

.
,

T h e h i sto ry o f E gyp ti a n s up e rs ti t i o n th us d i v i d es
its e l f i nto th re e p eri o d s I ts g o l d e n ag e w as w h il e
.
,

t h e p o w er o f th e h i erarc h y w a s unb ro k e n b e fo re th e ,

Pers i a n c o nq ue s t o r th e intro d uc t i o n o f fo re i g n
,

m a nne rs T h e s e c o nd p e ri o d c o mp ri s e s th e t i m e
.

w h i c h e l a p se d fro m t h i s e ra t ill t h e ac c essi o n o f t h e

Pto l e m i e s T h e t h i rd b e g i ns w i th th e re i g no f L a g us
.
,

a nd e nd s w i th th e e x ti nc t i o n o f Pag a ni s m .

T h e i nfo rm ati o n t o b e d e r i v e d fro m trave ll ers in

E gy p t is to b e p riz e d ne arl y in p ro p o rti o n to th e
an ti q ui t y o f th e w ri ters T h e ac c o unts o f th o se wh o
.

v is i t e d t h i s c o un t ry d uri ng t h e t h i rd p er i o d a re l es s

Va l ua bl e th a n th e t e st i m o nie s o f th e fe w t rave ll ers

w h o s urve y e d it w h il e und er t h e Pers i a n s w a y ; and

t h e l at ter m a y b e s upp o s e d to affo rd us l ess g enui ne
i nfo rm ati o n t h an w e m i ght h ave o b tai ned fro m th e
a
ge f t h e Ph ar ao h s
o .

l
W e k no w th e na m es o f seve ral G rec i an travell e rs
b e fo re the ih
w h o fre q ue nted th e E gy p t i an c o ll e ges
v a sio n o f C a m by ses ; s uc h as O rph e us T h al e s a n d , ,

Py th ago ras T he l atter o f th ese p h i l o so p hers is sai d

.
 4 I N TR O D U CT I O N .

t o h ave en
j o y ed mo re x te ns i v e O pp o rtuni ti es o f in
e

s truc t i o nt h a n an o f h is c o untry m e n T h e great es t

y
.

m i s fo rt une is th at if th e se t rave ll e rs w ro te a ny
,

a cc o unts o f w h at th e y w i t nes s e d no n e h ave s urv i ved

,

t o o ur t i m es .

T h ere is o nly o ne auth o r wh o h as furni sh e d us w ith

a rec o rd O f h is p ers o na l o b serva t i o n in t h e ki n gd o m
o f t h e Ph ara o h s M o s es w a s ed ucated int h e l earn
.

ing o f th e E g y p ti ans ; h is ac c o unts are th e m o st a u

t h e nt ic and th e i nfo r m a t i o n th e y affo rd is e x t re m e ly
,

v a l ua bl e th o ugh it is li m i t e d : it w as n
,
o t th e d e si
gn
o f th i s h i sto ri a n t o g rat i fy t h e c uri o s i ty o f m o d e rn
*

p h il o so h e rs
p .

D uri ng t he re i gnO f th e Pe rs i ans Eg y p t w as v i si ted ,

by H ec ataeus H ero d o t us and Pl ato T h e w o rk s o f

, ,
.

t h e fo rm er h av e p eri sh ed w i th t h e e x c ep ti o no f a few
,

frag m e nts ; and th e l a tte r h as l e ft no na rrat iv e O f h is

v o ya ge H ero d o t us is o ur g re ates t a uth o ri ty : w e
.

h ave o nly t o re g re t th a t e i th er th ro ugh igno ra nc e

‘

, ,

o r in fl uenc ed by p rud e nt i a l m o ti ves h e h as c o nc eal ed ,

m any c i rc um stanc es r el at i ng to th e E gyp ti ans up e r

s t it io n o f w h i c h w e m i g h t h av e h o ed fo r an a m l e
, p p
e x l anat i o n B ei ng e nt i re l y ig no rant o f th e E gyp
p .

t i a n l ang uag e h e w a s w h o lly d ep e nd a nt o n t h e

,

info rm at i o ng i v en him b y interp reters .

D io d o rus Sic ul us a nd S tra b o s aw E g y p t und e r

, ,

t h e C ae sars T h ese w ri te rs ap p ear to ha ve g i ve nus

.

fait h ful acc o unts o f al l t h at t h e y w i tnessed F ro m .

T ac i t us A tnm ianus M arc e lli nus and s o m e o th er

, ,

R o m ans we d e ri ve th e k no wl e d g e o f a fe w fac ts
, .

II . A m uc h l arger po rti o n o f i nfo rmati o n tho ugh ,

no t al to geth er o f s o a uth e n t i c a d esc ri t i o n is

p ,
 s o uncs s or I N F O R M A TI O N . 5

co ntai ned inth e wo rk s O f s ev era l w ri ters o f a d i ffe re nt

c l ass,
wh o fl o uri sh e d s ub se q ue ntly to th e co nq uest
o f E y t by th e M ac ed o n i ans T h ese were ch i efly
g p .

p e rso ns O f a ninq ui s i t i ve t urn w h o li vi ng ina m o re

, ,

en li ghtened age th anth ei r p red ec esso rs h ad i mbib ed ,

t h e no t i o n d ang ero us to t h e e sta bli sh ed rel i i o ns O f

,
g
t h e Paganwo rl d , th at its m yth o l o i c al tal es w ere no t
g
to b e rec e i v ed in th e i r li te ra l s ense, b ut r e q ui red a

p h il o so p h i c al a naly s i s in o rd er t o d ev e l o p e tr uth s
,

w h i ch h ad b e en c o nc ea l e d in m ysteri o us l ang uage

by the a nc i ent h i ero p h a nt s T h i s h o wever w as th e
.
, ,

l a st stand m ad e by Paga ni sm a ga i nst th e v i c to ri o us

a d va n c es o f a urer fa i th I n t h i s co ntes t t h e
p .

a d vo cates O f th e o l d re li i o n t urn ed th ems el ves t o

g
e ve ry q uarte r w h e re t h e y h o ed to fi n d so m eth i ng
, p
t h at affo rd ed a ne x c use fo r fo rm er p rac ti c es ; and in
a t te m p t i ng t o d e fend t h e fab l e s O f p o ly th ei s m th e y ,

w ere c o ntente d a nd e ve n a nxi o us t o reso l ve th e m

, ,

a ll i n to a ll eg o ri e s T h ese p re tensi o ns th o ugh th e y

.
,

a p ear no t t o h av e b ee n w h o lly W i th o ut fo un d ati o n

p ,

w e re resi sted by t h e C h ri s ti a n fath ers ; and in t h e

c o urs e O f t he c o n tro ve rs y w h i c h e ns ued m any c u ,

r io us d o c um e nts were b ro ugh t t o li gh t w h i c h w o ul d ,

o th e rwi s e h a ve p eri sh e d in o bli v i o n a n d wh i c h ,

co n trib ute t o t h ro w v e ry i m p o rtant li gh t up o n th e

h i s to ry o f Paganri tes a nd fa bl e s
“

T h e m o st j ud i c i o us O f th e ap o l o g i sts o f Paga ni s m ,

a re Pl utarc h a n d M acro bi us who p ro fe ss t o fo und

,

t hei r i n t e rp re tati o ns o f a nc i e nt fabl es o nth e re m a i ns

o f m y s t i c al li terat ure a nd m y th o l o g y Po rph y ry .
,

w h o l ived a t a p eri o d w h e n th ese s ubj ect s w ere

'

k e enly ag i tated p o ssessed t h o ugh und er th e in

, ,

fl ue nc e O f stro ,
ment,
ng p rej ud ices great d iscer n and
6 I N T R O D U CT I O N .

a n unc o m m o n sh are o f e rud itio n. I a m bl ic b us w as a

s tre nuo us v o tar y O f th e o c c ul t sc e nc es ,

i a nd full of

t h e w o rst m y s t i c i s m l e x a nd ri ne s c h o o l ; y e t
Of th e A

his w o rk s c o nta i n v al ua b l e i nfo rm a t i o n re sp ec t i ng

t h e p rev a ili ng O pi ni o ns o f t h e m o s t l e a rne d Pa g a ns
o f h is O w n a n d o f p re c ed i ng a g es B ut t h e m o st .

c o m p e nd i o us an d i ns truc t i ve w ri t e r is D i o d o ro s w h o ,

m us t b e m e nt i o ned a l so a m o ng t h e aut h o rs o f t h i s
c l as s
,
s i nc e h e h as n o t c o nfi ne d h i m s e l f t o g i v i ng us
t h e frui t o f h is o w n p e rs o na l O b se rva ti o n b ut h as ,

c o l l ec t e d w h ate ve r b e d ee m e d m o st va l ua bl e fro m

o th er w ri t ers .

I n t h e s a m e d ep artm e nt w e m ay rec k o n sev e ral

F ath e rs O f th e C h urc h as C l e m e ns O ri g e n E use bi us
, , , ,

a nd A u ustin w h o
g ,
in th e i r w ri t i ngs in re fut at io n O f
,

Pagani s m h ave p res e rved m any e x trac ts fro m v a ri o us

,

a uth o rs w h o se w o rk s a re l o st
, .

T h e v a l ue O f mo s t o f th e se r e m a i ns d ep end s o n
th e so l ut i o n O f t h e i nq uiry fro m w h at q uarte rs
,

th e a uth o rs d e ri v e d t h e i r ma te r i al s W as th ere a ny .

o ri i n a l an d enui ne fun d O f anc i e nt l ite ra t ure an d

g g
p h il o so p h y fro m wh i c h t h ey h av e d raw nt h e i r e l uc i
,

d at i o ns ? o r h ave th ey o nl y g i v e n us th e re v e r i es Of
G re c i an spec ul a to rs ? T h i s is a q ue st i o nwh ic h it is
no t easy t o d e te rm i ne s atis fac t o rily .

I t see m s i nd e e d to b e unq uest i o na bl e t h at a great

, , ,

numb e r o f b o o k s w e re p res erve d in t h e E y ti an r

g p
te mp l es c o mp o se d at v ari o us t i m es by l e a r ned m en
,

o f th e sa c e rd o tal o rd er wh i c h t reat ed O f t h e d i ffe re n

, t
b ranch es o f p h il o so ph y and m yst i c al l earnin T h ese
g .

were c all ed H e rm ai c b o o k s o r b o o k s o f H erm e s ; t he

,

nam e im po rting no t th at th e y h ad b ee n al l w ri tte n

,

b y the sage wh o b o re that c el eb rated nam e b ut th at ,

 S O U R CES OF I N F O R M A TI O N . 7

th e a uth o rsw ere p erso ns favo ured a nd i nspi ed by r

th e g o d o f w i sd o m
ale
C l e m ens i nfo rm s us t h at th i rty
.

s ix O f th ese b o o k s w e re carrie d by th e se v e ra l o rd e rs

of
p i
r e s ts li g i o us p ro c essi o ns in ho no ur O f
in th e re

I si s . T h ese w ere th e b o o k s wh i c h it w as nec essary

fo r th e d i ffe rent c l asses o f p ri e sts to stud y ino rd e r to ,

l earn th e i r resp ec t i ve d uti es T he fi rst co nta i ned .

th e h y m ns t h at w e re to b e sung in h o no ur o f t h e

go d s ; t h e sec o nd p rec ep ts re ferri ng to t h e d uti es

,

a nd c o n d uc t o f t h e ki ng F o ur b o o k s t re at e d o f
.

a st ro l o y th e o s i t i o ns O f th e fix ed s tars t h e c o n
g p, ,

j unc ti o ns O f th e s unand m o o n a nd th e risi ngs o f the ,

h e avenl y b o d i e s w i th re ferenc e as it sh o ul d s e e m
, , ,

t o t h e p red i c t i o ns fo und e d up o n th em T he t e n .

h i e ro g ly p h i c a l b o o k s c o m pri se d c o sm o grap h y ge o ,

ra h y t h e m o ve m e n t s o f th e s un a nd m o o n a n d
g p , ,

fi ve p l a ne ts ; t h e t o p o g rap h y o f E g yp t a nd th e N il e ;
a d es c r i ti o n o f t h e i ns tr um e n ts used in sac rifi c e a nd
p ,

t h e p l ac es a p p o i nt e d fo r its c e l e b ra ti o n T e n o th er .

b o o k s d esc ri b ed t h e h o no urs to b e p a i d to t he g o d s ,

and t h e m e th o d o f t h e E gyp tian r i tes r es e c ti n

p g ,

s ac rifi c es fi rst frui ts h y m ns p ra y ers p ro c e ss i o ns

,
-
, , , ,

fe st i v al s and o th e r s i m il ar m at t ers
,
T e n b o o ks .
,

w h ic h w ere d i s t ing ui s h e d b y th e t e rm S a cer d o ta l ,

c o m r i se d t h e l a ws t he h i s to ry o f th e o ds an d t he
p ,
g ,

w h o l e d isc i p li ne O f th e p ri ests B es i d es th ese th i rty

.

six b o o k s t h ere w ere six o th e rs th at tre at e d O f m e d i

,

c i ne v iz o nt h e s truc t ure o f t h e b o d y o n d i s te m e rs
, .
p , ,

o n s ur ic a l ins t rum e n ts o n d rug s o n d i seas es O f th e

g , ,

I am bl ich us says, H erm es w as th e g o d o f al l c el es t ial

t h at
sc ie nc e ; th at be inspired th e pries t s, wh o , acc ordingly,

—
inscrib ed t h eir ow n c o mm e ntari es with th e nam e o f H erm es .

Mys t 5M 1 (Ju l
"
I amblich d e . . .
8 I NT R O D U CTI O N .

e y es
,
and o n c o m p a l i nts p ec uli ar to w o m e n T his .

e num erat o n i cont a i ns t h e m o s t i m p o rta nt O f t h e

b o o k s asc r ib e d t o H e r m es ; b ut it a pp ea rs fro m ,

th e e x p ress i o ns o f C l e m ens t h at it d id no t c o m p ri se
,

t h e w h o l e num b er .

G al e n h as c i te d a n H e rm a i c b o o k rel a ting to ,

m ed i c i ne wh i c h s e e m s t o h ave b ee n d i ffer e nt fro m

,

a n o f th o se b e fo re m e nt i o ne d H e s a ys it t re ate d
y .

O f t h e th i r t six h e rb s o f th e h o ro sc o p e s I t p ro b abl y
y
- .

c o nt a i ned a s s t e m O f i nc a nta t i o ns b y d r ug s fo r we
y
ar e e l se w h ere i nfo r m e d t h a t t h e E gyp t i a ns b e li eve d

th e h um a n b o d y t o b e d i st rib ute d i nt o t h i rty six -

arts e ac h o f w h i c h w as un d er t h e p a rti c ul ar
g o
p ,

v er nm ent o f o ne o f th e d e c a ns o r ae ri a l d aem o ns w h o
' ’

re s i d e d o v er t h e t ri p l e d i vi s i o ns o f t h e tw e l ve s i g n s
p .

O rig e n add s th at w h e n a ny p ar t O f th e b o d y w as
,

d i se ase d a c ure w as o b ta i ned by i nvo ki ng th e d aem o n

,

t o w h o se p ro v i nc e it b e l o ng e d l .
ae

O th er w ri ters m e nti o n th e H e rm a i c b o o k s a s nu
t h entic s o urc e s O f info rm at i o n a nd a s t h e d ep o s i to ri es,

o f an c i e nt l earn i ng Pl utarch c i tes th e m b y h ea rsay

.
,

o r re o rts fa c t s w h i c h w ere s a i d t o b e d e ri ve d fro m

p
th e m .I t is e v i d e nt th a t h e w as unac q uai nte d w i th
t h e m a nd d o ub t l ess h e w as unabl e to r e a d th e sac red
,

c h arac ters o r th e l an ua e o f E I a m b l ich us

g g g yp t .

s ay s t h e num b e r o f b o o k s t e r m e d H e rm a i c a m o unte d
,

t o th i rt y s ix th o usa nd fi v e h und re d a nd t w e nt y fo ur :
- -

an i n c red ibl e a c c o un t .

O n th e wh o l e it s ee m s h i sto r i c all y c erta in th at a

,

great num b e r o f b o o k s w e re p re se rve d inth e te m p l es

Of E
gy pt w ri tte n p artl y in h i ero gl yp h i c s a nd p artly
,

ino th er c h arac ters w h i c h w ere asc ri b ed t o H e rm es

, ,

Cel sus apud O rigen —Li

. b . v iii .
p 4 1 6 , e d Cantab
. . .
 S O U RCE S OF I N FO R M A TI O N . 9

o r rath e r d e d i c at e d t o him and su

pp o s ed t o have
n
,

b ee n w ri tt e n u d er his sp r i i t ual s u e rin

p te nd a nc e
th at t h ese b o o k s Co nta i ne d th e p ri nc i p a l d o c tri ne s
o f t h e E y t i an
g p p r i es ts a nd t h e c o nc eal e d i nte r
s
,

re ta tio n o f t h e i r fa bl es t o e th e r w i t h a l l t h at t h e y
p g ,

p o ssess e d o f l e arning and p h i l o so p h y T h e li tera .

t ure O f a nc i e nt E t w a s t h e n res erve d n ot o n ly

g yp p ,

d o w n t o th e a g e O f th e M ac e d o ni an c o nq ues t b ut as ,

l o ng as th e Pag an sup er s ti t i o ns urvi v ed l .

ae

B ut a l l th i s w as l o c k e d up a nd se al e d und e r t h e
im p e ne trabl e ve i l O f sac e rd o ta l m y s te ry W e h av e .

no rea s o n t o b e li e ve th a t any G re e k o r R o m an o f th e
Pto l e m a i c o r I m p eri a l a g es e v er b e c a m e a c q ua i nt e d
w i t h th e nat i ve l ang ua g e o f E g yp t T h e m e m o ri a l s .

i nsc ri b e d o n th e p i l l a rs o f T h o t h o r in th e b o o k s o f
,

th e t h r i c e g reat p h i l o so p h e r w ere a lik e i na c c ess ibl e

,

t o s t rang e rs w h e th e r t h e y w e re w r i tt e n in t h e h i ero
,

g l yp h i c o r in c o m m o n c h ara c ters H ad it d e pe nd e d
.

o nt h e m t h e w i s d o m o r fo lly o f a nt i q ui t
, y w o ul d h av e
ass e d a wa w i th o ut l e av i n a n d i sc ern ibl e ve sti g es
p y g y
t o l a te r t i m e s B ut th e l e ar ne d na ti ves o f E g yp t
.

w ere a tt ra c te d b y t h e m a g nifi c e nc e o f t h e Pto l e m i es

, ,

I t m ay b e ask e d, if t h is w ere t r ue , w h y t h e C h ris tians,

wh o t ransl ate d t h e S c rip t ur e s int o t h e E gyp t ian l ang uag e, d id
no t p t t h e éy x wprat WOLMHW “ o r th e natio nal o r e pis to l ary
ad o :

c h arac t er o f t h e o l d E gyp t ians, ins t ead o f inv e nt ing a ne w

l et t er . Pro b ab l y t h e k no w l e dge of t h es e c h ar ac t ers as w el l as

t h at of t h e h ier o gl yphic s, w as co nfi ned t o t h e pries t s ; and if

so , t h ey w ere onl y ad o p t e d in t h e anc ie nt o r sac e rd o t al dial ec t,
and unk no w n t o t h e C h ris tian c o nv ert s B esid es, w e h ave as
.

y et no p ro o f t h at t h es e c h arac ters w ere al p h ab e tic l e t ters and

if th ey w ere fo und ed o n t h e h iero gl yp hic s , t h ey m us t h ave b een
so intim atel y c o nne c t ed with t h e old s up erst itio ns, as to be

ver
y unfit instrum e nt s fo r ex pressing t h e tr ut hs o f Christianity .

C
10 I NT R O D U CT I O N .

t o th e sch o o l of A l e x a nd ri a . T h ere th e y i m p arte d

t h e ir k no wl e d g e o f as t ro no m y a nd o th e r b ra nc h e s

o f i t o t h e i r c o nq ue ro rs a nd ac q ui re d t h e
s c e nc e ,

G re e k l ang uag e w h i c h c o nti nue d fo r a th o us a nd

,

e ars t o b e t h e m e d i u m o f l e ar ne d c o nv ers a t i o n a nd
y
w rit i ng t h ro ug h a g re a t p a rt o f t h e c i v iliz e d w o rl d .

H e re th e y w e re e nc o urag e d to t ra ns fer t h e m e m o
i l
r a s t h e i r d yna s ti e s, a nd t h e i nst i tut es o f t h e i r
of

a nc i e nt h i e rarc h y , i nto th e G ree k l a ng ua g e I t is .

t r ue th at th e y ac q ui re d , t o g e th e r w i t h t h e id io m of

th ei r nq ue ro rs m o d e s o f th i nki ng w h i c h w ere
co ,

w i d e l y d i ffe re nt fro m t h e i r a nc i e nt d o m e s ti c h a bi ts .

A c c o rd i ng l y w e c anno t b e li e ve t h a t t h e i r w ri ti ngs
d i sp l a ye d th e g e nui ne re p rese nta t i o n o f E gyp ti an
an t iq ui ty a l t o ge th er fre e fro m t h e p rej ud i c es a nd
,

d i sto rted co nc e p ti o ns o f t h e G re e k s . Y e t i t i s j ust

to s up p o se th a t t h e i r w o rk s c o nt a i ned w h a t ev er was
t h e m o s t i mp o rt a nt m o st s i n ul a r in th e a nc i e nt
or
g
H erm et ic v o l um e s .

I a mb l ic h us, i nd ee d assures, us th a t fa i thful trans

l at io ns Of th e E g yp ti a n b o o k s e x isted in th e G ree k
l a nguag e ; h e ad d s th at t h ese w ere unj ustly sus
,

e c te d O f b e i n
p g i m p o st ures fro m t h e c i rc um st anc e ,

t h at t h e y c o nt ai ne d e x p res s i o ns wh i c h s av o ured O f
m o re m o d ern d o c tr i ne s T h i s aro s e fro m th e fac t .
,

th a t t h e p erso ns w h o t ra nsl a t e d t h e m i nt o th e
,

G ree k l a ng uage w e re m e n no t unac q ua i nt e d w i th

,

t h e G re c i a n p h il o s o ph y ; a nd th a t th e y ac c o rd i ngl y
us ed t h e p h ra se o l o g y O f t h e Pl a to ni c s c h o o l in set ,

t i ng fo rth d o c tri ne s o ri g i na ll y d e ri ve d fro m th e l e sso ns

o f H e r m es C y ri l o f A l e x a nd ri a i nfo rm s us th at t h ere
.

e xi s t e d a n ed i ti o n O f t h e H e r m a i c b o o k s e nt i tl e d , ,
i
E pp ocm a r err ex a fdex a Gi GA t ot
'

F i fteen B o o k s o f
‘
.
 S O U RCE S OF I N F O R M A TI O N . 11

H erm es .
p p e a rs i nd ee d , th a t c ertai nc o m p o
It a ,

s itio ns asc rib e d t o H e r m es un d er t h e ti tl e O f G e ni c a

,

or G e neti c bo o ks ,
co nt a i ni ng c h ro no l o g i c al co m
pu
tatio ns, w ere e x ta nt in th e t im e of E use bi us ,
and
ev e n as l at e as t h at of S y nc el l us .

B esi d es th e t ransl at i o ns of th e H e r m e ti c bo o ks ,

th e co m
p o si ti o ns o f M ane th o n and C haere m o n, w h o
w er e b o th m e m b e rs o f t h e p ri e sth o o d see m t o h ave ,

c o nt a i ned a l arge
p i n o f E y t i an l earni n
o rt o
g p g ,

t ra ns ferr e d into t h e G re e k l a ng uag e .

B ut t h e m i s fo rt une is th at th ese G ree k c o p i es h ave

,

m e t w i th th e s a m e fat e th a t h a s b e fa ll e n t h e i r E gyp
t i a n p ro t o ty p es T h e H erm et i c b o o k s a re w h o ll y
.

l o st unl ess w e m ay e x c e p t th o se c o m p o si t i o ns p ub
,

l ish e d b y F ic inus a nd Pa t ri c i o s und e r t h e ti tl e o f ,

T h e B o o k s O f H er m e s O f th es e a g re at p art
.
,

e v i d e ntl y o ri g i na te d in t h e p i o us fraud o f s o m e m is

t a k e n C h ri st i ans ; a nd t h o se w h i c h c o nta i n no un
d o ub t e d p ro o f o f i m p o s ture o n ac c o unt o f t h e t o p i c s
,

th e y c o m p ri se a re o f li t tl e o r no v al ue
,
Y e t it is .

s a t i s fa c to ry t o k no w t h a t a g rea t fund o f g e nui ne

info rm ati o n r esp ec ti ng t h e a nti q ui ti es O f E gyp t sur

v ive d l o ng e no ugh t o affo rd th e m e a ns o f i ns t ruc t i o n

t o th e w ri ters o f t h e a g e s w e h a ve b e fo re re fe rre d t o .

I n th e w o rk s o f D io d o r us Pl uta rc h M ac ro bi us , , ,

Po rph y ry I a m b l ic h us C l e m e ns O ri g e n E us e bi us
, , , , ,

an d A ug us ti n w e fi nd a g re at m any fra g m ents o f

,

o l d e r w ri t e rs a nd,
m any p i e c e s o f th e E g yp t i a n
h il o so p h y w h i c h are e x tre m e ly i nt e re st i ng a nd
p ,

inst ruc t i ve p ro vi d ed w e m a y rely o n t h e ir g e nui ne

,

nes s ; a nd w e h a ve no l o ng er r easo nto d o ub t o f th i s ,

w h e n w e fi nd t h a t t h ere e xi s t e d in th e a ge O f t h es e ,

a u t h o r,s s uffi c i e nt m e a ns O f o b t a i ni ng t h a t k no w l ed e
g
o f wh i c h th e y a p p ea r t o h ave b een very d es i ro us .
12 I NT R O D U CTI O N .

I II .i nfo rm at i o n resp e c ti ng th e s ubj e c t o f

So me
o ur i nq ui r m a b e d e r i v e d fro m a t h i rd s o urc e
y y ,

na m el y fro m th e d o c tri nes and i nst i t ut i o ns O f a nc ie nt

,

m ysti c s o r i e g isl a t o rs w h o a re w e ll k no w n to h av e
‘

v i s i t e d E gy p t b e fo re t h e d e c li n e o f th e p r i es th o o d ,

a nd to h a v e i n t ro d uc e d w i t h th e m i nto E uro p e o r ,

A s i a a v a ri e t y o f E g yp ti a n c us to m s o r d o g m a s
,
.

O rp h e us l Py th a g o ras T h al e s a nd o th e r fo und ers

,
ae
, ,

O rph eus h as inde ed b een c al l e d Th rac ian; y et th e

a

l earned se e m t o b e unanim o us in t h e o in
p io n, t h at his phil o
so
p h y w as w h o l l y o f E gyp t ian o r igin A c c o r ding t o D io d o r us, .

O rp h eus t ravel l ed in E gypt , and t h ere l earned t h o s e t e nets

Of m y t h o l o gy w h ich h e aft erward s intro d uc ed into G ree ce .

H o w ev er t his m ay h av e b ee n, w e h av e go o d auth o rity fo r t e

rding t h e frag m e nt s o f t h e O rp h ic ph il o so h y, o r th e O r h ic
g a p p
v er s es, w h ic h re m ain t o o ur t im es, as t h e p ro d uc tio n o f t h e

O l d er Pyt h ago reans, rath e r th an o f O rp h eus h im sel f . We are

no w s p eak ing O f suc h p ie c e s as h av e a t itie t o b e c o nsid ered
e, h avin
as genuin g b ee n p re serv e d in t h e wo rk s o f r es p ec tabl e
The anc ient s u nifo rm l
auth o r s .
y as c ribe t h ese v erses t o t h e
Pyt hago rean s ec t, t h o ugh t h e y are no t p rec is el y agreed resp ec t
ing t h e nam es o f th e aut h o rs A c c o rd ing t o I o n o f C hio s, .

Py th ago ras h im sel f com

p o s e d so m e O f t h e m S ex t us E m pi .

r ic us att ribu ted t h em t o O no m ac rit us, a fo l l o w er o f Py th ago ras,

w h o l iv ed at A th e ns in t h e t im e o f t he Pisist rat idae .
(Cl em ens
A l ex S t ro m l ib i
. . . . C erc o p s, ano th er Pyt h ago rean, w as suppo
)
s ed b y Cicero t o h ave b e e nt h e aut h o r o f t h em (D e N at D eo r . . .

l ib i . .
) O th ers ppo se th at C erc o p s w ro t e a part o f t h em
su .

(Cl e m ens , ub i sup ra ) G ro t ius h as s h o w n t h at th e Py t h ago

.

re ans w e re ac c us t o m e d to at t rib ute t h eir ow n p o et ic al co m

po
s it io ns o n m yth o l o gic al s ub e c t s j t o O rp h eus and L inus . I t is
c ert ain t h at th ese p iec es w e 1 c h el d In
gl eat es te e m am o ng t he
G reek s, as c o ntaining t he genuine d o c t rine o f t h e ir m yst ic al
C o m p a1 c C l e m ens ; C ud WO I t h ’ s I ntel l ec t S s tem
p h il o so ph y y
.
.
,

p 29 5 ; J abl o nsk i s Panth eo n, l ib i cap 2 ; and G ro tii Pro l e

’
. . . .

gem in Sto b eei c it ata

. .
 SO URCE S OF I N F O R M A TI O N . 13

Of
p h il o so h i c a l
p sec ts in G re ec e, s t ud e d , i as we are

a ss ure d , inE gyp t ; and th e y app e a r to h ave m o d e ll e d

th e t e ne ts o f th e i r resp ec ti v e sc h o o l s o n th e ins tr uc
t i o ns th e y th ere i
rec e v e d . H e nc e th e d o c tri nes o f
th ese sc h o o s l m ayi us to a c e rtai n d eg ree in
ass s t , ,

fo rm i ng o ur c o nc l us i o ns resp ec ti ng t he t ene ts o f
th e E g y p t i an h ierarc h y .

W e c anno t sa fe ly avail o urse l ves o f th is re so urc e ,

w i t h o ut e x e rc i s i ng s o m e d i s c r i m i na t i o n T h e G re e k .

p h il o so p h e rs m ay h a v e d e ri v e d so m e o f th e i r d o c
t r i nes fro m o th e r s o urc es T h e y m ay h av e i nter.

m i ng l ed fo re i gn t e ne ts w i th th e l esso ns d eli v e re d by
t h e s uc c ess o rs O f H e rm es T h i s app ears to h ave .

T h e ph ys ic al and m e tap hysic al t e ne ts, at trib uted m ore

im m ediate l y t o Pyth ago ras, are esse ntial l y t h e s am e with
t h o se c o ntaine d in t h e O rph ic frag m ent s G o d, ac co rding t o .

Py th ago ras, w as t h e S o ul w hic h anim at ed al l nat ure , no t

e x t r ins ic t o t h e w o rl d, b ut e m b o d ie d in it, as th e h um an so ul

in t h e h um an b o d y . F ro m t his univers al so ul , al l t he go d s,
d e m i- go ds , as wel l as th e so ul s Of m en and inferior anim al s,
and e ve n o f
pl ant s, we re e m anat io ns . S uc h are t h e ac c o unt s

w hich We gat h er fro m Cic ero , (N at . D eo r l ib i . . . c ap .

Pl utarch , (d e Pl ac itis p hil ) L aertius, (l ib viii ) and o th ers ;

. . .

fro m al l w hic h, B ruck er c o ncl udes t h at t h e p h ysical d o c trine

O f Pyth ag o ras sc arc el y d iffered fro m t h at aft erward s ad o pt ed

by Z eno
(Bruc k er, H ist Crit . . Phil o so phies ) . Th e S t o ics m ay
indee d b e c o ns id ere d as th e d isc ip l es of the Pyth ago reans, as
far as resp ec t s t h eir o pi nio ns c o nc er ning th e s st em o f
y nature .

A fo r th e Pyt hago rean d o c t rine, no d o ub t w as ever e nt er

s

t ained t h at it w as p ur el y E gyp tian Pyth ago ras w as initiat ed .

int h e m yst eries o f t h e E gyp tians, t o o b tain w h ic h p rivil ege,

h e is said t o h ave und ergo ne p o rted c irc um c isio n. H e is re

t o h ave b een t h e d isc ip l e o f S o nch edes, an E gyp tian c h i ef

ro h et o r h igh -p riest Cl m ns S tro m l ib i )
p p ( e e . . . .
Hr I N TR O D U CTI O N .

h app e ne d ,
fro m th e fre q ue nt cont rad i c ti o ns w h i c h
a re fo und b e t w ee n th e d o c t ri ne s O f d i ffe re nt s c h o o l s .

We c an o t n t h ere fo re
y rel up o n t h e m a s g i v i ng a

fai th ful trans c ri p t o f th e E g yp t i a n p h i l o so p h y .

B ut th e re a re s o m e o c c asi o ns o n w h ic h w e m a y
w i th a d va nta g e a va il o urs e l ve s o f t h e i ns truc t i o n
d e ri ve d fro m th i s q uarter W h e n w e k no w fro m th e . ,

x p ress t e s t i m o ny of h i st o ri a ns t h at an a rt i c ul a r
e , y p
d o g m a w a s p re val e nt a m o ng th e E g y p t i ans a nd a re
,

a s s ure d t h at it w a s b o rro w e d fro m th e m b y s o m e

fo re i g n se c t w e m a y ap p l y t o th e l a t te r fo r i nfo r ma
,

tio n r e sp ec t i ng th e p i l
ar t c u ar mo d e or p e c uli ar
r ep rese nta t o n und e r
i w h i c h this t e ne t w as t a ugh t in

th e E g yp t i an s c h o o l s . ll o w ed t h at thi s
I t m us t b e a

m eth o d o f i nq ui ry is l i a bl e to so m e fa ll a c ie s ; b ut
t h ese m ay b e av o i d e d if w e fo ll o w its s ugg e st i o ns
,

w i th s uffi c i e nt c a uti o n .

T h i s re m ark m ay b e il l ust rated b y a p artic ul ar

e x am l e ; a n d w e can n o t se l ec t a b e tt e r in s tanc e th an
p
t h e d o c tr i ne O f t h e m e t e m p s yc h o s i s w h i c h w e k no w ,

t o h a ve b ee n t aug h t b y Pyt h a g o ra s a nd h is fo ll o w e rs
a mon t h e G re e k s a nd w h i c h th e c er t a i nl d er i v ed
g , y y
fro m t h e E gyp ti a ns A S th e Pyth a go re a ns h a ve l eft 11 s
.

a m o re
p artic ul ar acc o unt o f t h e no ti o ns e nt e rta i ned
res ec t i n
p g t h e S o ul th anth o s e th a t w e re c e i v e d i re c tly
fro m th e E g yp ti a ns w e m a y w i tho ut i nc urri ng any
, ,

g re at r is k o f m i s ta ki ng o ur w ay t ak e t h e Pyth ago ,

r e a ns a s o ur
g ui d e s in atte m p ti ng t o p e net ra te the
,

s e nse o f th e E gy p t i an fabl es re l at i n t o t h e s a m e
g
j
s ub ec t .

I V T O th e s e t h re e
. so urc e s of info r m ati o n w e
v ent ure to ad d a fo urth, wh i ch may s ee m to b e of
 SOURCES OF I NF O R M A TI O N . 15

mo re susp i c i o us c h arac ter ; y e t w e m ay h o p e t o d eri ve

fro m it so m e i l l us trati o ns o f c o nsi d e rabl e v al ue
,
.

We re fe r t o th e com
p ar i s o n O f t h e E g y p t i a n d o c
t rI nes a nd th eo l o i c a l fa bl e s w i th th o se o f th e I n
g d ian
B rah m ans . I nsee ki ng fo r i nfo r m ati o ninth i s q ua rte r ,

w e m us t no t a d va nc e a s ingl e st ep w i th o ut e x a m i ni ng
t h e g ro und o n w h i c h w e p ro c ee d T h i s is still m o re
.

nec e ss ary th an in th e i nstanc e s b e fo re all ud ed to :

fo r w e are i nfo rm ed b y t h e und o ub te d t e sti m o ny o f
,

h i s to ry th a t th e t e ne t s o f th e G re c ian sc h o o l s w e re
,

c o i e d fro m t h e d o c t ri n e s o f th e H e rm et i c c o l l e e s ;
p g
b ut w e h ave no h i s to ri c a l i nfo rm at i o nre sp e c ti ng any
i nte rc o urs e b e tw e e n t h e p h il o so p h e rs o f the N il e
a nd t ho s e o f th e G a n e s furth er th an w h at res ul ts
g ,

fr o m i nter nal ev i d e nc e in th e r ese m bl a nc e O f th e i r

,

t e ne ts a nd rep re s e nta t i o ns W e sh all t he re fo re fal l

.

i nto t h at ki nd o f so p h i s m w h i c h is t erm ed reaso n

ing in a c i rc l e if w e i nfe r t h at s o m e c o m m unic a
,

t i o n e xi ste d b e tw ee n th e sc h o o l s o f A s i a a nd A fri ca ,

fro m th e re se m bl anc e o f t h e i r p h il o s o p h y a nd at ,

th e s a m e t i m e p res um e t h a t th i s rese m bl a n c e w as

m o re e x te ns i ve t h a n w e c a n p ro v e it to h av e b een .

T h e se c o nsi d erat i o ns S h o w th e nec essi ty O f p ro c eed

ing in a v e ry c i rc um s p ec t m anne r w h e n we atte m p t
,

t o e l uc i d a t e th e E g y p t i a n fa bl e s by re fe renc e t o th e
I nd i a n m y th o l o g y . W e m ust nev er t ake fo r gr ant
e d a ny c o i n c i de n c e w h i c h is no t c l ea rly m ani fest ;

and ,
t o a v o i d al l a m bi gui t y a nd c o nfus i o n m us t ,

s e arat e th e i n fe re nc es affo rd e d by t h i s c o m p a ri so n
p
fro m th e res ul ts o f th o se i nq ui r i e s w h i c h m ay app ea r
t o b e p urs ued w i th m o re sa tis fac to ry e v i d e nc e W ith .

th es e p re c a ut i o ns it w il l b e sh o wn th at a v ery im ,
s

o rtant li gh t may b e refl ec ted fro m t h e li te rat ure o f

p
 16 I N T R O D U CT I O N .

th e E ast o n th e p h il o s o p h y ani ti o n O f
d s up erst

E g y pt and esp ec i a lly o n t h e s uc cess i ve d e vel o pe

,

m e nt O f d o c tri nes a nd t h e h i sto ry o f m yth o l o g y I n

,

t h e l atter c o unt ry .

S o m e a uth o rs a t t h e h e ad o f w h o m 1 8 th e l earned
,

an d i nge ni o us J ab l o nsk i h a ve p l ac ed m uc h r el i anc e

,

o n th e na m es o f th e E g yp ti a n g o d s an d by m eans O f ,

e ty m o l o i e s d e ri v e d fro m t h e s c a nt y re m ai ns o f th e
g ,

C o p ti c l anguag e h av e a t te m p t e d t o d i sc ri m i nate
,

t h e a ttr ib ut es a nd func t i o ns o f al l t h e fab ul o us b e i ngs

in th e th eo g o ny T h i s p l an s e e m s at th e fi rst v i e w
.
, ,

t o affo rd s o m e h o p e o f e x t e nd i ng th e narro w li m i ts
o f o ur k n o wl e d g e ; b ut a n a tt e nt i v e c o ns i d e rat i o no f

t h e s ubj e c t t e nd s m ateri all y t o l ess en a ny ex p ec

t at io n w e m ay h a ve fo rm e d r esp ec ti ng it a nd t o ,

co n fi rm th e s usp i c i o ns w i th w h i ch ety m o l o gi cal

r esearc h es a re
g e nerall y re g ar d e d I t wo ul d ap p ear .

th at t h e o ri g i nal i m p o rt o f m a ny nam es int h e li st O f

E gypti an g o d s h ad b e c o m e th e s ubj ec t o f vag ue
co n j ec ture in th e t i m e o f Pl ut a rc h T h i s is evi d ent .
,

fro m th e v ari e ty o f m e ani ngs ass i g ne d by auth o rs o f

t h at p eri o d to a s i ngl e ep i th e t a nd fro m t h e d o ub tful
,

t erms inw h i ch t h ey o ffe r t h e inter re t at i o n Po ssibl

p y .

so m e o f th es e a
pp e ll at i ve s w ere o ri g i nally d e ri ve d
fro m ani d i o m fo rei g n t o A fri c a o r at l eas t t o E y t
,
g p .

B ut if th ey were al l ind i g e no us s t ill a s th e E y ti an

,
g p ,

l ang uage h ad a l read y und erg o ne s o reat a c h a n e

g g ,

wh il e it was y et a li v i n d i al e c t t h at th e i r s e nse c o ul d
g ,

o nly b e
g uessed at h o w c a n w e h o p e t o i nterp ret
,

th em w i th any d e ree O f c e rta i nt y b y m ea ns o f th e

g ,

p o o r re mai ns o f C o p ti c li te rature t h e O l d es t sp ec i mens

,

O f wh i c h b ear a d a te s ub s e q ue nt to t h
e in t ro d uc ti o n
o f Christian i ty ? B ut no thing c an affo rd a m o re
 SO U R C E S OF INF ORMA TI O N . 17

com l e te ro o f t h a t th ese e ty m o l o i es a re wo rth y o f

p p g
no c o nfi d e nc e th an th e fac ili ty w i th w h i c h t h ey a re
con t ri v e d
. J ab l o nski h as e x p e ri e nc ed no d i ffi c ul ty
in p ro d uc i ng a c o m p o und ap pell a t i v e in th e C o p t i c
l a ng uag e c o rresp o nd i ng no t o nl y w i th e v ery na m e
, ,

b ut w i th ev e ry fa nc i ed e x p l anat i o n o f it th at c an b e
t rac e d in t h e a nc i e nt w ri ters .

Perh ap s w e o ugh t t o h av e m e nt i o ne d th e r e m a i ns
O f sc ul p t ure and a i nt i n a m o n t h e m o st val ua bl e
p ,g g
r es o urc e s fo r ill ust ra ti ng t h e m th o l o of E t
y gy gyp .

T h i s is a so urc e w h i c h is still o p e n and w h e nc e w e

,

m ay h o p e to d eri v e m o re t h a nh as y e t b ee n O b t ai ne d .

I f m o d e rn rese arc h e s sh o ul d s uc c e ed in unfo l d i ng

t h e m y st e ry o f th e h i e ro g l yp h i cs w h i c h see m s no w
,

m o re th a n ev e r p ro b a bl e t h e re m a i ns o f sc ul p ture
,

a nd p a i nt i n g w ill a c q ui re a d eg re e o f i m p o rtance
w h i c h w e a re no t a t p res ent a bl e to a pp rec i a te .
 B O O K T H E F I RS T .

OF TH E PO PU LA R RE L I GI O N OF TH E E GY PTI A N S,
CO M PR E HE N D IN G TH E I R T H E O GO N Y , A N D TH E
FA BU L O U S H I STO R Y O F TH E I R GO D S .

C H A PT E R I .

OF TH E N A TU R E O F T H E EG Y PTI A N GODS I N GE NE RA L .

SE CTI O N I .

'

D ifi erent I d eas resp ec ting he

t N a ture o f the E
gyp tian Go ds .

T H E na ture o f th e E gy pti an go d s , and th e or i gin o f

t ho se s tra ng e and a b s urd fi c ti o ns th at w ere c o nnec
t e d w i th th e m is a s ubj e c t w h i c h h a s e n a e d th e
, g g
a t te n t i o n o f m a ny l e ar ne d a nd i ng e ni o us m e n ,

b o th in anc i e nt a nd m o d e rnt i m es Y e t it m ust b e .

a l l o we d,
th a t t h i s i nq ui ry h as no t l ed t o any v e ry
sat i s fac to r c o nc l us i o n; a t l e ast th i s w o ul d a
y p p ear
t o b e t h e c a s e fro m t h e v a ri e ty O f no t i o ns w h i c h
,

h av e p reva il ed re sp e c t i ng th e s up erst i ti o us r i t es
an d i d e as O f t h e E g y p t i a ns S o m e w ri te rs h av e
.

b ee n p ersuad e d th a t th e re li g i o n o f t h at a nc i e nt
,

p e o p l e c o nsi s te d c h i e fl y O f th e d i vi ne ho no urs p ai d
b y th e m t o r e no wne d C h i e ftai ns o r p h il o so ph ers t o ,

t h e i nv e nt o rs O f us e ful arts o r th e fo und e rs o f c i ti e s

,

a nd c i v iliz ed c o m m uni t i es ; o th e rs d e sc r ib e it a s a n

id o l a tro us ve ne ratio m o f bi rd s b easts fi sh e s and

, , ,

e ven l a nts ; w h il e a th i rd c l ass o f auth o rs w o ul d

p
c on vi n c e us th at t h e E y t i ans so l ely d i rec ted t he ir
g p
20 POPU L A R RELI G ION or TH E EG Y PT I A NS .

i
a d o rat o ns n t h e m o o n and o th e r
t o ward s t h e su , ,

s triki n an d c o nsp i c uo us j
o b e c ts in th e v i sibl e
g
uni ve rse I f as m a ny b eli ev e th ere is so m e t ruth
.
, ,

in a l
l th e se acc o u nt s it is d i ffi
,
c ul t t o im a
g i ne w h at

c o nnec ti o n c o ul d s ub s i s t b e t w ee n i d e as so re m o te

fro m e ac h o th er, a nd h o w th e y c o ul d b e so c o m bi ned

as to fo rm o ne Sy s t e m o f m y th o l o g y .

T h e g reater num b e r o f m o d e rn w ri te rs, w h o h ave

to uc h e d up o n th i s s ubj e c t h av e ad o p te d th e fo rmer
,

r e rese n t at i o nresp e c t i n t h e fa b l e s o f t h e E g y p t i a ns
p g
t h e y h av e re ga rd e d th e g o d s o f t h a t p e o p l e a s d e i fi e d
h ero es I t is ro b a bl e t h a t t h e m o d e m s d eri ve d
.
p
t h i s no ti o n fro m th e G re e k w r i t ers w i th w h o m it ,

w as a fam ili ar a nd c e rta i nl y a v ery na t ura l o ne s i nc e ,

it c anno tb e d i sp ut ed th a t th e o bj e c ts o f w o rsh i p
a m o ng th e i r o wn c o unt ry m e n o r a t l e ast a p art o f ,

t h em, w e re o ri g i nall y c e l e b ra t e d w arri o rs, o r a uth o rs

of usefu l d isc o v eri es o r th e d e st ro yers o f w il d beasts
,
.

I t h as b een r em a rk e d a l so t h a t th e F ath ers o f th e

,

C hri st i a n C h urc h w ere d i sp o se d to fav o ur th i s O p i

ni o n b ec ause it furni sh e d th e m w i th a striki ng argu
,

m e nt agai nst th e i r Paga n ad versari es I t w as no t .

th e c h i ef d es ig n o f th es e p i o us m e n t o i nq ui re d eep ly
int o th e d o c tri nes o f ph il o s o p h ers o r th e fa bl es o f ,

h eath e n m y st i c s ; b ut to e x p o s e by a w ell p l ac ed ,
-

c en sure th e g ro ss a b s urd i ti es o f th e p o ul ar b e li e f
, p ,

and o f r i te s w h i c h w h a tev e r w a s th e i r o ri i n o n ly
,
g ,

t e nd ed in p rac t i c e to fo st er t h e m o st d e raved
p
inc l i nat i o ns o f th e i r d evo t ee s .

T h e s eco nd re p resentati o n o f th e E g y p ti a n i d o l a
t ry h as furni sh e d a b und anc e o f ro o m fo r b ant er a nd
r i d i c ul e . A cco rd i ng l y w e m e e t w i th fre q ue nt all u
,

sio n s to it in th e w o rk s o f sat i ri c w ri ters J uvenal .

 N A TU R E or TH E co ns .
21
“

l augh s th e p eo p l e wh o se g o d s gro w in t h e 1 r gar

at

d ens ,
and w h o fall p ro s trat e in m ul ti tud es b e fo re a
h o und ,
wh il e no b o d y fo r th e go d d ess o f the
c a res

c h ace and inth e fo ll o w i ng fra g m e nt o f A nax and ri

d es w e fi nd
, p i m e n o f th e k e e n a n
a s d h um o uro us
ec

d eri si o n w i th w h i c h th e G re e k s w ere acc usto m ed to

treat th e reli g i o us p rac t i c e s o f th at nati o nfro m wh o m
th ey h ad o ri g i nally b o rro w e d th e fabl es o f th ei r o wn
m y th o l o gy * .

i ’ l
wSUVG IPJ )? éy a
N Q N

o cu
p p a xew ,

i
69 oi f pcim y orp by ovofiaj 0 179 a; vt ‘u m
’ ‘ ’
0 u
n I
m a xl rj l a w35 345
e o o 9 I
uw v, cm 00 6 “: WON )
x
‘
.

l
Boar ”poo no vel s éy 82 96a) 9 79
'
- “ ‘
a r o ts 50

y x mw {L Ey I G T OV m s t Sa fp om
N 1 , ’ Q
i
'

s e ,
I l
SeT ani 0 4m mMay ra 7 0 1 7r ot pot 7ro7t u
Q f
-
.

I
5 0 91 5 1 5 0 5 1 05 s m 35 7 n
a s I of s cl

oop o u
3

aux
y ,

I I r ’ r ’
é 3
I
unT m
-
p ocN JCU VOL o e s cg, r
’
o r oc 7 0 0 7 0 1 9 5
7a) ,
3!

l diouo o wvivin
’
d éw
’ ' 3

T oiix/ou x wr ec
-
o wA .

”Eu 67x
' ’
iepea g évdoaSs
’ ’
7 0 6g ox 7 mpoug uop og
'
35 éom ev, &wn
, ’
J ua n ”
r a
p (1
py us voug
j
‘

'
G )
'

i “Ev f or a ixoupo v x uk ou Ex c ur '

,
7375 3
mul et ;
I ce 3n
ow 1
’ d -
s s
car om s wa g
-
I I
35 pm
a
ym
I “
a \ at
8
1 a

8w ovr o u r a p up "! {L o y a l on
Q
-
r), r a
p p m 55
7 .

The f o l lowing is (1 Tr ans la tion .

Tis p l ain th at yo u and I c an ne er agree,

’ ’

S o o ppo site are all o ur w ays and rites .

B efo re a b ul l , fo ur l egged b east, y e b end, -

With p io us t erro r s m itt en: at th e al tar,

I o ffer h im a vic t im t o t h e go ds .

Y o u fancy in th e l it tl e ee l so m e p o w er
O f d aemo n h uge and t erribl e, w it hin

A naxand in Civitat . . a
pud A th enaei D eip nos, l ib . vu. p 2 99
. .
22 PO PU L A R RELI G ION OF TH E EG Y PTI A N S .

We st ew it d aint ie st app et it e
fo r o ur Th e fl esh .

t is t h e b est
’
O f fatt ed swine yo u t o uc h no t
O f al l Our d el ic at e m eat s T h e yel p ing c ur
.

I s in yo ur c reed ag o d I w h ip t h e ro g ue
W h ene er I c at ch h im s t eal ing eggs o r m eat
’
.

O ur p riest s are w h o l e in sk in fro m fo o t t o h ead

N ot so
y o ur c irc um c ise d and s h av en s eers .
w ail w h ene
’
Y ou c ry a nd y e sp y a c a t
er

S t arv ing o r s ic k : I c o unt it no t a sin

T o h ang it u p , and fl ay it fo r i t s sk in .

Ye s ay t h e p al try sh re w- m o use is a
go d .

T h e w o rsh i p of th e s un a nd m o o n ,
and th e el e

m e nts of nat ure l ess fre q uentl y t o uc h ed up o n by

,
is
t h e m o re p o p ul a r w r i t e rs p art ly a s it w as no t c o n
,

fi ne d to th e E g yp t i a ns a nd p ar tl y b e c ause it w as no t
,

s o o b v i o usl y unrea s o na bl e a nd p re p o st e ro us a s th e

a d o ra t i o n o f d ea d m e n o r d o g s a nd c ats
, Y e t th e se .

c i rc um st a nc es re nd e r it p ro b a bl e t h at w e are t o l o o k

in t h i s q ua rte r fo r th e fund a m e nt a l p ri nc i p l e s o f th e
E gy p ti a n s up e rsti t i o ns A m o ng all th e d i fferent
,

fo r m s o f p ag a ni s m th e w o rsh i p o f th e v i s ibl e el e
,

m ents o f na t ure is t h e m o st na t ura l a nd it h as b e en .

,

m o re g e ne ral th an a ny o th e r H e nc e a r i ses a p re.

s um ti o n th a t th i s w a s t h e b as i s o f re li i o u s fa bl e s
p g
a m o ng t h e E g yp t ia ns I nd ee d it w a s l o ng a go o h
.

s e rve d ,
t h a t we c a nno t i m a g i ne h o w th e a d o ra ti o n
o f h ero e s c o ul d s ub s e q ue n tly b ec o m e c o nne c te d
w ith th e w o rsh i p o f t h e h e av e nl
y b o d i es We .

c a nno t c o nc e i ve h o w a m i gh t y c o nq uero r c o ul d
b e c o m e t h e s un; b ut w e c a n re a d ily i m a i ne h o w
g
t h e s un in p o e t i c i m age r y o r h i ero l h i i nt i ng
,
g yp c
p a ,

m i gh t b e e q ui p p e d lik e a h ero a nd at l e ngth ,

 N A TU RE OF TH E so ns . 23

wo rsh i pp ed as a no r is it d i ffi c ul t to p o i nt o ut
t h e w ay by whic h th e w o rs h i p o f m en and o f a nim al s
m ay h av e b eend eri ve d fro m t h at sup ers ti ti o n w h i c h
a ni m at ed , an
re
p rese nts al l nat ure a s d p ay s r e l ig i o us
venera t i o n to its v ari o us p ar ts .

T h ese refl ec t i o ns m igh t l e ad us to p ec t, t h at s us

m any o f th e sto r i es re l at i ng t o th e E g yp ti an go d s
h ad t h e i r o ri g i n in fi g urat i ve d esc ri p ti o ns and

R
N o th ing is m o re c omm o n in p o etry th an such
”
a fi gure .

A s trik ing ex amp l e o cc urs in th e b eginning O f th e Phazniss ae

9 . fi f
v
3 iv 55 1 v 5830 ig
050 7 0 04; Or a mi? 1
4
.

i
not} xpvaox o jr ow w ép Cs Cu; 814>pmg
'
‘

'

H M S , 60057; 723 1 3 050 1 11 eiA ia awv pk oyac ' '

l
.

S o nat ural are th ese figures, th at we fi nd in Shak esp eare

l ines whic h are al mo st a transl atio n o f th e fo rego ing :

A wh enth e go ld ensun sal ut es t h e m o m ,

s

A nd , h av ing g il t t h e o c e an w it h h is b eam s
G al l o p s t h e z o d iac in h is g l is tr ing co ach .
”

im agery is fo und in N o nnus p oem, c l o th ed in

’
Th e sam e s

th e go rgeo us styl e t h at di s tinguish es th e wri ters o f h is age :

qrv bg, 60 05 5 5 a da t or),

A or o
px
‘
ir wy Hpat xxeg,
’

p 796 5 p
H eN s , Cpor eoro Eiau 30 A 1X o a m s aroi v,
' ' ’ '
'

V 63
'

imrauwy ék mvfiov qroA O 1 6071 1

'

xpovov M ad ison/r ot duwds a ai

jq ov éA ie awu
'
15105
'

2 ’

x vnA oy a
ym nvo r.

H eracl es , g irt in st ar-b esp angl ed rob es,

T h o u fi ery r ul er o f t h e spac io us w o rl d !
S h e p h erd t
of m o rt al s, d art ing far ask a nt
T h e l e ngth e ne d s h ad o w ; who o n h igh dost rid e
I n c ircl es vast th e o rb it o f t h e d ay ;
R o l l ing aro u nd, o nnever -ceasing wh eel s,
Th e a nnual t erm th at b ears t wel ve waning mo ons .
24 POPUL A R RELI G ION OF TH E E G Y PT I A N S .

a ll usi o ns b ut w h at is fa r m o re c o nc l us i ve o n this
o in t i t h a t w e a re assure d t h at t h e b es t in f o rm e d t -
a

p s
,
,

e v e n a m o n th e a nc i e nt ri e s t h o o d o f E gy p t w ere
g p ,

a ware t h a t m a n o f t h e i r e x t e rna l r i t e s b o re a sec re t

y
r e fere nc e to s o m e th i ng re m o ve d fro m v ul g ar a pp re

h e nsio n a nd t h a t th e fa bl e s t hat w ere r el at e d o f th ei r

,

d s h ad o ri i nall a nall e o ri c a l o r re co n d i te se ns e
g o
g y g .

S ECTIO N I I .

Reference to t he My tho log ies of the Greeks and R o ma ns .

E ve n in th e m y th o l o g i es o f th e G re e k s and

Ro m ans ,
a nd
p erh ap s m o re esp e c a i ll y in th e l at te r ,

t h ere are m a ny th i ngs w h i c h t h e l e a rned a re nearl y

u na nim o us in e x p l a i ni ng inth is w ay ; a nd it d o es no t
re q ui re a v ery a b s tr use r es e arc h i nto th e c l a ss i c al

fabl es o f a nt i q ui ty t o p e rc e i v e th a t a g reat p ar t o f
,

t h e i r th eo l o gy re so l v es i tsel f i nt o p h y s i c a l O b serva
t i o ns o r t h eo ri e s e x p re ss e d in a m y sti c a l s tyl e and ,

q ui te d i ffe re nt in th e i r o ri g i n fro m h i st o ri c al trad i

t i o ns ; th o ugh th e y a pp ea r t o h av e b ec o m e a t a l a te r ,

p eri o d s o i nt erm ix e d w i th frag m e nts o f e m b e lli sh ed

,

or
p o e ti c al h i sto ry t h at it is v e ry d i ffi c ul t to d isti n
,

u i sh th es e o r ti o ns fro m eac h o t h e r T h e c h i ef
g p .

o bj e c ts o f w o rsh i p am o n t h e anc i e nt G re e k s an d
g ,

R o m ans i a re e x p l a i ned b y t h e m o s t l e a rne d o f

,
-

th e i r o w n a nti q ua ri a ns a s p e rso nifi c a t io ns o f th e

,

Pl utarch . d e I sid e et O sirid e in p ree fat . O rigen ad v .

Cel s um l ib i pag l l
. . . . . I am bl ich Vit Pyth ago r
. . . ca
p 23. .

T E useb Preap E vang l ib iii, p roem

. . . . . et ca
p . 1 .
 N A T U RE
'

OF TH E eo ns . 25

l
e em e nts l l ego ri c al b ei ngs
o r as m erely
S uch a .

o b v i o usly was M i ne rva o r Wi sd o m wh o s ran

p g , ,

fro m th e h ead o f J up i te r V esta ac co rd i ng to O v i d .

, ,

was fi re th e ani mating p rinc ip l e o f nat ure

, .

N ee t u al i ud Vestem quam vivam intel l ige

N o r deem t h o u Ves ta o th er th anth e flame
O f l i ving, l am b ent fi re .

B ut E uri p i d es i nterp re ts V esta as th e earth .

mgr ep E onfa y 8;
l
Pa id
’‘
’ -
sea .

Gpor aiv x a h ofia w, i p éfln

v év
'
'
'

Tho u m o ther E art h, wh o m wisest menproc l aim,

”
Vest a, sel f p o ised in c ircum ambient air
-
.

J up i ter is all o wed by al l t o h ave b een th e v isibl e

fi rm am ent p erso nifi e d A s s uc h h e is d esc ri b ed in .
,

t h e fo ll o wi ng b eauti ful li nes o f E urip id es zi

O poig r iw1541 06 7 511 8

'
a id
’ ' ' ’
e a
p
x a i y fiv we t g é ovd 67 m
' ' i ‘ "

p x p ; Ev day x o l a tg,

Z ifua
' ’

5706 deou
’
é 3
’ ‘
7 0 67 0 1! vo ut e r ov 1
j , .

Beh o l d o nhigh th e et herial el e ment

B o und l ess, uph o lding init s watery ar ms
O n every s i de o ut -stre i s earthly gl o be
tch ed, th
S uch d eem th e m igh ty J o ve, t hy k i ng t hy go d , .

O vid Fasti 6 . . .

1 F rag m ex inc ert Tragoed . .

‘
. citat . a ud
p Macro b Saturnal . .

l ib i c ap 23
. . . .

1: E urip . Fragment Cressarum . .

26 POPU L A R RE L I GI O N OF TH E EG Y PTI A N S .

Th e sa me id ea is co n y e d in a
ve we l l -k no wnv erse

of E nni us, q uo t ed b y C i c e ro :

A s ice h o c sub l im e caude ns3 nem invo cant o mnes J o vem .

A cc o rdi ngly th e thund erb o l t w a s w i el d ed by th e

,

h and o f J up i ter and as r ul er o f s to rms and sh o wers

, , ,

*
np g nd l i H e is
’
i
h e rec e ved th e t ei t l s o f O é xo a o us .

rep re s e n ted as h av i ng h is s eat o n t h e c l o ud c ap p ed -

s umm i t o f a m o unta i n I d a o r O l y mp us o r as ruli n g

, ,

al o ft inth e a ir .

O p s, th e w i fe o f S a turn ac c o rd i ng to M ac ro bi us, ,

w as th e E arth 1
~
S aturn h im sel f as his na m e i nd i
.
,

c at es, w as th e S o w i ng o f s e ed w h i c h fertiliz es th e
E arth and c a use s h er t o p ro d uc e h er o ffsp ri ng S uch
, .

w as th e d e sc ri p t i o n o f O p s o r F at ua in th e Po nti , ,

fi cal b o o k s and as r ep res e nti ng t h e E arth, sh e was

'

ad o re d w i th t h e s ac r i fic e of a
p re gnant so w T he .

Grec ian C ro nus w h o ,

d i ffere d fro m th e R o m an
S aturn r epre se nte d , a c c o rd i n
, g o an o l d i n
t t erp reta
t i o n wh i ch w e o w e t o th e sa m e a uth o r, T i me o r ,

th at p o rti o n o f ete rni ty a nd o f b o und l ess sp ac e in

w h i c h th e e xi stenc e of th e p resent li m i ted sp h ere is
inc l ud ed . C ro nus w as b e go t te n o f U ranus, the
infi ni te H eaven H e e m asc ul ate d his si re ; and th e
.

b i rth o f A ph ro d i te, th e g o d dess o f p ro pag at io n, was

c onnec ted with this

x p l o i t By th i s fabl e says e .
,

M ac ro bi us the anc ient m y st i cs meant to ind icate

, ,

th at after th e fi nite w o rl d w a s c o m p l e t ed in al l its

,

p arts th e p ro d uc t i ve o r c reat i ve infl uenc es wh i ch

,

h ad d escend ed fro m th e h eav e ns o nth e e art h and h ad

ca l ed
l forth new creat ures into b eing, were c ut o ff,

Tibull l ib . . i . el eg . vi 1 . v. 26
.
1
“
Macrqb . Saturnal l ib . . i .
 N A TU RE OF TH E GOD S . 27

o r ent rel i y c e as ed ; and th at th e m a i ntenanc e of a ni

m al a nd ve
g et a bl e nat ure w as th e nc efo rth -
s up
p o rte d

by ano t h er by th at o f p ro p agati o n
m e th o d , v iz . .

T h i s l earne d a uth o r al w a y s p re fers p h ys i c al expl a

nat i o ns o f th e fa bl es o f th e G re e k a nd R o m an m y
t h o l o gy ; a nd V arro w h o m C i c e ro and S t A ug ust i n*,
.

re ard a s t h e m o st ro fo un d o f t h e R o m an a n t i q ua
g p
»

r i an s re fe rs t he L a ti n d e i ti es o f th e fi rst o rd er suc h
, ,

a s J u i te r J un
p o S at ur n V ul c an a nd Pro serp ine
, , , ,
.

t o th e e l e m e nt s o r de p a rtm e nts o f th e w 0 rl d ’r .

S E C T I O N I II .

Tes t imonies o f t he A n
ci nt e Vr iters
P r esp ec ti ng the E gyp tian
M y tho l ogy ing enera l .

B ut if t h i s m e th o d o f interpr e ti ng h as p p l i
a ny a

c at o i n t o th e fa bl es of th e G re ek s and R o m ans, it
s ta nd s m uc h fi rm er g ro und wh e n ap pl i e d t o
o n a
'

th e m y th o l o g i e s a nd s up ers t it i o us p ra c ti c es o f th e
E g yp t i ans . I nd ee d th e m o st i nt el l ig e nt o f the anc ie nt
w ri te rs, wh o h av e a ll ud e d to t h i s s ubj ec t, h av e assured
us t h a t t h e p ri nc i p a l o bj ec ts o f E gy p ti an w o rship
w e re th o se p h y s i c a l a ge nts w h o se O p e rati v e e nerg y is ,

t h e m o st c o nsp i c uo us in t h e p h ze no m e na o f nat ure }:

I n th e s eve ra l nam es or p ro vi nc es of
E gy p t, p e
l
c u l ar re l ig i o us c us to ms w ere es tabli sh ed , a nd th e

St A . ugustin . Civit D ei l ib
. . . vi. c ap . 2 . S ee Vo ssius de
Pro gressu Ido l o tatriee, l ib ii. wh ere th at writer h as
‘

O rigine et .

c o l l e c t ed a reat num b er O f auth o rit ies o n t his s ubj ect

g
.

T S ee Varro d e L ingua L at i na, l ib iv ubi de . . c oel estibus

agit ur .

I S ee Co mmentary o nChap 1 , No te A . .
 28 Y
E G PTI A N M YTH O L O GY I N G E N E R A L .

nati ves d i rec te d th e i r d evo t i o ns t o p arti c ul ar

o f eac h

d ei t i es ) “ B ut b e si d es th ese se p ara te s upe rs ti ti o ns ,

wh ic h h o w ever w e re al l c o nce i ve d int h e s am e sp i ri t ,

an d , lik e t h e w o rsh i p o f fa v o uri te s a i nts a m o ng t h e

R o m a n C ath o li c s, h ad m o re l i nto a or l ess o f r e at o

c o nnec t e d s y stem t h e w h o l e E g yp t i a n p e o p l e p ar
,

t ic ip a ted int h e rites o f I s i s a nd O s i r i s t o wh i c h we

'

,
'

m ay ad d th o se o f S erap i s w h o und e r a p arti c ul ar , ,

c h arac ter w as i d e nt ifi e d w i th O s i ri s
,
T h e w o rsh ip .

o f th ese d e i t i es h as b e e n a l w a y s r e a rd ed as t he
g
nat i o nal rel ig i o n f E g yp t f L e t us o b s erve inwh at
o
-

m anner th e anci e nt w ri ters sp ea k o f it .

T h e fi rst ge nerat i o n o f m e n in E g y pt say s ,

D io d o rus co n te m p l at i ng t h e b ea ut y o f th e su er i o r
,
p
w o rl d a nd ad m i ri ng w i th a sto ni s h m e nt t h e fram e
,

an d o rd e r o f th e uni verse s up p o s e d th at the re were

,

t wo c h i ef g o d s th at w ere e te rnal t h a t is to say the , ,

S un and th e M o o n th e fi rst o f wh i c h th e y call e d

,

O si ri s and th e o th er I si s b o th nam es h av i n
, , ,
g p ro p er
etym o l o gie5 fo r O s i ri s in th e G ree k l an ua e
°

,
g g ,

si n es a t h m
g ifi g i th m a ny e ye s w h i c h m ay b e v ery
w ,

p ro p erly app li ed t o t h e s un d a rti ng h is ray s i nto ,

every c o m e r a nd a s it w ere w i th s o m any e y es

, , ,

v i ew i ng and surv ey ing th e wh o l e l and a nd sea ;

w i th w h i c h th e p o e t a gre es w h o say s , ,

Riding o n hi
gh, t h e S un al l se es a nd h ears .

So m e l
a so of th e nc i e nt G re e k m y th o l o i sts cal l
a
g
O s1r1 3, D i o ny si us and s ur n a m e h im S i ri us am o n st
,
g ,

who m E umo l p us, inh is Bac c h ana l v ers es,

H ero do tus, l ib 1 1 Po rph yr d e A bstinentia l ib iv

. . .
, . .

A c cordi ngl y Pl utarc h ent itl ed his essa o nthe rel i io n

y g of
E gypt, H ep: I ii-4305 x 0 “
 N A TU RE OF TH E GODS . 29

D io nysius d art s h is fi ery rays .

A nd O r h eus, p
H e is c al l ed Phanetes and D io nysius .

S o me lik ew ise set h im fo rth l c o th ed w i th th e sp o tt ed

s ki n o f a faw n (c a ll ed N e b ri s ) ,
fro m t h e vari e ty
of s tars th a t s urro und lik ew i se b e i ng
h im . I si s ,

interp re te d s i gnifi es anc i e nt th at nam e b ei ng as

, , .

c rib e d t o th e M o o n fro m e tern al

g e nerat i o ns T h e y .

a dd lik e w i se h o rn s t o h er b ec ause h er asp ec t is

,

s uc h in h er i n c rease a nd in h er d ec rease
, re p res e nt ,

ing as i c kl e ; a nd b ec a use a n o x a m o ng th e E g yp ,

t i a ns is o ffere d t o h e r insacrifi c e
,
T h e y h o l d t h at .

t h e s e g o d s g o ver n th e w h o l e w o rl d c h eri sh i ng a nd ,

inc reasi ng al l th i ngs ; and d i vi d e th e y ear i nto t h ree

p arts v iz s p ri ng sum m e r a nd w i nte r by a n inv i
, .
, , ,

s ibl e m o t i o n e rfec ti n th e i r c o ns tant c o urse in t h at

p , g
t i m e ; a nd t h o u h t h e y are in th e i r nat ures v ery
g
d i ffere nt o ne fro m a no th e r y e t th ey c o m p l e t e th e
,

w h o l e y ear w i th a m o st e x c e l l e nt h ar m o ny a nd c o n
se n t. T h e y say th at t h ese g o d s in th e i r na tures
c o nt rib ut e m uc h to th e g e nera t i o n o f al l th i ngs th e
-
, ,

o ne b e i n o f a h o t an d ac ti e nature th e o th er
g g ,

m o is t a nd c o l d b ut b o th h av ing s o m e th i ng o f th e
,
,

a ir ; and t h at by t h es e al l t h i n s are b o th b ro ug h t
“
g
fo rth and no uri sh e d ; and th e refo re th at e ver y ,

arti c ul ar b e i ng in t h e uni verse is p erfec t ed a n d

p
c o m l e te d b y th e S un an
p d M o o n w h o se q ual i ti es a s ,

b efo re d ec l ared are fi ve ; a sp i ri t o r q ui c k e ni ng

effic a c y h e a t o r fi re d ry ness o r e arth m o i st ure o r
, , ,

w at e r and a ir o f w h i c h th e wo rl d c o nsi sts as a man

, , ,

is m ad e up of h Ead, h and s, feet, a nd Oth er parts .

30 EG Y PTI A N M Y TH O L O G Y I N G E N E R A L .

T h ese fi v e o bj ec ts w ere re gard ed a s go d s ,

a nd th e
l of E gyp t wh o fi rs t o sse ss e d a n a rt c u ate i l
p eo
p e , p
l ang uage g ,
ave nam es t o e ac h o f th e m in th e i r o w n
d i al ec t T h e y t erme d t h e s p i ri t o r a ni mat in
.
g e t h er , ,

J up i te r ; fi re V ul c an; th e e arth D e m e te r o r C eres ;

, ,

wat er, O c eanus ; a nd th e a ir, M i ne rva o r T rit o g enia

Mac ro bi us g i ves g e ne ra l i d e a o f th e
us th e s a m e

E g yp t i an s up erst it i o n H e s ays . I t is w e ll k no w n ,

th a t O s i ri s is t he s un, and I s i s the e a rth o r nature in ,

e ne ra l ” H en c e th e E g y p t ia ns re p rese n t Os i ri s
g .

i nthe i r h i e ro g ly p h i c s b y th e fi gure o f a s c ept re c o n

t a i ni ng a n e ye ; by w h i c h t h e y i nd ic a te th at th i s go d
is th e su n
,
and th a t h el o o k s d o w n fro m o n h i gh lik e ,

”
a mona rch , o n t h e subl un ary w o rl d H e nc e al so as
-
.
,

t h e same b serve s in a no th er p l ac e th e im ages

a uth o r o ,

o f I s is w ere fo r m e d with m an b rea s ts i nd i c at i ng

y ,

th at N a t ure is t h e uni v e rs al nurse no ur i sh ing fro m ,

he r b os o m a n i nfinite a nd v a ri o us p ro g e ny .

B ut a st il l m o r e e x p li c i t t est i m o ny is th at o f C h as
r em o n o ne o f th e s a c re d s c rib e s a n o rd er w h i c h h eld
, ,

a v e ry di g ni fi e d) ra nk in t h e E g yp t i a n r i es th o o d as
p ,

the so le d e po sito ri e s o f a nc ie nt l e arni ng Po rph yry .

,

inh is ep is tl e to th e p ri est A nneb o n w h i c h c o ntai ns ,

a n um b er o f inq uir i es res p e ct ing th e s ec re t s e nse o f

t h e E gy ptia nm y th o l o g y h a s g iv e na s um m ary o f th e
,

do c trine o f C hee rem o n T he fo l l o w i ng is a transl a

s .

t io n o f t h e pa ss age t hat c o nta i ns it .

”
I w i sh to b e i nfo rm e d say s Po r h r y
p y, w h at ,

op i nio n th e E
gypt i ans e ntertain c o nc erni ng th e fi rst
D iodo rus, t ransl ated by Bo o th , Bo o k I .

l N e c I no c cul to est, neque a

l iud esse O sirin uam so l em , nec
“

q
I sin al iud esse quam t erram, naturamve rer um Saturnalia, .

l ib i
. .
 N A TU R E o n TH E c ons . 31

cause ; whe th e r th e y co nc e ve i It to b e i ntell ec t or

,

so m eth i ng d i stinc t fro m i ntell ec t F o r C haere m o n .

”

an d o the rs a c k no w l e d ge no th i ng a nt e r i o r to th e v i si
bl e wo rl d s t aki ng t h e g o d s o f th e E g y p ti ans as th e
,

fo und a tio n o f th e i r re aso ni ngs * a nd ac k no w l ed g i ng ,

no o th e r d e i ti es th an t h e p l ane ts a nd th e as teri sm s o f
th e Z o d i ac w i th th e i r p a rana t el l o ns th e s ub divis io ns ,

o f th e s i n
g s c all e d D ec a ni a nd H o ro sc o p e s and , ,

t h o s e sta rs te rm e d m i g hty c h i e fs t h e na m es o f wh i c h ,

a r e in s erte d in th e a l m a nac k s to g eth er w i th t h e ir ,

su
pp o se d i nfl ue nc e in c uri ng d i se as es a nd th e p ro g ,

h o st i e s t h at w e re d ra w n fro m t h e i r r i s i n s a nd se t
g
,

t i ng s . F o r h e o b serve d t h at th o s e E gy p t i a ns wh o ,

c o ns i d er e d t h e S un as th e d e m i ur e o r c reato r al s o
'

g ,

referred th e a d ve nt ure s o f O s i ri s a nd I s i s a nd al l th e ,

s ac re d fa bl es t o th e s tar s a n
, d th e i r a pp e ara nc es t h e i r ,

s et t i ng s and r i s i ng s o r t o t h e i nc re ase s a nd w a ni ngs

,

o f t h e m o o n o r to th e o urn e y o f t h e s un in t h e no c
, j
t urna l o r d i urna l h e mi s p h ere o r t o th e r i ver N il e ; ,

an d inge ne ral th at t h e y g i ve a l l th e i r m y th o l o g ue s a

p h y si c al e x p l anati o n a nd re fer no ne o f t he m to sp i
,
r

r i t ual o r l i vi ng b e i ngs H e add s th at m o s t o f th ese

.
,

erso n s c o nn e c te d h um a na ffa i rs w i th the m o t i o n s of

p
the s tars bi nd i ng all th i ngs inth e i nd i s so l ubl e c h a i ns
,

o f ne c e s s i ty wh i c h th e y t e rm fa te an
,
d m a ki ng th e m ,

d ep e nd o n th e d i vi ni ti es a b o v e m e nt i o ne d w h o m th e y ,

rev e re in t e m l e s a nd b m e an s o f s tat ues and in

p y ,

o th er me th o d s as t h e o n ,
ly b ei ngs wh o ha ve po wer
o ver d es t iny xl

The o rig inal

p assage is h ere m anifestl y c orr up t ; I h ave
endeavo ured t o give t h e se nse wit h as l ittl e al teratio n in th e
t ex t po ssibl e
as .

1 E pist Po rphyrnpree miss I am bl ic h d e

"
. . . Myster E .
gyp t .
32 E G Y PT I A N M YT H O L O G Y I N G E N E R A L .

b y E usebius,
'

T he o p i ni o n o f C h aere m o n is c i ted
l P i n n d th t l arn ed
in h is E vang el ic a r ep ar a t o ; a a e

c o nc l ud es fro m it th a t t h e E g y p ti a n
a uth o r
t h eo l o gy,

e v e n in its re c o nd is o t eri c se nse W t h w as so

nd i te a ,

m uc h b o as te d o f b y th e p h il o so p h e rs, refe rre d to no

b f h i h n t h t nd l anets
o th e r o
j e c t s o w o rs p t a e s ars a
p ,

a nd rec o g niz ed o r i n c o rp o re a l p ri n ci le
p n o in visi ,
a

b l e i nte lli ge nc e as th e p ro d uc t i ve c a us e o f the

,

uni verse * T h e sa m e p as sa g e h as b ee n c i te d b y
.

s o m e a uth o rs o f m o re bj ec t it
re c e nt d ate , w h o se o

h a s b ee n to g i ve a d eg ra d i ng p i c ture o f th e sc i e nc e
a nd l e arni n o f a nc ie t E g y p t f
g n -
I n o
pp o s it i o n t o

s uc h w r i t e rs D r C ud w o r th t h e s tre nuo us a d vo cat e

,
.
,

o f t h e w i s d o m o f a nti q ui t y h a s a dd uc e d t h e tes ,
‘

t im o ny o f I a m bl ic h us w h o und e r t h e fi c ti t i ous
, ,

nam e o f A b am m o n h as rep li e d to th e i nq ui ri es co n
,
~

t a ine d inth e l ette r o f Po rp hy ry j : T h e fo ll o w i ng is

a t ransl at i o n o f th e a ss a e o f I a m b l ic h us in wh i ch
p g ,

t h e o p i ni o n o f C h re re m o n is a ll ud e d to .

C heere m o n, a nd so m e o th ers w h o t rea t of the

fi rst c a use s o f t h e p h aeno m e na o f th e w o rl d , e nume ~
r at e in r e ali ty
‘
o nl y th e l o west p ri nc i p l es a nd tho se
w ri ters w h o m e nt i o n t h e p l a ne ts t h e z o d iac a nd
, ,

th e d eca ns a nd h o ro sc o p es, and th e s t ars t erm ed

m igh ty c h e fs,
i ‘
‘
co n fi ne t h e m s el v es to i
p art c u ar l
d ep artm e nts o f th e p ro d uc t i v e c a uses . S uc h to p i cs

E useb ius E van Prte p. .

p iv . l ib iii
. . ca . .

1 Dr C ud wo rth s I nt el l ec t ual S ys t em
‘ ’
. .

I C hre rem o n is al s o m uch ex t o l l ed by D up uis, wh o t e

p eatedl y c ites his evid ence, in o rder t o p ro ve th at th e idea o f
an in t elligent and spiri tual caus e is a fi c tio n o f m o dern t im es
,
an d th at t h e ph il o so ph ers o f th e anc ient worl d were t o o wi se
t o i nd ul ge inan such absurd reveri e
y .
 Y PT I A N M Y TH O L O G Y I N G E N E R A L 33
’
EG .

n
i d eed as a re c o nta i ned inth e
l manac k s c o nsti tut e
a ,

b ut a v e ry s m al l p art o f th e i nst i tutio ns o f H e rm es

‘

an d al l t h at re l ates t o th e app ar i ti o ns o r o c c ul ta ti o ns
o f t h e st a r s o r th e i n crea si n s o r w a ni n s o f th e
, g g
M o o n h as th e l o w es t p l ac e in th e E gyp ti and o c tri ne
,

o f c a us es N o r d o th e E gy p ti ans reso l ve all th i ngs

.

into p h y s i c al q uali t i e s ; b ut t h ey d i sti ngui sh b o th th e

an i m a l a nd i ntell e c t ual li fe fro m nat ure i tse l f no t ,

o nly in t h e uni v erse b ut in m an T h e y c o ns i d er

, .

i nt el l ec t a nd re aso n in th e fi rs t p l ac e as e xi sti ng b y
, ,

t h e m se l ve s a nd o n th i s p ri nc i p l e th e
, y ac c o unt fo r
th e c re at io n o f t h e w o rl d I n th e sent e nc e w h i c h
.

im m e d i ate l y fo l l o ws a nd o f w h i c h D r C ud wo rth h as
, .

t ak e n no no t i c e I a m b l ic h us p ro c eed s to g i ve thi
,

d o c tr i ne a fo r m m o re c o ns i ste nt w i th o th er rep re
s c uta ti o ns o f th e E t i an h il o so h A fte r o h
g yp p p y .

s ervi n t h at th e y ra nk fi rst th e D e m iurg us as th e

g
fi rst p are nt o f al l things th at are p ro d uc ed a nd ,

ac k no wl e d e th at v i ta l e ne r
g gy w h i c h is p r i o r to ,

a nd s ub s i s ts in t h e h e a ve ns a n d p l a c e p ur e inte ll e c t
,

a t th e h ea d o f t h e uni v erse h e add s th a t th e y

, ,

a ll o t o ne i nvi s i bl e s o ul t o th e wh o l e w o rl d an d ,

an
” le
o t h er d i vi d ed o n e to al l th e s h e res
a
p .

I f w e a tte nt i ve l y c o ns i d er th i s p ass ag e o f I am b l i
c h us a n d d i ves t it o f th e j argo n o f th e l ate r Pl a to ni c
sc h o o l ,
w i th wh i c h t h at a uth o r h i m se l f i nfo rm s us
th at t h e E g yp tians w h o wro te a fter th e Pto l e m ai c
,

ag e ,
w e re acc usto m ed t o c l o th e th e d o c tri nes o f
H e rm es o r th e nati ve p h il o so ph y o f E gyp t w e s h al l ,

fi nd th at it m ay eas ily b e re c o nc i l ed w i th th e t eno ur

o f th e e vid en ce b efo re add uce d B y c o mp ari ng
.

I ambl ichus d e M ysterns E gyptiorum, sect . v iii . ca

p iv
. .

F
34 N A TU RE OF T HE GODS .

all t h at th e a nc ents i h ave l eft ,

co nc e rni ng th e
su
p erst i ti o ns of E g yp t i ans, w e
th e l earn th at th e
w o rsh i p o f th at nat i o n w a s d i rec te d to wa rd sp h y s i c al
o bj e c ts, o r th e d ep art m ents a nd p o w e rs o f nat ure .

I t m ay b e q uesti o ne d wh e th er t h e p eo p l e h ad a ny
e x al t e d i d e a o f th e i nv i s ibl e a uth o r as d i st i ng ui sh e d ,

fro m h is w o rk s O n th e o th er h a nd it is e q ual l y
.

r ep ugn an t t o re a s o n, a nd t o th e t esti m o ni e s o f the

i
a nc e nt w r i ters , t o su
p p o se th at th e y p ai d i n
a d o ra t o

t o i nani m a te b o d i e s, re ard i n g th e m as suc h This

g .
,

sa sy D r C ud wo rth
.
,
w o ul d b e a ness, a nd
s o t t sh
i
contrad ic tio ns no ns e nse ,
t h at is no t i nc i d ental t o
h um annat ure T h e E gyp t i ans
.
,
as I a m b l ic h us as

serts in th e p assa g e a b o v e q uo te d nsi d ered eve ry ,

co

art o f th e v i s ibl e uni ve rse a s e n d o w e d w i th an

p
i nh erent li fe, e nerg y a nd inte l l i g enc e ; th e y wo r
,

sh i p p ed th e inte lli g e nt a nd ac t i v e c aus e o f th e ph ae

no m e na o f nature as it is disp l a y ed in its m o st
,

s tr iki ng an d p o we rful a g e nc i es b ut a s w e sh al l , ,

h e reafter fi nd re as o n t o c o nc l ud e, w i th o ut acc urat ely

d i scri m i nati ng th e c ause fro m th e effec t ; o r th e y
b e li e ve d, as me n see m na turally p ro ne t o im ag i ne,
th at th e el e m e nts t h e m sel ves w ere a ni m a ted .

”
S uc h ys E use bi us,
,
sa was th e d o c tr i ne o f th e
E g y pti ans fro m Wh o m O rph e us d e r iv i ng h is th e o l o gy,
,

rep re se nte d th e univ erse go d fo rm e d o r c o m

as a ,

o se d o f a num b er o f s ub o rd i nat e d i v i ni t i es as int e

p
g rant p arts o f h i m se l f ; fo r w e h av e a l read y sh ow n ,

h dds th at th e E gy p tians re c k o ned th e d e art

“
e a ,
p
m e nts of th e w o rl d i tsel f as o d s? "
s
T he
g o
p era
t i o ns of th e e em en
l ts, d e sc rib e d in a my stical

E useb E van Preap l ib iii

. . . . . c ap . ix .
 EG Y PTI A N M YTH O LOGY IN GE NE R A L . 35

and p o e ti c al styl e w ere p erh ap s m istak en by

, ,

th e v ul ar fo r th e a d ve nt ure s o f g o d s o r d ae m o ns
g ,

b ut th e or i g i nal sense of th ese th e o go ni c a l fabl es

w o ul d pp a ear to h ave b een m ere l y p h y s i c al , o r
fo und e d o n t h at sp ec e s i of a a ni sm wh i ch E use
p g
b ius d ec l ares t o be th e m o st anc ent, i nam e ly, t h e
wo rsh i p o f nature * . B arb aro us nati o ns h av e ever

re
g ard ed s to rm s, w i nd s, and th e m o v i ng b o d i es inth e
h eave ns as ani m ate d and g uid e d by g enii and th e
,

sam e su
p erst iti o n ,
d ec o rated and re d uc ed to a s y ste m
ofm y sti c al rep resentat i o ns app ears t o h ave b e en th e ,

p o p ul ar re li g i o n o f th e m o st c ul ti vat ed nati o ns o f
an tiq ui ty .

Varro affi r m e d th at th e fo r m s, dec orat io ns, nd wh o l e

a

at trib ut es o f t h e go ds, w ere inv ent ed as se nsib e l rep r esenta

t io ns, inw h ic h m e nm igh t c o nt em
pl at e and revere th e t rue go d s .

T h ese, ac c o rding t o h im , w er e t h e s o ul o f th e w o rl d, and its

p arts, wh ic h w ere distrib uted t o t h e h eav en, earth , air, ky,

s

l and, w at er S ee S t A ugustin d e Civit D ei, l ib

. . . . . vii . c. 5
and 6 .

B ut , b esid es t h ese p h ysic al d eit ies, Varro enum erat ed a s eries

o f go d s, or d aam o n s, wh o p resid ed o ver al l t h e ac ts o f a m ans
’

l ife, even t h e m o st trivial , fro m J anus, wh o ush ered h im into

th e wo rl d, t o N aenia, t h e go d dess of the so ngs rec ited at o l d
m ens funeral s I bi d c ap . ix . l ib 6
’
. . . .
36 N A T U RE OF TH E c o ns .

SE CTI O N I V .

u h er in he Mean i n of the
A ttemp t to p enet ra te f r t to t g
E gyp tia n F a bles . A na lysis of the O rp hic F i ctio ns , and
o ther M ys tica l R ep r esenta tions d erived from E gyp t .

S uch is th e g e neral v i e w w h i c h th e anc i ents g i ve

us o f th e re li g i o n o f t h e E g y p t i ans ; a nd t h us far we
ad v anc e o n t o l era bly s afe g ro und ,
b ecause th e evi

d enc e o n wh i c h w e rely is nearly una ni mo us

B ut .

wh en w e a ttem p t to p ro c ee d furth e r a nd t o ana ly se ,

th e p art i c ul a r p o rt i o ns o f th i s i nt ri c at e s y st em o f
my th o l o g y w e fi nd th e so urc es o f o ur i nfo rm at i o n
,

x
e tre m e ly d efe c t i ve . It se e m s to o p ro b a bl e that
b efo re th e t i m e o f th e G ree k w ri ters ,
wh o h ave g i ven
us t h e m o st ex t ensi v e d i s c o urse s o n t h es e t o p i cs ,

th e i nterpreta ti o n o f m any all eg o ric a l fi c ti o ns w as

e i th er w ho lly l o st o r h ad b ec o m e th e s ubj ec t o f
,

d o ub tful sp ec ul atio n H eca taaus and H e ro d o tus w h o

.
,

t rav ell e d inE gy pt d uri ng t h e p e rio d w h e n its na t i ve

h i erarc h y stil l fl o uri sh ed sa w o nly th e o utward fo rm
,

o f its m yth o l o gy o r h av e s t ud i o usl

,
y c o nc e al ed th e i r
k now l e d ge o f its r ec o nd i te sens e I t is o nly th ro ugh .

t h e m e d i um o f t h e d o c tri ne s o f th e Py th ago re a ns a nd
‘

th e fo ll o wers o f T h al es and th e o l d er h il o s o h o f
p
,
p y
O rp h e us wh i c h w ere th e l e sso ns o f th e initiated
, ,

t h at w e c an h o p e t o p enet ra te th e v e il o f E y t i an
g p
m y ste ry and b eco m e ac q ua i nted w i th th e d o m as
,
g
t h a t w ere d eli ve re d in secre t t o t h e
p up il s o f th e
th ric e -g reat H e rm es .

T h e O rph i c fragm e nt s co ntain th e o l d est s ec i

p
mens o f th e sac erd o ta l phil oso ph y o f the G ree k s, o r
 A NA L Y SI S o n TH E o ar m c m ew s . 37

o f th o se m y sti c al interp re tati o ns o f th e p o p ul ar super

s tit io n w h i c h w ere p res erved a m o n t h e h i e ro h a nts,
g p
w h o t ransp l a nte d t h e w o rs h i p o f t h e g o d s fro m th e
b ank s o f th e N il e to th e h a m l e ts o f A rg o s and A tti ca .

I t pro b abl y rec e i ved c o rre c ti o ns a nd a dd i tio ns fro m ,

t i m e t o t i m e fro m l e arne d G ree k s w h o tra v e ll ed i nto

,

th e E a st a nd s tud i e d in th e E g yp ti an sc h o o l s
, T he .

O rph i c verses th e m se l ves w ere c h i efly th e w o rk s o f

Pyth ago r eans T h e y c o nta i n th at rep re se ntatio n o f
.

th e sy s te m o f th e w o rl d w h i c h h a s b ee nt erm e d Pan
t h e i s m d ec l ari ng a l l th e d ep artm e nts o f na t ure to b e
,

a nim at e d by li v i n g p o w e rs w h i c h are p o rti o ns o f t he ,

s u re m e o r uni vers a l s o ul
p into w h o se ess e nc e al l ,

fi ni t e b e i ngs are reso l ved S o m e ti m es th e e nti re .

univ e rse is re p res ented as o ne g rea t li v i ng w h o l e ; at

o th ers it s p arts are sp o k e n o f as h av i n

, g a n ind iv i
d ual nat ure wh i c h h as e m anate d fro m a nd w i l l ag a i n
,

b e re s o l ve d into th e uni versal b e i ng T h e fo rmer o f .

th es e i d ea s is c o nve y e d b y th e fo ll o w i ng v e rses c ited

by E use bi us fro m th e wo rk s o f Po rp h yry * .

i
Z eb; we ep dv gl azin i oépa vofi ow r epcevr og
’
- ' ‘

g re xa
'

Z eb; m irr or) pita Z eb; ifN og 1 i3e a exn

'

vq
'

' ’ '
Eu x pocr og el g Ba iy w v y ever o, p ey ocg otpxhg drr ocvr w v,
‘ ' ’
‘ '

31! Be35p m; Gow bsel ov Ev (3 r a ds r ah/T a x ux k eir m ,

'
i
'

WJp zea l 33a mx otl 7 0th zea l o udn p 11 65 T E x a i iiy a p

’
' ‘
.
,

)
' '
x a i Mfifl g, 7rpair og y ever wp, x a i E pw g 7r u7 w
'
-
(
'
r e 7r qg
p
'
,

i
r v hg y ey ocN o w de J aip ur : x eir a t
’ '

e
' l
7r o w
'

r a ye
p
'
‘

p nuiw[L EV id i
‘ '
l Mt
' '

7 06 375 e u sea w 7ra

'

xa 7r oo
7 01 x ec o p
'
u oc c ig b edetpo u
'
i
’

dpa vhg ig/N iel s, y

'

t o eo
o or
xp
wv p a py a pewv wepm o mmeeg ip d
' ' '
r e e ow o u
’'
'

oco r
p
.

Fro cl inTim p 9 5 . . . . E useb Preap E vang.. .

38 N A TU RE OF TH E GO D S .

J up iter is th e fo undatio n o f th e eart h and th e

s tarry h eaven: J up it er is t h e ro o t o f t h e o c ean h e

is th e sun and t h e m o o n: H e 1 8 o ne p o w er, o ne
d aem o n, t h e gre at r ul er o f al l H e is o ne m igh ty .

b o d y, in wh ic h fi re, w at er, earth , e th er, nigh t and

d ay rev o l ve : al l t h es e are c o ntained w it h in t h e g reat
b o dy of J upit er . Wo ul d
yo u Vie w h is h ead and
m aj es tic fac e ? B eh o l d t h e radiant h e av en : his

g o l d e n ringl e t s are difl us ed n e very s id e, s hi ning

'

o
”
w it h resp l endent s t ars .

S im il ar i d eas a re c o nta ined in t h e fo ll o w i ng li nes ,

p reserv e d b y Pro c l us, in h is C o m m e ntary up o n th e

“

T imm us fi ‘e

n
i A ri) ; 7rai 7nu
' '
f ouvex oc (f o r 7 a) r aw
-
er dxdn
-
s
9ape;
! c I c7 3 ou a n cl

41 0 9
s
a n eu e
p mg , 7 p wou org/h on
o or 11 ,
I Ier ou I I V
3 y o un
a y ' 9
r at/T oo
puy g 3 m udeo s u r
'
ar '
e
, p g p ),
’ i
i
a x eo
p ey a g, wog re xa l vewu
r oc T o
p ra
p oc
y o un
g
'

m uwoe-up on xal r
Iot/7 0 9 I a!
-
I
9 w r et prr og, wo w
.

, a l l ot r e r ec .

I I
d wwr or y o ma peg deal ,
’ ’
wa rnes 3
’

335 Geo uvo u

- '
oc o 7 ,
(I of ff

m! y ey ot w r a x o u ua r epov rim
a
c o v er
. e ‘ '
,Ey ez h eu
Eyy éver o
’
Z ml og 3 Eui y aw r e
' ’

p: o zapfia 7r e<p6x er
' - '

T h e spl endid l igh ts o f th at e th erial v au l t,

T h e em p yrean and t h e nether sk ,
y
Th e b arrensea, and w id e- s pread c o nti nents
S upp o rt ing st at el y real m s, t h e o c ean v ast, ‘

T h e d ep th s o f Tart arus, an d b o undl essl ak e s ;

T he m igh ty riv ers ; a l l t h at e arth c o nt ains,
With al l t h e im m o rtal h o st, t he o dd esses
'

g
A nd go ds, and al l th at was o r e ’er sh al l b e
A l l these h ave gro wnand are c o ntained wit hin
,

T h e al l -t eemi n wo m b o f universal J o ve ”
g .

at Fro cl . in Timaeum, 2, p . 95 , 3 4 . Gesner

’
s O rphica,
p 365
. .
 A N A L YS IS o n TH E o ur m e F A BLE S . 39

T h e id ea , i ns fro m th e uni v ersal so ul

o f e m anat o

a ni m at i n g b o d i e s o f v ar i o us ki nd s o c c urs in th e ,

w o rk s o f several p o ets in wh i c h fragm ents o f th e ,

o l d O r h i c d o c tri ne are sc atte red

p I t is b ea ut i fully .

e x re sse d by V i r il w h o w as d e ep ly verse d inth e

p g ,

h il o s o h y o f t h e anc i e nt s
p p .

Princ ip io c oel um ac t erras, c am

p o sque l iquent es,
L uc entem que gl o bum l unee, Tit aniaque astra,
S pirit us int us al it, t o tam que infusa p er artus
M ens agitat m o l em , et m ag no s e c o rpo re m isc et .

l nd e h o m inum p ec ud um que ge nus, v it a

e que vo l a ntum
E t qua m arm o reo fert m o ns t ra sub nt s *
ae
q uore p u
o .

K no w fi rst , t h at h eaven and

’
e arth s c o m
p ac ted frame,
A nd flo wing wat ers , and t h e y fl ame,
s t arr

A nd b o t h th e nt l ig h t s,
rad ia one c o mm o n so u] ,

I nsp ires , and feed s, and anim ates th e wh o l e .

Th is ac t ive m ind, infus ed t hro ugh al l th e p ace,

s

U nit es and m ingl es in t h e co m mo nm ass .

H e nc e m e n and b easts th e b reath of l ife o b t ain,

”
A nd birds o f air and m o nst ers of th e m ain .
1
‘

A ll ind i vi d ua l b e i ngs w ere rep rese nte d as

p ro
c eed i ng fro m th e esse nc e o f th e uni versal d e i ty by a
m y s ti c al g e nerat i o n wh i c h is d e sc rib ed und e r vari o u
, s

t y p es S o m et i me s J up i ter is fe i g ned to b e b o th m al e
.

X
a nd fe m al e, and is sa id t o p ro d uce al l t hings fro m
h i msel f .

’
Z eb; r pair o; y ever o, Z eb; bcr r wr o; ocpxm epa uvo;
' ' ’ '
' ' '

Z eb; x egoo mi) Z eb; p ea o er, A l b; 3 Ex wa ve-a T er ux r a i

- ’ i ' ‘

Z b; d ps m y euer o, Z eb; d p gpor o; 3m m *

n
i ' i
ubp <p
- '
e .

Vi rgil . iE neid l ib , . vi. ver. 72 1 .

1 D rydens
‘
’
Virgil .
40 N A TU R E or TH E eons .

r ul er
J up iter is th e fi rst , J up it er th e l ast, t h e
of t h und er ; J upit er is t h e h ead and t h e m iddl e ;

al l th ing s J o ve J up iter is
ro d uc e d of a m al e,
p are .

”
J up iter is an imm o rtal nym ph .

H e nc e th e i th et o fte n i ve n t o J up i ter of
ep ,
so g ,

&pcr evoén
abg
‘
or m asc ul o fe m i ni ne . T he d o c tri ne
d i st i ngui sh e d by th i s e p i th et is re
p re se n
te d by ,

D a m asc ius t h e fund a m e nt a l r i nc i l e of th e

,
as p p
O rp h i c p h il o so ph y .

B ut th e m o s t p reva l ent re re se nt a t o n i w a s t hat

p
wh i ch d i v i d e d th e p h y s i c al ag e nc i es o f th e uni v e rse
into m a e and fe
l m a l e
* T h e m o re p o w erful m o ve
.

m e nts o f t h e e l em e nts ,
s to r ms and w i nd s, th und er
and li gh t ni ng m e te o rs , , th e g e ni al s h o w ers w h ic h

d esc e nd fro m th e e th er a l i re g o ns o n
i th e b o so m of

t h e E a rth t h e y s o f th e su n a nd th e su
p p o se d in
“

,
ra ,

fl ue nc e s of th e st ars, w e re th e g e t i c o r m asc uli ne

e ne r

r e ard ed a s t h e a g en
p o w e rs o f nature and w e re , g c i es

o f th e m a l e d e i ty ; w h il e t h e p ro lifi c E arth h erse l f t h e ,

re g o n o f s u bl unary and
i p ass i v e el e m e nts, w a s th e
un ve rsa co n
i g o d d e ss t h e
l , s o rt o f th e c e l es ti a l J o ve .

This fi c tio n o f t he m y st i c m arri age

is th e c e l e b ra ted
o f h e ave n a n d e arth w h i c h fo rm s th e fo und atio n o f
,

al l th e p a anc o s mo o n i es a nd p o e tic al rh a so d i es o n
g g p
t h e o ri g i n o f g o d s and m en I t is g i ve n by V i rgil in .

its m o st o b vio us ph y s i cal sense and it is o b served b y ,

Vo ssius h as o bserved th at t his idea h o l d s a

p rinc ipal pl ace
inth e m yth o l o gy o f th e anc i ent s H e says, . I n natura at
t end entes vim act i vam et p assivam , eam et m arem et foem inam

—
d ixere ; m arem ill ud, q uo d vim in al ia ex serit ; foem inam,
”
quae vi i
m al enam recipit, et q uasi fre cundatur . V i o ss us de
O rigine et Progressa Idol ol atriae, l ib i . .
 A N A L YSIS or TH E O R PH I C m ew s . 41

S t A ugust i n th at t hi s rep re se ntati o n is no t b o rro wed

.
,

fro m th e fi c ti o ns o f p o etry, b ut fro m th e ph i l o so p h y

of th e ant e i nts .

V ere t um ent t errae, genital ia se m ina p o sc unt

et

T um p ater o m nip o te ns foec un dis imbribus E th er ;

C o nj ugis ingre m ium l aet as d es c endit, et o m nes

M ag nus al it, m ag no i
c o m m st us c or
p o re, foet us .
‘

I n w ri ti ng th e se w e m ay c o n
v e rses,
j ec ture that
V i rgi l had in his m e mo ry t h e fo ll o wi ng li nes o f
E uri p i d e s w h ic h e x p ress
,
th e s am e i d ea in ve ry

s i m il ar t e r ms

I
n
’
8 wep t/o; O upo wog, wz poup evo;
9 g
ot
s
p o

gp gpou 7r eo eiv ei; r atio w, A <ppobi7 n

'

O r th e fo l l o w i ng v erses o f L ucre ti us :

Po st rem o p ereunt im bres ub i e o s PA TE R E T H E R,

I n grem ium M A T R I S TE R R A ! p re c ipitavit J:

T h i s p h y sic alll ego ry is ex p ressed by so m e o fa

th e p h il o so p h i c al w ri te rs in a m o re fo rma l m a nner .

U t a summis ca nsi s ex o rd iamur say s Pro c l us , ,

C oel um e t T erram q uasi mare m et foem inam r e s

e ni m C oeli mo tus qui ex d i urn
‘

p ic e re l ic et E st . a .

r evo l utio n e v i r e s S e min al e s e d i t und e T erra qua ,

emanant rec ip it . H mc ferace m re d dunt e t eflic it ut

fructus et anma a o mnig ena ex s e

i li p r o ducat T he .

sam e a uth o r o b serve s ,

t h a t th i s s upp o sed r el at i o n w as

it G eo rgie l ib 3 24 1 F ragment (E dip

‘
. . 1 1 . v er . . . .

1 D e Rerum N atura, l ib i ver 2 5 1 Se e al so D r Musgrave s

’
. . . . .

D i ssertati ono nt h e Grec ian Myt h o l o gy, p 20 . .

G
 42 NAT U RE o n T HE eo ns .

t e rm e d , inth e m yst ic al l ang ua ge, an d th at

t h e A t h e m a n l a w s o rd a i ne d a c c o rd i ngl y, t h at ne wly
m arri e d p erso ns sh o ul d sac rifi c e fi rs t t o th e H eave n
a nd E arth a nd t h at i n t h e m yst e r i e s o f E l e usi s t h es e
,

l
e e m e nt s w er e i nv o k e d a nd a d d re sse d b y na m es ,

wh i c h c h ar ac te r s e d i th e m as fath er a nd m o th e r o f al l
g e nerat e d b ei ng s : th es e m y st i c na m es w ere th e; fo r
t h e H e a ve n ,
a nd T ex tual . fo r t he E a rth .
le
a

Var ro h as g i ve n a S i m il a r ac c o unt o f th e anc i e nt

my th o l o g y in g e nera l Pri nc i p es D ei C re l um e t .
,

T e rra H i d e i iid e m q ui in
.
yp to S e rap is e t I si s ; n
ui s unt T a aut es e t A st art e a ud Ph oe nic a s ; e t iid e m
q p '

ri nc i p e s in L atio S a t urnus e t O p s 1
‘

p ,
.

A p o ll o d o rus: and Pl uta rc h § d e liver th e sam e testi

mo ny T h e l atter o f th e se w r ite rs re m arks th at m en
.
, ,

fro m o b servi ng th e har m o ni o us p h e no m e na o f th e

h eav e ns as w ell as th e g e ne ratio n o f p lants and
,

a ni m al s up o n th e earth c am e to r e ar d th e H eaven
g ,

as th e F ath e r o f al l , a nd t he E arth as th e M o th er
6 be 0 ”by O bpo wbg hp
‘ 2
7 0 11 0 1 r ar , brot 7 b r div 630 e
o ww v 15
'
539030 i be F ifi p flf n
,

316
9 ; fi re
pp e v
p : , To

bexea flo u r a br a i
'
'
xa

M ac ro bi us a ttr ib utes t his rep res ent a t o n i to th e

p h il o so p h ers o f t h e Pl ato ni c sc h o o l . S o m e w ri
t e rs ,
h e o b s e rve s , h av e d i vid e d th e wo rl d into
t wo re
g io ns ,
of w hi ch o ne is ac t v e, i th e ot h er p assive
nature T h e fi rst th ey t erm ac ti v e b e c a use b e i ng
.
, ,

imm utabl e i tse l f it b r i ng s into o p erati o n tho se

,

c a use s wh i c h nec essar ily e x c i t e c h an es inth e o th er ;

g

Pro cl inTim aeum l ib

. . . v.
p 2 91
. .

1 Varro d e Ling t L at l ib iv . . .

1 A po l l o do r us in initio .
i

Pl utarch de Pl acitis Phil oso ph l ib i

. . . . ca
p 6 . .
 A NA L Y SI S o n THE o ar m c F A B LE S . 43

th e l atter is c all e d p ass i ve b ec a use it und ergo es ,

v ari ati o ns in it s state T h e i m m utabl e reg i o n o f

.

th e wo rl d e x te nd s fro m t h e sph e re t erme d A p l anes

t o th e o rbi t o f th e M o o n th e m ut a b l e d ep art m e nt ,
”a
fro m th e l una r o rbi t t o th e ea rth t T h i s fi c t i o n .

was d eri ved by th e Pl at o ni sts fro m th e i r p red ec es

s o rs t h e Py thag o re ans
,
I t is fo und i nd ee d in a stil l
.

m o re e x pli c i t fo rm in th e wo rk s o f O cell us L ucanus

, ,

th e Py th a o
g er a n -
I
I nt h e S am o thrac i anm yste ri es wh ic h see m to have ,

b een th e m o s t a nc i e ntly es ta bli sh e d c erem o ni es o f

th i s ki nd inE uro p e w e a re i nfo rm e d b y V a rro th at
, ,

th e H e av e n a nd E ar th w ere w o rsh i p p e d as a m al e
an d fem al e d i vi ni ty a nd as th e p arents o f al l thi ngs
, .

A w ell k no w n p art o f th e c er e m o ni es p erfo rme d in

-
,

t h ese a nd o t h e r m y st i c so l e m ni t i es were the rites o f

‘

t h e p h a ll us and and D io d o rus a ssures us th at

th e p hy si c al t heo ry b o ve d esc ri b ed was th e subj ect
a

t y p ifi e d by th ese e m b l e m s .

T h e sa m e id ea o c c urs fre q ue ntly in th e G reek

o e ts E ri i d es w h o h as e m b o d i ed inhis
p .u p ,
p o e ms
m any c uri o us p i e c e s o f t h e m ys ti c al al l eg o r y o f th e
anc i en ts h as se t it fo rth emp h at i c a lly inth e fo l l o wi n
,
g
l i nes § .

ra id peg/fa ng x a l 3m; A l di)p

’

, ,

' '
O p ill o wdpa mw v x ai flediv y evefl o p
’

M acrobn S o m nium S c ipio nis, l ib i . . c a

p . 11 .

1 O c el l us L ucanus S ee al so t h e Co m ment ary o nChap ter L,

'
.

N o te B .
, b el w
o .

1 The sam e s mb o l
y was used in th efe st ival s of Ceres and
Pro serpine in S icil y, as w e l earnfro m A th enze us, l ib x x v . . fluid, 2
Fra
gment Chrysipp i . . a
pud Macro b S at l ib i
. . . .
“ N
 44 N AT U RE o n TH E G O DS .

io u;
' '

ib by pogoh ou;
’
v o T a y oua; uor
'

im -er Guam-ob;
’
wa pa b éq m
e o ue ,
r

buh oc r e dn
'
ix r et be Gopo w Q
‘ '

aiu
'

f p ,

beenobx a bix w ;
”amp
' ’
7ro wr w u veu
w w
'
'
o or .

an d th o u, c el es tial A ir,
O p ac io us E arth
s

Wh o art th e sire o f go ds and m o rt al m e n

Whil e sh e, t h e am bro sial m o t her, do th rec eive
T h e g enial sh o w ers o nh e r ex pande d b reast,
T eem ing w ith h um an o ffs pring, and b rings fo rth
T h e al im e nt of l ife, and al l t h e t rib es

T h at ro am t h e fo res t j ustl y th enc e pro c l aim ed

M o th er o f al l .

T h e S un b e i ng t h e m o st striki ng o f th e c e l esti al
el em e n ts th e m al e p o w e r w as a d o re d a s resid i ng a nd
,

m a ni fest i ng it s m o st e ne rg e ti c infl ue nc e in th e so l ar
o rb . I nth o se re p rese ntat i o ns c o nne c te d w i th th e id o
l at ry o f th e S yrians wh ic h a s w e s h all s ee h erea fter
, , ,

w as ne a rl y alli ed to th e fa bl es o f E gy p t w e fi nd the ,

w o rsh i p o f th e S uni nvo l v e d int h e fi gurat i v e th e o l o gy

wh ic h w e h ave a l re ad y t ra c e d M a c ro bi us g i v es us .

t h e fo ll o w i ng ac co unt o f t h e no t i o ns e nt e rt a i ne d b y
t h e S y ri ans o r A ssy ri a ns c o nc e rni ng t h e p o w e r o f
, ,

”
t h e so l a r d e i ty T h e y g i ve h e o b serves
. th e , ,
“

nam e o f A d ad wh i c h s i g nifi es One t o th e g o d o n

, ,

w h o m t h ey b esto w th e h igh es t a d o rat i o n T h ey .

w o rsh i p him as t h e m o st p o w erful d i vi ni t y b ut o i n

j ,

w i th h im a go d d e s s na m e d A d arg at is ; a nd t o th e se
two d e i ti es w h i c h are infac t t h e S un and M o o n t h e y
, ,

ascr ib e s u re m e d o m ini o n o ve r all na t ur e T he a t

p .

tr ib utes o f t h i s d o ubl e d i vi ni t a re no t d escr i b e d in

y
s o m an y wo rd s ; b ut in sy m b o l s wh i c h are used t o ,
 A N A L YSIS or TH E O R PH I C F A B LES . 45

d eno te th at p o we r th at d i stri b utes i tsel f th ro ugh al l

th e sp e c i es o f b e i ngs th at e xi st T h ese sy m b o l s are .

em bl e mati c o f th e S un; fo r th e im age o f A d ad is

d i st i ng ui sh ed b y ray s i nc li ni ng d o w nw ard s wh i c h ,

ind i c ate th at th e i nfl ue nc e o f th e h eave nd e sc e nd s b y

th e s o l ar ra ys up o n t he earth ; th e i m ag e o f A d ar
ati s h as th e ra y s t urne d up w ard s t o s h o w t h at al l
g ,

th e p ro ge ny o f t h e earth is c a l l e d into b ei ng by t h e
infl ue nc e o f e m anat i o ns fro m a b o v e .

T h us in th e O rph i c verse s th e t i tl e o f Z eus o r ,

J up i t er w h i c h w e h ave seen a p p ro p ri ate d t o th e

,

uni v ersal d e i ty in th e s e p o e m s is ap p li e d in o th er , ,

frag m e nts t o t h e g o d o f th e so l ar o rb fi" w h o is ad

,

d re sse d w i th th e p anth e ist i c e p i th e ts ; as inth e fo l

l o w i ng v erses c i ted by M ac ro bi us .

311m; eh m a uy eot nd
' ’ '
x ex h udr r ak eno ou w,
‘

p
bpo wiw ; a r poQDa N y EI w epibpop wv a iév eh io cr w v
'

A l ovuo e wé r ep m irr or) , 7r orr ep a l n

’ ‘ ' '
ocy h a e Z eb g,
'

, ,

i me, xpua empey y ég

’
t e wa y y ever op, fl a va o .

O t h o u wh o wh irl es t t h y radiant gl o b e, ro l l ing

o n c el estial w h e el s , t h ro ug h t h e s p acio us vo rt ex o f

h eave n gl o rio us J upiter D io nusus, fat h er o f th e sea

an d o f th e l and ! t h o u S un5 w ho art th e genial p arent;

Th e S unis o ften d escribed as th e G o d wh o fertil ises t h e

subl unary w orl d . 0 ijN o; a nepp a ivew A ey era u 7 7311 (Pi a-W
'
sa s
y
”
E usebius * . Th e S un is said to rend er nature pr o l ifi c .

M acro b ius ass erts the sam e t hing . D eus h ic insem inat,

p ro ge nerat, fo vit, nutrit, m at uratque .

1
’

” Macro b S aturn
E useb . P E v ang l ib iii
. . . . c . x iii. r al l ib i
. . . .

c ap . x x v ii .
46 N A TU R E or TH E eons .

of N at ure, spl ende nt wit h v ar io us h ues, sh edd ing

”
s tre am s of g o l d en l igh t !

T he ac t v e i p o w er, as r es i d i ng in th e S un is in ,

vo k e d und er th e na m e of D io nus us, or L ib e r . T h us

Vi rgi l .

Vo s O c l ariss im a m undi
L umina, l ab ent e m c ael o
qui d uc itis an num,
L ib er e t al m a C eres .

But it w a s in th e r i tes o f th e sam e L ib e r th at th e

m y st i c al g e nerat i o n w a s ce e l b rated a nd h e is co nt i
nuall y id e nt ifi e d w i th t h e Pa nth e i st i c J o v e in the ,

m y th o l o g i c al p o e m s o f th e G ree k s a s inth e fo l l o w ,

ing v erse wh i c h e x p re sse s th e se ns e o f a n o racl e

,

uttered fro m th e sh ri ne of A p o ll o Cl a ri ns .

79 Z u
s gi g A 395, 75 H 7 uog 79 A faruwog *
t
£ e ,
5 ,
5 .

In re fe r r i ng to th e fi rst or igin o f al l t h i ngs, the

s am e fi c t i o n wa s r e so rte d to b y t h e old m yth o l o g i sts
of G ree c e a nd Pro c l us h a s re m ar ked th a t it li es at

t h e fo und at i o n o f al l th e a nc e nt i th e o g o ni e s . U ranus
a nd G e , th e H eav e n a nd th e E arth w e re , ,
a c c o rd i ng
t o H es i o d , th e p arents o f a l l c reat ures . T he Go ds
w ere th e e l d est o f th e i r p ro ge ny .

T h e c e l e b rate d Ph oeni c ian t h eo g o n of S anc h o

y
niath o is fo und e d on th e sa m e
p ri nc ip l es H eav en .

a nd E arth , U ranus and Ge , wh o m s o m e w ri ters

h av e r i d i c ul o usly t ra ns fo rm e d i nto N o ah and his
W i fe ,
a re at the h e a d of a
g e neal o y o f o
g ns wh o se ,

Fro cl inTimaeum . . G e sner

’
s O rph ica .
 A NA LYS IS or TH E onrm c m amas . 47

ad vent ures are co nc e i ved in the m y stic al st yl e of

th ese p h y sical a l l ego ri sts .

S everal frag me nts re m ain o f th e o l d O rph ic c o s

m o go ny, wh ich ab o und w i th i d e as o f the sam e d e
s crip t o n i .But w e sh a l l h ereafter p roc eed t o no tic e
th e th eo ri es o f th e O rph i c as wel l as o f th e E g yp tian
h il o s o h ers, w i th refere nc e t o th e fi rst o ri ino f th e
p p g
wo rl d .A t present w e are o nl y co nsid ering th o se
p o et ic al fi c t i o ns re at l i ng t o th e ph aeno m ena
ac t ual

o f nat ure, as n
c o n ec te d w ith th e annual retur ns o f
th e se aso ns, w h ic h w ere c e l e b rat ed
by th e rh ap so dies
o f G ree k s a n d B arb ari ans ; and wh i c h as w e sh al l ,

re se ntly o b s erv e w ere th e c hief o bj ec ts o f th o se

p ,

fantast i c s up erst i tio ns th at were c arri ed o n wi th .

s o m uc h o m an d reve l ry o n th e b an k s o f th e
p p
N il e .
 CO MM E N T A R Y O N CH A PT E R 1 .

N O TE A . To S e er I
. .

TH E o pinio n, th at t h e go ds of t h e anc ient E gyptians, and

t h e d eit ies Pagan worl d in g e neral , were o riginal l y
of the

deifi ed m o rtal s, h as b een v ery p reval e nt am o ng Christian

writ ers This h ypo th esis h as b een m aintained, chiefly with
.

rel at io n to t h e E gy pt ians, b y B ish o p Warb urto n, in h s D

i e

mo nstratio no f t he D ivine L egat io n o f M o s es .

T h e princip al rel ianc e o f W arburt o n, in t h e p ro s c u

e tio nof
t h is argum ent, is p l aced o n t wo p assages from t h e an cient
writ ers, whic h seem indeed t o affo rd a very sp ec io us Sup port to
a c it at io n fro m Cicero
’
h is co nc l usio n. O ne of t h em is s

Tusc ul an Ques tio ns, in wh ich th e auth o r c l earl y affirms

t h at m any m o rt al s h ad b e en rec k o ned am o ng t h e c el estial

p o wers ; and th at, ac c o rding t o s o m e anc ient Greek wri ters,

even t h e great g o ds, t h e D ii m aj o r um gent ium , were o f
t his num b er . I t is al s o int im at ed t h at so m e t hing t o t his effect
was taugh t , or m igh t b e inferred fro m t h e m ysteries * .

I n o rder to el ud e th e a
ppl icat io n o f t his t estim o ny t o th e
go ds o f E gypt , J ab lo nski h as m aint ained th at th ere w as littl e
or n o c o nn ec t io n b e t w een th e su erst itio ns t h at
p prevail ed in
th at c o untry, and th o se o f t h e G reek s th at th e m ysteries
of th e t wo natio ns were al t o geth er d istinct ; b ut in th s i
inst anc e, h e h as dir ec tl y a a
g ins t h im t h e auth o rit
y o f al l anti
quit y, and partic ul arl y th at o f H ero do tus, wh o pl ainl y asserts
th at t he names and o fli ces o f nearl al l t h e Greci an o ds were
y g
of E g
yp tianorigini .

Tuse D isp l ib i
. . . .
p 13
ca . .

1 J abl o nsk i PantheonE gypt Prol ego m . .

1 Herod l ib n
. . .
 N A TU R E or TH E s o ns . 49
“

This t estimo ny, fro m suc h a writer as He ro do tus;is not t o

be disp uted b ut we may o b serve th at it d o es not appear t o b e
necessaril y c o nnec ted with t h e infere nc e wh ich War-b urto nh as
fo und ed up o nit It may wel l b e imagined t hat t h e rit es and
.

at t rib ut es, and even m any o f th e names, of t h e G rec i ang o ds;

m ay h ave b een original l y d erived fro m a mytho lo gy, found ed
o n v ery differe nt principl es fro m th e d eifi cat io n o f men; yet
t hat t h ey m ay h ave bec o m e sub se quent l y associat ed wi th: t h e

mem o ry o f c el e rat e
b d warrio urs, or t h e wo rsh ip of he roes .

We fi nd nearl y a p aral l el inst anc e in th e h isto ry o f the no rt hern

natio ns . The fi rs t O din Was an ancient go d o f th e G o thic
t rib es b efo re th e era o f t heir em igratio n fro m th e wil d s o f

S cythia . There are m any n

c irc um sta ces wh ich rend er it
p ro b ab l e t h at h e was t h e I nd ianB ud dh a, wh o is stil l ad o red b y
t h e ro v ing natio ns of no rth ernA sia, fro m Ch i na t o t h e Caspian
”

B ut th e S cand inavian h ero , wh o se advent ures

‘

s e a. are c el ea

b rat ed in th e E dd a, was c h ieft ain w h o l ived at a c o mparab

‘
‘

t ivel y l ate p eriod, and wh o see m s to h ave assumed th e nam e

o d , ino rder to facil itat e h is co nq uests, and secure th e
-
of th e g
ve neratio no f h is p eo pl efli
in l ik e m anner it w oul d ap pear th at the E gyp tianp riests,
who int ro duced int o Greec e t h e w o rship o f eac h p artic ul ar
d ivinity, found it ex pedient , in o rde r t o fac il itate t h e rec ep
t io n o f fo reign rit es , to co nnec t t he j
o b ec t o f i
t h e r wo rship
l o c al traditio ns, and en
wit h so m e to graft th eir al l e
go rical
y
m th o l o gue on th e l ege nd o f so me c hieftain, wh o se b arb arian
ach iev em ent s were al ready t he th eme o f p o pul ar so ng . I t was
int his way t h at t h e rit es o f A m mo n, wh o was wo r
p ro b ab l y
sh ipp ed at D io spo l is und er t h e form of a ram , o r o f a st atue
w ith a ram s h ead, b ec am e ide nt ifi ed w ith Z e us, a king o f
’

Cret e, w h o se t o m b was l o ng afterwards t o b e seen o n m o unt

’
r

I da . . I t w as p erh aps th us t h at t h e attribut es bf B acch us o r

O siris, wh ic h were o l der by m any centuri es th ant h e fo unda
t io no f t he Cadm eianThebes; catne t o be asc ri bed t o Boeo tian
’

wh o was c el eb rated as the l eader of festive m irth ;

p rinc e,

See Mal l et s N o rth ernA ntiquities

’
.

H
50 C O M M E N TA RY o n C HA PT E R 1 .

A nd it was in th e s am e m anner th at a b rave h unt er, th e so n

of A l c mena, m igh t b e ident ifi ed wit h t h e im aginary h ero of

w
t el ve m yst ic al ad v e nt ures, which p erh aps t ypify th e p ro gress
o f th e S unth ro ugh th e t wel ve s ig ns o f th e Z o diac ;

d BA a di épnwv
i ‘
i
a r/7 0 74 6
514 xpt éq fl
' '

daibex i
‘ ' ‘
a vr a c v .

B ut h
al t ho u
t h e m yth o l o gy o f E gyp t m igh t th us b e c o m e
g
inco rp o rated :in t he traditio nal fab l es o f t h e Pe l asgi, by m eans
o f w h ic h t h e m e m b e rs o f an im ag inary t h eo c racy ac quired fo r

t h em s el ves in Gree ce a l o cal h ab it at io n and a nam e, it wo ul d

app ear t h at t h e ab stract , o r i
p art s o f th e anc ient
al l eg o r c al

s s te m w ere still p reserve d w ith o ut a ny m aterial al t eratio n

y .

T h e fes tival s al s o co nt inue d to be so l e m niz ed nearl y in t he

sam e m anner, and with sim il ar al l us io ns t o t h e s easo ns, and t o
t h eir o l d p hysic al expl anat io n and G reek s w h o v isit ed E gypt,
q
insub se ue nt ages, Were s truck by th e g eneral c o nfo rm ity o f
its sup erst it io ns with t h eir o w n .

A no th er p as sage, adduced b y Warb urto n in s uppo rt o f his

O p inio n, h as an imm ediate and c o nc l usiv e reference t o th e
E gyp tian th eo l o g y . St A
. ugus tin and S t Cyprian m entio n
.

a l ett er s upp o se d t o h ave b ee nwrit t e n b y A l ex and er t h e G reat,

fro m E gyp t , t o his m o t h er O l ym pias I n t h is ep is t l e th e .

k ing o f M ac edo n c o mm unic ates a m o s t im po rt ant d isc o very,

mad e to h im by an E gyptian hiero ph ant, wh o is ab surdl y
en o ugh c al l ed by a G reek n am e, L e o n T he s ec re t w as, th at .

no t o nl y th e de m igo d s, s uc h as Pic us, F aunus, E neas, Ro

mul us, H ercule s, iE sc ul ap ius, B acc h us, Cas to r, Pol l ux , but
al so t h e go d s o f the great er fam il ies, t o wh o m C icero is s u
p
p o sed t o al l ude in h is Tusc ul an Questio ns , t h o ugh wit ho ut
naming t h em, vitz J upiter, J uno , S aturn, V ul can, Vesta, and
.

m any o t h ers, who m Varro wo uld refer t o th e el em ents and

depart m ents o f th e universe, were in real ity o nl m o rtal m en
y .

S t A ugustin add s t hat th e p riest, fearin l est t he secret

g
.

wh ich he h ad c o m munic ated s ho ul d b e d ivul ed b e ed

g , gg
A le xander t o request his m o t h er O l ym pias to b urnh is l ett er
as soo n as sh e h ad read it * .

A ugust in Civit D ei l ib v iii . ca . 5

p
. . . . .
 N A T U RE or TH E so ns . 51

I t is only nec e ssary t o read t his fragment, as St A . ugustin

h as give n it, t o b e c o nvinc ed th at it is spurio us and th e o nl y

rem ark abl e c irc um s t anc e is, th at so l e arned an d j udic io us a .

w rit er b e im po sed upo n b y s uc h a pal pabl e fo rgery

c o ul d .

That Warburto n h as c ho se n t o avail h im sel f o f it, b ecause

it suit ed h is p urpo se, is no t s o m uch a m at ter o f s urp riz e
'

J ab l o nsk i h as tak en m o re tro ub l e th an s eem ed t o b e nec essary,

in or d er t o p ro ve th at t his do c um ent is quite unwo rthy o f
credit i
"

N O TE B . TO SE C T IV . .

O c el l us d iv id es al l nat ure int o genera tiv e causes, and passive

or
pro l ifi c p rinc ip l es . T he th eatre o f t h e fo r m er is t h e regio n
ab o ve t h e l unar s ph ere ; t h e y w o rl d c o nt ains t h e
subl unar

l att er The fi rs t o f t h ese regio ns is fi l l ed w ith im p erish abl e

.

and im m ut ab l e e sse nce s ; t h e se co nd, wit h b eings s ubj ect t o

p erp et ual v ic issit ud e A l l t h e c h anges in t h e subl unary wo rl d
.

are
pro d uc ed by th e S un, as he appro ac h es o r recedes fro m it .

Th e s ph ere of th e M o o n fo r m s t he b o undary l ine b et w een

t h ese t wo re
gio ns o f t h e w o rl d H e nc e, as it wo ul d app ear
.

fro m t h e auth ors c it e d ab o ve , w as d erive d t h e fi c tio n w hic h

m ak es t h e M o o n t h e c hief seat of p assive p ro d uc tio n, t h e

ab o d e of th e fr o m ; H oA vp opcbog, or N atura M ul t ifo rm is, and
id ent ifi es her w it h Ceres, I sis, D iana, L ato na, th e p o wers pre
s id in —
g o v er c h il d b irth , and al l t h e pro l ifi c o p erat io ns o f nature .

-S e e O cel l us L n Wepl 7 017 m ii a ud O p usc ul a

—
uca us, cr o
a s, c ap .
p .

M yth o l o gic a . T G l. a e . Vo ssius, d e O rig e t Pro g I d o l o l a

. .

t rite , lib ii D upuis, O rigine de t o us l es Cul tes, t o m ii

. . . . ch a
p 7,.

a nd com
pare Pl utarch d e I side . et O siride, ca
p . xl iii .

J abl o nsk i inPant h E gypt . . Prol ego m .

 ‘

C H A PT E R 1 1 .

OF THE W O R SH I P OF I SI S A ND O S I R I S, H O RU !

A ND T Y PH O N .

SE CTIO N I .

Recap itul atio nof t he O rp hic D octrin Orp hic D ionaeas artd
'

e.

D e me ter, co mp ar ed wit h O siris and I sis . L eg end f

o Osiris
and I s is .

WE h av e b ri e fly surve y ed th e mo st i mp o rtant tenets

o f th e O rp h i c h i l o so p h y o r o f th at s y ste m o f a lle o
p ,
g
ries in t o w h i c h t h e h i e ro p h ants wh o t ransp l anted ,

into Greec e th e s up erst i ti o ns o f th e N il e reso l ved th e ,

fabl es o f th e i r m y th o l o gy We h ave seen th at th is

. . .

d o c tri ne w as inits fo und at i o n a sy ste m o f p a nth e i sm

, , .

I t c o nte m p l ate d th e w h o l e o f nat ure as ani m ated

b y anal l -p e rvad i ng so ul p o rt i o ns o f w
, h ic h so m e times ,

r e rese nt ed a s e x i st i n g ind iv i d ually a t o th er t i m es

p ,

r e ard e d a s e s s ent i al p a rt s o f th e c o mm o n v i t al s i rit

g p
o f th e w o r l d w ere d i strib ute d to th e e l e m e nts and
, ,

to al l th e d ep artm e nts o f th e v i sibl e unive rse We .

h ave o b serve d th at th e m y th o l o g i c al p o ets in ,

att empting t o acc o un t fo r t h e g enerati o n-o f s ub l u

nar y b e i ngs h ad rec o urs e to anal o g i es d rawn fro m
,
;

th e annual p ro c esses o f nat ure t hat th e y so m e tim es

rep rese nted th e p an th e us o r so ul o f the wo rl d as
, ,

masc ul o -fe m i ni ne o r o f t wo sex es ; b ut m o re co m

,

mo ul y d isting uished th e ac tive and p assive p o wers

'

which nat ure se emed t o d ispl ay d escrib ing th e fo rmer ,

54 POP U L AR TH E O G O N Y or EG Y PT .

in a fi gurati ve m anne r ,
as th e a
genc ies o f th e pa~
re nt o d , a nd th e l a tte r as th e p ro d uc t i v e attr ib ute s
g
o f th e uni ve rsal m o th er ; t h a t t h e s e d i v i s io ns ne arl y
c o r res
p o nd ed w i th th o se o f the l
c e es t a i l an d su b
l unary w o rl d s , w h e nc e th e p h rase s a nd e p i the t s,
wh ic h a re s o fre q ue nt a m o ng t h e G re e k a nd R o m a n
o e ts , a nd which l m o s t as o ft e n as a ny a ll u
rec ur a
p
s i o nis m a d e t o t h e c h i e f o bj e c t s o f t h e i r w o rs h i p We .

h av e s ee n a l so th at th e g o d o r ra th e r t h e m a sc uli ne ,

s o ul o f na ture is re p re se nted as h o l d i ng his s e at

,
-
.

inth e o rb o f d ay and g uid i ng its m o ve m e nts

,
In .

th i s c h a rac t er h e is inv o k e d in t h e O rp h i c h y m ns b y ,

th e na m es o f Z e us and D io nuso s w h i c h c o rresp o nd ,

w i th th e D ie sp iter o r J up i t er a nd t h e L ib er Pa te r o f ,
.

th e R o m a ns L astl y t h e fe m a l e d i v i ni ty D a m at e r o r
.
, , ,

C e res is by s o m e i d e al p ro ce ss w h i c h it i s no t s o e asy
, ,

to analy se t ra nsfe rre d fro m th e E a rth o r fro m t h e

, ,

sp h ere o f s ubl unar y nature t o t h e M o o n a nd t h e S un ,

and M o o nare regard e d as th e g o d and g o dd ess o f th e

w o rl d , m a nifesting th e m se l v e s ina vis ib l e sh a p e L .

m ust no w ret urn to th e m o re sc ant y m yth o l o i cal ,

g
fi gment s of t he E gy p t i ans, fro m w h o m w e are

as sure d , by th e te sti m o ny o f all ant i q ui ty that th e ,

G ree k s d eri ve d th e i r arts and c i v il iz at i o n and m o re

—
.
,

e sp e c i a l l y the i r m yste ries a nd t h eo l o g i c a

l fi c tionsh

W e sh all p ro c eed tm a m o re p artic ul ar ex aminatio n ,

and e nd e av o ur t o tree s : in wh a t manne r th e E

gyp r
.

t i ans d eveIO p e d sth o se p rinc ipl es that w ere c o m m o n .

.

t o the m a ndt to thei mystic al p o etss-Qf th e earl y.ages

of Gre e ce .

We h ave sh o w nb y q uo tatio ns. fro m D io d o rus .

,

Ma c ro bius, Ch teremo n, and o th ers, tmwh ich a l o ng

.
v
’

list o f auth o rities

. might .
easil y be add ed, that ~ th a .
 L E GE ND o r rs t s A ND ow n
s . 55

o bj ects o f wo rsh i p amo ng th e E gyptians were th e

e l e me nts an d d e partm ents o f nature A s th e G re ek s .

an d R o m ans tho ugh th e y id ent i fie d the i r Bac c h us

o r L ib er Pater with th e S un
, ,

, an d their Ceres w i th th e
,

Mo o n o r w i th s ubl unar y N at ure p erso nifi e d th em

, ,

inp o e try and rec i ted th e i r fa b ul o us ad venture s ; so

,

w e fi nd t h at th e career o f I sis a nd O si ris w as c el e

b rat e d by th e E gy p ti ans in a trai n o f all ego ric al
fi ct i o ns c o nc ei ved int h a t si ngul ar styl e wh i c h c h a
,

ra c te riz es al l t h e wo rk s o f th i s
p eo pl e .

T h e l e g e nd o f I si s a nd O si ri s c o nnec ted with th e ,

a d ve ntures o f th ree o th e r fa b ul o us b ein s wh i c h a re

g
inte r w o ve n w ith t h e i r st o ry fo r ms a co nsid erabl e ,

pa rt o f th e E g y pti an m y th o l o g y O siri s T y p ho n .
, ,

a nd co n
A ro uer s,
i or th e el d er I o rus, s tit ut e a

T r iad g o d s, w h o re c e i v e d s up re m e h o no urs in al l
of

d istrictso f E gypt I s i s a nd N e ph th y s w e re th e
.

c o ns o r ts o r of th e tw o fo rm e r
p assi ve re
prese nta t i ve s .

C o nc e rni ng A ro ueris, ly a ny info r

w e h av e s c arc e

mati o n; b ut th e c o ntes ts o f O s i ri s and T y ph o n h o l d ,

al m o s t a s c o nsp i c uo us a p l ac e in t h is s y st em o f fi c

t io ns as th e wa rs o f J up iter a nd th e T i tans a nd
, ,

th o s e o f O rmuz d and A h r im a nin the my th o l o g i es o f

Gre ec e a nd Persia .

I t m igh t p erpl e x us t o fi nd th e name o f S e ra p is

ass o c i a te d w i th t h at o f I s i s in m a ny o f th e E g y pt i a n
,

s u
p erst i t i o ns , inth e p l ac e o f O s i ri s if we w e re no t ,

x p ressl y a ss ured b m any a uth o rs, t hat S erap i s and

“

e y
O siris w ere in real it y th e s am e
p erso n . Pl utar ch
info r m s us , th at S erap i s w as t h e nam e by w h ic h

O s i ri s w as ca ll ed aft er h e h ad c hanged h is natur e ,

or h ad d esc end ed to th e infe rnal reg io ns;

We
,

p o ssess several ab strac ts o f the story o f Is s i

56 O
P PUL AR TH E OG O N Y or E GYPT .

and O s i ri s . T h e narrat i ve g 1 ve n by Pl utarch see ms

t o b e th e m est fa i th ful a nd g e nui ne H is e p i to me .

of th i s l e g end h as th e air o f a p i ece o f m y s ti cal

o et ry, an d d i spl ay s th e t rue st yl e o f E gypt i anfi c ti o n
p
.

D io d o rus h as ad o rne d it w i th m any d ec oratio ns,

ev i d e ntly b o rro w e d fro m th e fa b ul o us po etry o f the
G re e k s H e h as e nd e av o ure d t o g i v e it th e app earanc e
.

o f a n h i s to ri cal nar rat i ve a nd h as c o m p ri se d in it

,

many c i rc um stanc es w h i c h d o no t app ear t o have

’

b el o ng ed to th e l eg e nd inits o rig i nal fo rm T h us .

h e attrib ute s to Os i ris a v ari e ty o f ac t i o ns such a s ,

th e fo und i ng o f c i t i es w h i c h o t h e r w riters an
,
d eve n ,

t h i s h is to ri an h i ms e l f in h is E g yp ti an A nn al s h ave ,

ascrib ed t o th e e arli es t ki ng s o f T h e b a i s S yne .

sius h as g i ve n us a no th er vers i o n o f th i s st o ry
'

ex tend i ng to a c o ns i d e rab l e l e ngth a nd h e h a s i n t ro

,

d uc ed m any vari ati o ns in th e re c i ta l ino rd er t o ao ,

co mm o d ate it to a n a ll e g o ri c a l s e nse wh i c h pr o b abl y ,

was ne ve r n p
t m l t d by t h e o l d E t i a n *
c o e a e
gy p s .

B o th D io d o us an d Pl ut a rc h c o m m e nc e th i s sto ry
'
r

w ith a sing ul ar fa bl e r e l at i n g
t o,
t l re b irt h o f t h e th ree
o d s an d M O o d d es se s w h os e a d ven t ures it c el eb rates
g g .

T he y we re b ro ugh t fo rth b y R h ea o nthe fi ve i nter ,

ca lary d ay s wh i c h w ere add e d to t h e t we l ve E

, gyp
t i an m o nt h s ino rd er t o co m p l e te th e y e ar O s i ri s .
,

A ro ue ris, and T y ph o n w ere b o rn o n th e three fi rst

d ay s and I sis and N eph th y s o n th e t wo l ast
, T he .

t w o fo rm er Were t he o ffsp ring o f th e S un I s i s o f

'

Merc ury and T y pho nand N e phth y s o f Sat urn A t

, .

th e bi rth o f Osi ri s a v o i c e w a s h eard p ro cl ai m i n g ,

th a t t he rul er o f al l t h e E arth was b o rn .

S ynesu O pera E gyptius .

i
s re dc Pro videntia . Vide
Fa
b ric . Bibl Gt wee tom I
e .
 LE GE ND or 1 s1 s A ND o s m rs 57

T hi s fabl e p p e a rs a , as J abl o nski h as r e m ar k ed ,

to b e a n e ni ma t i cal
g nt d evi s ed fo r so me s ta te me ,

astro no m i c al
p urpo se I t rath er b el o ngs t o t h e .

E gy pti an c al e nd ar th an to th e th eo l o gy o f th e
c o untr y ,
and was p ro b ably i nvented w h en th e
fi ve interc al a ry d ay s w ere s up e radd ed t o t h e three
h und re d a nd six ty c o ntai ne d in t h e o l d y ear o f
t wel ve m o nth s I t is e nti rely d etac h e d fro m th e re
.

m aind er of t he myth o l o g ue, of wh i c h th e fo ll o wi ng

b ri ef s um m ary c o mpri ses the m o st re m ark abl e
c i rc um s ta n c es .

O si ri s th e L o rd o f th e E arth
,
o r th e Many ,

ey ed ,
o r the Po wer e nerg eti c and p ro d uc ti ve o f
erp re ted his n
”
ood as s o m e i nt am e c all ed al so
g , ,

O mp h is w h i c h acco rd i ng to H ermaaus s i g nifi ed

, , ,

th e B e ne fac to r, is res ent ed nd

re
p as a
g reat a

p o we rfu l ki ng ,
wh o , se tt i ng o ut fro m E gyp t, t ra
versed t h e l ead i ng
w o rl d, a h o st o f fauns a nd saty rs,
and o th er fa b ul o us b e i ngs in h is trai n, wh o se i m age s
,

are s ee n a m o ng th e c o ns te ll a t i o ns H e c i v i l iz ed t he
.

who le ear th , and t augh t m a nki nd ev er y w h ere to

fert iliz e th e s o il and p erfo rm th e w o rk s o f a g ric ul

,

ture . H e is c h i efly k no w n am o ng th e p o e ts as th e ,

auth o r o f th i s art .

Prim us at atra m anu so l ert i fecit O s iris

E t t emeram ferro s o l ic it avit h um um
Prim us inexp er tis c o m m isit s em ina t erraa
Po m aque no n no tis l egit ab arbo rib us .

TI B U L L lib i E leg . . . . vn.

H enc e the Van, th e m ystica vannus I ac chi 967

,
”

which is al way s seen in the h and of O siris, in the

M Qu d
a
. ”
Vi .
 58 POPUL A R RE L I G IO N or TH E EG Y PT I A N S .

E g ypti an l ptures a nd w h i c h w as c a rri ed inthe

sc u ,

G re c i an fest i val s o f B ac c h us H e w as i nvo k e d by .

th e T hyad es w i th th e e p i th e t o r b ea rer
“

o f t h e Van fl a nd w e fi nd h im s o d escrib ed by
e

O rp h eus l
-

*A m 91 mu A
’ ’
l o fluo ou 7r
'
é
’
st i xo ug
N

r et ar
a.

ds m ick /warm
I
.

With th ese v o ws l invo k e B acc h us, b earer of t h e Van .

T h e Grec i a n Bac c h us w as th us fa r a p erfec t co p y

of th e E gypt i a n, p o m ps a nd t he ,
or Ba c c h a na li an
ro c ess i o ns c el e b ra t e d in m e m o r x p ed i t i o n f his
p y ,
o e ,

w ere a n e x a c t c o unterp ar t o f th e m arc h o f O si ri s .

B ac c h us like O s i ri s, assum e d th e fo rm o r th e v i sag e

,

o f a B ull We fi nd h im th us i nvo k ed in t he O rp h ic
.

h ym ns .

4 ,

w ey a m ’
a
p A i
rr ve s e,
-
p
'
7ru i o 7r o e T a u ou er w ws
'

p py
'
.

’
B ow o a ps i B a x xefi mua vup e
i '
wa w oduvaw r a
' -
xa r o
'

, , .

H as te, b l est D io nusus, o f t h e t h und erb o l t

E ngendered, B assarus o r Bacc h us c al l ed,
B ul l -v isaged , king of m any nam es a nd p o wers

O n th e re turn o f O si r i s to E gypt T yp h o n l a i d , a

strata
ge m fo r h im a nd c o nt ri ve d in th e mi d st o f
, , a

b anq ue t ,
to s h ut him up in a c h est wh i c h exac t ly

Pl ut I sid 8 5 . . .

1 G esner s O rph ic a, p 24 0
’

I I bid
‘
. . .

Pl utarch info rm s us t hat h is im age s w ere o ften made b

y
th e G reek s in t h e sh ape o f a B ull , and th at t he E l ean wo m en
c all ed up o nth e go d wh o co mes up o nth e feet o f anox .
”

t
h

at u
‘

l 1l t
f
‘
J ‘
J s
m g .
 L E GE N D o n I SI S A ND O SI RI S . 59

fi tted his H e was nail e d d o wn inthis p ri so n,

bo dy .

a nd c o n v e e d t o t h e sh o re o f th e r i ve r w h ere th e
y ,

c h est b e i n t h ro w ni nt o th e N il e fl o ate d d o wnt o th e

g , ,

”
sea by th e T ani t i c m o uth , w h i c h, fo r th i s re as o n
,

sa ys Pl uta rc h , is s till h el d in t h e ut m o st ho rro r by

t h e E gyp t i a ns, a nd nev e r na med b ut w i th m ark s of

d e te s t a t i o n . T h e se ev e n
t o o k p l a c e o n th e s even
ts
t ee nth d ay of th e m o nth A th yri, w h e n the S un w as in
S c o rp i o , in th e twe nty
y ear o f th e rei gn o f
-
e igh th
O s i ri s o r a s o th e rs say o f h is li fe
, , ,
.

T h e fi rs t p e rso ns w h o d i sc o vere d th i s c atastro p h e,

w e re th e i nh abi ted the
F a uns a nd S a tyrs w h o
'
c o unt ry a b o ut C h e m m i s A s so o n as I s i s w as m ad e .

ac q ua i nte d w i t h it sh e imm ed i a te l y c ut o ff o ne o f
,

t h e l o c k s o f h er h a i r a nd p ut o n m o urning ro b es ,
-
.

S h e t h e n w a nd e re d to and fro ,
o ve r th e w h o l e
c o untr full o f a nxi e ty in s e arc h o f th e c h e s t, and
y , ,

inq ui re d o f e v e ry p e rso n sh e m e t, wh at h ad b ec o m e
o f it ,
unt il so me ch il d re n ,
who i d e ntall y fe ll in
acc

h e r wa y h av i ng c h a nc e d
,
to w i t ness its fa te t o l d he r ,

by w h i c h m o uth o f th e N il e th e v esse l h ad b ee n
t ra ns m i t te d t o t h e se a .

A t l e ng th I s i s w a s i nfo r m ed t hat t h e c h est h ad

b ee n c ar ri ed by th e w a v e s o f th e se a to th e c o ast o f
B y bl o s a nd t h ere l o d ge d in th e b ranch es o f a t a m a
,

r i s k b ush w h i c h q ui c kl y sh o t up a nd b ec a m e a l a r e
g
-
,

a nd b ea uti ful t re e gro w i ng ro und th e c h es t and

, ,

e nc l os i n it o n ev ery s i d e s o th at it c o ul d n o t be
g ,

see n .T h e ki ng o f th e c o untry a m a z ed at th e v ast ,

s iz e th e tre e h ad so sp ee d ily a c q ui re d o rd ere d it to b e ,

c ut d o wn and m ad e o f it a p ill ar t o supp o rt t h e ro o f

,

o f his al ace ; th e c h est b e i n stil l co nc eal ed in th e

p g
60 POP U LAR RELI G I O N or TH E EG Y PT I A NS .

t runk .
T hese th i ng s b e i ng k no w n t o I si s b y
m ad e
a s up e rn a t ura l vo ic e sh e w e n
,
t t o B ybl o s a nd s i tti ng ,

d o w n s i l e ntly t o w e ep by th e s i d e o f a fo untai n w as ,

a t l e n th acc o s t e d b y th e d a m sel s o f t h e q ue e n w h o
g ,

h app e ne d to a rri ve a t th e s a m e p l ac e O n th i s .

o c c as i o n it is rel a te d th a t t h e g o d d ess s ud d e nl y
,

d i ffus ed fro m h e r p erso na m i rac ul o us o d o ur o f w o n ,

d erful fra g ranc e up o n al l aro und h e r

,
T h e q ue e n .
,

h av i ng h eard o f t h i s sup e r na t ura l p h aeno m e no n ,

s en t fo r h e r and app o i nte d h e r t o b e a nurse t o o ne

,

o f th e ki n c h il d re n I s i s fe d t h e i nfa nt b y g i v i n
’

g s .
g
it h e r fi nger to s uc k i ns tead o f h e r b re ast
,
s he

l ik e w i se p ut h im e v ery ni g h t i nto th e fi re to c o nsum e ,

h is m o rtal p art w h il e trans fo r m ing h ers e l f i nto a

, ,

s w all o w sh e h o ve re d ro un
,
d th e p ill ar a nd b e m o aned ,

h er s ad fate I t h app e ne d a t l e ng th t ha t so m e c ir
.

c um stanc e e x c i t e d a s usp i c i o n in t h e q ue e n resp ec

t i ng th e c o nd uc t o f th e nurse S h e se c re t l y o b s e rve d
.

I s i s a nd see i ng t h e i nfant surro und e d b y fl a m e

, , ,

w as se iz ed wi th terro r c ri e d o ut a nd th us d e p ri v e d
, ,

t h e c h il d o f i mm o rtali t y T h e g o dd e ss th e n d is
.
,

c o ve r i ng h e rse l f r e q ues ted th at th e

, p ill a r w h i c h s up
o rte d th e ro o f m i gh t b e i ve n t o h er S h e t o o k it
p g .

d o w n and c utti ng it o p e n w i th c a re to o k o ut th e
, , ,

en c l o se d s arc o p h a g us o f O s i ri s a nd t h ro w i n
g h er
~
,

se l f u o n it ut t ere d s o l o ud a l am e n ta t i o n th at th e
p , ,

y o ungest o f th e ki ng s c h il d ren w as fri ghtene d to

’

d e a th . T h e e l d e s t sh e t o o k w i th h er a nd p l ac i ng ,

th e c o fli n in a vess el se t sa i l fo r E gyp t
, A s sh e .

p asse d th e r i ve r Phaed rus e arly in th e mo rni ng it , ,

s e nt fo rth a s h ar
p and ro ugh air wh e re up o n I si s in , ,

h er ang er d ri e d up its stream

, .
 L EG E N D or I SIS A ND O SI R I S . 61

B e i ng arrived d esert p l ac e sh e o p e ned t h e

at a ,

c o ffi n,
and e m b rac i ng th e c o rse o f h e r h usb and , wep t
b itte rly , w h e n, th e ch il d c ree
p i ng b eh i nd h er a nd
d i sc o veri ng th e c a us e o f h er g ri e f, sh e t urne d h erse l f
ro und , a nd th re w up o n him so fi e rc e a l o o k th a t h e ,

d i ed w i th t erro r . S he re t urne d to E g y p t and ,

b ro ugh t th e b o d y o f h e r h usb a nd w i th h er A t so m e .

t i m e aft e r h er arri va l go i ng t o v i s i t h e r so n H o rus

, ,

w h o w a s b re d up a t B o nto s s h e d e o si te d t h e c hest
p ,

in a re m o t e p l a c e ; b ut T yp h o n h unti ng b y m o o n ,

li gh t h appe ne d t o m ee t w i th it a nd r ec o g nizi ng th e
, ,

c o rse ,
d i v i d e d it i nto fo urtee n p i ec e s w h i c h b e ,

s c a t te re d a b o ut t h e c o un t ry I si s l e arni ng th i s .
, ,

w e nt in searc h o f t h e d i sp e rse d re m a i ns o f h er
h usb a nd s b o d y sa i l i ng o ver th e fe nny p arts o f
’

t h e c o unt ry in a b o a t m ad e o f p apy rus S h e re .

c o v e re d a l l th e fra m e nts e x c e t o ne wh i c h h av i n g
g p , ,

b ee nth ro wni nto th e N il e h ad b e en d ev o ured by th e ,

L ep i d o t us Ph ag rus a nd O xy rh ync h us T h e se fi sh e s
, ,
.

t h e E gyp t i a ns c o ns e q ue nt ly h el d in a b o m i nat i o n .

I nst e ad o f it sh e c o ns e c ra te d th e Ph a ll us w h i c h is
, ,

s t il l us ed in t h e so l e m ni t i e s o f th e E gy p t i ans O s i ris .

an
a ft erwa rd s re t urne d fro m th e sh ad e s, pp eare d to d a
h is so nH o rus w h o , va nq ui s h ed T yp h o nin b att l e a nd
t o o k hi m p ri so ner ; b ut I s i s s e t him a t l ib er ty . W h ere
up o n H o r us w as so m uc h enrag ed , th at h e t o re o ff

his m o th er s d i ad e m b ut H e rm es p l ac ed up o n h e r
’

h e a d a h e l m inth e sh ap e o f t h e h ead o f ano x O s i ris

,
.

h av i ng re t urned fro m th e sub te rranean re a l m s I s i s ,

o re th e in fant H arp o c rates

b e came p re
g na nt
b ,
a nd ,

m at ure a n d w eak inhis l o w e r l i m b s I t se e ms th at

p re .

th e s to ry o rig i na lly c o nta i ne d anac c o unt o f t h e dis

m e m b e rm e nt o f H o rus a nd b eh eading o f I sis w h i c h ,
 62 I NTE R PR E T A T I O N or TH E

Pl utarc h has c h o sen to o m it

, as too deg rad i ng to th e
c haracter o f such aug ust p e rso nages .

SE CT I O N I I .

I nterp reta tionof the L eg end o f I sis and Osiris .

I n th e fo rego ing sec t o n,

i we h av e m enti o ne d the
i
r nc i p al c i rc um stanc es c o mp r i sed in th e c el e b rate d
p
l ege nd o f I s i s and O si r i s I t no w re m a i ns to c o ll ec t
.

th e o b s ervati o ns w h i c h th e a nc i ent wr i ters h av e l eft

us w i t h a v i ew t o t h e i nte rpr etat i o n o f th i s e ni g ma
,

t i cal st o ry and to d ete r m i ne in wh at li gh t it m ust b e

,

co n s i d ere d .

N o th i ng is m o re o b v i o us th anth at it is a fi c ti o n in ,

th e c o mp o si t i o n o f wh i c h th e narrat i ve o f real o cc ur
,

r enc es c anh ave h ad li ttl e o r no sh are I t is lik e wi se

.

evid ent th at m any o f th e i nc i d en ts relate d in it are

m atte rs o f p ure fab ri c at i o n i nvented fo r th e p urp o se
,

o f sanc t i o ni n g o r acc o unti ng fo r certai n ri tes and

O b s er vanc es wh i c h h ad b ee nin use fro m t i m e i mm e
,

m o r i al amo ng th e E gyp ti ans S uc h is th e sto ry

.

r esp ec ti n th e o r i i no f p h alli c w o rsh i

g g p a sup ers titi o n ,

wh i c h c ertai nly to o k its r i se fro m a v e ry d i ffe rent .

s o urc e . T h e wh o l e o f th e l eg end m i gh t w ell p as s fo r

a m e re o ul ar tal e with o ut an m eani n o r a ssi n
p p , y g g
able o b e ct if it d id no t c o n a i n so me c i rc um s ta nc es
j ,
t ,

art i c ularly th e co n ne c ti o n o f several o f th e i nc i d e n ts

p
w i th certai n t i mes o f th e y ear and w i th astro no mic al

p h e no mena whi ch tend to co n

, fi rm th e a sserti o n o f
 LE G EN D or 1 s1 s A ND osr nrs . 68

th e anc en
i w r i te rs, wh o y i l
t re
gard it as a
p h s c a
al l e o r y
g .

W e h ave b e fo re o b ser ved that th e G re e k mytho l o

g i sts , und er th e na m e o f Bac c h us p erso nifi ed th e S un , ,

or th e fertilizi ng pri nc i pl e o f th e el e m ents, wh i c h w as

pp o se d to re si d e in th e so l ar o rb a nd by m e ans o f
‘

su , ,

its li g h t and h e a t to fec undat e th e r eg i o n o f passi ve

or su bl unary nat ure i d e nt ifi ed wi th
. O si ri s is
B ac c h us b y a ll th e G re e k wri te rs p art i c ul arl y by ,

H e ro d o tus ; a nd t h a t O s i r i s b o re th e s a m e re l ati o n to
th e S una s B a c c h us w e a re assure d by s e vera l a uth o rs
,

al read c i te d P l uta rc h i nd eed m e nt i o ns th at t h e

y .
, ,

E gy p t i a ns w e re ac c us to m e d t o c l o th e th e stat ues o f
O s i r i s w i th a v e il o f th e c o lo ur o f fl a m e fro m an i d ea ,

th at th e S un w a s t h e v i s i b l e b o d y o f t h i s go d o r o f ,

t h e go o d p ri nc i p l e o r b e ne fi c e nt p o w e r o f nat ur e ;
and h e sa s th a t in th e i r sac re d h y m n s th e y i nv o ked
y
h im as th e d i vi ni ty w h o is c o nc eal e d in t h e ar m s o f
th e
A w e d o no t p o sse ss a ny c o m p l ete a nd e x p li c i t
s

i nte rp reta ti o n o f th i s m yt h o lo g ue, sa nct i o ne d by

s uc h te st m o n i y as m i gh t e na bl e us t o d ep e nd w i th
co n fi d e nc e up o n it s a uth o ri ty w e m ust d i rec t o ur ,

atte n ti o n to t h e se ri es o f fe st i val s and th e nature ,

o f t h e re l igi o us c e re m o ni es w h i c h were p erfo rm ed in

“

a c e rt ai n o r de r t h ro ugh eve ry y e a r in c el e b rat i o n o f ,

th e w h o l e t r a i n o f m y st i c al ad ve nt ur e s These w e .

sh al l fi nd t o b e c o n nec te d w i th th e c hanges o f th e
sea so ns a nd t h e m o st re m ar k abl e t o p i c s o f th e S uns
’

an nual pro gress T h e p rinc i p al festi val s no t o nly in

'
. ,

E g y pt b ut in S y ri a Ph ryg i a and G reece and

’ ‘

, , , ,

!
J

Pl ut d e I si de et Osir 52
'
’

. . c ap . .
64 INTERPRETATIO N OF TH E
wh erever i m ilar ri tes o f m yth o l o g y p revai l ed w ere
s ,

so l e m niz e d at th e l atte r e nd o f th e a ut um n at th e ,

s easo n w h e n th e l eaves fall and t h e v i t al fo rc e o f

N at ure s ee m s t o l ang ui sh a nd b e c o m e e x ti nc t and ,

a ai nat t h e b e g i nni ng o f s p ri ng wh e n h er p ro d uc ti v e
g ,

e ne rg i e s ap p ear t o a w a k e n to ne w a c t i v i ty T he .

s u e rst i t i o us ri te s th at w ere p ra c ti se d a t th e fo rm e r
p
eri o d w e re in g e ne ra l o f a m e l a nc h o l
y c h a rac t e r
p , , ,

and c o nsi s te d o f m o urn ful e x h ibi ti o ns a nd l a m e nta

t i o ns . A t th e latt er th ey w e re o f a o pp osi te d esc rip
,

t i o n and a b o und e d in sc e ne s o f m i rth a nd rev el ry

,
.

T h e fi c ti t i o us i nc i d e nt s in th e h i sto r i es o f th e go ds ,

wh i c h w e re resp ec ti ve l y c o nnec t ed w i th t h e s e p e ri o ds ,
.

w e re in h ar m o ny w i th t h e nat ure o f th e c ere m o ni es

e x h ibi t e d an d t h e fe e li ng s e x c i te d b y th e as p ec ts o f
,

nature T h e ad ve nture s s o l e m niz e d at th e ap p ro ac h

.

o f w i nter w ere
gl o o m y a nd s o rro w ful ; in th e sp ri ng
th e y w ere j o y o us a nd t ri um p h a nt T h e fo l l o w i ng.

v ers e s o f M a nili us d e sc r ib e t h e id e a s a nd se nt i m e n ts
wh i c h m a y b e s upp o se d t o h av e g i v e n o r i g i n a m o ng ,

b arb aro us p e o p l e to th e se c usto ms

, .

N am rudis ant e il l o s nul l o d iscrim ine vita

I n sp ec ie m co nv e rse,
p er um rat io ne c arebat ,
o

E t st upefac ta no vo p end ebat l um i ne m und i

Tum vel ut am issis m oarens, t um l asta rem o t is
S iderib us, vario sque dies, incertaque no c t is
Tempora, nec sim il es um bras,
j am s o l e re
gresso ,
J am p ro perant e, s uis p o terat disc ernere

A p assage o f Mac ro bi us, re l at i ng to th e c ere m o ni es

p erfo rmed in ho no ur o f A do nis in S y ria, ill ustrates

Manil l ib. . i
.
 LEG EN D OF I SI S AN D 0 5 1 11 1 8 . 65

th e c h arac te r o f t h ese r i tes . T h e w o rsh i pp e rs of

nat ure d e ifi e d th e up p e r h e m i sp h e re of th e w o rl d
und er wh c h w e i dw ell g i v i ng it t h e na m e o f Ve nus,
,

and te r m e d th e inferio r h e m i sp h ere Pro serp i ne A c , .

c o rd in
gl y, th e g o d d ess o f th e S y r i a ns o r Ph oeni c i ans, ,

is fe i g ne d to la m ent w h e nthe S un in h is annual p r o ,

g re ss t h ro ugh t h e tw e lv e s i gns of th e Z o d ac ,i ent ers

a
p art o f th e l o w er h e m i sph ere o r th at d i v i si o n w h i c h,

is c o ns i d ered as th e i nfe r i o r h al f W h en th e S un .

i
a rr v e s in t h e lo w e r si gns ,
a nd th e d ay s b e g i n to
s h o rt e n ,
V enus is rep rese nted as lam enti ng h im , as if
h e w e re s nat c h e d
y fro m h e r b y d eath and d e
a wa ,

t aine d b y Pro serp i ne ; th a t is to s a y b y th e p o w er ,

w h i c h p re s i d e s o v e r t h e lo w e r c i rc l e o f t h e w o rl d a nd
th e A nt i p o d es A g a i n, th e y p re te nd th at A d o ni s is
.

r e st o re d to V e nus w h e n t h e S un, h a v i n m ad e his

g
w ay t h ro ugh t h e i nfe ri o r si gns b eg i ns to t raverse
six ,

th e re g i o ns o f o ur up p er h e m i sp h ere b esto w i ng up o n ,

”
us a n i nc r eas e o f li gh t and l o ng er d ay s A s so o n .

as h e h a s p asse d th e v e rn a l e q ui no x t h e
g o d d e ss w as ,

s a i d a a i nt o re o i c e t h e fi e l d s a nd p ast ure s b e c o m i n
g j , g
no w v e rd ant w i th c o rn and fre sh h er b age and th e ,

”
t re e s w i th ne w fo li a ge I t w as o n t h i s ac c o unt
.
,

say s M ac ro bi us t hat th e a nc i e nts d e d i c ate d t o

,

V e nus t h e m o nth o f A p ri l H e o b s erves t h at

.
,

A d o ni s w as sai d t o h ave b ee n kill e d by a w il d b o a r ,

w h i c h w as a n e m b l e m o f w i nte r an d d esc rib e s a

'

sta tue rep r ese nt i ng t h e g o d d ess inth e p eri o d o f g rie f

an d lam e ntati o n w h i c h w a s ad o rne d wi th th e sy m b o l s
,

o f N a ture m o urni n g in t h e w i nt ry s easo n T h e sa m e .

a ut h o r s ubj o ins th at t h e Ph ry g i ans w o rsh i pp e d

,

A tti s and th e M o th er o f th e g o d s w ith si m il ar ri te s

, , .

H e i nfers th at al l th ese c ere m o ni es c ertai nly rel ate d

,

K
66 I NTE R PR ET A TION OF TH E

to th e S un, fte r th e d esc e nt o f th e go d

b e cause ,
a

into th e ne th e r w o rl d h ad b e e n s o l e mniz e d w i th
m o urni ng a nd l am e ntat i o n a p e ri o d o f m i rth and ,

o ful festi v i t i es ens ue d ; t h e c o m m e nc e m e nt of

j y
wh i c h h a p p e ne d e xa c tl y a t th e t i me w h e n th e S un ,

o ve rc o m es t h e p o w er o f d ar k n e ss a n d re nd er s th e ,

d ay lo nge r th an t h e ni g h t T h e fe st i v al o f rej o i c i ng
.

H * t h at is
was c e le b ra t e d o n th e d a y er m e
t d il i
a r a ,

o n th e t w e nty -fi fth o f M arc h s l '

We sh a ll ad d th e co nc lud i ng re m ar k f
o- Mac ro
b ius ,
w hic h is m o re i m p o rta nt w i th resp ec t to o ur

re s e nt i nq ui ry T he sa m e re li g i o us c ust o m s
p .

p reva il in E g y pt und e r d iffe re nt name s ; fo r it is w e l l

k no w n tha t O s i ri s is no o th e r th a n t h e S un, a nd I si s
th a n t h e E a rth, or T e rre ne N at ure ; a nd th e sa m e

c r c um sta nc es
i w hic h l e d to t h e w o rsh i p of A d o nis and
A ttis g i ve ri se to t h e a lt ernate rep e tit io ns o f m o urnful
‘

”
an d j o yful festi val s in th e s up e rsti ti o ns o f E g ypt 1 .

C l e m e ns A l e x a nd ri nus h as r em ar k ed th e affi ni ty o f
a ll th e se m o ur n ful c e r e mo ni e s o f th e A si ati c s and ,

o th er fi c t i o n s o n wh ic h t he
y a re d epe nd e nt w i th the ,

T h e sm o ph o ria S c irrh o ph o ria and o the r so l em ni ti e s

, , ,

w h i c h w ere r e p o rte d a s h e say s to ha ve b e en i ntro

, ,

d uc e d fro m E gypt § M a ny auth o rs r e mark th e si mi

.

l itude wh i c h th e c e re mo ni e s in h o no ur o f th e E
g yp tian
O s i ri s b o r e to th o se o f th e S y r i a n A d o ni s I n b o th .
,

th e d i sapp earanc e o f th e o d wa s c o m m e m o rated with

g

it M acro bn S aturnal fl ib i
.
p 21 . . ca . .

1 T h is was t he d ay o n whic h th e Ro mans c el ebrated th e

t erminat io n o f t h e winter and t h e v ernal eq uino x .

I Macro b ibid . .

Cl emens A l exand. Cohort . ad

gent es, p 13 , . xx .
 L E GEND OP I srs A ND o sm rs .

l amentati o ns, and h is r esto rat i o nwi th j o y a nd fest i vity *,

and S alam bo ,
th e S y r i an V e nus , w and ere d a b o ut l ike
I si s ,
lam enti ng h er lo st A d o nis xt
I t is to b e re r e t te d th at w e h ave no t e a c t a cc o un
x ts
g
of th e p eri o d s at wh i c h al l th e fest i val s of th e E gypt i an
r et ur ne d . We i nt assurance in
h ave h o w ever
, ,
s uffi c e

e neral t h at th e m o ur n ful c er em o ni es o f th at p eo pl e
g ,

w ere so le m niz e d a t t h e d e c li ne o f t h e y ear a nd th e ,

j oyful rites to wards th e r eturn o f spri ng and th at th e ,

fo rm er w e re c o nnecte d w i th th e m i sfo r tunes o f O s i ris

and th e r i ef o f I si s th e latter w i th t h e r e a ran ce -
g , pp e a

o f th e
go d o r w ith th e r enewal o f h is car e e r
, .

O ne o f th e m o st e xp li c it p assag es o c c urs in th e
c o mm e n tary o f A c h ill e s T ati us o n A rat us wh i c h , ,

a cc o r d i n
g to S calig e r s o pi ni o n was pr e ser ve d fro m
’

t h e w o rk s o f E ud o xus a w ri ter w h o s e t esti mo ny is,

o f th e h i h e st a uth o ri ty § T h e E ypti an s h e sa s
g g .
y , ,

w h e n th e y o b s e rve d t h e S un d esc e nd i ng fro m th e

C rab to wa r d s C apr i c o rn and th e d ays g rad ually d i m i ,

ni sh w er e acc usto m e d to lam e nt fro m th e appreh en

, ,

s i o n t h at th e S un w as ab o ut to d e s ert th e m e n ti rely .

T h i s p er i o d c o i nc i d ed wi th th e festi val Of I s i s B ut .

wh en th e l um i nary b eg an to return a nd th e d ay s g rew ,

l o nger th ey d ressed th em selves in w h i te ro b es and

,

c ro wned t h ei r h ead s w i th garl and s .

J uli us F i rm i c us th o ugh unwilli ng to ad m i t an

,

e x p l an at i o n t h at s ee me d to affo rd a n ap o l o gy fo r a n y
a a nsupe rsti ti o n h as i ven h is testi m o ny to t h e s a m e
p g g ,

facts H e say s th at th o se funereal r i tes and lame nta

.

M arsh am C hro nico n E gyptiac um & c

. , .

1 S el d en d e D iis S yriis, synt agm ii p 4 ca

'
. . .

S e e C o m m entary o n Ch ap ii N o te A . . .

l] Pet avius de D o c trina Tetnporum, t o m iii p 8 5 . . .

 68 INTERP RETATION OF TH E

t i o ns wh i ch th e E g ypt i a ns p rac ti se d are e xp lai ned by

th e defend ers o f Pag ani sm ina p h y s i c al s e ns e Hanc .

vo l unt e sse mo rte m O sir id is ,

c um frug e s r e dd u nt terr ae ;
inventio nem v e ro fr ug e s g e ni tali terraa fo me nto
c um

c o ncept ee , nova r urs us c oep e rint pro c r eatio ne ge

”
nerari .

T h e po et R utilius a ll ud es to t h e j oy ful c erem o ni es

t i s ed in th e sp r i n in h is I t i ne rar , wr i tte n at a
p rac g , y
t i m e w h en t h e su erst
p it i o ns of E gypt w ere no t yet
e xti nct .

E t tum fo rt e hil are s p er co mp it a r ust ica

pagi
M ul c eb ant p ec t o ra fe s sa j o c is
s o c iis

I ll o quippe d ie t and em r e no v at us O s iris

E xcitat in fruges g erm ina l ae ta no vas .

Plutar ch e nter s i nto a m o re m i nute d eta il co n

g cernin
s evera l of th e se fest i val s . T he fo llo w i ng is t h e acco unt
h e h as g ive no f th e c e r e m o ny r e at l i ng to th e d i sapp ear
ance or d eath of O s i ri s . I t w as on th e se vent e enth
d ay of th e E gypt i an m o nth A th y r, w h i c h answe rs to
th e th i rteenth o f N o ve m b er, w h e n th e S un was in '

S corpi o , th at O si r i s w as s h ut up in th e fatal c h est .

A c co r d i ngl y , o n th at
day th e A p h a nism , o r d i sapp ear
,

an n ”
c e o f th e l iz e A t th i s seaso n,
go d, was s o e m d .

sa s o ur auth o r,
y w h e n th e E te s i a n w i nd s aband o n
E gypt, and th e N ile retur ns t o its
land is banks and th e
d e so l ated b y th e app ro ac h o f w i nt er—wh e n th e l e n th
,

g ,

o f ni h t al so e nc reas i n d ark n
g g es s
p r e vail s and th e
,

p o w er o f ligh t is d i m i ni sh e d th e E gypti an p ri ests , ,

a m o n o th er m o ur n ful r i te s c o v e r e d a il d e d co w w ith
g g ,

a pal] o f fi n e bl ac k li ne n a nd e x h ibi te d it as ane mbl em

,

o f th e lam en tat i o n o f I s i s T h i s c erem o ny was p er

.

formed duri ng fo ur days succ essi vely b eg i nni ng at the ,

 LEG E N D OF I s rs AN D 0 8 1 11 1 8 . 69

s event eenth o f A th yr, t o r epresent th e fo ur o bj e cts o f

l am entati o n at th i s seaso n o f the y ear viz fi rst the , .
,

d e c r ease of th e N il e and th e r etur n o f its waters to

th e i r c hanne ; seco ndl y, l t h e c essat i o n o f th e sal utary
no r th e rn wi nd s w h i ch w er e no w , e xti n ui sh e d b
g y th e
p r eva e l nce o f s o uth er n
bl ast ; th i rd l
s y th e sh o rtne ss o f ,

th e d ay and th e p r o tracte d l e ngth o f ni g ht ; a nd lastly ,

th e d eso late c o nd i t i o n o f th e earth no w nake d and ,

d e st itut e o f h erb age w h il e t h e tree s ar e at th e sam e

,

”
t i m e str ipp e d o f th ei r O f a s i m ilar natur e ,

sa s Pl utarc h w e r e th o s e var i o us c ere m o ni es w h i c h

y ,

w er e celeb rate d am o ng o th er nat i o ns at th e sam e

sea so n s uch as th e T h e sm o h ori a o f th e A th e ni ans
, p ,

( wh i c h w ere c o p i ed from th e E gyp i f festi val o f

t an -

”
I si s ) and th e E pach th ae o f th e B m o tians
,
so t er m ed ,

fro m t h e g ri e f o f C eres fo r th e lo ss o f h er daug hter

Pro se rpi ne w h o h ad b e e n c arri ed aw ay to th e i nfernal
,

re i o ns s s o l em n h e sh ri ne s o f th e
g I I n .t h i i ty t g d es s
o
, d

Pl ut arc h I sid . . et O sir . c ap . 39 .

1 l b id p 69 . ca . .

I We h ave see n t hat t h e G rec ian Cer es c o rres o n

p d s with
t h e E gyp tian I sis . The grief o f Ceres at t h e l o ss O f h er
d aug ht er, wh o w as c arrie d away t o th e infernal regio ns, was
s ub s t it ut ed by t h e Greek s fo r t h e so rro w o f I sis at t h e d is

app eara nce o f O siris ; and t h ese eve nt s were s o l e m nized at th e

s am e s e aso nBac ch us al so, t h e G recian O siris, d escended t o

.

H ades ; and B ac c hus and Ceres, aft er th eir d esc ent, seem t o
'

h ave been m etam o rp ho sed into Pl uto and H ecate SO O s iris, .

aft er h is descent, b ecam e S erap is ; and I sis, as we sh al l see

h ereaft er, underw ent a sim il ar c h ange o f nam e and ch arac ter.
Th e d o ubl e ch arac ter O f Bac ch us, or O si ri s, is al l uded to in th e
fo l l o wing l i nes of A uso nius

A t y vm ov p air O a 1p1 ; 57 a}, M uc aiv at (Pa y day

‘ ’
‘ ' ‘ ‘

Bain xo; i v) ( moi e ty , i

p e n n
/ £7 0 1 ; A i8wvedg
.
’ ‘

nvpoy erfis, Sixépws, wray oA émg, A iovw os A E cl og

’

. U SON .
70 INTE R PR E TATI ON OF TH E

were c arr edi up a nd d ow n in p ro c e ss i o n . N ow

th e c o mm o n t i me sa s Pl utarch fo r th e s o l em ni
,
y ,

z atio n o f all th ese fe st i val s, was w i t h i n th at mo nth in

wh i ch th e Pl ei a d e s a
p p e a r, and the h usb a nd m e n so w

t he ir c o rn, w h i c h th e E gypt i ans c all A th y r, t h e A the

nians , Pyanep s io n and th e B te o tia ns, D a m atrius .

Th e Ph ry g i ans, he c o nt i nues ,
l
a so su
ppo se thei r
od to sl e ep d uri ng th e w i nter, and to aw ake n int h e
g
s um m er, a nd a t o ne t i m e t h e y c el e b ra te h is ret r i i ng to
re st , and at ano th e r, w i th m i rt h and re ve l ry , r o use h im
fr o m his lumb ers T h e Paph lago ni a ns p rete nd that
s .

h e is b o und and i mpri so ne d in th e w i nte r m o nt h s and -

,

th a t insumm e r h e is r e sto r e d to lib e rty and

I mm ed i ate ly after m e nti o ni ng t h i s so l e m ni ty Pluta rch ,

s ubj o i n s an ac co un t o f ano th er o f an O ppo s i te d escrip ,

t i o n wh i c h if w e j ud ge fro m th e t e xt o f th i s a uth o r
, ,

as it n o w stand s w o ul d b e supp o se d t o h ave fo llo w e d

,

im m e d i ately th e fo rego i ng r i te s o r rath er to have ,

o cc urre d d ur i n t h e m i d s t o f th e m H e sa s on
g y .
,

th e ninet ee nth o f t h e m o nth th ey m arc h by ni g ht in ,

ro ce ss i o n t o w ar d s th e se a sh o r e a nd th e S tolis taa an d
p
-
,

Pr i e sts b ear th e sac re d c h e st co nta i ni ng a littl e ark o f ,

g o l d i nto w h i ch th ey p o ur fresh wate r and at th e same

, ,

t im e rai se a sh o ut t h at O si r i s is fo und ! ,
T h ey after
ward s m ix fertil e e arth w it h th e wate r and add i n
g , ,

I am t h e O s iris Of E gypt, c al l e d Ph anaces b y

th e M ysians , Bacc h us am o ng t h e l iv ing, and A i do
' '

neus o r Pl uto am o ng th e d ead ; o ffspring o f fi re, two

h o rned , t h e Titan-k ill er D io nusus .

H ero d l ib . . 11. c ap . 1 71 .

1 The anc ient Persians h el d t heir fest ival s nearl y

‘

at the
same perio ds S ee t he Co mmentary, N o te B
. .
 L EGE N D or ISIS A ND o sm i s . 71

s p c es and
i c o st ly p erfum es, for m a l i ttl e i mage of a

l unated figur e wh i c h th ey d ress up and

‘

M any auth o rs al
l ud e to th i s fe sti val , w h i c h was
l brated
ce e w i th m uch cl amo ro us j
re oic in
g . J uvenal
r e fers t o it th us

E x c l am are l ib et p o pul us quo d c l am at O siri

”
l nve nto .

O n w h i ch th e S cho l iast o b serve s ,

th at th e c r ow d e x

l imed
c a w h e n th e g o d w as d e c lare d to be fo und,
,

sé n
fi ’

p x o p ev tr uy xa t pop s v
, W e h ave fo und h im r ej o i c e ”
.
, .

N o tw i th stand i ng th e e x p r e ss o n
i s of Pl uta rc h it , ca n
s c ar ce ly b e su i s c e re m o ny wa s p erfor m e d
ppo se d th at t h -

in th e m o nth A thy r I ts p ro p er p e ri o d c anno t b e

.

asc e rta i ne d
p r e c i se ly ; b ut th e r e are m a ny c i rc um stances
w h i c h i nd i cat e th at it w as c el eb rated so m e t i m e a fter
th e W i nte r so ls t i ce -
fo r ab o ut th e t i m e o f th e so l sti ce
a no t h e r c er e m o n w a s p e rfo r m e d w h i c h w as te r m e d
y ,

t h e Z et e sis o r S earc h afte r O si r i s a nd it w o uld s ee m

, ,

th at th e D i s co ve ry m ust h av e b e e nsub se q ue nt to th i s .

B e si d e s if w e advert to the l eg end w i th wh i c h th ese

,

festi val s w e re c o nne c te d w e fi nd th at th e d i sc o ver y ,

o f th e r e m a i ns o f O s i ri s m ust h av e h app e ned s ub se

q uently t o th e r eturn o f I si s to E gypt ; and we are

assure d th at h er ar r i val fro m t nic ia was so le mniz e d
o n t h e s eve n th d ay o f th e m o nth T ybi wh i c h answers ,

t o t h e se c o nd o f J a nuary j :
T h e searc h as w e h ave re mar ked was cel eb rated
, ,

at th e so l sti ce A t th i s t i m e sa s Pl uta rc h th e
.
y , ,

Pl utarc h , ib id . c ap . 29 .

1 S ee further rem ark s

'
o n th is sub ect j in th e Co mmentary
o nt h is Ch apt er, N o te C .

1 Pl ut d e I sid . . c ap . 50 .
72 INTERPRETATION or TH E

th e li v i ng i m ag e o f
”
E gypti ans l e ad th e sa c re d C o w ,

I si s ro und th e t em p l e s eve n t i m es ; th i s seaso n o f th e

,

e ar sta nd i n m o st in ne e d o f t h e sun s w ar m t h He ’

y g
.

a d d s, t h at t h e r i te w as p erfo r m e d sev en t im es ,
to i nd i
cat et h at th e g o d d o e s no t c o mp l ete h is r etur n to th e
s um m e r t ro i c un
- t i l th e sev e nt h m o nt h a ft e r w a r d s *
p .

T he r es
p nse o of a n o rac e l of A p o llo q uo te d by ,

E us ebi us , p ro b abl y allud es to th e l ast m ent i o ned

c e re m o n
y ,
o r t o t h at w h i c h w as so e m l niz ed in th e
m o nth A thy r i

poc xéup a m N efi mu
d cha pir) y et/{p at s
’ ‘
1 0 1 31 3 a
‘
r a
' ’ ’
v woo w &G bu O m w
'
r r euew cr et o r om w éo
-

p
' '

ac
p p .

To I sis it is giv en, b esid e th e fl o o d

O f g e nial N il e, in g arb o f w o e t o ro am
A nd, b y t h e d eep t o ne d sistr um m o urnful ng,
’
-
s cl a
”
To seek h er d ear O s iris .

A t th e ne w m o o n o f th e m o nth Ph am e no th , (wh i ch
nearly c o rresp o nd s to M ar c h ) th e E gypti ans h o l d
, ,

a fe s t i va l w h i c h th e
sa
y s Pl utar c h ,
y te rm th e entranc e
o f O si ri s i nt o th e M o o n and w h i c h m ark s th e b e i n
g ,

”
ni ng o f spr i ng . T h us ,
he c o nt i nue s
th ey place ,

th e p o w e r o f O si r i s in th e M o o n, a nd represe nt I si s,
w h i c h m ea ns t h e p ro lifi c q uali t i e s .
of nature ,
as im

p re gnate d b y h im A c c o r d i ngly t h ey t er m th e M o o n
.
,

th e m o th er o f th e w o rl d a nd rep r e se nt h e r as b o th ,

m al e a nd fe m al e ,
as rec e v i i ng e ma nati o ns fro m th e
S un b eco m i ng fer tiliz e d and
, , t h en d i ffusi ng h er
genial i nfl uenc es th ro ug h th e air .

Pl ut de I sid
p 52 . . ca . .

1 E nsch Praap E v l ib 7
‘
v. c a .
. . . .
p .
 or I SIS A ND O SI R I S . 73

A t th e tim e o f so w i ng th e s eed , says Pl utar c h,

th e b uri al o f O si ri s w as so e m l niz e d ,
a nd th i s c ere

m o ny w as th o ugh t t o d e no te th e c o ver i ng of th e s ee d

in th e e ar th ; a nd t h e r e surr e c t o n o r r e a i pp earanc e o f
O si r i s t h e sh o oti ng
, up o f th e g ree n h e rb I nall usi o n .

t o th i s lle go ry I si s upo n p e rcei vi ng h erself to b e

a , ,

p r e g na nt is sai d to h ave h ung an am ul et ab o ut h er

,

ne c k in th e m o nth Ph ao p h i s o o n after th e so w i ng ,

t im e a nd to h av e b ro u h t fo rth th e i nfant H arp o crat e s

, g ,

ab o ut th e t i m e o f th e s o l st i c e w h ent h e h erb a e is ust

g j ,

s r i n i n a nd sh o o t i n H enc e al so th e fi rst
p g g g fo rth .

frui ts o f t h e E gyp ti a nl e nt i l s w ere sai d to b e d e d i cate d

t o th i s g o d a nd th e A oXeT
,
a or
p ur ifi c ati o n o f I si s w as
, ,

c el e b rate d a fte r t h e ver n al e q ui no x * .

W e sh all m e nti o n o nly o ne o th e r E gypt i an fest i val ,

w h i c h is t h at o f th e Paa m yl ia I t c o nsi ste d in a .

Bac c h analia n p o m p r e se m bli ng th e Ph al l eph o ria o r

, ,

Priape i a o f th e G r e e ks in w h i c h t h e m ysti c e mbl ems ,

of Os i r i s w e r e b o r ne i n p ro c e s s i o n -
f T h i s c erem o ny
w as i nst i t ut e d b y I s i s a c c o r d i ng t o t h e m yth o lo gue
, ,

a fte r sh e h ad d i sc o v er e d th e re m a i n s o f h e r h usb a nd ,

w h i c h h ad b ee n s c atte re d ab o ut b y T yp h o n I t is -
.
,

th e re fo re p r o b able th at it w as c el eb rat ed in t h e
, ,

s ri n w h i ch as w e h av e s ee n w a s th e se aso n o f
p g , , ,

o ful fe st i val s a m o ng th e E gyp ti a n T h e m eani n

j y s
g .

o f t h ese s t ra n e e xh ibi ti o ns as e x l ai ne d b
g p y all th e ,

an c i en t w ri ters w a s to rep r e se nt in s triki ng e mbl e m s

,

t h e fe rtilizi ng i nfl uenc e s o f th e e l em e nts by wh i c h ,

na tur e w as supp o s ed to b e fec undate d in th e g eni al

s easo n o f th e sp r i n g .

Pl ut de I sid
. . cap . 65 .

T Pl ut ibid . . ca
p 12 . . H ero d l ib n . . . ca
p 48
. .

I.
 74 INTERP RETATI O N OF TH E L E GE N D .

O n the who le , w e m ay I b e li e ve b e p erm i tte d to , ,

c o nc l ud e, t h at th e fe st i val s c e l e b ra te d in h o no ur o f

I s is a nd O s i r i s w ere c o nnec te d w i th t h e c h a n es of
g
t h e y e ar, nd th e m o st str iki ng p h ae no m e na o f natur e
a

I nt h e d i ffer e nt s e a so ns M o reo v er as th e se so l e mnit

.
,

ti es in th e i r suc c es s i o n a nd in th e nat ure a nd m ea ni n

, g
of th e r it e s in w h i c h th e y c o ns st e d ,
i b o re a n ev i de nt
r e fe re nc e to t h e l eg e nd Ofw h i c h w e h a ve g i ve n a n
a b strac t in so m e fo r m e r p ag es, it ap p e a r s t h at w e are
to re
g ar d th at fi c ti o n inth e l ig h t O f a p h y si cal all ego ry,
r e p re s e nti ng infi urat i ve a nd h i h l fa nc i ful all us i o ns;
g , g y
th e nnual p ro g re ss O f th e s un and t h e o r d er O f th e
a

se aso ns A t th e sam e ti m e it m ust b e supp o sed, tha t

. .

th is o ut li ne h as b e e n fi ll ed i m er i cal
up b y m any ch

c i rc um sta nc es in o rd er to r e nd e r it m o r e
,
p o p ula r .

W e m ust he r e fo r a r easo n th at w i l l afterwards

,

app ear d i st i ng ui sh t h e h i sto ry and r i te s O f O s i ris fro m

,

a vari e t
y O f e mb l e m s and fi g ur ati ve r ep r e se nta ti o ns
w hi c h re fe rr ed m e rel y to th e Su n I t w as no t si mp ly .

to war d s th e o rb o f th e s un th at th e E gy ti a ns ad d r es
p
se d t h eir s up ers t iti o us de vo ti o ns ; b ut t o th e
g e ner a
t i ve o r p ro d uc ti ve po w er O f N ature w h i c h a t c e r tai n ,

s e aso ns is d i s la e d in a
p y p ec uli ar m anne r in th e in
fl uenc e O f th e S un F o r at so m e p e r i o d s O si r i s h e ld h is
.

ab o d e in th e M o o n; a t o th ers h e h a d b ec o m e c fl e te
‘

a nd h a d pa sse d i n to H a d e s a nd h is ab s enc e fr o m t h e
,

upp er w o rl d was d epl o r e d T he S un was y et vi sible ;

.

b ut th e p ro d uc tive po w e rs w h i c h h e h ad d i s la ed in
p y
th e ve rnal s easo n had no w ab ando ne d him .

T h at O si ri s w as no t m erely a nam e fo r th e S un and ,

th at th e s up erst i ti o ns addr esse d to him are d i fferent

from th e co m m o n so lar w o rsh i , is i nd eed evi d e nt fro m
p
th e d i stincti on made b He ro dotus a nd all th e o th er
y
 N AT UR E OF O SI R I S .
‘
75

G ree k writer s wh o t reat of E gypt ia n manners . It is

c erta i n t hat th e E gypt i ans had a sy st em o f r it es in
a do rat i o nO f th e S un alto et h er d i sti nc t fro m th e c ere
g ,

m o ni es Of O si ri s T he fo rmer b elo ng e d parti cularl y

.

to t he H eliOpOl itan nome wh i l e we are assur e d t hat

,

th e l atter w ere c o mmo n t o th e wh ol e E gyptianp eo l e

p .

S E CT I O N III .

Co ntinua tio n of th e s ame j

s ub ec t. Genera l Conc lusio n re
sp ec ting the na ture o f Os iris . Typ hon, Hom e, E gyp tian
Triad , H arp ocr ates, S er ap is .

I t was no t th e li ght and h eat a l o ne o f the so l ar ray s

th a t w e re c o ns i d e red by th e E g ypt i a ns as the a ttri
b ute s O f O si r i s . H e w as w orship p e d if w e m ay ,

b eli e ve Pl utarc h I n eve ry dep artm ent of p ro lifi c

,

nat ur e ; and al l th o s e e l e m e n ts o r v is ibl e obj e c ts in

w hi c h a ny p ro d uc t i ve e ne rg y was fa nc i ed to res i d e ,

w ere b e li eve d t o b e o nly v a ri o us m o d es o r m a nife s

t a tio ns o f th i s g o d .

N e x t t o th e i nfl uenc e O f the S un th ere is no ,

e l em ent w h i ch a p p e ars in so s triki n g a m anner t o b e

a p h y s i cal ca use O f th e p ro d u c t i o n and
g ro wth o f

o r a niz ed b ein art i c ul arly o f th o se w hic h b e l o n

g g p
s , g
t o t h e v eg eta bl e ki ngd o m as m o isture ,
I n E g y pt .

esp ec i ally th e w a t ers O f th e N il e so rapid ly fe rt iliz e

,

t h e ar i d a n d o the rwi se steril e so il a nd g i ve ri s e in ,

s o r e m ar k abl e a w ay to an ex ub e ra n t inc reas e in

an im al and ve getab l e nature th at it w o ul d b e s in ,

u l ar if t h e i d eas s uggest e d by th e s e p h e n o men a

g , ,

h ad no t l eft th e i r imp ressio no nthe mytho l og y O f the

76 POP U LAR RELIGION OF THE EG Y PT I A NS .

p eo p el . I n fac t , th e N il e w as re
g a rd e d b y th e
E g y p ti a ns w i th p e c uli ar ve ne ra ti o n Pl ut a rc h s ays, .

t h e y h e l d t h e N i l e t o b e t h e p a re nt a nd sav i o ur o f
E g yp t ,
a nd a n e m a na t o n fro i m a nd th ere
a re s o m a ny p as sa g es in t h e a nc i e nt w ri te rs w h i c h
id e nt i fy O s i ri s a nd th e N il e , th at t wo o f t h e m o st
l earne d w r i t e rs of m o d e r n t i m es J o sep h S c ali g er
, , 1
a nd S el d e n j{ w e re p e rs uad e d t h at t h e y we re th e
,

s am e o r t h a t O s i r i s w as
,
in t h e o ri g i na l a nd p ro p er
,

p e rs o nifi c a t i o n O f th e
s e nse , a sa c re d r ve r i . E use bi us
ind ee d a sse r ts e x p re ssly t h at , O s i ri s w as th e N il e,
w h i c h th e E g yp t i ans s upp o s e d t o fl o w d o w n fro m
h e av e n; and w e fi nd th e sa m e t est i m o ny in th e
fo ll o w i ng i nvo c at i o n o f Pro p ert i us

N il e Pat er, quanam p o ssum t e d ic ere c ausa,

A ut q uib us in t erris o c c ul uis se c ap ut

T e p ro p t er nul l o s t el l us t ua p o s tul at im b res,
Q
A rI d a nec p l uv I O s uppl i c at h erb a J o n ;
Te c auit at que s uum p ub es m irat ur O s irim ,
B arb ara M em p h it em pl angere d o c t a b o v em .

M any o th e r
p assag e s t o th e sam e p urp o se m i gh t
be q uo te d fro m th e a nc i e nt w ri ters S ev e ra l O f th e se .

h ave b e e n ad d uc ed b y th e a utho rs a b o ve m e nti o ned ,

a s w e ll a s b
y J ab l o nsk i w h o neverth e l e ss m ai ntai ns
,

a c o ntra ry O i ni o n
p .

Pl ut arc h d e I side et O sirid e .

r S c al ig d e E m end at io ne Tem porum , p 3 70

«
.
. .

1 S el de n d e D II s S yriis, S yntagm l ib i ca 4 . . .
p ,
.

PrO p ert l ib i . . . el e
g 8
. .

J abl o nski insis ts o n int erpret ing O siris as th e so l ar o rb

merel y, a nd e nde avo urs to ex l ains aw a al l t h e t es timo nies
p y
which are ino pp o siti o nt o th is m o re l imi ted se nse .
 N AT U RE OF O SI RI S . 77

Pl utar c h i nfo rm s us, t h at m a n y o f th e E gy p ti an

ph il o so ph ers re
g ard e d O si ri s as a r i ve r
go d in his
-
,

a nd i g i nal m e a ning , and

t r ue or
p p o s e d t h at th e su

l am e ntat i o nm a d e o n ac c o unt O f h is fe i ne d d eath o r

g ,

d i s ap p e aranc e , r e ferr e d t o th e d e cre a se Of t h e water

of t h e N il e . He a dd s, th a t w h e n t h e N il e w as
re
g ard e d as O s iri s ,
or th e i
ac t ve c a use , I si s ,
or th e

p ass i v e c a use, w as r e ferre d t o th e l and O f E gyp t,

w h i c h is fert iliz e d o r re nd ere d p ro lifi c b y t h e i nun
d at i o n s o s tri c tl y d id t h e i nt er re te rs a d h ere t o
’

p
t h e p ri nc i p l e s Of th e p h y s i c a l a l l e go ry O f w h i c h w e
h ave s ur ve ye d a
p a rt B ut th e m o r e p ro fo und a nd
.

l e arne d of y p ti ans g e neraliz e d t h e i r id e as and

th e E g ,

rep rese nt e d O s i ri s a s a t yp e o f t h e e l e m e nt o f m o i s
“

t ure o r O f w at er uni v ersa ll y w h i c h th e y re g ard e d as

, ,

th e g re a t g e ni a l p ri nc i p l e O f al l na ture ca lli ng fo r th ,

a nd c h eri sh i ng th e fr ui ts O f th e e arth O n th i s .

no t i o n w as fo und e d th e c usto m O f b e a ri ng a v essel

ful l O f w a te r as a t yp e o r sym b o l in al l th e p ro c e s ,

s i o ns t h a t w a s c e l e b r a t e d inh o no ur o f th is g o d T h is .

d o g m a w as o ne o f th e p ri nc i p l es o f th a t p h y s i o l o gy
o r d o c t ri ne r es p ec t i n g n a t ur e w h i c h T h al es t h e , ,

fo und e r O f th e I o ni c s c h o o l is sa i d t o h ave l e a r ne d in ,

E g y p t ; a nd it ap p e ars to h av e b e e n b o rro we d fr o m
t h e nc e by s o m e G rec i a nm y sti cs o r p h il o so p h ers b efo re
th e a g e O f T h al es S uch a t l e ast is th e sense attri
.
, ,

b ute d by Pl ut arch t o a w e l l k no wn v erse o f H o m er -

Q x eo wou 7 s, dew u y eus O w x a i pfl j r epa Taduu i

' to ' '
f ’
'

1 Pl utarch, ibid
'

Pl utarc h d e I s . 4 :ap . 36 . .

I A ris t o t l e says, t h at w as a v er
y ancient d o c t rine am o ng
th e G reek s, t h at al l t hings were ro duc ed fro m O c e anus and
p
Teth ys, and t h at t h e w el l - k no wn c ust o m O f s wearing by t h e
S tyx h ad its Originin t hi s fabl e .
-A r stot i . Met . l ib . i . cap . 3 .
78 POP U LAR RELI G ION or TH E EG Y PT I A N S .

Tethys is th e E arth in ge neral ,

w h i c h is h ere

me nt i o ned in rel at i o n wi th w ate r ,

th e fe rti l izi ng

p ri nc i pl e .

F ro m th e co m
p i nof
ar s o t h es e e x pl anat i o ns , and
o t h e rs O f a si m il ar k ind al l o f wh i c h appear t o h ave
,

h ad a so li d fo und at i o n in th e r i t e s a nd d o c t ri nes o f
th e E g yp t i a ns w e l earn th a t O s i ri s w a s no t si mply
,

th e S un o r th e N il e b ut ev e r y p art o f nat ure in

,

wh i c h p ro d uc t i v e q uali ti es a re di spl ay e d O s i ri s .

c l e arly s e e m s t o h ave r ep rese n t e d th e a c t i v e e nergy

o f nat ure th e b ene fi c e nt o r g e nera tive infl uenc e o f

,

th e e l e m e nt s w h erev er e x h ibi t e d ; I s i s th e p as sive

, ,

c a use o r th e p r o lifi c p o w e rs o f nat ur e in th e s ubl u

, ,

nar y wo rl d H e nc e O si ri s was s o m et i m es wo rshipped

.

in th e S un Wh o se rays v i v i fy and g l ad d e n t h e e arth

, ,

and at w h o se ret urn, in t h e ve r nal s easo n, al l its

o rg an iz ed p ro d uc ti o ns rec e i ve a new gene rat i o n; and
so m e t i m e s in t h e N il e wh o se w a ters b es t o w r i ch es
,

o n th e l an d o f E g ypt I s i s a s w e h ave sh o w n fro m

.
,

t h e re pe at e d asse rt i o ns o f th e a nc i e nt w ri t ers w as ,

th e E arth o r s ubl unary N at ure in g e ne ra l ; o r in a ,

m o re c o nfi ne d se nse t h e so i l O f E g y p t w h i ch is o ver
,

fl o we d b y th e N il e ; o r th e p ro l ifi c o r g eni a l p ri nc i pl e ,

t h e g o dd es s O f genera t i o n a nd al l p ro d uc t i o n C o n si .

d e re d j o i nt l y O s i ri s and I s i s ar e th e uni v ersal b ei ng

, ,

th e s o ul o f nature c o rresp o nd i ng w i th th e Panth eus

’

o r M asc ul o fe m i n -
i ne J up i te r O f t h e O r hic ve r se s
p .

OF T Y PH O N .

I t is no t t o p e rc e ive h o w t h e do gma o f t wo
ea s
y
ind ep ende nt p r i nc i l es c an b e rec o nc il ed w i th th e
p
g enius of the Panth eisti c s y ste m . Y et we d isc o ver
 NAT U RE OF T Y PH O N .
79

so meth i g n -
ver y l ik e it
, in th e m y tho lo g y Of E gyp t .

T yph o n stands O pp o se d to O s i r i s , j ust as

d o es to O r m uz d in the ,
re li g i o n O f Z o ro aster . T he
c h efi d i fferenc e b e twee n th e se t wo sch emes see ms to
co n sis t inth i s c i rc um stanc e th at th e E y t i an fable
g p ,

is mo re e nti rely fo und e d o n p h ys i cal p rinc ip l es I n .

t he Pers i an d o c trine A h r i ma n was no t s im p ly a p en »

, ,

so n i fic atiOnO f natur al e v il h is attr i butes c o mpreh end -

al so m o ral evil ; b ut as w e h av e see n that O si ri s .

w as p h y si c al g o o d , o r th e pro d uc ti ve o r g e ne ra ti ve
.

o wer, so T y ph o n see m s to h a ve r e p r e sen ted a ll th e

p a

d estruc tive c a us e s in na t ure . W h ate ver , sa sy

Plut arc h ,
“
is t ur b ule nt ,
or no x io us, or d is o rde rl y in
irregula r sea so ns o r a d is te m p e r ed c o nd i tio n o f th e
,

a ir, o r inec li p s e s O f th e S una nd Mo o n; are i nc ur s i o ns

” -~
and re p
.
res e nta t o ns o fl i T yp l Io n .

T yp h o n and N ep h th ys sta nd o ppo se d in ever y ,

instanc e, to O si ri s and I sis A s al l fe r til e r eg io ns . .

and p ro lifi c c a us es b el o ng to th e l at ter, so al l sterile

and unp r o duc t v e e e m e nts ar e i l th e p e c uli ar re ig no f

th e fo r m er s; W he n O s i ri s is th e fe rt ilizi ng N il e,
T y p ho n is the :b arre n se a the ,
worn-O s

w h i ch swal l o ws it up ; a nd h e nc e the sea, and eve n

th e sa l t wh ich is p ro d uc e d fr o m it, Were h eld inab o
min at i o n by th e E y
g p t i a ns h e n O si ri s is wat t-
33 . W
or h umid i ty in g eneral T yp h o n is h eat and d ro ug ht ,
.

A s the l a n d o f E g ypt wh ic h is fe rtil iz ed h y the waters

-
,
»

o f th e N il e, w as t h e r e i g n O f I si s s o th e d esert, wh i c h ,
i

l i es b e y o nd th e g e ni al infl ue nc e o f th e r ver go d w as -
,

t he unfi uitful N ep h th ys § W he n t he s e b arre ntracts

‘
‘
.

we re o verfl o wed and r e nd e red fe rtil e by an un usual

ck

S ee Pl ut . de - Is iii h seat . 49 . 1 I bid

'
.

1 I bi d . sec t . 40 . I bid . sec t . 38 .

80 POP UL AR RELI G IO N or TH E EG Y PT I A N S .

x f i n n d i n h n O i i w a i d t o l e ave
e t e n t o t h e u a t o t e s r s as
,
s

h is garland o f m e lil o t us in t h e b e d o f N e p h th y s and

th is p h aeno m e no nw as re c o rd e d i nth e p h y s i c a l a ll e g o ry
o f th e E
gyp t i a ns W h e n O s i r i s w as r e c o g n
. iz e d int h e

N o r th er n o r E tesi an w i nd s so s a l ub r i o us in U pper ,

E gyp t T yph o n w as th e Ty foo n o r s o uth e rn bl ast

, , ,

w h i c h bl o w s fr o m th e d esert and b ur ns up a nd ,

d estr o ys ev er y th i ng t h at h s li a fe
t
L a s tl y w h e n .
e
,

O si r i s w as th e li gh t and fi re o f th e S un T y ph o n was ,

th e d ar k ne ss o f w i nt er w h i c h is pr e d o m i nant fr o m th e
,

m o nth o f A th y r w h e n O si ri s w as o v er c o m e by h is
,

a d v e rsar
y u n t il,
t h e fo l l o w i n
g s ri n
p g w h e n h e a ai n
g ,

r et ur ned t o I si s a nd d i ffuse d in t h e m o nth o f Ph a me

, ,

no th h is g enial i nfl ue nc es o v e r th e subl unary w o rld

, .

I n sh o rt s a s Pl utarc h e ve ry t h i n
y , g h at is o f
t,
-

an eviLo r m ali n an t n at ure e i th er in th e a ni m al t he

g , ,

ve e tabl e o r th e i nt ell ec t ual w o rl d is l o o k e d u o nin

g , p ,

g e ne ral as th e O p e rati o n o f T y ph o n a s
par t o f h im , ,

o r as th e e ffec t o f h is
H e nc e all th o se ani mal s wh i c h ar e o f h i d eo us p ect,
as

o r of fi erc e and unta m ab e l d i sp o si ti o n, w ere sa cre d to

T yp h o n and w e r e regar d e d a sli vi ng i

, re
p r e se ntat o ns
of h im .
1 A m o ng th e se , th e C r o c o d il e a nd th e H i ppo
p o tam us ar e m e nti o ne d b y s ev eral w r i t ers § as th e m o st
r em ar k abl e . T h e T yph o ni an ani m al s w ere sy m b o ls o f
dar k ne ss a nd d estr uc ti o n T h e H i pp o p o tam us w as an
.

em bl em o f th e w e st er np o le, th e Z ocpog o r dar k re i o n,

g ,

as Pl ut d e I sid . . sec t . 4 0, 4 1 , 4 3 .
1 I bid . s ec t . 50 .
'

1 T h e p ec ul iar r el at io n w h ic h t h e s ac red anim al s were

imagined t o b e ar t o th e go d s, w il l b e a sub ec t o f investi a
j g

— —
tio n in a l at er p art o f this wo rk B- ;v a I M 561 4
[
.

1 41?
, . .

Pl ut ib id. A el ian Strab o, c i t ed b el o w:

. .
 or no r ms . 81

wh i ch swa ll o w s up th e S un i l a nd th e o th er c e est a l
b o di es H e was seen figured in th i s vi ew inth e t e mple
.

o f A p o lli no p o li s sta nd i n g w i th O pe nj aws and gap i ng

, ,

upwar d s to i ng ulp h th e d e sce nd i n li h ts o f h eave n *

g g .

T h e C ro c o d il e w as al so asso c i ated w i th th e same

i d eas A c ro c o d il e cr o uc h i ng sa s H o ra o ll o
.
y p , ,

w as a sy mb o l o f th e W e st ; a nd th e tail o f a C r o co d il e
w as th e h i ero glyph i c c h arac ter w h i c h e x p r esse d d ark
ness in th e sacr ed sc ulpture o f th e E gy p tians Jr .

T h e C ro c o d ile was th e favo ur i te o bj ec t o f w o rsh i p

am o n th e i n h ab itants o f th e O m b ite no m e ; and inth e
g
re m a i ni n sc ul tures o f th e t e mp l e o f O m b o s
p th e
g ,

h ig h e st h o no urs a r e appr o p r i ate d to a fig ur e w ith th e

h ead o f a C ro c o d il e i
'
We m i ght h e nc e supp o se that
t h e O m bites w o r sh i pp ed Ty ph o n as t h ei r p ec uli ar
d i v i ni ty ; b ut it is d i ffi c ul t t o ac c o unt fo r th e i nsi g ni a
w i th w h i c h t h e T y p h o ni a n fi g ur e in t h e i r t e mpl e is
a d o r ned ; a nd w h i c h a re e l se w h er e asso c i ate d w i th a nd

a e ar to b e th e d i sti n g ui sh i n b ad e s o f O si ri s
g g
pp .

O F H O RU S , O R A R O U E R I S .

T he e ld er H o rus, or A ro ueris, w a s th e b ro th er of

O si ri s b ut H o r us is ge nerally c o nsi d er ed as th e so n
of I si s and O s i r i s and t h e relati o n o f th e fo r m e r to th e
,

latter H o r us is un k no wnto us . H o r us, h o weve r, w as

E useb Praap E vang l ib iii cap 1 2

. . . . . . .

1 H o l l H iero gl
yp h l ib i ca
p 6 9 7 0
o rap
. .
. , . . .

S ee th e spl en d id w o rk o f t h e French I n st it ute, D escri ti o n

I p
de l E gypte, t o m i pl 4 3
’
. . . .

Pl utarch c ap 1 2 . . .
82 POP U L A R RELI G ION or TH E EG Y PT I A N S .

t h e th i r d , or th e y o ung e r o f t h e th re e d v n t e s w h i i ii i ch
com o se th e anth e st c t r a d o f t h e E gy pt a ns
i i i i
p p
.

T h e G ree ks ge nerally reg ard e d H o r us as id enti cal

w i th t h ei r A p o ll o * S o m e t i m e s th ey c o nsi d e r h im a s
.

Pr iapus q L
H is attr ib ute s ar e no t c l early d i sti ngui sh e d
fr o m th o s e o f O si ri s I t w o uld h o w e ve r ap p e ar
.
, , ,

fr o m th e i nc i d e nts m e nti o ne d in th e l e g e nd o f w h i c h
w e h av e g i ve n a n ab s trac t, as w ell as fr o m t h e p h y s i c al
i nte rp retati o n d er i v e d fro m t h e anc i ent w r it e r s, that
as O s iris and T yp h o n w e r e th e g e nerati ng a nd th e
de stro y i ng p o w ers s o ,
H o r us w as t h e re no vat o r a nd
reserve r o f n at ur e w h o o v e rc o m e s fo r a t i m e,
p ,

th o ug h h e c anno t e x ter m i nate Ty p h o n , ,

a nd r e sto res

the d o m i ni o n o f O si r i s .

c r c um sta nc e
i th at th e G ree ks
F ro m t h e garde d
re

H o r us as A p o ll o ,
it p p ea rs tha t t h e
a E g yp ti an go d
b o re so m e nea r r el at i o n t o th e S un
A c c o r d i ng t o .

Pl utar ch th e b o o k s o f H er m e s asc r ib e d t o h im th e
,

o ffi c e o f
p re sid i ng o v e r th at l um i nary a nd g ui d ing its ,

m o ve m e nts i L i g h t w a s o ne o f h is attr i b ut e s ; a nd
o b eli sk s b ei ng e m bl em s as w e are i nfo r m e d o f the
, , ,

so l ar ra s w er e d e d i c ate d t o h im
y ,
I n th e i nsc r i pti o n .

o n th e H el io o l itano b eli sk o f w h i c h a n i nt er r e ta ti o n
p p ,

w as furni sh e d b y H er ma p io n § H o r us is t er m e d th e su ,

p re m e l o r d a nd a uth o r o t t i m e w i th ane v i d e nt r efe re nce

'

to h is o ffic e a s g o d o f t h e s o lar o rb a nd r e vo l utio n;

and in a statue d esc r ib e d b
y M o ntfauc o n w h i c h ,

app ears fr o m o th er c h ara c teri sti c s t o r epr e se nt th i s

, ,

d e i ty th e S un is see n sc ul ptur e d o ve r th e h ead o f th e

,

od
g .

H ero d l ib n p assim. .
1 S uidas VO C9 H ‘aa os
. .
‘
.
‘
.

1 Pl utarch , cap 6 1 A m m ianus Marc ell inus

. .
.

Mo ntfauc o n, A ntiquité E xpl iqué e, t o m 1 1 part 2, pl 1 1 9, . . .

fig 3 . .
 o r no uns . 83

Pl utarc h su pp o ses th at H o r us i ncl ud ed th e w h o le

vis ibl e w o rld f “
a nd th i s i d ea
h a d p ro b abl y s o m e
fo und ati o n, as it is co ns i s te nt w i th t h e
g e ni us o f
t h e p a nth e i st i c m y th o l o g y , -l re fe r al l
to p ar ts o f
t h e uni ve rse t o H o rus as w ell as t o O s i ri s . In con
fo r m i ty w i th this no ti o n th e fe st i v al h e ld ,
o nth e th ir
t ie t h d a y o f t h e m o nth E p ip h i, at wh i c h ti m e th e S un
an d t h e M o o n w e r e s uppo se d t o b e in th e s a m e ri ht g
”
li ne w i th t h e e ar th , w as t e r m e d t h e G e ne th l ia , or

t h e fest a l d a y o f H o rus s ey es ; a nd th ese t wo l um i na ’

r i e s w ere e ni m a t i c a l l er m e d t h e E y es o f H o rus
g y t i
T h e e m bl e m s o f g e ne rat i o n o r p ro d uc ti o n in g e ,

ne ra l b el o ng t o H o rus no t l e ss re m ar k abl y t h an to
,

O si r i s T h i s is sh o w n d i sti nc tl y b y h is st at ues t h e
.
,

fo r m a nd i ns i g ni a o f w h i ch ar e d esc rib ed by S uid as ,

in a p a ssa g e t o w h i c h I w o ul d r ath er re fe r th e
r e a d er t ha n t ra nsl ate it § T h e sa m e c i rc umsta nc e is.

ev i d e nt in th e re m a i ns o f E g yp ti a n sc ul p ture T he .

fo r m o f H o r us m a y b e r e c o g niz e d in m o st o f th e
’
t e m p l e s o f t h e T h eb a id w i th t h e c h aracteri st i cs o f l/ ,

Pr i a p us .

A elian lik e w i s e te rm s H o rus th e c h i e f c a use o f t h e

ro d uc ti o no f fr ui ts a nd t h e l ux uria nc e o f th e s e aso ns fll
p

Pl ut arc h . c ap . 52 .

1 We s h al l m ak e som e o b se rv at o i ns il l ustrative o f t his

rem ark in a fo l l o w ing B oo k .

I Pl utarc h . c ap . 52 . S uidas , l o c . c it at .
'

H o r us m ay b e dis t inguish ed fro m O siris by h is coéfi ure .

x ‘

T h e m y st ic Vanal so l s fi gured ab o ve and b ehind him no t I nI

5
his h and , as it is in t h at o f O siris : in o th er resp ec ts h is form
rese m b l es Priap us Cert ain pl ant s are so m et im es gro wing b y
.

S ee D esc rip t io n d e l E gyp t, t o m iii

’
h is sid e on a n al tar . . .

p l 5 2 , e t al ib i
. .

1TA eliande A nim al l ib . . II . ca

p 10
. .

s
w a m /M
’
Vie w
84 P OPUL A R RELI G ION OF TH E EG Y PT I A NS .

and Pl uta rc h say s, h e w a s s up p o se d to r ep re se nt th at

quali ty in t h e a ir w h i c h no uri s h e s a nd p re ser ve s al l

li vi ng b e ings fii e

)? I

T h e m y sti c Van o f I ac c h us b el o ng e d to H o r us as
w el l a s t o O si ri s ; a nd h enc e t h e G r e e ks c o ns i d er ed
H o rus as B a c c h us th o ugh t h i s na m e m o re p r o p er l y
,

b el o nge d to th e e l d er go d H e nc e it is th at w e fi nd .

Bac c h us t erm e d t h e o ffsp r i ng o f J o v e and Pro s er p i ne ,

t h a t is O f S e rap i s and I s i s
,
H e is so i nvo k ed b y .

O rp h e us -l
A 435 xa l H epa eqbovs ia g ‘

' ’
mg h e dsig oclu épor s A
pp j
’ ’ ’ ’

ai
-
oc rr
' f
m pal m T ew , p ou .

I m m o r t al d aem o n, b o rn in t h e m yst ic b ed Of
”
J o ve and Pro serp ine .

F ro m al l th e se i
c rc um sta nc e s I th i nk it
, app e ars

th at H o r us is o nl y d i s t i ng uish e d fro m O si r i s as t he
s uc c esso r a nd re no vato r o f h is c aree r, th e res t o re r o f

h is re ign . O si r i s is t h e g e nerat o r , H o r us th e reno

v ato r o r pr e s e rver f fi M
) fl t
l t fi s
q a

O F T H E E G Y PT I A N T RI A D .

We th us fi nd th at t h e E gy p ti a n t r i ad c o nta i ns a
tri pl e p e rso nifi c a t i o n o f th e
g e nerat i ve, th e d e struo
t i v e, a nd i ng p o w e rs o f nat ure
th e res t o r .

T o e ac h o f th e th ree g o d s a fe m al e d i v i ni ty c o r
r es o nd ed T h e l atter w ere I s i s N e p th y s a nd
p .
, ,

B o ub ast is T h e y ap p e ar t o h av e b e e n c o unterp arts

.

or
p a ssi v e r epre sent at i ves o f th e nature a nd a ttrib ut es
o f t he th re e o ds B ut we sh all h a ve o c c a s i o n in a
g .
,

5 w g out m Pl ut arch 61 1 O rph ica G esneri, p

'

7 O
222
‘
.
. c. . . .

W 7M Vii
“
99 “
)
.
 or H A R PO C R A T E S . 85
x
s ub se q uent Ch apt e rto co ns i d e r m o re full y th e h i sto ry
a nd c h arac ters of th e E gy p ti a n g o d d e sses .

O F H A R PO C RA T E S .

H ero do tus h as p e at e d l y m ent i o ned I si s O s i ri s

re , ,

and T yph o n , as w e ll as H o rus th e so n o f th e t wo,

fo rm er d e i ti e s . Y e t w e no w h ere fi nd in h is wo rk s
th e li gh test no ti c e o f H arp o c rat es w ho is al so c all ed
s ,

t h e o ffsp ri ng o f I s i s and O s i ri s A m o n l at er a uth o rs

g .
,

H arp o crat es is p erh ap s st ill m o r e c e l e b rat ed t ha n

H o r us .

T he il enc e o f H e ro d o t us inth i s p arti c ul ar c reates

s , ,

a s us i c i o n t h a t h e re ard e d H a r o c ra tes a s th e s am e
p g p
d i v i nit y as H o r us .

E gyp ti an s c ul p t ur es o fte n re prese nt th e i nfant

\

c h il d o f I s is in th e a r m s o f h is m o th e r o r suc kl e d a t ,

h e r b r e a st . I n m a ny i ns tanc es t h e g o d h o l d s h is ,

fi nge r o n h is m o uth T h o se fo rms w h i c h ar e th us

.

c h ara c t e r iz e d h av e b e e n sup p o se d to b el o ng to
H arp o c rate s ; th e o th ers h ave b ee n t erm e d figure s O f
II o r us .

T h i s d i st i nc ti o n w as k no wnto th e anc i e nts . T he

fi nger h el d up o n t h e li p s w as s up p o se d to i nt i mate
s ecrecy ; a nd h e nc e H arp o c rates w as c o nsi d e red as
th e go d o f sil e nc e a nd m y s te ry T h i s i d e a o cc urs in .

a v erse o f O vi d a ll ud i n t o H arp o c rat es :

g ,

Quiq ue prem it v o cem digito que sil ent ia

T he sam e
g od is t erm ed ,
by A uso ni us, S igalio n, or

t h e i mp o s e r of s il enc e .

—
O vid M etam l ib ix
. . . . v. 69 1 .

a ’ ta
f
1
n sI r v: . t a r
r
86 POPUL A R RELI G ION OF TH E EG Y PT I A N S .

Tu O eb al ns h ab ite s t ac it urnus A m ycl is ,

v e l ut

A ut t ua S igal io n [E gyp tius O sc ul a S ignet

O b nix um Paul ine

Y o u, Paul inus , re m ain ob st inat el y sil ent,

l ik e a m ut e inh ab it ant Of th e S par t an A m yc l aa, or

”
as if th e E gyp t ian S igal io n seal ed yo ur l ip s .

T he fi ng e r h e l d up o n th e m o uth m ay h o w ever , ,

h ave b ee n i nte nd e d t o c o nv e y m e rely t h e i d e a O f

infanc y o r t e nd e r a ge as t y p ifi ed b y th e fo r m o f a
, ,

c h il d t o o y o ung t o a rt i c ul a t e ; a t l e a s t all th a t w e

c an l e a r n c o nc e rn i ng H a rp o c rates se e m s t o refer
s i m p l y t o t h i s i nd i c a t i o n Pl utarc h t o wh o m w e .
,

o w e c h i e fl y th e i nfo r m a t i o n w e p o s se ss c o nc erni n g
t h i s g o d s ay s h e w a s re p re se nt e d a s a w ea k a nd
, ,

im p e r fe c t i nfa nt d e fi c i ent in h is m e m b e rs f
,
-

J abl o nski h as b ee n m o re fo r tunate in a na l y zi ng

th e na m e o f th i s g o d th an in m o s t o f h is e ty m o l o gi
c al c o n e c t ures ; a n e se ns e h e d er i v es fro m t h e
j d t h
C o p ti c e ty m o n a grees e x ac t ly w i th t h e c h ara c ter
a ss i g ne d b y Pl ut arc h I t ap p e a rs fr o m E rato sth enes
.
,

t h e fi rst w r i te r w h o h as m e nt i o ned H arp o cra tes t h at ,

h e w a s c all e d int h e E g y p t i a nl a ng uag e Ph o uc rates

, , ,

W t h o nl y d i ffe rs in t h e G ree k t er m i na ti o n fro m th e

c o m o und w o rd P h é c h r a t e x re ss i n in th e C o ti c
p p g p
-
,

Cl a udic a ns p ed e J abl o nsk i suppo ses th at H ar

.

p o c rates is c o m p o und e d o f t h e s a m e w o rd s w i th the

p r e fix A n d eno ti ng th e e ne rg e ti c c a use }: I t see ms
,

A ns o n E p is t 25 v 2 6
. . . . .

t Pl utarc h c al l s h im dr am; x acl Z m ypov jm o and again,

'
vr v
, a vo .

if E rat o st h enes interpre t s S em p h o ucrat es, by H erc ul es

,

H arpo crates S em is t h e nam e O f H erc ul es, and Ph o ucrat es

.

ev identl y expresses Harpo crates . I na G reek e

pigram, c it ed by
 OF H A R PO C R A T E S .
87

t o m e m uc h m o re p ro b abl e th at H ar o c r ates is in
p
r eali t
y O R PH O U C R A TE S , th e i nfa nt o r a s y e t i m e rfec t
-

p
H o r us .

C uper ,
w h o se l earne d w o rk co nta ins a ll th at
c an b e c o ll ec ted fro m t h e anc i ent w ri ters w ith refe
re nc e to t h i s
g o d as w e l l a s so m e i nte re st i ng d e tail s
,

o n s eve ra l o th er
p ar ts o f t h e E gy p t i an m yth o l o g y ,

j
c o n ec ture s t h a t H ar o c r at e s w a s a t y e o f th e r i s i n
p p g
S un * J ab l o nski c o nte nd s t h at h e d e no t ed no t t he
.

S un r isi ng in t h e E as t in h is d i urnal c areer b ut th e ,

a nnual r i se o f t h a t l um i n ar
y i m m e d i at e l y a fte r h e
,

h as p a sse d th e w i nte r so l s ti c e w h e n h is b ea m s ar e
-
,

as
y e t w eak a nd th e da y h as b ut a sh o rt d ura t i o n
, .

T h i s c o nj ec ture d i sp l ay s m o r e ing e nui ty and re sts o n ,

a b e tt e r fo un d ati o n t h a n t h a t o f C up e r
. F ro m th e .

t i m e o f his b i r th w h ic h w as at t h e w i nt er so l s ti c e it
,
-
,

is e vi d e nt tha t H a rp o c ra tes d e no te d so m e c i rc um
c e int h e s t a te o f th e se aso ns a t t h at
s ta n p er i o d ; and
-

t ha t h e h ad so m e r e l a t i o n to th e S un o r t h e so l ar ,

infl ue nc e w o ul d app ear fro m h is near c o nne c t i o n o r

,

fr o m h is p ro b a b l e i d e nti ty w i t h H o r us .

Y e t it b y no m eans ag rees w i th t h e re m arks l e ft

b y th e o l d wri te rs c o nc e r ni ng H ar p o crates t o c o nfi ne ,
,

h is att rib ut e s a nd i d e al e xi ste nc e w i th i n s uc h na rro w

l im i ts .W e h a ve sho wn tha t neith er O si ri s no r
H o rus de no t e d m e re l y t h e so l ar o rb a nd t ha t I si s ,

wa s no t s im p l y t h e M o o n I n lik e m a nner w e s hal l

.

fi nd th at H arp o c rat e s w as no t m ere ly the g l o b e o f

J ab l o nsk i, h e is A m ph icrat es
cal l e d A m p hicrat es, o r A m
.

h o u crat es, wo ul d b e t h e m o s t nat ural way o f w rit ing, inG reek

p
l e t t ers, M PH O C H - R A T wh ic h , in t he Co pt ic o rt ho grap hy, is
e quival ent t o PR O C H - R A T.

Cup er H arp o c rates, Traj ec t ad Rh en 1 6 3 7

’
s . . .
88 POPUL A R RE L I G ION OF TH E EG Y PTI A N S .

t h e S un: h e se e m s t o h ave b e en a ty p e of th o se

e na i l i nfl ue nc e s w h i c h w e re i d e in su o se d to re s
g pp
v a r io us d e part m e nts o f na ture b ut m o re e sp e c i ally ,

in the so l ar b e a ms so o n aft e r t h e so l sti c e o f w i nte r

, ,

a nd t o i v e r i s e t o th e fi rst app e a ra nc e s o f re t urn i ng

g
s ri n
p g .

T h us w e ar e a ss ure d b y Pl ut a rc h th at by th i s ,

infa nt g o d t h e E gyp ti a ns re p re s e nt e d th e fi rst sh o o t

ing up o r b udd i ng fo r th o f esc ul e nt p l ants * .

T h e o bj e c t s d e d i c ate d t o H arp o cr at e s te nd to
c o nfi rm t h i s no ti o n H e h ad no sac re d anim al s as
.
,

t h e o t h er g o d s ; b ut th e E gyp ti ans c o nsec r ate d t o h im ,

in t h e m o nth M eso ri th e fi rs t frui ts o f th e i r l ug um i

,
-

no us p l a nts l T h e b ud o r o p e ni ng bl o sso m o f th e
.
~
,

e ac h t re e w as a l so ina ec uli a r m anner s a c re d to

p p
-
,

H a rp o c rate s i B ut t h er e is no th i ng m o re c o m m o n
in th e E gy p ti an sc ul p ture th an t h e figure o f H arp o
c ra t es s i t t i n o n th e fl o w er o f t h e L o t us o r rath e r o f
g ,

t h e N y m p h ze a N el um b o w h i c h e x a nd s i ts e l f o n
p ,

t he s urfa c e o f t h e w a te r .

B y al l th ese if w e m a y v ent ure t o e ne rali se

fi g ures g ,

th e m it w o ul d a p p e ar t h at H a rp o c ra t es re re sent e d
,
p
t h a t -p o we r in nat ur e w h i c h fo ste rs th e o e ni n o f
,
p g
b ud s and th e s rin i n u
p g g p o f te nd e r p l ants A s th i s .

w as a n i nfl ue nc e
pp o se d to b e d e ri v e d fro m th e
su

S un fer t ilizi ng th e E a rt h w e m a a c c o unt fo r th e

,
y ,

g ene al o gy O f H a rp o c ra te s w h o w as c all ed t h e O ff ,

s pr i ng of O s i ri s and I si s . o r rat h e r o f S erap i s and

I si s .

Pl ut arc h de I sid . cap . 68 .

1 Ib id
“

. cap . 6 5, 6 8 .

1 I bid .
p 68
ca . .
 OF S A R A PI S . 89

TO conc l ud e it wo ul d ap p e a r th at H arp o c rate s

,

w as b ut fa i nt l y d i sti ng ui sh e d fro m H o rus o f wh o m ,

he se e m s t o h ave b e en a p arti c ul ar fo rm .

n SE RA PI S
‘

O F S A R A PI S , o .

W e no w c o me to a su bj ect w h i c h p r e se nt s g r eater
diflic ul tie s th an m o st o th er p arts o f th e E gyp ti an
th eo g o ny, viz . to th e nat ure a nd re at o ns O f
l i S e rap i s .

S arap is is d e cl ared b y se vera l auth o r s to b e th e l

sa m e

as O s i r i s ;
ye t th ere is i d ently so m e d i sti ncti o n b e
ev

t w e e n th e m . W hat th i s d i sti nc tio n is w e are no t able

sat i sfa c to r i l
y to d eter m i ne .

I n th e fi rst p lac e w e ar e assur e d b y Pl uta rc h w h o

, ,

i nd eed r ep eats th e a sserti o n th at S erap i s w as O si r i s ,

h i m sel f * D io d o r us m ak es e xp ressly t h e sam e d ecl a

.

ratio n y li and in a h m n o f M art i a nus C a ell a we

y p ,

fi nd b o th th e se nam e s assi gne d to o ne g o d i

T e S erapim N il us, M e m phis neratur O sirim

:
9
ve .

Th e N il e inv o k es th ee as S erap is M e m ph is
w o rsh ip s t h ee as O siris .

T he sam e i nfere nc e m ay b e d raw n fro m th e co nne c

t i o n o f th e na m e Of S arapis w i th th at of I sis . H e is
fre q uently m e nti o ne d b y anc i ent auth o rs as th e c o n
s o rt o f th i s
go dd ess wh i c h sh o w s th at th ey regard e d
,

S arapis as ano th er ti tl e O f O si ri s D i og e nes L aertius, .

C l e m ent O f A l e xand ria § and Mac ro bi us, , "t o wh o m we

Pl utarc h , d e s id . c ap . 28 .
1 D io dor l ib i
. . . cap . 2 .

M artian C ap el l a H ym n
. . . a d S o l em .

Cl emens S tro m v p 4 5
. . . . . Macro b Saturn l ib
. . . i
.

x
 90
‘

PO PU L A R REL I GI ON or T H E E G r PT I A Ns .

might add many oth e r a uth o rs k o f I si s an

"
d S erapi s
'

,
s
p ea
‘
as th e great di vi ni ti es o f th e A l exand ri ans o r o f th e ,

E gyptians ingene ral .

Y et th e sam e a uth o rs m ak e so m e d i sti ncti o nb etwe en

O si ri s and S arapis . T h us Pl utarc h asserts t h at S arapis

was O si r i s, afte r h e h ad c h an
ged h is nature, o r after

h e h ad p asse d i nto th e sub t errane an w o rl d ; and it is

apparently in co nfo rmi ty w ith th i s i d ea
,
th at D io do rus
ca
ll s him th e E gyptia n Pl uto * C erta i n it is th at S a
'

d b y ib a G reek s as h o l d i ng th e Offi ce
'
rap i s w as regard e
‘ '

Of Pl uto T h ey w e re i nfo r m e d, as it seem s, b y the

‘ "

E gypt ians t h at h e , go d who pr esi d ed over th e

w as th e
é gi O n O f th e d ead ; an d Po rph y ry assi g ns c o nj o mtly
’
'
i

to h im and to H ec at e a pa rt i cular fo rm o f I S IS th e Eu
,

pre me ru n
m al e fi c e nt d ae m o ns Of al l d esc riptio
“

l e O ve r s l
' '

J ab l o nsk i as we h a v e see n i m a i ne d O s i ri s t o d é n
Ote
‘ ’

g
n
, ,

Si mply th e o rb aflOI d ed
'
i

Of d th i i '

i on
“ ’

a s su
pp o s t
h im an easy pl anation O f th e nature a nd dist i ncti on
’ ‘ ‘ ‘

ex

of S arap is Th e lat t e r ac c o rd i ng to th i s auth o r, re

” “

.
,

present ed th e s un in th e w ntr m o n
y t hs, i after h e had
pas se d th e a ut um na l e qui no x , a nd h ad reac h ed the
“
l atter days Of h is c are er, o r th e s Ol a r O si r i s af ter
‘

, he
had enter ed up o n t h e p er i o d o f his d ecrepitud e inthe
‘

m o nth Of A thy r . O s ir i s t h e n d esc end ed to th e shades

l

it was at th i s era th at h e
b ecam e Sarapis ; the lo wer
hal f o f th e z o d iac was so m et i m e s r egarded as the i nfer
nal regi o n by E gypti ans as w ell as b y o th er nati o ns ,

A ll th e se c i rc um sta nce s c o nc ur in th ro w i n an air o f

g
ro bability o ve r th e c o n ec tur e o f J ablo n
p j ski I t will .

rh ap s appear to m o st O f h is r ead ers that th i s a uth o r

p e

Cup er H arp o crates p 8 5

. . .

t Porphyr apud E useb Praep E v l ib iv

‘

. . . . . . cap . ul t .
 or SA R A PI S .

is n ot en ninhis id earespecti n
ti rely m i stak e .

g th e nature
o f S e ra i s
p It is i nd eed supp orted by a p assage O f
.

Porphyry wh i c h h as b een c i ted by Eusebi us

, Y et as
O sir i s was no t si mply th e s un d uI ing th e seaso nw he n ,

th at l uminary fertiliz e s the subl un ary wo rl d a nd d i ffus es ,

h is ray s o ve r th e b o som o f I s i s b ut i ncluded in his ,

attr ib ut es o th er
p ro d uc ti ve p o we rs so it must
he;
all o w ed th at th e same
g o d after his desc en t and me ta
,

mo rph o sis w as re ferre d no t m erely t o t h e S unin h is

, ,

era o f d ec rep i t ud e b ut r ep resen ted also th e d ec l in

, e or

p e r i o d o f sus en
p d e d y ig o gr i
nall the genial el ements
of nat ure .

T h e solar O s i r i s, after h e was ove rc om e by Typh o n ,

t h e p o w er of dark ne ss, and s h orno f h is b e ams, b ec am e

Sarapis the N ilo ti c O sI rIs I s p r o b ably r el ate d in

a nd

a s i m ilar m a nner to the N il o tic Se rap is th at Sarap is

was r epr e sent ed b y th e w i ntry N il e , now d i mi ni sh e d,
and r ed uce d to h is narro w b ed, w e can o t n po si ti vely
a ffirm , th o ugh w e ar e ass ure d that th e sacre d stream w as
worsh i pp ed und er th e t t il e of S arap is .
1
'
T he ev i dence
of S uidas ,
ai nv esti gato r o f antiquity is sufh
dili gent ,

c i en li h h i i n T h i s a uth o r i nfo rms us

t t o e stab s t s
p o t .

h t S ara is w as s upp osed t o he J up i ter o r the N il e

t a p , ,

h is statue b or e up o n its h e ad a vessel o f

b e ca us e

meas ure and a c ubit o r instrume nt for fath o mi ng the

,

watc h ;
Vid B usc h Prae p E vang l ib iii
. . . . . .
p 1 1 nec no n Cuperi
ca . .

H arpo crates, p 1 0 5 . .

J bl n k i h very cand idl st ated t h e autho rities in pro o f

1 a o s as y
‘

ofth is po sitio n, th ough th ey are very h o st il e to his hyp o th e sis .

H e 1 5 driven t o th e awk ward expedient o f c o nect uring th at th e j

Eg yp tians had two divinities o f th e same t itl e .

1 S uidas invo c e Sarapis .

92 POPU L A R RE L I GI ON OF TH E EG Y PT I A N S .

Jabl o nsk i h as pr o ved ,

b y th e a uth o r i ti es of S o c rates
and S o zo men, th at th e N i l o m et e r w as su o sed to b e
pp
under th e a i
rt c ul a r c a re o f S arapis a nd th at t h e in
p ,

str um ent, by wh i c h th e w ater was fath o m e d , w a s al ways

co nvey e d w i th so l e m ni ty t o t h e t e m p l e o f S arap is, unt il

th e E mp eror C o nsta nt i ne o n t h e establi sh m ent o f ,

le
C hr i sti ani ty, forb ad e th i s c usto m
a
.

W he n we c o m p are al l th ese c rc um s ta
i nc es , and
co ns i d e r t h at S arap is w as no t
ly t h e so l ar go d after on ,

h e h ad c e ased to b e t h e g e ni al p ri nc i p l e o f nature ,

b ut th at th e N il e lik ew i se b e l o ng e d to h im t h at h e
als o p res id ed o ver A m e n th es o r th e r eg i o nO f d ep art ed ,

so ul s d ur i n t h e er i o d o f th e i r a b s en c e wh en l an
, g p
u ishing w i th o ut b o d i es t h e i n s t rum en t s o f ac t i vi ty
g
t h at th e d ead w ere d ep o si t e d in his p al a c e —
,

w e are ,

d i spo sed t o d raw a g e ne ral infere nc e resp e c ti ng th e

c h arac ter o f th i s g o d a s w e h a v e b e fo re d o ne w i th r e
,

gard to O si ri s S ara pis se e m s t o r ep rese nt th e p r o

.

d uc tive and i nd estruc tibl e li fe o f nature d uring th at

er i o d o f d ec li n e wh i c h in th e e t ual v i c i ssi tud es
p p per ,

inh erent in al l th i ngs d i sar m s it fo r a wh il e o f its ,

energ y and h o l d s it inan e ffe te a nd c o n

, c eal e d state ,

until th e fated l apse o f t i m e sh a l l a a i n cal l it fo rth

g
into ac ti v i ty W e m ay th us und e rs tand h o w S arapis
.

r ul e s th e S un wh e nno l o n e r o ss esse d o f e n i al h eat

g p g
and v i v i d sum m er li h t ; a nd th e N il e -
d uri ng th e
g ,

seaso no f its ec li se a nd th e so ul s o f m en th emselves

p , ,

o ri g i nally s arks o r e m a nat i o ns fro m O siris

p as l on
g ,

as th ey r em ai n in th e r e i o no f i na c t i v i ty
g ; wh enc e ,

h o weve r a s w e sh all sh o w inth e s e q uel th e y were

, ,

—
—
J abl o nsk i Panth lE gyp t l ib iv ca 3 S o crates, H i st
p . . . . . .

E ccl es l ib i cap 1 8
. . S o z o men l ib v c ap 3
. . . . . . . .
 OF S A R A PI S .

su o sed at a certa i np eri o d to e m e rge ino rd er again

pp ,

t o e nt er o n a s c ene o f ac t i ve li fe .

O si ri s and H o rus w ere g o d s Or g e nn O f th e wh o l e

un v e rs e
i . T h e sam e p ant h e i st i c d e sc ri p ti o n is g i ven
of S arapis in , a
p o nse m ad e by th e
ce e l b rated res

o rac l e o f th i s
go d to N ic o c re o n a C yp ri anki ng w h o
, , ,

s ent m e sse n ers t o i nq ui re w h a t d i v i ni t h e o u h t to

g y g
a d o re und er t h at nam e
ll c i te th i s p assage
. We sh a

c hie fl t o p ro ve t h at th e se ns e and a ttrib ut es a ss i ne d

y g
by J abl o nsk i to S arap is a re b y far t o o li mi ted , .

T he g o d s
p o k e t o th e fo ll o w i ng e ffe c t l
.
ae

i
ip ) debs 65 35 p a deiu 070 1
’
l
'

7 07
’
e 7rm
yu
'
s x a

p mq y
' ' ‘ ‘

qp 35 doixa tm a
’
O épo mog x OO
'

uog x ec a
j , ow fi
' '

I ’ !
m85 5 s7 6EP! a s w a n
! ’ Q“

7 0cm 35 p m m 7 a 3 oc cur av a n
a a 9 9
7 ,

'
l a o y sg A a ru rpov cpo wg fis h io m
‘
75 T n .

M y divinit y sh al l b e described in th e wo rd s I
w ill no w ut t er . Th e ca no py o f h eavenis m y h ead
the is m y b el l y t h e earth is m y fee t m y
s ea

ears are in t h e eth erial re gio n and m ine eye is th e

”
respl e nde nt and far sh in
- ing l amp o f t h e s un .

S e rap i s w as no t o nly th e Pl uto O f th e E gypti ans : h e

c o r re s p o nd s al so t o th e G re c ian fE sc ul ap ius I nd eed .

t h ere s ee m s li ttl e re aso n t o d o ub t th at th e ri t es

to b e
o f E sc ul ap ius w ere b o r ro we d b y t h e G re ek s fro m th e

w o r sh i p o f t h e E g y pt i an S arap is T h e E gypt i ans .

carri e d s i c k p erso ns into h is t e m p l e an d si m il ar j ug ,

li n t r i c ks se em t o h ave b e e n p erfo rm ed by h is
g g
ri e sts to th o s e o f wh i c h A risto p h anes h as g iven
p ,

. M ac ro b S at urn l ib i
. . . .
 94 POPUL A R R E L I G I ON OF TH E EG Y PT I A N S .

u s a humo ro us d esc ri ptio n inh is nt o f th e bl ind ,

, ac c o u ,

m an w h o p assed a ni gh t in th e fa ne o f j l l sc ul agpjt s
‘ le
a
,
l f

T h e s ame a ni m al s v iz th e s e rp e nt a n
,
d the co c k
.
,

were appro p ri ated to S arap is w h i c h are s o w e ll k nown ,

int h e G rec ia n fab l es y mb o l ic a l e m bl e ms or c o n

as s ,

s ec ra te d vic t i m s o f th e g o d o f h eal th We sh all find .

eccasio n t o a d d s o m e furth e r re m ark s o nth is s ubj ect ,

wh e nwe p ro c e ed to a ss e m b l e t h e p r i nc i p al fac ts that

rel ate t o the w o r sh I p o f a ni m al s .

I t is no t di ffi c ul t t o und ersta n d wh y S erap i s c a me

t o b e th e go d o f th e h e a li ng a rt W e h ave se en fro m .

t h e t e st i m o ny O f Po rp h y ry a nd E useb i us t h a t h e w as ,

s upp o se d t o p resi d e o v er th e in v i sibl e w o rl d an d to ,

b e t h e r ul er o f d a m o ns o r m al efi c e nt Sp i ri ts , We .

k no w th at th e E gypti a ns a tt rib ut e d al l d i se a se s t o th e
a e nc y o f d aemo n s an d t h a t t h e i r atte m t s t o o b tai n
g , p
c ure s we re fo un d e d in g re a t p art o n m ag i c al i nc an
, ,

t atio n s an
, d th e var i o us m ea ns b y w h i c h it w as sup
p o se d t h a t th e inv i s ibl e b e i ngs m i g ht b e c o erc e d o r ,

p ro pit i ated .I t w a s natural th at t h ey sh o uld app ly

c h i efly to th e
go d w h o h e l d und er his co ntro ul th e , ,

a en s o f e v il o r t h e p ro m o te rs O f a ll t h o se
g t , p l a gues
w h i c h i nfest th e h um an b o dy T h i s i nd ee d is p re
.
, ,

c isel y th e
p o i nt o f v i e w in w h i c h Po rph y ry rega rd s
‘

t h e rel at i o ns a nd o ffic e s o f t h e E gy pt i a n Pl uto in h is ,

d o ubl e c apac i ty o f h eal er o f th e i nfi rm and r ul er o f ,

t h e d e ad .

E l ian A nimal l ib
. . . II . Tac itus H is to r lib iv
. . . . c ap . 81 .

M istOphanes in(9 1111 0 . S ee bel ow, Bo ok iv . ch ap . 1 . sec t .

4 .
 C O M M E N TA R Y O N C H A PT E R
II
96 .

N O TE B . TO S E CI ’ ‘
. I .

T he ancie nt w rit e rs assig n v ar o us int erpretat io ns t o the

i
nam e of O siris, a c irc um s t anc e w h ich p ro v es t h at t h e nam es
al re ad
of th e E gypt ian g o d s w ere deriv ed fro m a d ial ec t y oh
s o l e t e at th e t im e wh en t h o se aut h o rs w ro t e . J ab l o nski h as,
t h o ugh t it inc um b ent up o n h im t o t rac e al l th ese
h o weve r,
int erpret at io ns in t h e m o d er n C o pt ic . Th e fo l l o wing are th e

e ty m o l o gies he assig ns t o t h is na m e
—M
.

uc h- op era tin Th is answ ers to se nse

1 . O S H - I RI g . a
"
évspy oiiv noel iy a GOWOI OV
'

assigned b y Pl utarc h a '

x ocr o; f
.
p .

”
P o wer energ e tic a nd bend i cent .

2 . O S H -I -R E The f ar - o urn
j e in
y g king , o r, The f ar

j e in sun T h is is give n b y J abl o nski as a co n ec t ure j

’

ourn y g .

h is o wn
p urel y .

3 . H O O U -S H E R R ain- s ca t tering . This et y m o l o g

y is
sup p o r te d by a c o n ec t uralj e m e n at io n o f d Pl utarc h , w h o , o n
th e aut h o r ity ofH e rm aeus, h as give n JHCQ ‘
WS as t h e m eaning
’

of O sir is . J ab l o nsk i t h ink s w e o ugh t t o read t pwg p l urial is, ,

r ainy, and t h is se ns e he nd Co ptic

re pr e s e nt s b y th e co m po u

w o rd H O O U - S H E R C o nsid ering th e p ec ul iarit y o f t h e E gyp

.

t ianc l im at e, w e m ust all o w th at a m o re im p ro b abl e c o nj ec ture

c o ul d s c arc el y h ave b een fo r m ed .

4 . O -O U J E - R E A uthor O f sa et
y f . T his is o ffere d as

c o rresp o nd ing w ith t h e int erp ret at io n o f I am b l ic h us, wh o

”
c o nst rues O siris , dy a eai v «M m e. Pr o d uc tive of g ood .

5 . O - O U O E I SH -I R I , o r, O E I S H -I R I The Ca us e or A uthor
”
of Tim e . T his is th e int erpret atio n which J ab l o nsk i d el ibe
ratel y p refers, a nd on whic h h e c h e fly i fo unds his h yp o t hesis
r e sp ec t in o f O s iris
g th e o rig inal c h ar ac t er Y e t it is a s ense
.

which is no t pressl y assigned b y any anc ient w rit er t o t h e

ex ,

nam e O f t h is
go d I t is ind eed m ent io ned b y H erm ap io n, as
.

c it e d b y A m m ianus, t o b e t h e att ribut e o f H o rus ; b ut this

c irc um st a c e n is b y no m eans favo urabl e to the scheme O f

J abl o nsk i .
 97
‘ “

C O M M E N TA R Y O N C II A PT E R II .

A fter all , it seem s t h at t his auth or h as fail ed t o disco ver

an y Co ptic etymo n c o rresp o nding w it h th e o nl y n
se se which
Pl utarch and D io dorus a ree in ass ig ning t o th e name Of
g
ny —
”
O siris, viz . The ma y d g e e od . This d efi ciency has b een
s uppl ied by th e l earned French q
anti uarian, wh o h as b esto wed
so much l abo ur o n t he R o set t a insc rip tio n . But M S il vestre
.

dc S acy fi nds it necessary, in th e fi rs t pl ace, t o ch ange O si RI s

into O S I N I S T his l ast wo rd h e d erives fro m O S H, m uch, and
.

NA U, to see .S o m uc h fo r th e t h eo ries fo unded o nety mol o gy .

-S ee J abl o nsk i Panth eo n E gyp t l ib i p 1 5 0 et s eq item . . . . . .

O p uscul . t o m i, p. . 1 88 . M . S il ve st re de S acy, L ett f sur

l l nscriptio nde Rosette
’
.

N OTE B . To S E CT . II .

I t must, h owever, be o b served, th at E ud o x us is c ensured by

th e ast ro no m er G em inus o f Rh o des, fo r h aving supposed t hat
th e fes ti val o f I sis c orres po nd ed c o ns t ant l y with o ne p eri o d o f
t h e year ; wh ereas, ac c o rding t o G em inus, being co nnec ted
wi th t h e gue year o f t he E gyp t ians, it must hare traversed
va

succ essivel y t he wh o l e c irc l e o f t he s easo ns B ut t he autho .

rity O f G em inus d o es no t d eser ve t o b e s et in O ppo sitiont o

th at O f E udoxus, wh o is s aid (S trab o , l ib iI vii p t o h ave . . .

reside d thirteen years in E gypt in t h e s ociet y o f t h e phil oso

t h at co un and is w el l k no wn t o h ave pl ied

ph ers Of tr y, ap

himsel f diligentl y t o th e inve stigatio n o f their as tro n o my He .

c o ul d no t, t h erefo re, b e ig no rant O f t h e princ i l es o nwhic h

p
th eir c al endar was co ns t ruc t ed Vario us attempts h ave b een .

made b y th e l earned t o r ec o ncil e t he statements O f th ese t wo

astro no m ers . Jablo nsk i (N o va pp o ses that su

t h ere were t wo fest ival s o f Isis

'

, one o f wh i ch onl y was fi xed at

t he i
so l st ce, and t hat G em inus w as unv uainted w th t his i
circumstanc e, and referred ex cl us vel y t o o neOf th em i
I t is, .

h owever, very pro b a bl e, t h at th e t

t he E gypt ans
c us o ms o f i
wi th respec t t o t h eir c al e nd ar h ad undergo ne nnovat o ns i i
b efore th e t i me of Geminus, a nd, o naccount of his higher
0
98 C O M MENTARY ON C H A PTE R 11 .

an q uity and atio n h e auth o rity o f E udo xus is

ti g neral
e re
p ut , t

c ertainl y t o b e p referred .

T he c o n ec t ure s o f
j M d e H um b o l dt (Rech erch es A m eri c )
.
.

th at t h e E gyp tians, l ik e t h e Ro m ans, h ad c o nc e p t ive as w ell

as stat ive fest iv al s, ap p e ars v ery p ro b abl e . I f t his b e al l o w ed,
it m ust be s upp o s ed t h at t h e fest ival s t o w h ic h E udo x us,
Pl ut arc h , and o t h ers, c o nnec t h s ic al int erp ret at io ns, w ere
p y
co nc ep t ive t h t is, t h at t h e w e re no t fi x e d in th e v ague
; a y
c al end ar, b ut anno unc e d b y t h e p ries t s at t h e ret urn o f p ar
t ic ul ar s easo ns, and th at G e m inus w as o nl y ac quaint ed w ith

the s t ativ e fest ival s, wh ic h b eing asso ciat e d with c ert ain dates

in t h e v ag ue E gyptian c al e nd ar, m us t h ave t ravers ed s ucces

siv el y al l th e se aso ns . Th ese, of c o urse, c o ul d receive no

ph ysical ex pl anatio n .

N O TE C . To SE cr'
. II .

Th e fo l l o wing ac co unt o f th e great Persianfes tival s rem inds

us o f t h ese g eneral re fl ec t io ns o f Pl utarc h . Th eir i
c h ef
”
fest iv al s, sa s
y M r R ic h ard so n,
. w ere t h o s e ab o ut the e uiq
no x es t he nex t w ere t h o se of w at er at m id sum m er, and o f

fi re at t h e w int er- so l s tic e . T h e fi rst w as t h e N o ro o z , wh ich

c o m m enc ed w ith th eir y e ar in M arch , and l ast ed s ix days,
d uring w h ic h , al l rank s see m t o h ave p art ic ipat ed in o ne

g eneral j o y T h e ric h se nt prese nt s t o t h e p o or ; al l w ere

.

d ressed in th eir h o l id ay-c l o th es, and al l k ep t pen h o uses ;

o

and pro c es sio ns, m usic , d anc ing, a

r el ig io us s e c ies o f t h ea
p
t rical ex h ibitio n, r ust ic spo r ts, and o th er p as t im es, p r ese nted a
c o nt inued ro und o f v aried am us em e nt E ven t h e d ead and .

t h e ideal t h ings w ere no t forgo tt en ric h v iands b eing p l ac ed

on t he t o p s of h o uses
high t o wers, and o n th e fl av o ur o f

wh ic h th e Peris and sp irit s o f th eir d ep arte d h ero es and friends

were sup p o s ed t o
Th e N oro o z o r v er nal fes tival is ce l eb rat ed by t h e Persians,
th o ugh unco nnec ted with t he r el igio n no w preval ent . It

Rich ardso ns D issertatio n, p 1 8 4

'
. .
 C O M M EN TARY ON C H APTER 11 . 99

c o mm e ces n wh en th e S unj ust e nters A i

r es, and l asts three
days .
’

N OTE D . TO S E CT I I . .

Th e p eri o d o f th e year in w hich t h e festival in c el eb rati o n

o f t h e discover o f O siris w as so l em nized b
y y th e E gypt ians, is
a
p o int invol v ed ingreat p erp l ex it y We are no t p o ssessed o f .

s ufli c ient data t o d et erm ine it b eyo nd t h e reach o f co ntro versy

different p i nio ns, indeed, h av e b ee n m aint ained am o ng th e
O

l earned in m o d er nt im es o nth is s ubj ec t O no ne side we fi nd .

S cal iger a nd S el den and o n th e o th er, J ab l o nski 1~ .

It pp ears t o m e, t hat al th o ugh t h e p recise date o f t his

a

festival c anno t be det erm ined with ab so l ut e c ert aint y, y et th ere

co nsiderat io n w h ic h r en er d it ex trem el
are s everal s
y pro b abl e
t h at it t o o k pl ac e so o n aft e r t h e w int er-so l st ic e .

1 . It nt, fro m t h e c o ntex t o f t h e p assage in

seem s ev id e

w h ic h Pl utarch m entio ns t h is c ere m o ny, th at h e canno t h ave

int ended t o represent it as h app ening o n th e ninetee nth d ay o f
th e m o nth A t hyr, and t h at so m e erro r m ust h av e cre pt into
t h e t ex t as it no w stand s . F o r t his a ut h o r h ad j ust rem ark e d
t h at t h e m o urning fo r t h e A ph anism o r l o ss o f O siris, began
o n th e sevent een th o f t h at m o nt h , and o c c up ied t h e t hree

suc ceed ing days . T he j

re o icin g fo r th e re-ap pearance of th e

go d m ust c ert ainly h av e b ee n sub se ue nt q t o th e l ast of t hes e

fo ur d ays, wh i ch w ere sp e nt b y t h e E gypt ians in grief and

l am entatio n I t c anno t b e suppo sed th at it o cc urred o n t h e
.

nineteenth , wh i ch w as o ne o f th e days devo t ed t o th e sorro w

ful exh ibitio ns j ust desc rib ed . A s we t h erefo re n
can o t l earn

fro m t his p assage of Pl utarc h wh at w as t he time fo r c el ebrat

n
i g t h e d isco very o f O siris, we m ust endeavo ur to d eterm i ne
it fro m o th er c o nsid erat o ns. i

Mo r
ier s J o urney th ro ugh Persia p 20 6
'
. .
,

S l d n d e B iia S yriis syntagm i cap 4 S cal iger d e E m en

1 e e . . . . .

datio ne Tem po rum, l ib n p 70 J abl o nsk i N ova I nterpret atio

. . . .

Tab ul ar I siacm O pusc ul a, to m ii

. . . .
 1 00 C O MMENTARY ON CH A PT E R 11 .

2 . The fest ival s co nnec ted with t h e ad v e nt ures o f I sis and

O siris a e ar t o h ave fo l l o wed, in o t her r e sp e c t s, th e or der of
pp
th e o c c urre nces m ent io ned in t h e l eg end B y o b s erv ing this
.

o rd er we are th ere fo re l ik el y t o o b t ain s o m e h int s resp e c t ing

th e suc c essio n o f t h e fes tiv al s and c ere m o nies
I t is p ro b abl e .

t h at th e th ree fes t iv al s c o nnec t ed r esp ec t iv el y w ith t h e l o ss o f

Osiris, t h e searc h aft er h im , and t h e disc o very, fo l l o w ed e ac h
o th er in t h e o rd erin wh ic h w e h av e m ent io ned t h em B ut .

we are as sure d t h at t h e fe s t iv al c o m m e m o rat ing t h e S earc h .

t o o k p l ac e ab o ut th e w int er- so l s t ic e ; t her efo re t h e D is c o very

w as pro b ab l y su bs eq uent t o t h at p erio d .

3 O n the
. seventh of t h e m o nt h
Tyb i, w h ich day c al l e d

an swers t o t h e s e co n d o f J anuary, t h e E gyp tians h el d a fes ti

v al c el eb rat ing t h e arrival o f I s is in E gyp t aft er h er v o yag e t o
Ph oenice T his m ust h av e t ak e n pl ac e e ith er im m ed iat el y
.

b efo re o r s o o n aft er t h e S earch . Th e s ec o nd of J anuary is

indeed l at er t h an t he s o l s t ic e ; b ut w e are no t s ure t h at t he
S earch was c el e b rat e d ex ac tl
y on th e s o l s t it ial t er m . I t is
ind eed o b serve d
by J abl o nski, t h at Pt o l em y h as m ark ed t h e
el ev e nth o f T b i, o r t h e s ix t h o f J anuary, as th e erio d o f
y p
m id- winter, and th at on t h at day the G rec i an fes t iv al s in
h o no ur o f B ac c h us, w hic h w e k no w t o h av e b e e nd er iv ed fro m
t he rit es o f th e E g yp tians , w ere
ge ner al l y h el d H e nc e h e .

j
c o e c t ures , no t w ith o ut so m e reaso n, th at t he S earc h w as
c o m m em o rat e d in E gypt o n t h at d ay H o w ever t h is m ay .

h av e b een, it is no t im p ro b abl e t h at t h is fes t ival was h e ld a

few d ay s aft er t h e so l stic e, t h o ugh co nnec t e d with it in t he
c h ro no l o
gy o f th e year I n t his c ase it m ay h av e h a ened
.

pp
sub sequen t l t o t h e arriv al o f I sis o n th e s ev enth T bi
y y .

I f t h e S earc h re al l
y preceded th e seventh T yb i, it must be
s up po se d h ave referre d t o t he
to
yage of Isis i n p urs uit o f
vo

the ark in wh ic h O s iris was encl o s ed B ut if it was subs e

.

quent t o th at d ate, i t r eferred t o t h e ex editio n O f

p I sis, wh en
sh e sail e d in a b o at of
p apyrus o ver t h e fe nny p arts of th e
c o un try, seek ing and c ol l ec t in t h e sc at tered r emains of h er
g
h usb and s b o dy A n
’
d this seem s to b e the mean in g o f the
.

t er m s i n which Pl ut arc h m entions th e incid ents of t

h e legend,
an d th e rites th at c o mm emo rat ed th em .
 C O M M ENTARY ON C HAPTE R 11 . 1 01

I f th e fo rm er h ypo th esis b e adop ted, v iz th at t he sol stitial .

festival entitl ed th e S earch referred t o th e v o yag e O f I sis t o

Phaenic e, s til l th e D iscovery m ust h ave b een c o nnected with
t he l at er events o f th e l egend . F or it co ul d sc arcel y intervene
bet ween th e i
so l st c e a nd th e seve nth Tyb i, as it nec es s aril y
wo ul d, if referre d t o th e fo rm er t rain of in
c idents . Besides,
t h e Phal l ic instit ut io n, w hic h , as We h ave see n was co nne ct ed
,

wit h t h e fi nd ing o f t h e scatt ered

m em b ers of t he god, seems
t o pro ve th at t h e festival o f t h e D isco v ery referred to this l att er
e v ent T h erefo re if w e
. suppo s e, as we have re aso n t o do
fro m al l t h e d at a t h at r e m ain, th at t he s e Eg ypt ian fes tivals
fo l l o wed th e or d er of a ve n
d t ures re c o rd ed in the l egend, it
ap p ears t h at t he E ure5 1 s, o r re o ic in
j g fo r t h e d is co very o f t he

god, t o o k p l ac e at so me p erio d s ub s eq uentl y t o th e sev en th

Ty bi, and p ro b abl y by a c o nsid erab l e s pac e l ater in the y ear .

4 I n al l th e acc o unt s w e h ave o f t his so l emn

, ity in cel ebra
tio n o f t h e D isc o very of O s iris, we fi nd it co n nect ed with a
p ro c essio n rel ating t o th e ap p earanc e of H arp o crates ; and we
are t o l d ex ressl
p y b y Pl ut arc h, th at t h e fest ival s c o nnected
wit h t h e b irt h and infanc y o f t h is god w ere cel ebrated int he
int erv al bet w ee n the w int er-«so l st ic e a nd th e v er nal eq uino x,

On one of t h es e o c c asio ns, a l it tl e im ag e w as c arried forth,

re
p resent ing H arp o crates, d ress ed up in a p ec ul iar m anner .

L ac t ant ius sp eak s o f t h is c erem o ny as fo l l o ws : I sidi [ E gyp

t ia s ac ra su nt quatenus fi l ium p arvul um vel p erdiderit v el
s ac erd o t es e us d e l ahr at o
invenerit .N am p rim o j g c o r o re
p
s ua p ec t o ra t undunt, l am entant ur, s ie ut ip sa, c um p erdidit
fec erat D eind e p uer int ro d uc it ur,
. q uasi invent us, et in
l a t itiam l uc t us ill e A nd Cl aud ianseem s to al l ude

t o t h e s am e c erem o ny inth e fo l l o wing v ers es

Sic num ina M em ph is

I n v ul g us pro fe rre so l et Penet ral ibus e x it
.

E flig ies , b revis il l a quid em ; s ed pl urim us infra

L inig er im p o sito sus p irat v est e sac erdo s ;

Tes t at ur sud o re

if L ac t ant l ib i
. . . cap . 2 .

1 Cl aud ian d e Quarto Co nsul at Ho norn,

. . v. 56 9 .
 1 02 CO M M ENTARY ON CHAPTER 11 .

Th e d escrip tio n o f th es e r it es so nearl y re s e m bl e s t h e ac

co unt whic h Pl ut arc h h as g iv e n us o f t h e D isc o v er y o f O siris,

t h at t h ere s eem s t o b e s uffic ie nt reaso n fo r c o ncl ud ing t h at
t h ey rel at e t o th e sam e fes tival ; and if t h is b e al l o we d, th e

p erio d for c el ebrat ing t h e D isc o v e ry m us t h av e b ee n a t so me

t im e b et w een th e w int er - so l st ic e and th e v er nal e quino x .

5 . M ac ro b ius and se v eral o t h er a ut h o rs, ab o v e c it e d, ex

p ressl y aflirm, t h at al l th e c erem o nie s o f a j o yful d escriptio n

w ere h el d in t h e sp ring This is b esid es im pl ie d in w hat is
.

said re sp e c t ing E gyp t ian and S y rian

t h e resem bl anc e o f t h e

rit es. Wh at r el atio n, ina p h ysic al s ense, c o ul d t h e D isco very

of O siris b ear t o t h e j
re o icin s
g fo r t h e reviv al of A do nis, if
t h ey w ere no t b o t h c el eb rat ed in t h e sam e se aso n We k no w
t h at t he l at t er t o o k p l ace at t h e vernal e uino x ; and th e q
auth o r wh o info rm s us o f t his fac t, and fo und s up o n it an

ex l anat io n b efo re c it e , d imm ediatel y j

sub o ins th at th e
p
E gypt ian rit es p ec t ing O siris w ere a c o unt erp art in th eir
res

p h ysical al l us io ns t o t h e S yrian h o no urs o f A do nis .

I n o rd er t o rend er wh at h as b een s aid re sp ec t ing t h e seaso ns

of th e E gypt ianfest ival s m o re int ellig ibl e, w e s hal l add a Tabl e

of th e Cal endar, w th th e dates i of th e princ ipal so l em ni ties .
 C O MM ENTA R Y ON C HAPTE R 11 . 1 03

T A BU L A R V I E W O F T H E C A L EN D A R .

l st Of Tho th co rresp o nd ed with A ugust 2 9 .

l st of Ph aophi 28 Tim e o f so w i ng . B ur i al of

O siris I sis is no w p regnant

.

o f H arpo crates, wh o is b orn

wh en th e green h erbage f rst i

s prings .

O ct 2 8 .

A ph anism o r D i sapp ear

a nc e o f O si r i s .

V o y ag e o f I si s .

l st of Cho i ak
1 st of Tyb i

7th R e turno f I si s to E gy p t .

S e arc h fo r th e re mai ns o f
O s i ris a b o ut th e S o l sti ce .

(Uncertaindate ) . D i sc o very of the r em a i ns

o f O si ri s .

1 st of M echir J an 2 6 .

l st of Phameno th . F eb 2 5 .

A t t h e N ew M o o n O siri s
enters into th at p l anet,
and fe c und ates the s ubl u
na ry w o rl d . B eginni ng
of S pri ng .

l st of Pharm uth i . M arc h 27 A b o ut th e beginning o f this

m o nth t h e p urifi cati o no f I sis
was cel ebrat ed .

l st ofPac h o n . A pril 26
l st o f Payni . M ay 26
l st o f E piphi J une 2 5
l st of Mechir . J ul y 25
5 I ntercal ary days
.
 1 04 CO M M ENTARY ON CHAPTER 11 .

The E gyp tians av o ided intercal atio n, and t he cal endar,

t h erefore, w e nt b ac k th ro ugh t h e sig ns at t h e rat e o f o ne d ay
in ever fo ur th year O f c o urse at t h e e nd o f a S othiac al
y .

p erio d, whic h c o m preh end ed 4 365 1 4 60 years, the

c o m m enc e m e nt Of t h e fi rst m o nt h, T h o t h , was fo und t o h ave
ret ur ned t o th e s am e
p l ac e, o r it h ad g o ne b ac k t hro ugh t he
wh o l e c irc l e o f th e s ig ns. A fter t h e b attl e o f A c tium , th e
E gypt ian ast ro no mers ad o p t e d t h e m et h o d int erc al ating,
of

and t h eir
year b ec am e fro m t h is t im e fi x ed * The c o m
.

m enc e m ent o f th e year and o f th e m o nth T h o t h w as th en

c o incide nt with t h e t wenty -nint h of A ugust , o r S t . John
B ap tist nd t h is is t he pl an we
day,
’
s a h ave ex hibit ed .

A s Pl ut arc h wro t e s ubse quentl y t o t his al t eratio n, wh ent he

festival s, wh ic h were p ro b abl y inearl y t im es shifted fro m m o nth
t o m o nth acco r di ng t o th e v ariat io n o f th e c al e ndar and th e
d iscrep anc ies b et ween t h e
gue year and t h e seaso ns, h ad
va

no w b eco m e fi x ed, w e m ay easil y und erst and wh h e c o nnects

y
t hem wi th p art ic ul ar days int h e cal e nd ar .

Petav nR. at io n Temp part

. . 11. l ib i. . c . 13 .
 C H A PT E R I I I .

OF TH E OTH E R E G Y PT I A N
'

GO DS

S E CTI O N I .

Of s om e E m blema tica l R ep resentatio ns f

o t he Sun .

O W I N G to th e fre q ue nt re c ur r e nc e
fi gures of of . the
an i m al s and si m ilar o bj e c ts in th e E gyp ti anscul p
, ,

t ures and sy m b o lic a l re p re sent at i ons we i ncur a ,

danger o f c o nfo und ing fo rm s th at w ere m erely

intend e d as t ypes o r e m bl e ms o f th e ele m ents o r ,

t h e d ep artm e nts o f nat ur e wi th th e fi g ure s o f t he ,

go d s o r o f th e d i v i ne a ni ma l s
, What ad d s to .

t h i s d ifiic ul ty is th a t w e h a v e re as o n to susp ect th at

,

seve ral o f t h e a n c ien t w ri ter s h a ve fal l e n i nto er ro rs ,

no t b e ing aw are o f th i s d i st i nc t i o n .

T h e E gy p t i ans h ad se ve ra l m e tho d s o f re p resent

ing b y Sy mb o l s th e p ro g ress o f th e sun and t h e ,

c h ang es O f t h e s e a sons T he y fi gured t h e Sun o r

.
,

r ath er th e D ay un de r t h e e mb le m o f a ne w b o rn
,
-

i nfant at th e wi nte r so ls ti c e and a s p a ssi ng d uring

,
-
,

th e y e ar th ro ugh al l th e s tag es o f l ife unt il to wa rd s ,

th e r eturn o f w i nte r h e b e ca m e o l d a nd e ffete We .

O b t ain t h i s i nfo rm a ti o n fro m M ac ro b i us wh o say s , ,

t h at th e fi g ures o f B ac ch us o r L ib er Pater r ep re
"

se n t ed vari o us a ges so m e h aving th e for m o f b o y

,

h o o d, o th e rs o f y o uth wh il e so me Were b eard ed lik e

'
'

ad ult m en and o th e rs b o re th e asp ec t o f d ec rep i d

,
”
a e T h ese d i vers i t i es o f ag e h e ad d s are re
g . , , ,

fe rre d to th e S un, wh o is painted in th e fi g ure of a

P
1 06 OF TH E O TH E R EG Y PTI A N GODS .

li ttl e i nfant at th e w i nte r- so l st i c e , w h e n th e d ay s are

sh o rtest ; b ut th e l e ng th O f th e d a ys i nc reasi ng h e ,

a c q ui re s at th e vern a l e q ui no x th e v i g o ur o f a y o uth ,

a nd is t p ifi e d ac c o rd i n l b y t h at e m bl e m A fter
y gy .

w a rds w e fi nd th e a g e o f p e rfe c t m a nh o o d m ark e d by

a lo n b e ar d a nd t h i s fo rm r el a t e s t o t h e s umm e r
g ,

so l st i c e,
a t w h i c h s eas o n t h e S un h a s a c q ui re d h is

r eat e st o w er A t l e ng th w h e n t h e d a y s d i m i ni sh
g p .
, ,

h e is re p re se nte d in a fo urth fo rm in th at ,
o f an o l d

and d e c rep i d m a n .

I t is t rue th at M ac ro bi us h e re m ent i o ns th e v ar o us i
fi gures o f Bac c h us i
b ut th ese rep rese nt a t o ns
b ear no
re fere nc e t o t h e E gyp t i a n h i s to ry o f O si r i s o r t o a n y ,

fo rm s o f w o rsh i p T h e i m ag es h e d e sc rib e s see m

.
,

o nth e c o n trary t o b e l o ng to t h e sy m b o li c al d e li nea t i o n

,

o r p i c t ure w r i t i ng o f th e E gyp ti ans a nd M ac ro bi us

-

w as p ro b a bl y m i stak e n in c o nfo und i ng th e m w i t h th e

fi g ure s ass o c i at e d w i th reli g i o us ri t e s a nd fa bl es .

Pl utarc h m e nti o ns a fe st i va l b ear i ng s o m e all us i o n

to th ese re p re s e nt a t i o ns H e sa y s up o n th e t w e nty
.
,

se c o n d o f Ph a o p h i afte r t h e a utu m na l e q ui no x th e
, ,

E gyp t i ans c e l eb rate th e s to v es o r c r utch es o f t h e S un

, ,

i nti ma t i ng t h at a s th e sun is at th a t t i m e rec ed i ng

,

fro m us a nd in ano bliq ue p o s i ti o n h is h e a t a nd li gh t

, ,

b eg i n to g ro w w eake r a nd th at h e , d s in
ne e d o f supp o r t a nd s ub si d i a ry s tre ngth .
’

O th e r m o d e s o f t ra nsfo r m i ng th e t y pe s un ,

ac c o rd i n g o th e c h ang e s o f t h e y e a r w e re o c c as i o na lly
t

a d o p t ed A fi g ure w i th p a i nte d w i ng s d e no ted th e

.

s un an
,
d th e w i ngs w ere o f d i ffere nt c o l o urs ac ,

c o rd i n as th e em bl e m r e re sen t e d th at l um i nar y in
g p ,

Macrob Sat . . l ib . 1.

1 Pl ut I sid . et O s ir . c ap . 52 .
 H Y PO 'I H E S I S
‘
or J A B LON S KI . 1 07

t h e upp er lo wer h a l f o f th e z o d i ac I nth e upp er

or .

h em i sph ere th e s un h ad w i ngs o f a b rilli ant h ue ; b ut

,

in th e w i ntry m o nth s o r d uri ng h is i nfernal c o urse

, ,

h e w a s p a i nte d w i th p ini o ns o f a d ark bl ue c o l o ur " .

6

W e a re al so i nfo rm e d by Po rp h y ry that th e sun ,

“

w as re p res ente d as und e rgo i ng a c h an e o f fo rm in

g
eac h o f t h e t w e l ve s i ns ; o r a s t ransm ut i n
g g h i m se l f
int o t h e fi g ure o f th e z o d io n o r ani m al wh i c h c o rres ,

p o nd e d w i th e ac h o f th e t w e lve d epartm ents o f t h e

z o d i ac ! “

I t d o es no t ap p e ar th at th es e t ransfi g uratio ns b o r e
a n re fe re nc e t o th e w o rsh i
y p o f t h e E gyp t i an go d s .

T h ey c ertai nl y h ave no app a rent c o nne c t i o n w i th

th e h i sto r y o f I si s a nd O s i ri s as d e tail e d in th e ,

m y th o lo g ue a nd if I m i sta k e no t a w a n
,
t o f a tt e nt i o n,

t o t h i s c i rc um s tanc e h as g i ve n ri se t o e rro neo us

t h e o r i e s re sp e c t i ng a c o ns i d erabl e p a rt o f th e E g y p ti an
s u ers ti ti o n
p .

S E CTION I I .

Of t hehyp o thesis of J a blo ns ki, a nd s o me o ther writer s,

r esp ec tin S arap is, H a rp o cr a tes, H orus, J up iter A mman
g ,

H er cul es, and Pa n .

T h ese y mb o li c al fi g ures p a rti c ularl y th e m eta

s ,

m o rp h o ses w h i c h t h e t y p e o f th e sun is sai d to h av e

M acro b S at l ib i
. . . .

1 Po rph yr E p is t
'
. . ad A nneb o n praefi x
. . I am bl ich d e M ys t
. .

E gypt .

I Th e o nl
y ex c e pt io n t o this rem ark I S th e y th at H ar
st o r

p o crat es w as b o rn at the so l stice ; b ut t h is m ay b e a c asual

c o inc id enc e : at any rat e it affords no fo undatio nfo r th e syst em
ab o ut t o b e c o nsidered .
1 08 o n TH E OT H E R EGYPTIAN co ns .

und e rgo ne in th e E gyp ti anc al e nd ar, a s it ass ume d th e

fo r ms o f th e z o d i ac al e m bl em s hav e g i ve n o c c asi o n ,

to a c el eb rate d h yp o th es i s r e sp e c t i ng s e v e ral o f th e
E gy p ti an d i vi ni t i es I t h app e ns t h at seve ra l o f t h e
.

i
z o d aca l fi gure s rep resent ani m als w h i c h w ere sa c red
to part i c ul a r g o d s T h e r a m w as th e s ac re d ani m al
.

o f A m m o n o r th e E gyp ti a n J up ite r
,
T h e ra m is also .

o ne o f t h e tw e l ve s i g n s o r z o d ia H e nc e it is e asy t o
,
.

con ec ture t h at A m m o n is o nl y t h e S un m e t a m o r
j
h o se d i nto t h e fo r m o f t h e s i g n A ri e s O n s i m il ar
p .

i n c i l es m an a rt s o f th e E y t i an m th o l o
p r p y p , g p y gy
h av e b e en c o nv erte d into a sy ste m o f astro no m i cal
all us i o n s .

A m o ng th e m o d erns, Kirc h erat a nd Basnag e-l

s ee m t o h av e h ad gli m p ses o f th i s m eth o d o f inter p re
t atio n A c c o rd i ng t o B asna g e , t h e Pe rs i a n M i th ra,
.

w h om h e s up p o ses to b e c o p ed i fr o m t h e E g yp ti an
O s i ri s,
r i d i ngb ul l up o n a ,
d e no te d t h e S un in th e
s i n T aur us B ut J abl o nski h a d sy st e m a t iz e d t h e se
g .

no t i o ns and b uil t an i ng e ni o us th e o ry w h i c h e x t e nd s
, ,

t o a gr eat p ar t o f th e E g y p t i a n m y th o l o g y o n t h e ,

fo und at i o n o f a fe w o b s c ure h i nts c o nne c te d t o g eth er ,

b y th e aid o f p laus ibl e c o nj e c t ures and C o p ti c e ty m o

l o g i es . A m o ng th e var i o us fo rm s w h i c h th e si g ns o f
t h e z o d i a c and t h e d i ffe re nt a g e s o f th e s un p r esent
, ,

h e h as fo und p l ac es fo r m o st o f th e E g y p t i a n go d s .

I h av e al ready m e nti o ne d th e g ene ral c o nc l usi o ns

w h i c h I am i nc li ned t o d ra w r e sp e c t i n so m e o f th e se
g
d i v ini ti es ; o th e rs r e m ai n t o b e t re a te d o f in t h e
se quel . I sh all no w b r i efl y no ti c e th e i d e as wh i c h

S ee K irc h er s Tem pl l siac

’
. .
_

T Basnage, H ist de s J uifs l iv iii . . . . ch ap . 18 .

 H Y PO T H E S I S or J A B LO N S KI . 1 09

J ablo nski h as e nt e rtai ned w i th , resp e c t t o th e fi

o f ces

a nd l i ns o f tho se w h i c h h e re fe rs to th e S un and
r e at o

th e z o d i ac al s i g ns .

1 T h e i nfant H a rp o c rate s w as b o rnab o ut th e so l

.

s ti c e o f w i nt e r H arp o c rat e s is th er efo re acc o rd i ng to

.
,

J abl o nsk i th e S un repr esented as an i nfant in th e fi rst

,

s ta
ge h is p ro gr ess, w h e nth e d ay s a re y e t sh o rt, a nd
of

th e h eat a nd li gh t d e fec ti v e T h i s is th e b est s up .

o rte d o f J ab l o nsk i s c o nj e ct ures a nd re st s up o n so m e

’

p ,

st r iki ng i nc i d e nces Harp o c rates i ndeed a s b ei ng

co .
, ,

c o nnec t e d w i th t h e st o r
y o f I s i s a nd O si r i s c ertai nly ,

b ears s o m e re l a ti o n t o th e S un and the p ro gress o f

th e s easo ns t h o ug h t h e r e is no t h i ng t o p r o v e o ur
,

a uth o rs
p ar ti c ul ar e x p l a nat i o n .

2 Ju .

p i te r w as w o rsh i pp e d a t T h eb e s in th e fo rm
o f a ram o r o f a h um a n fi ure w i t h a ra m s h ead
’

, g .

A m m o n t h er e fo re r e p re se nts t h e S un in t h e s i g n
A ri es .

3 H e rc ul e s is s upp o se d to b e t h e s un after t h e
.

e q uino x w h e nh e h as a c q ui r e d s t re ng th
,
T h i s c o nj ee .

t ur e is o nly s upp o rte d b y a ne ty m o lo gy o f th e E gypt i an

na m e o f H e rc ul e s w h i c h J ab l o nsk i d erives w i th g r eat
, ,

p ro b a bili ty fro m J am m e ani ng s tre ng th o r p o w er

, , .

4 H o r us A pl a c e is se c ur e d fo r H o rus am o ng the
. .

z o d i ac al a ni mals o n th e auth o r i ty o f a p assage o f

,

Ho rap o ll o w h o say s ,
that li o ns w ere pl aced und er
,

t h e th ro ne o f H o r us to e xp re ss a c erta i nsy m b o li c al,

”
r e l a ti o n b e tw e e n th at a ni m al a nd th e go d H o r us is .

acc o r d i ngly c o n j ec tured to b e th e S un in t h e s i gn

L e o w h e n ab o ut t h e so l sti c e o f sum m e r h e has
, , ,
'

ac q ui r ed h is full v i g o ur .

5 M end es o r Pan was w o rsh ippe d int h e fo r m o f a

.
, ,

oa t I n th i s i nstanc e J ab l o nsk i s ee m s t o d eser t h is

g .
,
 1 10 os TH E OTH E R EG Y PTI A N eo ns .

i nc ip l ei n t er r et at i o n a nd i n
of ste ad o f seeki n g a
p r
p , ,

l ac e fo r Pa n in t h e z o d i ac
* h e refers th i s g o d to th e
p ,

ene ra t i ve i n fl u e nc e s o f th e so l a r b e am s
g
.

6 T h e S un in t h e l atte r p art o f h is c aree r was

.
, ,

repr ese nte d , as we h ave se e n,

b y th e fo rm of a de
c rep id o ld ma ni nds o ur auth o r o f S erapi s
. T h is re m .

S e rap i s w i th h im is th e w i ntry sun o r th e sun inth e

, , ,

t hre e la st m o nth s o f th e y e a r O n th i s s ubj e c t w e .

h ave t re at ed inth e fo re g o i ng p ages .

T h e c h i ef a uth o ri ty o n w h i c h J abl o ns ki re li es fo r
t h e supp o rt o f t h e se c o n j ec t ures is a fragment p re
s er ve d b y M a c ro bi us and c o ns i d ered b y t h at w ri ter
,

as a re sp o nse o f t h e o ra c l e o f A p o llo at C laro s , .

T h i s p assag e seem s t o c o nne c t th e several p arts o f

o ur a uth o r s hyp o th es i s I t is as fo ll o ws
’
.

i
' '
<ppoi §co T hy
~
r o wlw v f r m -
ar dsi w g
y p sy
”
A ffir m A ia
’ 3 '
u wr t
xq s 7 ,
PXOF EVOI O‘
r st a
p es “

H emou 3; eépsug, p er m 03pm 3 ot gpiw I otw

c ' - ’ ' ’ '
.

D ec l are I ao t o be s up re m e o ver al l th e g o ds,

w h o in th e winter is Pl ut o J up iter in t h e b e
ginning o f t h e spring ; t h e S unint h e summ er, and
”
in autum nth e t ender o r infant I ao .

W i th
i

resp e ct to t h i s frag m ent it m ust b e o b served

th at M acro bi us h as gi ve n no h i nt , and t h at th ere is
no i nte rnal p ro o f o f its b eari ng any refere nc e t o th e

f He
i m igh t h ave fo und auth o rity insuppo rt of th is no tio n;
fo r Hyginus affirm s t h at Pan, in o rd er to escap e t h e
p ersec u
t io n o f Typh o n, assum ed t h e fore- art s
p of a
go at, and th e
t ail of a fi sh t hat is, t hat h e b ec am e th e s igno f Capric o rn .

B ygin Po et . . A stro n. lib . 11. c ap . 28 . This is a m o re p er

fec t co i nc idence thanany o f t ho se adduced by J abl o nsk i .
 n
H v r o r rr s rs o r
'
J A B LON S KI . lll

E g yptian m y th o l o g y . I nd e ed th e na m e I ao wh i c h ,

is th e G ree k w ay o f w ri ti ng th e H eb rew T e trag ram

rnato n, affo rd s a c l ear p ro o f th a t t h e p a ss a e was a
g
fo rgery of so m e sec t of C h ri st i an h e ret i cs ; a nd
J abl o ns k i h i m sel f ad m i ts it to b e a frag m e nt o f .

G no s ti c m ystic is m fi O n th i s ac c o unt it is unwo rthy

le

o f cre d i t B ut e v e n if it w e re allo w e d to b e o f th e
.

h i g h e st aut h o ri t y, it wo ul d on ly su o rt tw o of th e
pp
e x pl a nati o ns ab o ve m e nti o ne d w h i c h it d i rec tl y
,
co n

t ra d ic ts o ne of th e m th e c rc um sta n
i ce o f i nfant
the

go d ru li ng th e a ut um na l se aso n is irrec o nc il abl e

w i th J abl o nsk i s s y stem ’
.

B ut a n o bj e c ti o n to th i s h yp o th e si s w h i c h has in ,

m y O p i ni o n m uc h g re a te r w e ight th a n a ny o f th e
,

ar um e n ts w h i c h are fo rc e d i nt o it s s upp o rt a ri ses

g ,

fro m th e te st i m o ny o f t h e G re ek s w h o unifo rm ly ,

ass ure us t h at th e E gyp ti an J up i te r Pa n H erc ul e s , , ,

A p o ll o and o th e r g o d s c o i nc i d e w i th t h e G re c i a n
, ,

d i vi ni t i es o f th e s a m e na m e s N o w th o ugh w e a ll o w .
,

th a t th e rese m bl a nc e was p ro b abl y no t p e rfe c t o r

uni fo rm s till t h e re m us t h av e b ee n a g e ne ra l c o n
,

r uity a t l e a s t in t h e m o st s triki ng a t trib ut e s B ut

g ,
.

J ah l o nsk i s th eo ry l e av es no t e ve n t h e m o s t re m o te
’

an a l o y b e t we e n t h e g o d s o f t h e G re e k s a nd th o s e
g ,

o f E yp t w h o m t h e fo r m e r p e o pl e l o o k e d up o n a s
g ,

t h e p ro to t yp es o f t h e i r o wn th e o c rac y .

T h e nam e I aiw o c cured o ft e n in t h e m yst ic al e mb l ems o f

t h e G no st ics . F ab ret ti h as p ubl ish ed an A b rax as w ith th is ,

inscriptio n I aiw A dor e d E A wacl A Cpa Ea g, s urro und ing t h e fi g ur e

o f a s erp ent, wit h A nub is o n t h e revers e S ee Bas nage, H ist . .

d es J uifs l iv iii c h ap 26 o n th e Cabb al a o f t h e C hristian

. . . . .

h eret ic s . Th e A 9 5; I a w, or
“
I nfant J eh o vah , is evide ntl y
neith er H arpo crat es no r S erapis .
 1 12 or TH E O TH E R EGYPTIAN GOD S .

I sh a ll conc k s o n t h i s s ubj ec t by
l ud e my re m ar ,

h i nt s re l a t i ng t o th e
'

c o ll ec ti n a few s c a tt ere d
g
E gyp ti an J up i te r H e rc ul es a nd Pan w h i c h h o w
, , ,

e ve r a re to o sc a n
,
ty t o a ffo rd a sa t is fa c to ry e l uc id at i o n
o f t h e p re c i se c h a rac te r and a tt r i b ut e s a ss i g n e d to

t h e m inth i s sy st e m o f m y t h o lo g y .

SE CTIO N III .

A mm an, or t he E gyp tia n J up iter .

T h e E gypti ans sa y s H ero d o tus c a ll J u i t e r

p , , ,

A mm oun T h i s w as th e g o d w o rsh i p p ed in th e
.

T h e b a nN o m e t h e , p i ta l o f w h i c h w as acc o rd i ngl y
ca

c al l e d b y th e G re e k s D i o sp o li s
, A ll t h e G ree k .

w r i t e rs a re s o una n m o us i in d ec l a ri ng t h i s g o d t o b e
th e Z e us, o r J o ve o f t h e ir o w n m t h o l o } ? t h at w e
, y gy
c a nno t b eli eve th at a st riki ng a nal o g y s ub si sted
b ut
b etw eent h e A fri c a n a nd th e E uro p ea n J up i ter W e .

are e x re ssly as s ure d t h at t h e w o rsh i o f J u i t er w a s

p p p
fl
i ntro d uc e d i nto G ree c e fro m E g yp t a nd th e O l ym ,

p i an J o v e s ti ll m ai nt a i ne d h is c o nne c t i o n w i th the
b a nks o f th e N il e fo r H o m er se nd s h im o c c asio nally
t o a fe st i val in E th i o p i a .

Z ebg y a p é7r wi w p ép o va g A idwwfia g

’
i
'
’
a x so ot

t gbg 357) 80am Gsoi 3

’
l
r o l/r eg gr ow-
ra
j
J upiter went yest erd ay o n th e o cean to th e
feast o f t h e bl am el ess E t h io p ians, and t he c o m
”
p any o f go ds o
f l l o w ed h is
p ro c es sio n .

H ero do tus, l ib .
p 42
1 1. ca Pint d e I sid et G sir
. . . . . D io do r .

l ib i
. . c ap . 1 . I am bl ic h d e M yst E gyp tio rum, sec t
. .
. v iii .

1 I liad A . . v. 4 23 .
 A M M O N, o n TH E EG YPTIAN J U PI T E R . 1 13

Ho m e r see m s h ere to re fe r to a c er e m o ny th at was

p rac tise d b y the i nh abi tants of th e T h eb a i d , of

wh i c h D io do rus and E ustath ius g iv e us a p ar ti c ul ar

ac c o unt at T he stat u o f t he T h eb an J u i ter wa s
e
.
p
i
c ar r e d u t h e N il e e ver y y e ar w i th a s p l e n d i d p ro
p ,

c e s s i o n i nt o E th i o i a o r as it is p ro b a bl y m e an t to
, p , , ,

a t e m l e o f th e sa m e
p go d at M e ro e T h ere h e w as .

rec e i v e d w i th rea t p o m p a nd at l e n th r et ur n ed t o
g g ,

E g ypt after h o no uri ng w i th h is p resenc e th e annual

,

fes ti v al o f th e E th i o p i a ns o r M ero i te s I t is th ere fo r e .

l a i n th at H o m er c o n s i d e r e d J u i t e r as t h e sa m e
p , p
w i th A m m o n o r th e g o d o f D i o sp o li s
, .

T h e G ree k i nterp retati o ns o f th e na m e A mm o n

t h ro w no li g h t up o n his nat ur e A cc o rd i ng t o .

Maneth o n A , M M O N, o r A M O U N , m eant co nc ea l ed , or

co nc ea l m ent ; b ut H e c at aeus sai d th at th e E gyp tians ,

use d th is w o rd w h e n t h ey c al l e d eac h o th e r ; and

Pl utarc h ad d s i s i nvo c ati o n w a s utte r ed to th e
,
t h at t h
c h i ef o d w h o m th e i d e nt i f w i th t h e un i verse i tsel f
g y , y ,

c alli n o n h im a nd e ntreat i n h im as if i nv i sibl e a n d

g g , ,

c o nc ea l ed t o m ak e h i m se l f m a ni fest 1
, A mmo n .
,

t h er e fo re a c c o rd i ng to t h ese w r i t e rs s ee m s t o h ave
, ,

m e ant t h e S p i ri t o f t h e uni v e rse w h i c h w as s upp o se d ,

t o b e i nv i s ibl e in its nat ure b ut w a s p e rh ap s i mag i ned , ,

like o th er o bj ec ts o f E gypti an s up ersti t i o n to b e ,

s ubj e c t t o t h e p o we r o f i nc a ntat i o n I and t o p res ent ,

i tsel f so m et i m es in a d efi ned shap e to th e eyes o f

t h e m ag i c i a n § .

B io d l ib . . 11 .
p 88
. . E ustath inI l iad A
. . .
p 1 28
. .

1 Pl ut I sid . . ca
p 9
. .
I S ee Iam bl ic hus de M ys t .
nypt .

I t w as b el iev ed th at, by certain rel igio us acts it was in

th e o w er o f m o rt al s t o o b tain a v isibl e p erc ep tio n o f th e
p ,

c el e stial b eings . S ee th e ex t rac t s fro m t he work s o f Maneth o n

,
int he l att er p art of th is vol ume .

Q
1 14 or TH E O TH E R EG Y PT I A N GODS .

T h i s i dea o f th e . nat ure of A mm o nc o i nc i d es w i th

th e t e st i mo ny of D io d o r us w h o p ro fesse s t o b o rro w
,

his a c c o unts fro m E g yp t i a n w ri te rs ; t h at is , fro m

E g y p t i a ns of th e Pto l e m a ic g e who w ro te in
a ,

Gr ee k . H e i nfo r m s us , t h at t h e E gy p t i an p h il o so

p h e rs r e c k o ned fi ve e e m e nts, ad d
l i ng to th e fo ur c om

m o nl y e num era te d , o ne w h i c h th e y te rm e d m ay “ ,
o r sp ir it . T his l i l
is t h e sa m e a s th e c e e st a ae th er o f

t h e G re e ks w h i ch w as supp o se d to fill t h e h ig h est

,

re g i o ns o f t h e h eave ns H enc e a q ui c ke ni ng o r e u
.

li ve ni ng i nfl ue nc e was s up p o se d b y t h e E gy pti ans to

b e d eri ve d into all a ni m ate d c re atur e s T h i s v i tal .

n eth er o r p r i n c i p le o f life wa s c alled ac c o rd i n

, g to , ,

D io do r us J up i ter o r A m m o n
, .

I a m bl ic h us g i ves a s i m ilar i nt erpre tati o n o f th e

nam e o f th is go d th o ugh h e i nvo l ve s it in t h e p h rase
,
-

o l o gy o f th e l at e r Pl a to ni c s c h o o l fro m w h i c h it is ,

nec e ssary to d i v e st al l his state m e nts b efo r e w e c an ,

d e ri ve i nst ruct i o n fro m th e m H e t el l s us t hat the .

,

de miurgus o r c re a to r a s he p ro c ee d s to t h e w o r k o f
-
,

en e ra t i o n a nd d ev el op es th e o c c ul t p o wer s o f h is
g ,

s o r d e si n
r easo n g s is c all ed ,

S uc h ar e th e scanty no ti c es w e c an c o l l ec t c o nc ern
ing A m m o n I f w e sup p o se t h e se
. a ut h o rs to b e cor

rec t ( and th e i r a r ee m e nt see m s t o bli sh th e i r cre

e s ta
, g l

dib ility ) w e c anund ers ta nd ho w th i s go d was i d ent ifi e d

b y th e G re eks w i t h J up i te r, t h e inv is ibl e go d o f th e
fi rm am ent w h o so m e ti m es m a nifes ts h i msel f by li ght
,

ni ng and o th er m eteo r i c ph aeno m e na B ut J ab l o nski s .

’

id ea, th at A mm o n was the S un in A i

r es, is no t o nly
at var anc e i wi th al l th e a uth o r i t i e s c i t e d a b o ve but
,

I amblich . sect . viii . c ap . 8 .

 TH E EG Y PT I A N H E RCU LE S . l 15

affo rd s no b etw ee n th e E gyp ti an go d

so rt o f re a t o n
l i .

an d th e G re ek d e ity to w h o m o rac le s and s hri nes w ere

"

s a i d to h a ve b e e n ere c ted b
y vo tar i es o f th e T h e b an
J o ve I t may b e w o r th wh ile a lso to re m a r k tha t
.
,

th e n wh e n J abl o nsk i suppo ses t h e Sun to ha v e

s e aso

b e e n w o rsh ippe d und e r th e nam e o f A m m o n viz , .

ab o ut l e q ui no x w as th e p er i o d w h en the
th e ve r na ,

m o st j o y ful fes ti v i ti es w ere c e l ebrat ed in h ono ur o f

O sir is wh o w as the n invo k ed as th e b e i ng w h o r esi
,

d e d in th e s o l ar or b a nd th e nc e d i ffuse d his fertiliz in

, g
ny
a s th ro u h th e s u b l una r w o rld * A t t h i s v ery
g y
r
.

sea so n, w h en O s i ris w as c h i efly w o rsh i pp e d in t he

S un it is i m pro b ab l e t h at A mm o n was ado r ed as th e

,

d mm o n O f th e sam e l um i nar y .

S E CTI O N VI .

The E gyp tian H er cul es .

Herc ul es w as o ne o f th e t w e l ve na ti ve d ei ti es o f
E gy pt , a nd b o re no re a t o n, e
x c ept p erh ap s a c asual
l i
re s e m bla nc e t o th e G rec 1a n d e m i g o d th e so n o f
,
-
,

A l c m e na C i c ero c all s him th e O ffspri ng o f th e N il e

. . .

J ab l o nsk i s e tym o l o gy o f th e E g y p ti a n na m e o f
’

Her c ul es is o ne o f th e mo st sati sfac to ry th at o c c ur in

Th ere is , ind eed, d in the b o dil y fo rm o f

a c o inc i ence

A mm o n and t h e fi gure o f the sign; but it is ful l y as pro b abl e

t hat t he as t eris m w as nam ed after and c o pied fro m t h e Theban
ram , as t h at t h e T h ebanram was worshipped type of th e
'
as a
 1 16 or TH E OTH E R EG Y PT I A N GO D S .

th e wh o l e of his w o rk . It a
pp ear s fro m E rato sth e nes
th a t t h i s g o d w a s i n E g y p t S E M ; a nd Pyth a
c all e d

g o ra s i nte r re t e d H e rc ul e s,
p m y Our/a pa rt T i}; (pda ewg ,

t he p o wer or e ner gy f
o na tur e Po w e r o r s tr e ngt h
.

is int h e C o p ti c J o m o r D so m a nd th i s w o rd a pp ears
, ,

t o b e t h e e t ym o n o f th e E g yp t ia nna m e o f H erc ul e s .

B ut in th i s i nsta nc e th o ugh th e , p t to i nte rp re t

a tt e m

th e na m e is s uc c e ss fu l it h a s l e d t h e a ut h o r b ut a
sh o r t w ay t o w ard s l l l S
’
co nc l us i o n r es
p ec t i ng the
a tt r ib ut e ofth e g o d .

J ab l o nski c o nj ec t ures th at H e rc ul es was th e S un

a fter h e h as p asse d t h e v er na l e q ui no x ,
a nd t h at th e
s am e l um i nar w h e n h e a rri v es a t t h e s um m er- so l
y ,

i
s t c e, b e c am e H o rus or A p o ll o D up ui s, w h o a d o p ts
.

th e sa m e h yp o th es i s in g ene ra l re sp ec t i ng t he
E gyp t i an go ds ,
r ev ers e s, in t h i s c ase , th e j
c o n ec t ure

o f J ab l o nsk i ,
and
pp o se s t h e v er na l S un t o h av e
su

b ee n A p o ll o ,
and t h e so l s ti t i al H e rc ul e s T h i s m ay .

ser ve t o sh o w o n h o w sl i pp ery a fo unda ti o n th e wh o l e

sch e m e o f th ese a uth o rs h as b e e n e re c t e d .

T h ere are , h o w ev er, so m e

p a ssag es o f t h e m y th o
l o g i c w ri te rs ,
w h i c h i nd i c a te a n o b sc ure re la ti o n

b etw e en th e ri tes of H er c ul es a nd th e l
s o ar w o r sh i p .

Plutar c h sa
y s, th e
E gyptians supp o se d that H er c ules
was se ate d in th e S un and mo v e d ro und th e w o rl d in

co m pany w i th l esti al b o dy
t h at ce A nd M a cr o bi us .

i nfo rms us ,
t h at th e r e l i i o us c er e m o ni al o f th e
g .

p t ians e x pr e ss e d ,b m ulti l i e d r i t es t h e m ul ti li ed
g y y p p ,

o w e rs o f th e d i v i n i t a nd s i ni fi e d th at H e r c ul es w as
p y g ,

h
t e S n t h t xi t i n ll n d h ”
u a e s s a a t r o u
gh all F ro m th ese .

o b servat i o ns it m i h t b e co n e c t ur e d th at t h e
g j p o w er ,

of so lar att ra cti o n o r g rav i tati o nw a s fig ure d und er t h e

type o f Herc ul es if such an i d ea d id no t appear to o
,
 TH E EG Y PT I A N H E R CU LE S . 1 17

re fi ned n
a d h il h i l l
T h e th eo r i sts, h o wever, o f
ae
p o so
p c a .

th e O rph i c sc h oo l, w h o d eri ve d al l th e i r dog mas fro m

E gypt , d esignate d by H er cul e s th e e ffi c i e nt cause in
nat ure , w h i c h th ey i m ag i ned t o d i str ib ute th e uni verse
into its d i ffere nt parts and t o p erfo rm th o se o p era ,

t i o ns w h i c h d e e nd up o n rav i tat i o n T h i s a
p g ppears .

fro m p assage o f A th enag o ras

a Water w as a c ,
”

c o r d i n to O r h eus t h i nc i l e o f all t h i n s ; fro m

g p e
p r p , g
th e su s b i d i ng w at e r, m ud w a s p ro d uc ed ; a nd fr o m
of

b o th t h ese el e m e nts, a n a ni m al in th e fi ur e o f a
g
D rago n w i th a L i o n s h e ad
’
b o dy ,
th e m d d l e i of w h o se
e x p resse d th at fo r m o f th e d e i t w h i c h is c al l e d H erc ul e s
y
a nd T i m e F r o m H er c ul es an eg g o f i m m e nse m ag
.

nitud e w a s p ro d uc ed w h i c h h av i ng b eco m e ful l a nd

, ,

und erg o i n i nc ub at i o n was b r o k e n b y th e sam e b ei n

g , g
w h o h a d b r o ug h t it fo r th a nd d i str ib ute d i nto tw o ,

p arts ; th e up p er p o r t i o n fo rm e d th e H eaven and th e ,

l o w er o ne th e E arth T h e d i strib uti o no f th e el em ents

.

is a sc r ib e d to th e p o w er o f H e r c ul e s .

T h e e m b l e m s w h i c h e nte r i nt o th e c o mp o und fo rm
o f H e r c ul es ac c o r d i n t o t h i s d e s c r i p t i o n o f A th e n a
g ,

o ras t h o se w h i c h d e no te p h y s i c al p o w e r o r
g ar e
,

s tr e ngth S uc h is th e p ro b ab l e ety m o l o gy o f h is name ;

.

a nd h is o ffice w as t o u h o l d th e d i str ib ut i o n o f the

p
uni verse ,

T his sense m igh t b e affi x ed t o th e invo c atio n o f N o nnns,

anE gyp tian po et

nvpi g
' '

A ar
'

po
xir wr , o
a pcg uoc
r
ue
HéN s Cpor eom Ciou
’

zink ov dy er; p ar a a o uk ar .

S tarry-ro b ed H erc ul es, k ing of fi re, wh o

set test in array th e universe : tho u S un, &c who .

”
revol vest i
c rcl e aft er circl e.
1 1 8: OF TH E OTH E R EG Y PT I A N GO D S .

A ll that w e know th e E gypt ia n H erc ule s is, t hat

of

h is attrib ute was streng th or

p o w er e ma y h e n ce . W
n c ture th at tho s e p he no m e n a in n a tur e wh ic h
co j e ,

ese n t t he mo st str iki n a eara nc e s o f p o we r a nd

p r g pp .

ener gy w er e asc r ib ed to h im, and fi rst su

gg d
e ste t he

i
ex stenc e o f th g ent
i s im ag i nary a .

I t is e asy to und ersta nd w h y t h e Eg yptia ns, who

estab li sh e d th e i r r i t es a m o ng th e Pelasg i , c ho se to

i d ent i fy th e ir H erc ul es, or

g od of ng th, w ith
s tre

th e story Of a G rec ian h ero , famo us fo r the ex plo i t

wh ich d ist i ng ui sh barb aro us Ch i eftai n T h e labo urs
a. .

Of th e B oeo tian H erc ul e s w er e ad ve nt ures O f th is c las s ;

an d y et it is po ssibl e t hat th ei r num b er and so m e o f ,

the i r c o nnec tio ns m igh t b e sub se que ntly arrang ed

-
, ,

with re ferenc e to the twel ve s ig ns o f the Z o diac .

Po rph yry gi ves th i s e x pl anati o n o f the la b o urs o f

Herc ul es a nd th e sam e i dea o cc urs in a ve rse attri
,

b ute d to O r p he us

i
A cfi ds x
’ ’ ’

xpi Bo a
’

5 97 m St em
' '
'
cm o wr oN aiv
‘

o m w
.

A d vanc ing t h rough h is t wel ve l ab o urs fro m

t he eas t .
t o t he

I t app ear s th at J upi ter, or A m m o n d e no t e d th e

, v i tal
fo rc e th at m o ve s a nd e nli v e ns a ni m a te d b o d i e s So .

it w o ul d seem th at b y H e rc ul es was ex resse d th e

p
p o wer wh i c h arranges and d is tr i b ute s the p arts of

D upuis h as written an el ab o rat e c o m m ent ar On th is

y
p assage, wh ich displ a s m uch I ngenuity, t ho ugh , p erhaps, it
i s no t l ik el
y
y t o c o nvi nc e m any p erso ns o f th e truth o f th e
aut ho r s h
’

ypo th e sis The read er m ay see an abstrac t o f it in

.

t h e B i itish Review, v o l 8
, p 8 70 D up uis h as tak en it,
’

. . .

with o ut ack n o wl e d emen t f m C urt dc Gehe lirr s Mo n

g de
’
, ro o

Primitif .
 mm EG Y PTIA N PA N . 1 19

i nani mate nature ,

wh i ch a ct ua te s and d i rects th e
m o ve m e nts of tho se great m asses , wh ose lo c o m oti o n
e x c i tes the i dea o f pr od igio us str engt h Th e E g yp .

t i an H e rc ules w a s pe rh ap s o ri g inally th e sa m e as, ,

A tlas wh o was h i m sel f a n A fri c an d e i ty the go d o f

, ,

st r engt h o r o f th at energy in n atur e th at u h o l d s t h e

, p
w o rl d o r a s o th ers s ay th at supp o rt s th e p ill ars o n
, , ,

w hic h t h e uni versal fab ri c r est s .

f s s
K I OV OU O
P WOU Te x o u
xdovog
I
n
3! I

x6og
S 3 S I

p aw
‘

or; e s i a o ux so o /m o t or
i a
s
(v , .

S up po rt ing o n h is sh o ul d ers t h e p il l ars

vast

O f h eaven an
d e arth , a w eigh t o f c um b ro us grasp .
J
r

S E C T IO N V

Pan w as i ght go ds wh o co nst i t uted the

o ne o f th e e

fi rst o r m o st anc i ent rank o f th e E gyp ti and ei ti es H e -

.

w as w o r sh i p pe d in t h e M e nd e sia n no m e und e r ,

fo rm o f a h e g o a t and gave h is na me to th e c i ty o f
-
,

M end e s i O f th e ab o m i nati o ns th at w e re p rac ti sed

in h o no ur o f th i s go d w e sh all h ave a no th e r o cc asi o n," ,

to s p e ak A t p r ese nt w e ar e o nly inte res ted in h is

.

o ffi ce o r a tt rib ute s .

iE sc hyl i Pro meth Vinc t . . .

1 Po t t er Transl atio n o f iE sch yl us

’
s
‘
.

;
3 H ero d l ib ii . . . ca
p 46 . . S uid as in vo c e M es/871g . A great
numb e r of passage s, referring t o t he wo rs hip o f M en d es, are
rt, inhis H ieroz oicon
c ol l ec t e d by Ro cha- , part i l ib ii c 4 3
‘

. . . . .
1 20 or THE OTH E R EGYPTIA N Ge ns .

O nth i s subj e c t th er e is no o b sc uri ty . S uid as y

sa s,
’ ’

th at t h e g o a t w a s w o r sh i pp e d uig o wa x ei p s vov 7 1;

y f‘
o u uco
‘
huvé p et dxsur ax hv y e p r h C
'
dio v
l
f
.
”
T he sa m e id ea
is as s i g ned as the i te s b y D io d o rus
or ig i n o f t h es e r ,

S ic ul us * ,
an d N o nnus c i te d b y G r e go ry ,

N a z ianz enj I t is t h ere fo re und o ub te d t h at Pan

r
L , ,

am o n t h e E y t i ans t ifi e d t h e p o w e r o f a ni m al
g g p yp ,

r e ro d uc t i o n o r w as th e d aem o n w h o w as supp o sed to

p ,

re s i d e o ve r th at p ro c e ss b y w h i c h al l t h e sp e c i es o f
p
l i vi ng c reat ure s are p e r p et uate d T h e i d ea w h i c h .

o c c as i o ne d t h e fo rm o f t h e g o at t o b e sel e c te d a s a

s m b o l o f th i s q uali ty is s uffi c i e n
y t l y o b v i o us T h,
e .

G re eks g i ve a si m il a r e x planat i o n o f th e fi g ure

att rib ut e d to th e G re c i a n Pan § .

T h e wo rsh i p o f M e nd es w as c o nfi ned to th e M e n .

d esian no m e ; b ut th e re w as a c i ty i n U pp e r E gypt ,

wh i c h th e G ree k s al so c al l e d Pano p o l i s T h i s w as .

t h e c i ty wh i c h t h e E g yp ti a ns t er m e d C h e m m i s o r ,

C h e mm o and D io d o r us i nterpret e d its nam e

,
th e c i ty ,
“

”
o f Pan T h i s w as not h o w ever th e sa m e Pan t hat
.
, ,

w as wo rsh i pp e d at M e nd es T h e l at ter h ad a fo r m .

re s e mbli n th a t o f Pri a p us a nd h e l d in h is h and th e

g ,

w h i p o f O si r i s o r H o r us I n th e a cc o unt w h i c h .

S teph anus g ives o f th e g o d o f Pano p o li s N we ,

B io d Bibl l ib i p 78
.
1 H iero gl yph l ib
. . . . .
'
. . u . c . 28 .

1 Co l l ec t H ist ad Greg I nvec tiv as S ee th e

. . . . auth o rities

c ited b y B o ch art l o c c it and b y J abl o nsk i

. . . .

S ee Phurnut de N at D eo r d e Pane H m n O r hic ad

y p . . . . .

Panem .

S teph an Byzant v o ce H a ve; WoA tg T his auth or describes

. .
'

t he s tat ue o f Panin al mo st th e s am e t erm s wh ic h Pl utarch

ado ts in describin th e fi ure o f O sir s H e says, E cm m l

p i
’

g g .

am? 65 06 dy a oc, spa m

m s £9667 1 6 aiéoior én
‘ '

a i el r e ad oWW ;
- ‘

p [
 Par ns m s, TH E EGYPTIAN M A RS . 1 21

r ecog nse i p i n
O s i ri s in o ne o f his
c i p al c h ar ac t ers A s r .

B o ub astis and E il ith yia o c c upy o ne o f th e o ffi c e s o f

I si s so w e fi nd M e nd es p o sse ssed o f a n attrib ute
,

wh i c h is else wh ere c o ns i gne d to O s i ri s ; and it see ms

to b e evi dent t h a t th e i do l o f C h e m m i s was o nly O s i ri s
,

o r H o r us in t h e func ti o n w h i c h is pro p er to b o th o f
,

t h e m v iz as p res i d i ng o ve r a ni ma l ge nerati o n I t is
, . .

no t d i ffi c ult to und erstand w h y t h e Gr eeks c o nfo unded

h im w i th th e go d to Who m th i s a ttri bute part ic ul arl y

S E C T I O N VI .

P ap remis, t he E g yp tia nMars .

A no th er m e mb e r of the E gypti an th eo crac y , of

w h o m w e h ave b ut sc a nt
y a c c o unts, was Pap re m is,
wh o m H ero d o t us c all s A M ars He was wo r
‘

res, or .

sh in th e p ro v i nc e o f t he
ipped sa m e nam e unde r t h e
,

fo r m o f th e H ippo po tam us f A t l e as t th at an i mal

was th e sac r ed b eas t a nd t ut elar g o d of t h i s d i s t ri c t .

35 2767
: 55 idwk ow pa wn s wa t This was
'

e ray H aZvat . evi

d entl y a s t at ue o f O siris, or of H o r us . S ee Pl utarc h, d e I s id .

and h e Co unt d e Cayl us , Rec ue il d A n

’

p 3
.
71 , t
'
tiq t o m v i . .

wh ere several fi gures o f O siris o c c ur, ex ac tl y o f this d es c ript io n .

T h ere is no gro und, in any o f t h e ac co unt s whic h th e

an n
c ie ts h ave l e ft us, for J abl o nsk i s h y po th esis, t h at the
’

worship o f M e nd es b o re a r eference t o t h e S un a nd t he Co p tic

-
‘

int erpretat i o n o f t he nam e, o n wh ic h th at auth o r fo unds his

co n ec t ure, is fo rced and u nsat isfac tory .
j
1 Hero d
’
. ii . c ap . 71 . I t em . cap . 59 —6 1 .

R
I 22 or TH E O TH E R . EG Y PTI A N eo ns .

H ero d o tus g i ve s no h i nt th at th e wo rsh i p o f Pa

m i w as c o nn t d w i t h t h at o f T p h o n; b ut w e
p re s e c e y
l earn fro m Pl utarc h, th at th e H ipp o p o tam us was a
o n an a n m a
i i l . A t H er m o p o li s, sa ys Pl u
t a rc h, t h e y sh o w a s ta t ue o f T yph o n p ,
wh i c h re re

s e nts a r v er-h o rse , o n

i th e b ac k o f wh i c h stands a

h aw k , figh ti ng w i th a ser e nt
p . He add s, th a t on

th e s ev e nth o f T ybi w h e n t h e E g yp t i ans c e l e b rated

,

th e arr va i l of I sis fro m Ph oeni c i a, t h e y m ad e c ak es

”
s ta m p e d w i th t h e fo r m o f a r ve i r- h o rse b o und .

E usebi us i nfo r m s us th at th e re w a s, in th e c i ty of

A po lli no p o li s a statue o f H o r us o r A p o ll o in th e
, , ,

a c t o f transfi x in T
g yph o n A p o llo w as r epre sente d .

w i th a h uman fi gure a nd t h e h ea d o f a h aw k , and

T yph o n in th e fo r m of a H ipp o p o ta m us . He ad d s,

t h at th e H i p p o p o t am us w as s upp o se d t o d eno te th e
we ste r np o l e o r q uar te r o f th e h eav e ns, and t h at h e
w as re
p r e se nt e d as
g ap i ng up wa rd s a nd r ec e v i i ng
n n n "
i to h is o
p e nj w
a s th e d esce d i ng S u fi

Th e H ipp o p o t am us was, in anc ient times, w el l k no w n in

E g ypt, b ut h ad disappeared in t h e age o f Ju l ian N o nnus .

d escribes it in t erm s w h ich p ro ve th at its h ab i ts were l ittl e

k no w n in h is tim e .

n
nEser h exa xl/vj oidr dsa Eéwr pdzov
wjxsm z uawr ds rg nor a wjzo; irrvro; jmg
‘ ’
'
ah .

T here swim s up o n t h e flo o d th e wand eri ng ho rse

Who se h uge bl ack h o o f sh at t ers t h e s il ver w ave .

D I ON Y S l ib . . x x vi .

From th e time o f Jo b, th e H ippo p o ta m us h as b ee n a type

of strength and im pet uo sity B o ch art asserts it to be th e .

Beh em o th H iero zo ic part 2, l ib v

. . . .

E useb Pre p E v l ib iii

. . . . . ca
p 12 . .
 A NU B I S . 1 23

F ro m th ese r e ma r ks it wo uld
, ap p ear th at Pa pre
m is was a fo r m o r ava ta r of T y p ho n th e ge ni us o f ,

d estruc ti o n T h e H ippo p o t a m us th e h uge Beh emoth,

.
,

was no unap t imag e of th e g o d of w ar .

SE C TI O N VI I .

A noubis, or A nubis .

F ew th e E gyp ti a n g o d s w ere m o re c el e b rated

of

th a n A nubi s H e w a s g reatly venerate d by th e

.

E gy p ti a ns in g e ne ra l b ut c h i efl y in th e c i ty a nd ,

no m c o f C y no p o li s T h e s ta tue o f A nubi s h ad th e .

h ead of a do g ,
a nd d o g s w er e sac red inh is do m i ni o n,
a nd fe d in t h e t e m p l e s, th e p ubli c ch arg e at le
a
.

A nubi s is m e nti o ne d b y a grea t numb er o f l

c ass cal i
a uth o rs
-
l Pro p erti us a l l ud es t o him, insp e aki ng of

Cl e o p atra i
A usa I o vi no st ro l at rant em op
po nere A nub im,
"
E t Tib érim N il i c o gere ferre m inas .

S trab o l ib p 55 8
. S t eph and e urb v o c x vi/div nois y
. xv. . . . . .

1 A l arg e c o l l ec tio n o f t h ese autho rities m ay b e seen in

Bo c h ar t s H iero z o ico n, part 1 , l ib ii c ap 5 6 , p ag e 6 9 1 , t o
’
. . .

wh ic h Jabl o nsk i h as added so m e o th ers . A s there m ay b e so m e

h av e no t eith er o f t h es e auth o rs, I
of m y readers w ho acc es s to

sh al l give t h e c itatio ns. H ero d l ib ii. . . ca

p. 6 6 . D io do r .

l ib i p 5 2, 54
. . . Cl em ens A l ex : inpro trep tic o, p 2 5
. . . L uc ian .

in D eo r um c o nc il io O vid, l ib II A m o r E l eg 1 3
. . . . . . A th e
naeus, l ib . VII .
p 3 00 . . Virgil . ZE neid . vii. v . 6 98 . et S ervi us ad
l o c um Pl utarch de I side e t O sir p 3 6 8 item p 3 80
. .
. . . . E l ian
de A nimal l ib x i c ap 2 6
. . . . .

x Pro pert ius, l ib iii . . el e

g 11. .
 1 24 OF TH E O TH E R EG Y PT I A N co ns .

T he attrI b ut e nv el o p e d in great
o f A nub is is e

o b sc uri ty Pl ut arc h s ay s t h at so m e o f th e E gy pt i an
.

w r i ters und ersto o d b y A nub i s th e h o riz o nta l c i rc l e

, ,

w hi c h d i vi d es t h e i nv is ibl e fro m th e Vi sibl e p art o f

t h e w o r l d ) “ J abl o nsk i h a s ad o t e d th i s i d ea, a nd h as
p
a ttem
p ted t o affo rd c o unte na nc e t o it by h is e ty mo
l o gy o f th e na m e o f t h e g o d w h i c h h e d er i ve s fro m th e
,

”
C o p t i c w o rd N ub ,
or A nnub , s i g ni fyi ng G o l d en .

B ut th i s i th e t w o ul d m o re
ep a
ppli ed to a tly b e
p
twilig h t th e h ar bi ng er o f d a y th a n t o t h e h o riz o n
, ta l ,

c i rc l e a nd t h ere are so m e c o ns i d e ra t i o ns wh i c h

re nd er it p ro b abl e t h a t t h i s p h ae no m e no n a m o ng ,

o th ers w as refere d t o A nubi s a nd m a

, y h av e g i ven ,

o ri n t o th e nam e
g i .

A nubi s w as th e c o nsta nt nd p r ec urso r c o mp a nio n a

o f I s i s and O s i ri s b ut c h i e fl y o f t h e fo r m e r
, H e nc e .

t h e G ree k s c a ll h im H erm es o r M erc ury H e is so .

nam e d b y M ar ti a nus C a p ell a w h o m enti o ns h im in ,

t h e fo ll o wi ng li ne s :

Qui so l us ant e c urr um

Et cu ndi d o s j ugal es
A l tipo t e ns p are nt is
M em o re m cié re virgam
'
'

S a ty rico, lib n . .

A p ul e i us th us d esc rib es h im ,
as a
pp e ar i ng at th e h ead
o f th e
p ro c ess i o ni nh o o ur
,

n o f th e
g o d d ess . N ec
ino ra c um D ei d ignati p ed ib us h um anis i nc edere,
n
,

m
'

p ro d eu t hic h o rrend u a t to ll e ns c ani s c ervic es

a rd uas, ill e s u erfi m c o m m eato r et inferfi m, nunc
p
aurefi, nunc a tra fac ie su bli m i s l ae va , c aduc eum,

Pl ut ibi d
. .
 A NUB I S .
1 25

nt em
’

g erc us, d ex trzi p al m am v rci D io

ass i n
d o rus g s h im th e p l ac e, in fro nt o f th e sa me

om f I i l P arc h s a s th at M erc ur
y by
-
p p o s s l ut y ,

w h i c h na m e h e h ere ev i d e ntly m eans A nubi s is ,

s eat e d in th e M o o n in h e r c i rc ui t ro und t h e w o rl d 1
, ,

a nd is p r e sente d a s th e faith ful g uard iano f I s i s

re .

A nub i s m ay h ave h ad o ri g i nally a m ea ni ng si mp l y

p h ys i c a l ; b ut h is attr ib utes w ere in l ater ti m es at

l e ast m o re extend ed , a nd h e w as regard ed as th e

h arbi nger o f th e go d s as th e o p e ner o r b egi nner o f ,

a l l th e i r o erati o ns H e res e m bl es in s o m e resp ec ts

p .

th e M e rc ury in o th ers th e J anus O f th e R o m ans

,
-
.

T h us h e is c all ed by S tat i us th e d o o r
t

, ,

Te prmsid e no seat
C ur servet Ph arias l e th aeus J anit o r aras .

T his re at o n
p erh ap s s uggested th e id e a th at
l i , ,

A nubi s w a s th e E g y p t i an Kro nus W e l earn fro m .

Pl utar c h th at t h i s was t h e o p i ni o n o f so me w r i ter s in

,

h is t i m e H .

T h e p h y s i c al e xp l anat i o n p re ferred by J ab l o nsk i

is i nc o m p a ti bl e w i th th e t e st i m o ny o f Pl utarc h m e n ,

t io ne d a b o ve v iz t h a t A nubi s w a s im ag i ne d t o h o l d
,
.

h is s tat i o nint h e M o o n and revo l ve w i th th at p l ane t ,

r o un d t h e w o rl d I t is no t l ess o pp o sed t o th e s tat e

.

m e nt o f t h e o ld w ri t ers t h at Merc ur y was a d mm o n , ,

w h o ass i sted th e m ag i c i an a nd was every w h ere ,

r ea d y w h e n ro use d by inc a n tat i o ns D i on C assi us .

rel at e s t h at wh e n th e arm y o f Marc us A ure li us w as

,

d i stresse d fo r want o f rain t h e E gypt i ans b y m e ans , ,

A pnl eu M et am orph l ib x i 1 D io dor l ib i p 78

. . . . . . . .

1 I s id c ap 4 3
. S tatii Syl varum, l ib iii n
. . um 2 v 1 0 85 . . . . .

Pl ut I si d . .
 1 26 or TH E OTH E R E G PT I A N
. Y e ons .

o f ma i cal arts o b t ai ne d th e a id o f th at M e rc ury wh o

g ,

d we ll s in th e a ir, and o f o th e r d aemo ns, and t ha t

th ro ugh th e i r i nt erve nt i o n re li ef was g i ve n to th e
“
t ro ino sal ut ary
s s h o w e rs )
p
A ft er al l , it m ust h e c o nfe ss ed th a t th e p re p er a nd
o r i i na l c h arac t e r o f A nub is li es un d e r no s m al l
g
d e gre e of o b sc urit y I t ap p ears i nd eed t hat
.
, in
h eave n h e h el d th e o ffi c e w h i c h t h e G ree k s g ave to
A uro r a t h e fo rerunner o f d a y
,
th at int he fe s tival s
o f th e go d s h e wa s t h e l ead er of
th e p o m p o us p ro
c ess ons, and i th at h e w as re a rd ed e v ery w h e re as
g
th e c o mp a ni o n o r h arbi ng er o f I si s and O s i ri s . In
m any p arti c ul ars h e c o rresp o nd s w i th J a nus ; in
o th e rs w i th M erc ury y e t the rese m bl anc e to e i th er
is far fro m mp l ete co T h at A nubi s h ad in th e
E gyp ti an m y th o l o gy th e o ffi c e o f P o mp azo s o r o f
'

Co nd uc t i ng the so ul s o f th e d e ad t o th ei r p l a c e o f
d esti nati o n se ems to b e p ro ved by so m e re mai ns o f
,

anc e nt i pa i nti ng and l

s c u p t ure d

S E C T I O N VI “ .

Tho th, qr M ercur

y
.

T here was E g y p ti an go d , wh o m th e
a no th e r

Gre ek and L atinwriters un ifo rmly name H erm es, o r

fI nE pi tome Xiphil in
1 S ee th e Plate adj o ined, wh ere A n o ub is is re re sent ed as
'

p
”
perform i ng th e o ffice o t e f h Co m m eato r I nferum Th e .

fo rme r o f t h ese fi gures is co pied fro m Mo nt fauc o ns A nt iquities,

’

and th e l atter fro m th e Co unt dc Cayl us s Col l ect ion

’
.
. See
al so the figure o f A nubi s inthe Fro nti spiece.
 T HOTH , o n M E R CU R Y . 1 27

Me rc ury . T he y y th at in th e E g y p ti an l ang uage

sa

he w a s c all e d T he uth o r T h o th ,
.

T o th i s H e rm e s al l th e sc e nce i and l earni ng of

th e E g y p ti a ns w e r e attrib uted . H e taugh t th e m th e

a r t o f w ri ti n , an i nstruc ted
g gave th e m l a ws, d th e m
in a stro nom
y g eo m etry m ed i c i ne a nd o th er sc i
, , ,

enc es * H e nce th e b o o k s c o m p o sed by th e pri ests o n

.

th e s e su bj ec ts , wh i c h w e re p reserve d inth e E g yp t i an
te m pl es, w e re c a ll e d H erm e ti c b o o ks, a s b e i ng con
an
s ec rat e d t o H erm es, d s up
p o se d t o b e w ri tte n by
e rso nsi nsp i red b y th i s g o d -f
p
F ro m th i s c h arac te r o f H e rm es , y
m a n w ri ters h ave
s upp o se d th a t h e w as a l earned m a n w h o m ade m a ny ,

use ful i nv enti o ns a nd was d eifi ed th ro ugh grat i tud e :

,

B ut th i s no ti o n is e vi d e ntl y o f G rec ia n o ri g i n a nd ,

fo re i gn to th e h abi ts a nd i d e as o f th e E gyp ti ans .

T h o th app ea rs t o h ave b ee n a g o d o f th e sam e c l a ss

w it h th e o th er o bj ec ts o f E gy p ti a n w o rsh i p a nd t o ,

h av e h ad e i th e r a p h ysi c al o r a n i d eal o rigi n , .

L ik e o th er Eg y p t i a nd e i ties T h o th h ad a sa c red ,

a ni m al a
pp ro p ria te d t o him w h o se fo rm w as c o n ,

ne c te d w i th his p a rti c ula r ri tes T h e a nim al c o us e .

c ra te d t o T h o th w as th e I bi s § th at bi rd o f w h i c h ,

s uc h p ro d i g i o us numb ers h av e b e e n fo un d e m b a l m ed -

in m ummy p i ts I t is rep o rte d b y m a ny auth o rs

-
.
,

Pl at in Phil e
. bo p . . 1 56 . Cicero de N at D eo r l ib . . . iii .

ca
p 22
. .

1 I ambl ic h d e M ysterns E gyp t

' ‘

“
. .

1 A uth o rities c ited b y H arl es, inth e fi rst of Fabric ius s

’
vo l .

Bibl io t h G r ace . . D e H ermet icis l ibris .

Th e conse c rat e d a nim al o f Th o th was t h e Ibis, acco rdi n

g
to Pl at o in Ph azd ro , p Ho rap o l l Hi gl yph iib i
212
‘ ‘
cap
‘
'
. . . ero . . .

1 0, et 36 . fE l ian dc A nimal lib x c ap 29

. . . . . .
1 28 or TH E OT H E R EG Y PT I A N eo ns .

th at M ercury , w h en t h e g o d s w e r e a ssa il ed b y T y ph o n ,

c h an e d h i m sel f i nto an I bi s in o rd e r t o e l ud e th e
g ,

p ursui t of th at mo nste r fi t

Pisc e Venus l at uit ,

Cyll enius I bid is al is .

O VI D M et lib . . . v . 33 0 .

T h e I b i s th e n w a s th e fav o ur i t e fo r m o f M e rc ury
, , ,

o r t h at r e p r e s e nta t i o n und e r w h i c h h e c h o se to b e w o r

sh ip p ed b y h is v o tar e s i in E gy p t p arti c ularly in th e,

H er m op o l ite no m e . L et us no w i nq ui r e furth e r i nto

th e natur e of th i s g o d .

We h ave s e e n th at h is at tr ib ute w as s c e nc e , o r
i that

n s i r e all the
t o p r e si d e
i o v er and
h e was p su
p o se d p
s a c re d o r m y sti c al l ear ni ng o f th e E y p ti a n h i e rarc h y
g .

W e h ave fo und h o wever th at th e g o d s o f th i s p eo ,

l e h ad in e neral th e i r o ri i n in so m e p h y s ic al i d ea
p g g ,

rath e r th an inan m et a h s i c a l o r ab st rac t c o nc e ti o n

y p y p .

H e nc e th ereis r e as o n t o s us
p ec t th a t th e s am e o b ser

v at on m ay b e t r ue
i res e c ti n
p g T h o th , or H e rm es .

T h e allusi o nw h i ch th e fo rm of th e l b is ,
as an em bl em
or h i e ro gl y ph i c , is sa id to conta in , w ill p erh ap s d i r ec t
us to th e i gi nal se nse o f th i s i d eal b e i ng
or .

H o rap o l l o i nfo rm s us th at th e E gypt ians d esig nate

th e h ear t b y t h e e m bl e m at i c al fi g ur e o f t h e I b i s ; fo r
”
t h i s a ni m al h e a dd s
,
is i nti mate ly c o nne c te d w i th
,
“

H er m e s th e p re s i d ent o f th e h eart and o f th e re aso n

, ,

ing fac ulty th e fo rm o f t h e I bi s i tsel f b ears a s i ng ular

r esembl an c e to t h e h e art a nd th i s c o ng rui ty is a ,

Quo t im o re p erm o t o s (deo s) in al ias fi g uras se c o nver

t isse, M erc urium fac t um esse I b id em , & c .
”
H yginus Po e t . .

A stro n l ib . . n
p 28 . ca . . S ee al so A nto ni nus L iberal is, F ab .

and A p o l l odorus, l ib i
. .
p 21. .
 T HO T H , OR TH E EG Y PT I A N M E R CU R Y .

c irc um sta nc e m uc h no t ic ed b y t h e E g yp tia ns E lian .

al s o say s that the Eg y pt i an fabul ists o b ser ve d that

th e I bi s w h e n it w as se en s i tt i ng w i th its ne ck be n
,
t

for ward s, and its h ead c o nce a e d und e r l its w i ng s, re

se m bl ed th e fo rm o f th e h eart .

T h e I bi s was t he re fo r e th e
. em ble m b y which th e
E gypti ans rep rese nt e d th e h e ar t ; a nd we i nfo rm e d
are

tha t th ey , in co m m o nw ith many o th er a nc ie nt n at io ns ,

re
g ard e d th e h e ar t as th e s eat o f the intell ec t s
i
'
We
m ay co ns i de r this as th e ph ysic al id ea whic h gav e
or ig i n to t h e E gyp ti an H e rm e s, wh o , as H o rap ol l o
sa w as t h e
s, res i d e nt o f th e h e art, or a p erso nifi c a
y p
ti o n o f th at w i sd o m t h at w a s suppo sed to dwell in th e
”
i nwa rd pa r ts .

H o rap o l l Hi ero g l ib i c ap 1 0
. . . . . . .

1 S o m e passages inth e writi ngs o f S olo m o n sh ow t hat this

‘

was t h e no ti o n o f t he H ebrew s, at th e time when th eir c o n

nep tionwi th th e E gyptians was m o s t i nt im t e
a H e h at h .

put understanding in t he h eart, and wis do m in th e inward

—E c l jsi st
c e a es .

N o t -o nly the passio ns, but the rational p owers, w er e by most

of the anc e nt s referred
i t o t h e h eart and G al e nt h o ugh t i
t a
n
c es s ary to e nt er int o a fo rm al arg um ent, in o rd er t o sh o w t h at
t h e unde rs t anding o r th e reaso n, w h ic h he cal l s « .a
p ovm bv,
fiy e
"

t h e go verning p rinc ipl e, h ad it s c h ief s eat in t h e brain G al en.

d e D o gm H ipp o crat e t Pl at
. . .

Th e p assio ns are s til l , in vul gar l anguage, referred to th e

h eart ; and t h e o rigin o f t h is p rej ud ice is very o b vio us I t is .

al l ude d t o in t h e fo l l o wing q uaint v erses o f A naxandrid es, t he

.

c o mic
p oet of Rh o d es .

Q Wov poc unpa n

‘
id
. .
“

"
émxm gém nov mi; 5 7[A di/owr ob cd
aocros,
59x5 4 7 029 6696; 67 3§ 305néroc .
1 30 P OPU L A R R E LI GI O N or TH E nc r r r m ns'
.

T he last-menti o ned w r i ter o b serves th at b esi des ,

th e I bi s o ne sp ec i es o f S c arab ae us w as c o nsec rated to

,

O m al ic io us h eart !
Tho u al o ne j
re o ic es t in t h e ev il s o f th e b o d y,
F o r th o u l eap est w h e ne v er it is seiz ed w it h terro r .

S ee A th enaaus D eipno so ph istae, l ib

. . xv.
p 6 8 8,
. and C asaub o n
.

A nim ad vers p 978 . . .

T ho ugh t h e ex istenc e o f Th o t h th e E gyp t ian go ds

am o ng
seem s as wel l su
ppo rted b y anc ient auth ority as t h at o f m o st
o th er m e m b ers o f th e t h eo cracy,
y et J abl o nski h as wh im sical l y
c h o se n to erase him fro m th e l ist, m erel y b ec aus e th e wo rd
Thu-o t hi, in t h e Co ptic, signifi es a p il l ar H ence h e co n .

j ec tures, with m uch ingenuity, t h at t he nam e o f th e pil l ars or

o b el isk s o nwhic h t h e scienc es o f th e E gyptians w ere set forth
in inscrip tio ns, gave rise t o a m istak e, and o c casio ned th e in
v en t io n o f th e go d Tho t h Y et t h e wo rship o f th e I b is w as so
.

c el ebrat ed, an d has l eft us so many vestiges, and th e t es tim o ny

is so uniform, t h at Tho th w as the go d adored under th is fo rm,
t h at t h e i
e x st e nce o f O siris h im self,
(such existenc e as c an
b e pred ic at ed o f b eings enge ndered in t h e brai ns o f p agan
m yth o l o gists) is scarcel y b etter auth ent icated th anth at of the
first H ermes .
 C HA PT E R I V .

OF TH E EG Y PT I A N G O D D E SS E S .

SE CT I O N I .

TH E anc ie nt w riters m e nt i o n seve ral E gy p tian

g o d d e sses . M o st of no t al l o f
th ese, h o w ever, if
t h em a
, pp ear t o h ave b e en no th i ng e l se th anvar i ed
fo rms o r c h arac te rs o f I si s B e fo r e we co ns i d er the
.

d escri p ti o ns o f th e se go dd esse s it w ill b e nec e ssar y ,

t o rec ap i tul ate a nd g e ne r a l iz e th e o b s erva ti o ns m ad e

i na fo rm er c h ap ter o nth e at tr ib ute s o f I si s
, .

J abl o nski c o ns i d ers I s i s as s i m p ly d e no ti ng the

Moo n . I t is certain t h at th e wo rs h i p of th i s go d dess
h ad a c o se r e at o nt o
l l i th e M o o n; a nd th er e are so m e

ass a e s in wh i ch t h e a nc i e nt w r i ters i nti m ate

p g or ,

e x ressly d e c l ar e t h at I s i s w as o nl y a no th er nam e
p ,

fo r th at p l ane t W e h ave c i ted a p assage fro m

.

D io d orus inw h i ch h e i nfo rm s us

,
t hat th e S unand ,

M o o nw ere ad o red by th e E gyp t i ans und er th e ti tl es

”
o f O s i r i s an d I s is T h e s a m e a sserti o n is m ad e b y
.

D gi o e n e s L ae rt iu s
t
'

W e ar e al so t o l d by Pl utarc h
.
i
,

t h at so m e auth o rs e x p res sly a ffi r m e d th at O siri s

“

w as t h e S un and th a t I si s w as no th i ng el se than th e
,

M o o n; th at so m e o f th e i mag es o f th i s go dd ess were

ac co rd i n ly m a d e w i th h o rn s i n im i tat i o n o f th e
g ,

D i o genes L aé rtius de Vit Phil o s in Pré cem . . .

 1 32 PO PU L A R R E L I G I ON OF TH E ne r r r rm '
s .

l unar c resc e nt, a nd w ere a tt red

i in s abl e rob es t o ,

d eno te t ho se o cc u tat o ns and sh ad o w

l i i ngs wh i c h th e
M o o n und e rg o es in th e p ursui t O f th e S un; th at fo r
‘

th i s reaso n t h e M o o n w as i nvo k ed in a l l a ffa i rs o f

”*
l o ve, o ve r w h i c h E ud o x us affi rm s th at I s i s p res i d es .
4

T he w ell - k no wnst o r y o f th e A rg i ve 1 0 w a s d o ub tl e ss
fo unded o nt h e E gy pti an fables re at l i ng to I si s . J ah
l o nsk i h as k ed th at I O w as th e c o m m o nt erm fo r
r e m ar

t h e M o o n in t h e C o p ti c l a ng uag e a nd h e h as c i te d

so me p assag es w h i c h d e c l a re t h at t h e a n c ie n t p eo p l e
o f A r o s in v o k e d t h e M o o n by t h i s a e ll at i o n-
l
g pp
B ut th e nam e o f I si s seem s o nly t o h ave b een ap

p li e d to th e M o o ninth e sam e m an ne r inwhich V i rg i l

g i ve s th e ap p e ll ati o n o f C e r es to th a t c e l e stial b o d y .

T h e g e neral acceptat i o n o f b o th th ese na m es is

muc h m o re e x tensi ve .

H e ro d o t us r ep eatedly o b s erves t h at I si s c o rres ,

on d ed w i th th e D em et er o f t h e G r eek s ”
p I and ,

D io d o r us c o nfi rms th i s asser ti o n D em e ter o r G1! .

,

met er as th e nam e s uffi c i e ntly p ro v es m eant o ri i

,
g ,

nally th e E ar th and th e ep i th et is t h us e x l ai ne d b
,
p y
L ucreti us

L inquit ur at m erito m aternum no m en ad e ta

p
Terra sit, e t erra q uo niam si nt cunc t a create .

The E ar th is ri gh tl c al l e d th e Mo th er
y ,
S inc e fro m th e t eemin E arth al l thin s ari se
g g .

Pl utarch d e I sid et O sir

'

p 52
‘

. . ca . .

1 J abl onsk i Panth . E gypt

’

; 1 m ; 85 Ean 11 447 63
’
3 E A A fivwv k dia o ow A
r '
Herod
w
'

7 flP
'
’
ll .

lib ii
. . cap . 59 .

Lucret de Ref . N at l ib
. . . v. 796 .
 E G Y PTI A N GO D D E SS E S .
-I S I S .
1 33

M ac ro bi us wh o m ,
w e h ave b efo re c i ted , a
g re e s
w i th th ese auth o rs . He s ay s, N ec in o cc ul to e st,

ne que a li ud e sse O sirim q ua m S o l e m, nec a li ud I si n

e sse q uam and a a in I si s e st v el
g ,

” -~
N atura re rum s ub ac en
T e r ra , v el s j S o li .
l Pl utarc h
ge ne r aliz e s al l th e attr ib utes o r c h arac ters o f I s i s and ,

co ns i d ers h e r as re rese nt i n th e fe mal e quali ti es

“
p g
or
p o w e rs o f N ature w h i c h ,
are th e p assi ve p ri nc ip l e s
a t o n in all wh enc e
Of
g e ne r i p ro d uct i o ns ; h e s ay s
, ,

sh e is c a ll e d by , Pl ato th e N ur se,
, and th e A ll
r eceiv i ng ,
and is c o mm o n ly t erm ed Myrio ny m us ,

Po ss essing ten tho us a nd na m es

”
or .
I T he s am e

i d ea is m o re d i ffuse l y ex
pres se d by A p ul e i us, in a
p ass age inw h i c h I si s c a ll s h e rs el f, N at ura re rum ,

”
are ns e l em e nt o r um o m ni um d o m i na q usa c cel i
p ,

l um i no sa c ul mi na mar i s sal ub ri a fl um ina I nfero r um

, ,

d e pl o r ata sil e ntia nutib us m e i s d i sp enso j

c u us
,

num e n unic urn mul ti fo r m i sp e c i e r i tu var i o no m i ne

, ,

mul tij ug o to tue v e nera tur o r bi s

,
.

T h e s ph er e o f t h e M o o n as we h ave al r ead y ,

o b ser ve d fro m th e t es ti m o ny o f M acro bi us and

O ce ll us w as regard ed as th e b o und ary o f th e c e l e st i al
,

a nd t h e s ubl unary wo rl d T h e M o o nwas th e g reat .

m o v i ng b o d y o f th e l o w e r h eav ens in w h i c h I s i s ,

wa s s up posed t o re c e i v e th e fertilizi ng i nfl uenc es o f

O s i r i s and t o d i sse mi nate th em thro ugh th e neth er
,

r e ion s H en ce it s ee m s to h ave h app en ed th at t h e

g .

M o o n was co nsi dered as th e c h i ef seat o f th e g eni al

g o dd ess o f N ature .

M acro b S aturn l ib i . . . . c. 21 .
f Macro b l ib . . cit at . c . 20 .

1 Pl ut d e I sid.
‘

. c ap. 53 . A pul eius, l ib . x i.

1 34 P O PU L A R R ELIGION OF TH E EG Y PT I A NS .

O th er passag e s O f a s i m ilar i m p o r t h ave b e enad duce d

in a fo reg o i ng se c ti o n in w h i c h w e h ave c o nsi d ere d
,

i l n h d i i i n f N t ure i nt
"
th e O pr h c t h e o o gy a d t e v s o o a o

m a sc uli ne a nd fe m i ni ne attr i b ute s .

O n th e w h o l e w e m ay c o nc l ud e t h at I s i s re p re
,

s e nt e d th e ( b um s r a t/a to ms ,
th e N a tur a M ul ti
o r m is
”
of th e G r e e k and R o m a n m y t h o l o g i s ts
f .

We no w p ro ce e d to t h e r e m a i ni ng g o dd e s se s o f
E gyp t, wh o o w e th e i r o r i g i n to a sub d i vi sio n o f the
attrib utes o f I si s .

S E CTI O N I I .

Of B oubas tis, ca l l ed, by t he Gr eeks, A r tem is, o r D ia na .

I n th e c i ty Of B ub ast is ,
or B ub asto s ,
th ere w as a

l
ce eb ra e t d t m
e p l e d e d i ca t e d t o t h e
g o dd e s s B ub a st is
l
.
ae

T h i s na m e sa s H e ro d o tus
y ,
is sy no ny m o us w ith ,

th e G re e k A rtem i s o r D i ana ,B ub astis w a s th e .

d aug h ter o f O s i ri s and I si s -l W e h ave v er y scanty .

” '

a c c o un ts o f th i s d i v i ni ty : it w o ul d ap p e a r th at h er
w o rsh i p h a d b e e n d i sco nti nued o r h a d s unk i nto o b ,

sc urit
y b efo re E gypt fel l und er th e R o m an yo k e
, .

O th e rw i se J uvenal w o ul d scarc ely h av e said j; ,

O p pid a t o t a canem v e nerant ur, ne m o D ianam .

We may h o w ev er,
, rest sat s i fi ed th at h er r i tes , and
c h arac ter c o rr e s
p o nded nearly w i th th o se o f th e

H ero d l ib . . u c ap
. . 1 36 . S teph an d e U rb ib us
. .

1 H ero d l ib
'
. . c itat . c a
p 1 56
. .
I J uvenal , S at . x v. v . 8 .
 EG Y PTI A N Go D D E SSE s .
- E U B A ST I S . 1 35

Gr ec i an D i ana fr o m th e , co nstant te st i m o ny Of H ere

d o tus w h o fre quently
,
ll ud es to th e E gy pti ango dd e ss a ,

und e r th e G reek na m e L ik e D i ana Bo ub astis w as .

,

a c h aste o dd ess ; at l east sh e is c all ed b O v i d

g y ,

S anc ta B ub astis ; a nd lik e D i an o r L uc i na " sh e , ,

pres i d e d o v er c h il d bi r th H enc e th e fo ll o w i ng
-
.

ep i ram o f N ic arch us c i te d by J abl o nsk i fr o m th e

g ,

A nth o l o gy * .

I I
Ga O fl g x wro muer w er y a p sno w” )
SI I 9 I
our
-
w E cO '
'
‘

I
gen t : w g at o m 7 1 ; 95 00 EO T l M y og
C
'

re ,
.

Th us sh al l B o ub as t is l o se her dig nity

If ever
y d am e sh o ul d b e d el iv ere d t hus
”
Th e g o dd ess m ay go starving .

B ub ast is w as wo rsh i pp e d p rese nte d under th e

o r re

fo r m ofa C at a nd al l th e c ats t h at d ie d in E
, gypt w er e
sa l t ed b ur i ed at B ub ast o s l F ro m th e p ec uli ar
a nd
' '

v e ne rat i o n in w h i c h th e s e a ni m al s w e re h e l d b y th e

E g yp ti ans w e m ay co nj ec ture t h at th i s go d d e ss was a

,

re a t favo ur i te O vid all u d es t o h e r ass umi n g t h e

g .

sh a
pe O f th e c at
i
F el e so ro r Ph aab i ; nivea S at urnia vacc a;
”
Pisc e Ve nus l atuit .

T he c at, ac co rd i ng to Pl utarc h, w as h o no ure d b y

th e E gyp ti ans ,
a nd its i m ag e was c arve d o n t h e
i
s strum o f I s1 s w ith ,
a p ec u ar r e feren
li ce to th e Mo o n ,

wi th th e c ha ng es o f w h o se p as ec t th at a ni m a l w a s
su
pp o sed t o h ave a c erta i n m y steri o us s y m p at h y § .

4! J abl o nski Panth .

T H ero d l ib . . 1 1 . ca p 67 . .

1 O vi d . Metam . l ib 5,
. v. 3 30 . Pl ut I sid
. . cap . 63 .
1 36 PO PU L A R R E L I G I O N or TH E EG Y PTI A NS .

T he si strum is ind eed ge ne ral ly fo und c o nnec t ed wi th

th e images o f t h e c at in E gyp t i a n sc ul p ture L uc i na, .

o r D i ana, th e go dd e ss o f c h i l d bi rth a m o n g t he
-

G reek s and R o m ans b o re ,

l
a so so m e near l i n to
re at o

th e Mo o n and , ,
as suc h , s h e is te rm e d D i va T rifo rmis .

M o nt ium c ust os nem o rum que Virgo ,

Quae l abo rantes ut ero p uel l as,
Ter vo c at a audis adim isque l eth o
D iva Trifo rmis .

T he tr i p l e fo r m p ro b ably r e fers t o t h e th ree phases

o f th e M o o n .

T h e same go dd e ss is i nv o k e d in th e C armen
S mcul are, as fo ll o ws :

Rit e maturo s ap erire partus

L enis I l ithyia, t uere m atres ,
Sive tu L ucina p ro b as Vo c ari,
S e n G enital is .

S h e is ter med G eni tali s ,

as b e i ng favo urab l e to the
ro d uc t o n o f
i li vi ng c reat ure s
p .

B ut th e l unar g o dd e ss w as no t e q ually p ro p i ti o us
to c h il d - bi rth in al l h e r t h re e ph ase s
. or asp ec ts T he .

sup e rs t i ti o us no ti o n t hat c e rt ain age s o f th e Mo o n

,

w e re m o st favo ur abl e t o i nfa nts a nd t o al l new

p ro d uc ti o ns and t h at o th e r as pe ct s w ere unl ucky

, ,

pr e va i l-c d ve r y ex te n s i ve ly ; b ut w e d o no t s lind a n
uni versal a re e m ent i n t h e
g p a rt i c ul ar id eas w i th
whic h it was “

n
c o n e cte d . A mo ng t he J ews , th e full
m o o n was b elie v ed to b e l uc ky, nd at he t wo o ther
a

p ec ts d i sastro us T h e ful l m o o n say s th e Rabbi

“
as .
,

H orat O d l ib iii 2 2
. e . . .
 B U B A ST l s .
— PI~I A SE S or TH E MOO N . 1 37

A b rav anel ,
“
is p ro p i t i o us to ne w-b o rnc h il dre n; b ut
if th e c h il d b e b o r n in th e i ncr e as e o r in th e w ane,
th e h o r ns o f th at p l anet c a use d e a th ; or if it s urv i ve,
it is g e ne rall y g uil ty o f so m e e no rmo us
T h e J e wi sh Rabbi ns p ro b ably d er i ve d m any p arts
o f t h e i r d aam o no l o y fro m t h e E y t i ans, b ut We
g g p
c anno t v e nture to asc r ib e th i s s u erst i ti o n to th e
p
l a tte rp eo
p l e w i t h o ut so m e fur th er p oof
r .

T h e G re e k s and R o m ans e nte rta i ned i m il ar i d ea a s

r es e c t i n
p g th e l unar p h ases T h e ge neral o p i ni o n .

am o n t h e m s e e m s t o h a v e b e e n th a t t h e M o o n
g ,

p re s e nt ed a l uc k y asp e c t o r w as p ro p iti o us to c h il d
,

bi rth as l o ng as its l um i no us fac e w as o nth e i nc rea se

, ,

esp e c i a ll
y w h e n n e ar t h e full an d t h at th e wa ni n
g ,

p er i o d w as unfavo urabl e .

Pl uta rc h a ffi rm s tha t t h e M o o nw as s upp o s ed w h e n ,

ful l t o ass i st at c h il d bi rth and reli e ve th e p a i ns

,
-

o f wo me n H e nc e h e says
. D i a na is c all ed
, ,

L o c h i a a nd E il e th yia o r L uc ina a nam e wh i c h re fers

, , ,

t o th e M o o n; and th a t p l ane t w as e x p res sly t er m e d

b y th e p o et T i m o th e us t h e h el p e r a nd
,

”
q ui c k e ner o f c h ild bi rth I n ano th e r w o rk Pl u
-
.
,

t ar c h a d d s th at w o m e n g o t h ro ugh t h e i r l a b o ur
”
m o s t easily at th e full m o o n : Pro c l us o b ser v e s
t h at vari o us p ro d uc t i o ns p ro sp er wh e n t h e m o o n
“

is g etti ng full a nd fa il w h e nit is wani ng

,
H o rac e .

i nvo k es
Rite c res c e nt e m fac e N o c til ucam
Pro spe ram fr ug um .
"
B as nage H ist :d es J uifs h v iv c ha
’
if s . . .
p l l. .

1 Pl utarc h S ymp o s l ib iii p 6 5 8 . . . . .

I Id em i nQuaestio nib us R o m anis

'

Pro c l us inH esio d O p et dies . . .

ll H orat Carm l ib iv o d 6
. . . . . .
1 38 EG YPTIA N GO D D E S S E S .

A s th i s fabl e was nati o ns wh ose

c o m m o nto s eve ral

s u erst i t i o ns we r e d e r i v e d ing re at p art fro m E g yp t, it

p
is p ro b abl e that t h e E g yp t i a ns h a d so m e no ti o no f a .

s i mil ar ki nd ; and th i s s e e m s t o b e p ro ved by o ur

fi nd i ng th at th e c at w h i c h was th o ugh t to b e sym
,

b o l ic al o f th e M o o n rep re se nted th e E g y pt i anD i an

,
a

o r B o ub astis W h a t th e p arti c ular no ti o n o f th e

.

E g ypt i a ns o nth i s s ubj ec t m ay h av e b ee n w e h ave no ,

o o rtuni ty o f d e ter m i ni ng J ab l o nsk i h as m ad e an

pp .

atte mp t at d e c i d i n g o n t h i s p o i nt b ut I th i nk h e is ,

unsuccessful I shal l ad d s o m e o b s ervat i o ns o n his

.

t h eo ry resp ec t i ng t h e s up erst i t i o ns c o nnect ed w i th

th e ph ases o f th e M o o n in a s ub s e q ue nt p ag e
, .

O nth e wh o l e we m ay c o nc l ud e th a t Bo ubastis o r
‘

th at go dd ess wh o s e e m bl e m w as a c a t rep resent ed ,

th e b enefi c i al i nfl ue nc e wh i c h th e M o o n o r a fem al e
d ae mo nres i d i ng in th e m o o n w as i m ag i ned t o e x er t ,

o ver c h il d bi r th and p r e g nant w o m e n I t was pr o .

b ably to th e ri tes o f th i s go dd ess that Ch a re mo n

c h i e fly all ud e d in a
p assag e q uo t ed a b o ve wh er e he
, ,

s ay s that a p art o f t h e E
gypti anmy th o lo gy refe rred to
th e phases of th e Mo o n .

T he o f ce o f
fi Bo ub astis is only o ne of th e i
var o us

functi o ns of I si s ; a nd ib utes o f
th e na m e s a nd att r

t h ese go d d esses c o al esc e B o th ar e nearly re lated to

.

th e Mo o n; a nd I si s a s w ell as B o ub as tis was invo ked

, ,

by partur i ent wo m e n as E il eth yia o r L uc i na

, , .

I si, Paraet o nium, genial iaque arva C ano p i

Quee c ol is, e t M emphin, p al miferamque Pharo n
,
g. t
a a
le

Per tua sistra p recor, p er A nub idis o ra verenda

.

L eni s ades, precibusque meis fave I l i th i a

, y .
 B U B A STI S .
— HER REL A T ION TO rst s . 1 39

O I si s, wh o d el igh t s t t o h aunt th e fi el ds
’

Wh ere fruitful N il e h is go l den h arvest yi el ds ,

Who d wel l st in M e m ph is and th e Pharian to wers !

’

A ssist Co rinna w it h t hy frie nd l y p o wers .

T h ee, b y t hy sil ver sist rum , I c o nj ure,

A l ife p re cio us b y t h y aid sec ure
so

S o may st th o u w ith O siris stil l fi nd grace

’
.

O h ! by A nub is ve nerabl e fac e

’

I pray th ee ; so m ay stil l th y rites d ivi ne,

F l o urish , and serp e nts ro und th y o fl ering twine
‘

M ay h orned A pis at t hy p o m p at t e nd,

S o th o u th e fair C o rinna d o st

D io d o rus h as assert e d th at th e c ity of B o ub astis

was e r ec t e d in h o no ur of I si s . H ere th e two g o d
d esse s ar e ev i d ently c o nfo und ed , o r we must suppo se
th at th ey w ere re
gard e d as t wop erso nifi catio ns o f
th e sam e p o wer o r attrib ute of nature T h e Greci an
.

C eres and Proserp i ne s eem to h ave b eenrelated tQ

each o the r inth e sam e m anner .

O vi d A mor l ib E l eg 1 3 , D rydens Translation

’
. . . u. . .
 1 40 E G Y PTI A N G o nnnss ns .

SE CTIO N Il l .

E il et hy ia .

D io d o rus m ent i o ns an E
gy p ti an
g o d d e ss to w h o m

a c i ty in th e T h eb ai d w as d e d ic ate d and w h o se nam e ,

h e i nte rp r et s acc o r d i ng to h is c usto m b y t h e t i tl e o f

, ,

t h e c o rr esp o nd i ng g o d d es s inthe G r e c i a nmy th o l o gy .

T h e d e no m i nati o n h e assi g ns to t h i s g o dd e s s is E il e
thy ia th e G r e c i a n L uc i na
,
T h e h i sto ri a n sa ys . t h at
“

sh e w a s re c k o ne d am o n t h e a nc i e nt o r el d er d i v i ni
g
t i es o f th e sa m e c l ass w i th J up i te r t h e S un H e rm e s
, , , ,

A p o llo a nd Pan ,
T h e d i s ti ncti o n o f a nc i e nt g o d s
.

migh t b e th o ug ht to e xc l ud e I si s f if t h e na m e o f -

A po ll o w ere no t e xpres sly me nti o ne d S i nc e h o w .

,

eve r w e fi nd A p o ll o o r H o r us i nc l ud e d in t h i s c l as s
, , , ,

w e are all o w e d to s upp o se th at t h e E il eth y ia o f U pp e r

E gy p t m ay h av e b ee n I si s o r B o ub ast is und e r so m e , ,

p arti c ul ar fo rm W e h a ve se e n that th e o flic e o f

.

L uc i na was a ttri b ut ed to b o th t h e s e g o dd esses in th e

E gypti an m yth o l o gy .

E usebi us a l so m e n t i o ns E il e thy ia a nd th e c i t
y ,

w h ere sh e w as w o r sh ip p e d He a d d s, t h a t ev er
.

D io d o r S id l ib i
. . . .

1 I n t h e G rec ian th eo go ny, D iana w as y o unger go ddess

a

t h anCeres, w h o c o rres
p o nd s w it h t h e E gyp t ian I sis Y e t t he .

Gre ek s s o m et im es m ad e L uc ina o ne o f t h eir anc ie nt o r e l d er

g o dd es s es O l e n, t h e D el ian m yt h o l o gic al p o et , wh o l iv ed
.

b efo re H o m er, re prese nt ed L uc ina as th e sam e wit h H ea w ém

p p '

o r F at e, as m ad e h er m o re an c ient t h anS aturn S ee Pausa .

nias A. r ca dic a 2 1
. .
 vmnrc r i v n I S I S
'
.
— THE EG Y PT I A N H E CA T E . 14 1

th i rd d ay, m eani ng , pro b abl y , th e th i rd in each

l unati o n,
“
w as c o nse c rate d to h er, and tha t h er
i mages h ad th e fo r m of a fe mal e vu l ture , w i th its
”
w ings spread and c o m p o se d o f p r ec io us sto nes T hi s .

bi rd was in a p arti c ul ar m anner sacred to the Moo nale .

S E C TI O N I V .

Of I sis, in her m a lefice n

t or vind ictive char acter . Ti thrambo,
H eca te, or B rimo .

I t is w ell k now nth at ,

am o n
g th e G re ek s, D i ana, or
th e d augh ter of C e re s , 1 or C e re s h ersel f, fo r th e se

p erso nage s are b ut fa i ntly d i sti nguish ed fr o m each

o th e r a nd o fte n l
c o a e s c e, w as p p o sed to h ave
su

c h an e d h er fo r m on h er d e sc e nt to Had es and to
g
h ave b ec o m e go d d e ss o f st em
a an d v i nd ic ti ve ch a

rac t er . H ec a te o r Pro serp i ne

, ,(w h o w as th e same
o d d e ss, und er a d i ffe re nt na m e )1 w as th e p uni sh er
g ,

o f g uil t, and th e m i st ress of the F uri es . H enc e sh e

is d escr ib ed, by N o nnus, as su

ppl y i ng th o se d i reful
ave n ers wi th ar m s
g

E useb Praap E vangel l ib iii

. .
p 12 . . . ca . .

1 S ee S cho l ad L yc o p h ro n C assand v 1 1 76, and part i

'
. . . .

c ul arl y M eurs ius s Co m m ent ary o n t h e p assage

’
.

1 D iana was th e d augh t er of C eres, ac co rdi ng t o th e m ost

c o rrec t m yth ol ogis t s . S ee H ero d l ib ii . . . H or ns and Bo n
b asti s were nursed b y B o uto o r L ato na ; h ence aro se th e
m ist ak e of t he Greek s, who fanc ied th at A pol l o and D iana

were t h e nd daugh t er o f L ato na

so n a .

N o nni D io nysiac .
1 42 EGYPTIAN G O D D E SSES .

‘
H epa ecpow; dwpflgs v E pwvuot g
'
.

A nd Vi rgil sp eak s of h er as l ea d i ng th e m in h e r tra i n .

N o c tur nis que H ec at e t riviis ul ul at a p er urb es

”
E t diras U l t ric es .

E venC e res h e rse l f a ss um e d th e fo r m f a n E rinnys o r

o

F ury ; a nd th is m etam o rp h o s i s is d e sc r ib e d b y A p o l
l o d o r us a nd Pa usani as . I t is a ll ud ed t o in th e fo llo w
ing ve rs e o f A nt i m ac h us

A wi 3} (pow-iv E pi w uhg 5 7m : £35?v

-
a t og 7 0
F

This th ey re
p o rt t o b e th e shrine of t h e F ury Ceres .

L y c o ph ro nc all s th i s go dd e ss

E ur/a far .

mpopog +
‘ ' '
E pwmi g doupt oe é q
’

p uv . .

E rinny s ragin
g, wit h t h e b randish ed swo rd ,
Q n f Sic il ian E nna s flo w ery m eads ” 1
’
ue e o .

C alli m ac h us t h us d esc r ib es C er e s, ass um i ng her

vi nd i c t i ve fo rm § .

q '
-
6 7ro ug, N EMEO I Q 3s x a mi w é a /aur o ( w v v
N
'

yp d p fl
era s r
'
' ‘

I
A ap ar n
f ' ’
3
’ ’

pa r ov n x or etr er our o y eivwr o 3 a deug

’ n t
ot c
‘

p
' '

m um
-
a
{L V E Xepcr co , m oun SE at d d/ow O md nc
’

‘ p p
t C i "
' ‘

Pausan A p 25
. read . c a . .

1 L yc o ph ro n Cassand v 1 1 77
‘
. . . .

1 L o rd R o sto n s tran
’
sl at io n o f L co h ro n i
y y p , publ sh ed in
th e Cl assical J o urnal .

Cal l imach Hymn ad Cererem

. . .
 VI N D I CT I V E I s l s .
— TH E E G YPT I A N H E CA TE . 1 43

p mu 6wrr eg ens: T o w WOT VI O W5 73W

t C N 9 I
or
pass» u
'

’ '
ééa m mg o mopourr a v
’

He said, and o n er h fatal t ab le t N em esis

I nsc r ib ed th e w o rds . D amat er, b urnt w it h rag e,

S traight way assum e d h er go dl ik e fo rm , and tro d

Th e gro und, w hil e w it h h er awful h e ad sh e t o uch ed
H eave ns c ano py Th e d em i-go d s behe l d
’
.

T h e fe arful asp e c t , and in h as t y fligh t

”
S o ugh t s afe t y .

I t is fur th e r k able th at th i s vengeful Hecate

r e m ar ,

th e l e ad e r o f th e F uri e s w h o s o m uc h re s em bl e s a ,

p h anto m e ng e nd e re d b y th e terr o rs o f a g uil ty c o n

s c i en c e is s t i l l s trang e ly c o nnec te d w i th th e M o o n
, .

L ik e th e c h aste D i an sh e h as a tripl e fo r m c o rr es , ,

n d i n w i t h t h e t h r ee l unar as ec ts L y co h ro n
p o g p p .

c all s H e c a te ,

f
l
Bpl ‘tt a T
p p pp
o < og

gllO OUO Ot éw d t o i g
'

xh a
y y a io
'

x
' '

i Ta
‘

Ph e sp o us e
O f gl o o m y D is, q uee no f th e t ripl e fo rm ,
Pers ean Brim o , w h o with fearful yel l s
D is t urb s o ur sl um b ers in th e gl o o m o f nigh t .

T h e t ri p l e fo rm referr e d o r i gi nally as Ph urnutus ,

d e c l are s, to th e t h re e p h ase s o f t h e M o o n: h er
s tat ue h a d three h ead s .

O ra vides H ecat es in t res v er

gentia p ar t es . 1~

L y c o p hro n, v . 1 1 77 .

~
O id F t l ib i M ursius h as c o l l ec t ed a numb er o f
1 v ,
as e
. . .

e s referrin t o t h e t ripl e fo rm o f th is g o d d ess, in his

p assag g
Co mment ary o n L yc o phro ns Cassandra, 1 1 76
’
v. .
1 44 EGYPTIAN Go nnns s ns .

I n th e E gypti an m y th o l o gy als o w e l ear nt h at I si s

i
ass um e d t h e v nd c t i i v e c h a r ac t e r t h o ug h w e h av e b ut
,

i i i T h o dd e ss w as
sc a nt y nfo r m a t o n o n t h s s ub j ec t e g .

a s m a d ne ss,
s u p o se d t o infl i c t var i o us d i se as e s s uc h
p ,

b ut parti c ularly bl i nd ne ss o n th o se w h o i nc ur red h er ,

w rat h T h i s i d e a is e xp ressed in a n ep i gram o f

.

L uc ili us c o nta i ne d inth e A nth o l o gy

le
a
.
,

pow n
'

nu r m 2X7)? éxdpou A mi c
‘ -
x wr a
'

to ts

A p cpm po wn
‘
7 911 I zr w r od-
no , a
l n
ds f or ,

p m? 577 19 T u< p7sobg were? 95 59 .

A nd in a passag e of O vid .

Vidi ego l inigerae num en viol asse fat entem

I s idis, I siac o s ante s ed ere fo c o s .

c ul p am,
A l t er o b h uic sim il e m
p rivatus l um ine
C l am ab at m edia, s e m er uisse,
v ian“

Wh eth er th e v I s i s w as d i sti ng ui sh e d by
i nd i c ti ve
p ec uli ar r i tes is no t c er tai nl y k no w n; b ut, fro m th e
c i rc um sta nc e t h at t h e G r ee ks d e sc rib e an E gyp ti an
H ec ate it , s ee m s
p ro b abl e . T h at c e rt a i n r i te s w ere
erfo rm e d in h o no ur of a o d d e ss w h o m th e G reeks
p g
c o ns i d ered as th e sa m e w i th th e E gy p t i an H ec ate,
a
p p ears fr o m a passage in E p i ph a ni o s , w h ic h h as no t
e sc ap ed t h e i nd ust ri o us r e se ar c h of J ab l o nsk i .

E x otr népjq n gr ape:

’ '
A de T l OPo t gtD
“ '
v i or T i) euo ev
‘
, p ,

6 7 mm de
" ' 5
N ecpdw 7 (Deg r ade: i
‘
T i) 77 r eh c
, xovr a i .

S o m e are i ni ti ate d int h e r i tes o f T ithramb o , wh i ch

is i nterpreted H e c ate ; o th ers inth o se of N ephthy s,

Cited by J abl o nsk i .

1 O vid E pist d e Po nto l ib i 1

‘
. . . . . cap . .
 N E PH T H YS ,
TH E EGYPTIAN VE N U S . 1 45

a nd so m e in th o se of T h e rm uth is . D io d o r us S ic ul us
a so sp e a s o f a
l k te mpl e o f H e c at e th e D a r k .

H e c ate h ad th e re fo r e d i sti nc t r in E gy p t and

i tes ,

w e m ust re fer to h e r all th at h as b ee n sa id respec ti ng

th e i nd i c ti ve I si s
v .

I n t h e fo l l o w i ng invo cati o n o f A p ul e i us to I s is h er ,

var i o us c h arac t e rs a re ass e mbl ed R e gi na e ce li si ve

t u C ere s al m a frug um pare ns o riginal is—s e u tu c oel es
.

tis V e nus —
,

se u Ph oeb i so ro r q ue
,
d
p art u foetar um m e
d eli s l e nie ntib us recr eate p o p ul o s tanto s e d uc ast i ,

s e n no c t urnis n l ul atib us h o rre nd a Pr o s e rp i na t ri fo r m i ,

s e c i e l arval e s i m e tus c o m r im e ns t e rrae ue c l a us tra

p p p q ,

c o h ib e ns v ar i o o nl tu p r o itia ris
, p .

T h us it app e ars t hat I si s o r th e tr tfo r m go d d ess

'

, ,

th at is I s i s re si d i ng in th e m o o n w as w o rsh i pp ed w i th
, ,

var i o us r i t e s a s a m al i n
, g ant o r b e ni gna nt p o w e r In .

th e fo r me r w e sc arc e ly d i sti n ui sh e d h er fro m B o u

,
g
b ast i s o r D i a na ; inth e latter sh e m ay b e r ega rd e d as
,

c o rre s o nd i n
p g w i th th e G re c i an H e c ate W e no w .

ro c e e d t o t h e c e l e st i a l V e nus w h o m A p ul e i us al so
p ,

id e ntifi e s w i th I s i s b ut wh o ap p ears to b e ar no p ar
,

t ic ul a r re l a ti o n t o th e M o o n .

S E C TI ON V .

N ep hthys, or us Uran
Ve n ia .

N eph th y s th e ,
i
s ster o f I si s and th e w i fe o f Typh o n ,

was ca lle d by th e G ree ks ,

A p h ro d i te sh e d i ffers h o w
,

ev e r , in a g reat many p arti cul ars, fro m th e Grec i an

Ve nus .
1 46 E GYPT I A N G O D D E S SE S .

Plutarch g ives us a ph y si cal e xpl i ‘

anat o n o f N eph a

'

thy s H e say s, th e h o r iz o nta l ci rc l e d i v i d e s th e

“
.

low er and i nvi sibl e parts o f th e wo rld fro m th e upp er

a nd T h e fo rm er is b y th e E gyptians c al l ed
v s i ib l e .

N eph th y s th e latte r,
W e l earn fro m Hesyc h ius th at th e E gyptians wo r ,
’
sh ippe d o d d e ss w h o m th e G re ek s c al e d l A ppohi m
a
g
”
Emu fa -
,
”
th e dark or no c tur nal V enus 1 .
'
T h i s was
ev i d e ntl y N ep h thy s .

C h ae r e m o n, th e E gypti an p r i est w h o m we h ave

b e fo r e q uo te d, enum erat es a mo ng th e physi c al o bj ec ts
w h i c h h is p eo ple w o rsh i pp e d , t h e no c tur nal a nd
d i urnal h e m i sph ere I H e th us c o nfi rms th e t e sti m o ny
.

of Pl uta rc h . N eph th y s is th e d iv i nity of t h e d ar k or

i nfer nal h emi sph ere .

T h i s i nterpretati o n is fur th er co nfi rmed b y Ho ra

p o l l o w h o says
,
that th e upp er h em i sph ere o f th e
,

h eav e ns w as c al l e d b y th e E g y pt i ans M i ne r va and

, , ,

th e l o w er o ne J W e shall h ave o c casi o n to

,

sh o w th at M i nerva a nd I s i s a re fre q uentl y i d entifi e d

,

in th e E gypti an m yth o l o g y I t is h er e evi d e nt th at .

,

H o rapo l l o g ive s th e na m e o f J uno to th e same g o dd ess,

w h o m t h e w ri t ers w e h a ve b efo re appeal e d t o c all
V e nus T h i s w il l p resently b e still m o re m ani fest
. .

H ero d o tus assures us t h at th e E gypti ans h ad no ,

o dde ss c o rresp o nd i n w i t h t he J uuo o f th e c lassi cal

g g
m yth o l o gy Wh en th e G r ee k w ri ters m enti o n J uno
.

Pl ut d e I sid c ap . 44 1 H esych vo ce E x or la
‘
. . . . .

1 Ch aaremo n ap ud Po rphyrium l o c . s upra c it

'

n '

? trap A iy uqrr iotg A flvj 5d

'
A cne
ai r, O vpécvou Ham ‘
1 r ou

i mqeavat H orapol l o d e H iero gl

’
8} i avrw Hp9s
' '

490219107 a vrs '

. .

l ib i
. . c ap . 11 .
 N E PI-I T a ,
TH E EGYPTIAN V E NU S . 1 47

amo ng th e d i v i ni ti e s of t h at p e o p le, w e a re to und er

s tand th e i l V e nus
c e est al . w h o s e att rib ut es c o i nc i d e in
ma ny p ar ti c ulars w ith th o s e o f J uno and w h o s e w o r
.
,

sh i w a s v er c el eb rate d a m o n t h e E ast er n nati o ns

p y g ,

JE l ia n in spe aki ng o f a t o w n in th e H erm o p o litan

,

no m e ad d s ,
in th at to w n th ey wo rsh i p V e nus
, ,

c alli n h e r U ran i a o r C el e s ti al a nd a i n h o no urs

g , p y g ,

to a sac r ed T h i s c i rc um stanc e that th e ,

c el e st i al V e n us w as w o r sh i pp e d in th e fo r m o f a c o w ,

is i mp o rta nt .

W e a re to ld by S trab o al so th at th e sac red ani mal ,

o f V e nus w a s a w h i t e c o w ; and th at h er w o r sh i
p w as
c e l e b ra te d in m o r e th an o ne
p lac e in E gyp t H e say s .
,

th e M o m e m p hite p eo p l e ad o re V e nus a nd h ave a

“
,

s ac re d c o w w h i c h t h e y k ee p in th e sa m e m anne r as
,

th e A p i s is kept at M e m p h i s a nd th e M nevi s at Heli o ,

”
p o li s . T h i s geo graph er in desc ri b i ng th e no m e ,

o f A p h ro d i to p o li s re m arks th at it c o nta i ns a c i ty
, ,

o f th e sam e na m e a s t h e c i t o f Ve nus w h ere a w h i te

y . ,

c o w is ke t w h i c h th e p e o p l e r egard as sac r e d f
-
p ,

N o w it is w o r th y o f no t i c e th at t h e w h i te c o w is -

me nti o ned e xp re ssly as th e a ni m a l fo r m o f J uno .

l at uit nivea S atur nia vacc a .

1 Ow n .

T he c o nc l usi o n t o b e d raw n is, that J uno and th e

l
c e est a i l V e nus ar e th e sa m e .

F ro m a ll th ese t e st m o n es w e i i ar e auth o r iz ed in
d eterm i ni ng , as a m atter fully e sta bli shed ,
th at th e

p 27
l
"
E l ian d e A nim al l ib
. . . x . ca ; .

l ib x v n. I t em p 5 5 6
1 S t rab o p 5 52
‘
. . . . . . .

1 Th at V e nus, w h o as sum ed t h e fo rm o f a fi sh , was pro bab l y

a g o dd e ss m o re al l ied to the Grec ian Venus ,
t he piing
o fls
'

of t h e sea ; o r sh e m igh t re
prese nt N ep hthys, in ano th er
ch arac ter, as t he sea-go ddes s.
 1 48 EGYPTIAN GO D D E S SE S .

o dd ess N ep h th ys ll ed U rani a
so m et th e
i m es ca
g ,

c el estia l o r t h e d ark o r ni h tl V en u s a t o the r

, g y ,

ti m e s J uno o r S atur ni a w as w o rs h i pp e d in var io us ,

ar ts o f E t th a t a w h i t e c o w w a s t h e s a c r e d a ni m al
p g yp ;
o r li v i n s m b o l o f t h i s g o dd e ss a nd th at sh e re r e
g y p ,

sen te d t h e d i vi ni ty o f th e d a r k o r ni g h tly h e av e ns .

I no th er re sp ec t s t h e info r m ati o nth at w e c a n c o ll ec t

,

c o nc e r ni n
g t h i s
g o dd ess is v e ry s c a nty S h e h ad .

m y st e r i es o f h er o w n as w e l ear n fro m E p ip h a nius

, ,

i nto w h i c h c e rta i n p erso ns c h o se to b e i ni t i ate d I t is .

d i ffi c ult to say in w h at r e sp e c ts s h e r ese m b l e d th e

G r e c i an V e nus ex c ept in th e l o o s e ness o f h er c ha
,

ra c te r 1 w h i c h w a s t o o c o m m o n a faili n g am on g
'

h eath e n go dd esses to fur ni sh o c c as i o n fo r any p ar ti

,

c ul a r r e m ar k .

W e l earn furth e r b y c o m pari ng a passag e o f O ri o n

,

th e gram m ar i a n p rese r v e d int h e E ty mo l o g i c um Mag

,

num w i t h o ne o f H esyc hius t h at th e E g ypti a n V e nti s

, ,

h ad a ls o t h e na m e o f A th yr o r A thy r i A t h y ri sa s
y .
,

t h e fo r m e r, is th e na m e of a m o nth , a ndth e E gyp

t i ans l V e nus A th o r g i v i ng to th e
ca l , t h i rd m o nt h o f
th e i r c a l end ar th e de no m i na ti o n o f th a t g o dd ess :
”

H e syc h ius i nte rp re ts A thy r to b e t he na m e o f a m o nth ,

and lik e w i se t h e d e no m i nat i o n o f a no x o r c o w inth e ,

E p ip h an l o c . . s up rac it at o .

1 D at ing t h e ab se nceo f I s is, N eph t hys c o nt r ive d

~
t o inveigl e
O s iris, w h o m is to o k h er fo r h is wife , a nd b eg o t p urio us o il
'

a s

ing,
sp r whic h w as aft er wards c al l e d A nub is . I sis d isco vered
t he c h e at b y m eans of a
garland of M el il o t us, w h ic h O siris l eft
w it h h er i
s st e r .
—
Pl ut .
p 14de I sid
Pl utarc h g ive s an
. ca . .

inge nio us ex lan

p atio n o f t h is fabl e, whic h , h o w ev er h as no
,

referenc e pres en
to t p urp o se
o ur .

I ,
E tym Mag n vo c e. .
 N E PH TH YS ,
TH E EGYPTIAN VE NUS . 149

E gyptian l anguag e B y th i s h e pro b abl y m eant th at

it w as t h e app e ll at i o no f th e sa c re d c o w o f A
p h ro dito
p o li s . i ty T his
is b e si d es c all ed c b y H ero d o tus ,

A ta rb e ch is l w h i c h is o nly A tar b aki 1 o r th e c i ty o f

,
~~ -
,

A t ar o r A th y r ; and th e h i sto r i an h as i nfo rm e d us t hat ,

it c o ntai ned a te mp l e o f V e nus .

F r o m al l th ese ev i d e nc e s w e l earn th at V e nus h ad

th e sa m e app ella t i o n as th e E gy p t i an m o nt h A thy r o r ,
.

A t h y ri § .

T his na m e h o w e ver w as no t p ec uli ar to N ep h th y s

, , ,

b ut c o m m o n t o h er and h er si ster I si s ; fo r Pl ut arc h

fi
af rm s t h at I si s w as lle d
A thyr i § A tl y ri sa s
‘

ca
y .
,

Pl utarc h ,
“
is i nterp re te d th e m undane h a bi tat i o n o f
H o rus , g i o ninw h i c h Ho r us as
th a t is , p erh ap s, t h e re

th e S un is e nc l o s e d a nd inw h i c h h e m ay b e s a i d to
,

d w e ll ; fo r th i s s ee m s to b e ra th e r a
p e r i p h r as t i c e p i
t h et t h a n a l
c o se t ransl at i o n o f th e nam e .T h e S un

H esyc h 1 H ero d l ib
9“
. . . ll . c ap . 41 .

1 S ee J ab l o nsk i, Pant h eo n ZE gypt . . l ib i . . c ap . 1 .

§ I t is p l ain th at t h e nam e o f t h is go dd ess was A th yr, o r

,

A t h yri, and no t A t h or, as J abl o nski w o ul d h ave it, in o rd er th at

it m ay so und m o re l ik e E j o r, wh ic h , i n t h e m o d ern Co p t ic,
m eans N ig h t The rese m b l anc e, h o wev er, is v ery faint
. .

J ab l o nski h as v ery dil ige nt l y c o l l ec t ed auth o rities in favo ur

of his ownid ea resp ec ting t h e E gyp tian Venus,b ut h as p as sed
t h o s e w h ich are ad vers e t o it, p artic ul arl y Pl ut arc h s
’
o ver

ac c o u nt, w h ich d irec t l y c o ntrad ic t s h im . B y A t h o r, he sup

E i
t h at t h e
t an s p erso nifi ed rim ev al ni h t o r C hao s ;
po ses gyp p g ,

b ut t h is ex pl anat io n is p urel y c o nj ec tural , and t h e t est im o nies

ab o ve ad duc e d see m t o m e ful l y sufli c ient t o est ab l ish a very

differe nt idea .
it pro b abl e
T h ere is no t o ne fac t t hat renders
,

t h at t h e E gypt ians, in th e wo rsh ip o f A th yri, had any al l usio n

t o Ch ao s o r t h e o rig in o f t he w o rl d .
,

Pl ut d e I sid
. . c ap . 56 .
 1 50 EG Y PT I A N G O D D ESS E S .

d well s l te r nate l y in e ac h
a h e m i sp h e re ; each o f th e m
t h e refo re b ec o m es A t h y r i ,
or th e h a bi tati o no f H o rus ,

in its t urn .

We h e re fi nd b e tw e e n th e s upe rst i ti o n
an a nal o gy
of E t a nd t h at o f th e S ri a nfa b ul i s ts a p p e a l e d to by
gyp y
M ac ro bi us w h o d i v i d ed th e two h e m i s p h ere s b etw ee n
,

V e nus and Pro se rp i ne a nd re p res ented t h e S un as,

p ass i ng a l t er nate l y fro m o ne to th e o th e r a nd V e nus ,

as l a m e nti n w h e n h e r A d o ni s h a d d esc e nd e d to th e
g
re a l m o f Pro se r i n Pro serp i ne h er e c o rresp o nd s
p e .

w i th t h e V e nus T e neb ric o sa o f t h e E g y p ti a ns a nd it ,

is ve ry p ro b ab l e th at t h e na m e w h i c h M ac ro bi us
inte r p re t s V e nus h ad a s e ns e r es e m bli ng th at o f
,

A th y ri and c o nne c te d al te rna te l y w i th ea c h b e m i s

,

p h er e o r w i th th e e nl igh te ned and dark fac e o f th e

,

sk
y .

I t is no t i m p ro b a bl e th a t A th ri re fe r re d to so m e
y
rel at i o ns o f I si s and N e h th s in w h i c h th ese t wo
p y ,

g o d d esse s w e re s upp o s e d t o c o a l esc e o r m e re ly to ,

c h a rac te ris e t w o fo r m s o f t h e sa m e i m a i na r
g y p er
"
so na e I n th i s l att e r w ay t h e are re re se nte d in
g .

y p
t h e i nv o c a t i o n o f A p ul e i us w h o a d d re ss e s h is
go d
‘

d e ss a s t h e Quee n o f H eav e n w h e t h e r s h e r efers

p ,

t o b e c all e d C er e s o r I s i s th e o ri i na l
g p a re nt o f th e
,

fr ui ts o f t h e earth ; o r th e c el esti al V e nus w h o fi rst

infus e d l o ve I nto t h e t wo se xes of a ni m ate d na t ure .

I nd e ed w e m ay l e arn th at so m e v e ry c l o se rel ati o n

s ub s i st e d b e tw e e n V e nus a n d I si s fro m t h e fac t th at ,

t h e fo r m e r w a s w o rsh i
p p ed und e r t h e fo r m o f a c o w
fo r w e kno w th at th e c o w w as th e fav o uri te av a ta r o f
I s is l
.
ae

9“
Jil l ian l o c
. . c it at .
 B ouTo , o n L A TO N A . 15 1

I t is po ssibl e th at t h e m e tam o rph o si s o f th e sup er

nal I si s i nto V e nus th e D ark w ho se o nly fo rm w as ,

t h at of a c o w is al l ud ed
,
t o in th e m y th o l o g ue o f I s i s
and O si ri s , wh ere it is s ai d tha t H o rus, h a vi ng to rn
o ff fro m th e h e ad of I si s h er d iade m, (he r l
c e e st al i
g l o ri es ) it was r ep l ac ed by a h el m re
p rese nt i ng th e
h ea d o f a c o w o r o x .

S E C T I O N VI .

B outo, or L a to na .

T h e E gy p ti ans wo rsh i p p e d a no th er go d d ess w h o m ,

t h e G re e k s c all L ato na A t Bo nto s ne ar th e S e b en

.
,

nytic m o uth of th e N i l e, t h e re w a s a ve r
y l b ra te d
ce e

o rac e, l d ed i ca te d to th i s g o d d ess th e earli est ac c o unt ,

o f wh i c h w e h ave fro m H e c at aeus w h o t rav e ll ed in ,

E gyp t b e fo re H e ro d o t us ,
a nd fro m w h o m t h e latter h is~
t o r i a n ha s b e en ac c use d , p ro ba b l y w i th o ut reas o n, o f

h av i ng b o rro w e d a
g re a t p a rt o f his d esc r i p t i o n o f
E gypt I nBo nto s
.
“
,
sa s H e ro d o t us
y
“
s tand s a t e m l e
p ,

o f A p o ll o a nd D i a na (H o r ns a nd B o ub a st is ) t h at of

L ato na, w h e nc e th e o ra c es l are d eli ve red , is Ver y

m ag nifi c e nt, h a vi ng p o rt i c o s fo rty c ubi ts h ig h T he .

m o st w o nd e rful t h i ng is th e s h ri ne o f th e g o dd ess ,

w h i c h is of o ne so li d s to ne, h av i ng e q ual s id es, e ac h

fo r ty bi ts in l e ng th & c
cu H e a dds,
t h at ne ar
.
,
“

th e t e mp l e is t h e i sl and o f C h e m m i s w h i c h t h e , .

E g yp ti ans affi rm to fl o a t ina d ee p a nd spac i o us l ake .

H e d id no t see it m o ve and was asto ni sh e d at t h e re l a

,

”
t io n . I nth i s i sl and is a l arg e temp le o f A p o ll o wi th ,
1 52 EG Y PT I A N G O D D E SS ES .

three al tars I t b r i ng s fo r th m any p al m trees and

.
-

o th er pl ants so m e o f w h i c h a re b ar re n o th e rs p r o d u
, ,

c i n frui t T h e E g yp t i a ns gi v e th e fo ll o w i n g ac co unt
g .

o f th e fl o at i ng c o nd i ti o n o f th e i s l a nd : it w as o nc e
fix ed and i m m o vabl e ; wh e nL ato na w ho h as al way s ,

b eenr ec ko ned a mo ng th e e i gh t p ri mary go d s d wel t ,

at Bo n to s Hav i ng re c e i ve d A p o l l o in trust fro m

.

I si s sh e c o nsec rated and preser ve d h im inth i s i sl and

, ,

w h i c h as th ey d e c l are no w fl o at s
,
T h i s h app ened
,
.

wh e nT yph o n eag erl y e nd eavo ur i ng t o d i sco ver th e

,

so n o f O si r i s ca m e h i th er,
T h e i r trad i ti o nsay s that
.
,

A po ll o and D i an w e re th e o ffspr i ng o f B acch us

i i nd I s i s a nd th at L a to n a w as th e i r n
( O s r s ) a ,
urse
“
a nd p r ese rv er ?

S teph anus Byz ant inus s e e m s to b e th e o nly author

wh o h as preserve d th e E gy p t i annam e o f th i s go dd ess
for al l th e o th e r G re ek w r i te rs t erm h er L eto, or

L ato na . He sa
ys, sh e w as ca ll e d b y th e E gypti ans,
B uto .

T he g re e in asserti ng th e
G reek m y th o l o g i sts a

h s i c al m e a ni n o f L at o na to b e N i g ht, o r D ark
p y g
ness . J abl o nsk i h as c i te d a p as sag e o f Po rphyry,
and o ne fro m Ph urnutus, t o th i s nd E usebi us
effec t ; a

h as p reserved a frag m ent o f Pluta rc h in wh i ch th e ,

H ero do t us adds, th at E sch yl us h ence d erived h is st ory,

ac co rd ing t o wh ich, D iana w as t h e d a ugh t er of Ceres ; whereas

o thers m ade her th e d augh t er of L at o na . This acc o u nt was
m o re c onsist ent with t h e t h eo g o ny t h an t h e v ul o ne. F or
gar
D ian in th e h eaven, b ecam e H ecat e, or Pro serp ine, in the
infernal regio ns T hey w ere th en th e sam e, and bo th th e o ff
.

spring of Ceres or I sis . Pausanius confir ms t he o b servat o i n

of H erodo tus n H ero do tus, in this
’
. S ee L arc h er s N o te o

place.
 B O U To o n L A TONA . 1 53

s am e l usi o n is d raw n A p o l l o and D i an are

conc .

m o re th a n o nc e c all ed t h e o ffsp ri ng o r nurseli ng s o f

N i g h t ; a nd it wo ul d ap p ear tha t S o ph o c l es h ad t h i s
id ea in vi ew inth e fo l l o w i ng i nvo c at i o nt o th e S un
,
.

O v a ioh a N 65 éva pi éop sua

' ’ ’ '

'
i (pm
'

é
'

gop suov
-
T m st, x a r euroc s i 1 s
' '

o t
y
”
nnoy mov a ds
’' '
A , oc

Trach in . v. 93 .

T he sac re d a n m a i l of B o ut o ,
or L ato na was th e ,

M yg al e , or S h re w-m o use ; fo r th i s w as th e fo rm wh i c h X
sh e a ssum e d to e sc a
pe th e p urs u t i of T yph o nfi" Th is
anmai l acc o rd i ng t o Pl utarc h w as h el d sac red by th e
, ,

E g yp ti ans and was ac c o unte d fr o m its supp ose d

, ,

bli nd ne ss an e mble m o f p r i m e val nigh t o r d ark

, ,

ne ss l T h e rece p tacl es fo r th e d e ad w ere ter m e d ,

a s H es c h ius i n
” ’

y fo rm s us G u b o uti I t i s p o ssibl e ,
o q oi
- “
.

t h at t h i s t er m m ay h av e s o m e r e fere nc e t o th e g o d
d e ss w h o p resi d ed o ve r nig h t a nd th e d arkness o f th e
to m b .

O n th e wh o l e it must b e c o nfesse d th at w e are very

,

i m p e rfectl y ac q uai nte d w ith th e E gypti an L ato na ;

b ut fro m al l th e o b sc ure h i nts th at can b e asse m
,

b l e d fro m anc i e nt a uth o rs o n th i s subj ec t it ap p ear s ,

v e ry p ro b abl e that sh e w a s t h e guar d i an o f ni ght o r ,

o f th e d ark o r i nfe rn al r e i o ns an d if th i s c o nc l usi o n

g

A nt o ninus L ib eral is p 67 . S ee al so H ero do t us, n . ca . .

1 I t is singul ar th at, after c iting t he fo rego ing a uth o rities,

‘

J abl o nsk i evades t h e inferenc e which fo l l o ws, and al m o st

w it h o ut a sh ado w pro o f, o r even gro und for
of c o n ec ture,
j
asserts Bo ut o , or L ato na, to b e th e F ul l M oon .

X
1 54 EG Y PTI A N G OD D E SS E S .

be c o rrec t, h er att ri b utes a nd c h arac ter nearly

co i nc i de wi th tho se o f A th yr i o r V e nus T eneb ric o sa
,
.

A t l east it m ust b e al l o w ed th at w e are no t suffi

,

c ie n tl y ac q uai nt ed w i th th e nat ure o f th e E g y pti an

m y th o l o gy t o p o i nt o ut t h e tr ue d i s ti nc t i o n b e tween
,

th ese g o dd esse s .
 CO MME NTA RY ON CH A P. IV S ECI
.
' ‘
. VI .

R emarks o nJ abl ons ki s Op inio n r esp ectin B oubastis

’
or
g
D iana, and B outo or L atona .

J ab l o nski, we h ave b efo re

‘

as o b s erv e d, refers several o f th e

E gyp tian go ds t o t h e differe nt s tatio ns o f t h e S un, and sup
p o ses t h at th is l um inary w as w o rshipp ed in d ifferent seaso ns
Of t h e year, under t h e nam e s o f H arp o c rat es, A mm o n, H o r ns,
and H ercul es . T his aut ho r h as framed a sim il ar h ypo th e sis
n
p e c t ing several E gyp t ia g o d d e sses, wh ich h e refers in l ik e
r es

m anner t o t h e differe nt p h ases o f t h e M o o n A c co rding t o .

h im , I s is re p resents M o o n in ge neral , as O s iris is

the th e
S un in al l th e seaso ns ; b ut t h e N e w M o o n is Bo ub ast is , th e
d augh t er of Is is, as H arpo c rat es, t h e o ffsp ring of O s iris, w as
t h e N ew o r S o l stit ial S un . Th e F ul l M o o n is B o ut o , or

L ato na . To co m
pl et e t h is sc h e m e, h e s h o uld h ave fo und
anolo to p ro v e th at Tith r am b o , o r t h e m al efi cent
so m e
gies
H ec at e, was t h e Waning M o o n .

I t is no t with o ut so m e d egree o f regret th at I rem ark , t h at

t h is sys t e m , so sim pl e and ing e nio us, is wh o l l y with o ut s up po rt

in anc ie nt aut h o rit ies . I nd e ed , w ith resp ec t t o th e E gyp tian

go dd esses , wh ich is t h e p o int w e are no w c o ncerned with,
J abl o ns k i has al l aut h o rities c o m pl et e l y agains t him B o ub astis .

sh o ul d be th e N ew M o o n, and B o ut o t h e M o o n at th e ful l , or

th e Pl enil unium . N o w w e ne ed o nl
y refer t o t h e fo rego ing
s ec tio n o nth e E c l earl y co nvin
gypt ianD iana, in o rd er t o b e c ed

auth o rs are
t h at t h is j
c o n ec t ure is erro neo us . S everal t h ere

quo ted , w ho refer B o ub as t is t o t h e F ul l M o o n, or m e ntio n

t h at p h asis of t he p l anet as th e as
p ec t p ec ul iarl y favo urabl e t o
chil d -b irth . Wh at is singul ar is, th at J abl o nsk i has h i msel f
1 56 C O M M ENTA RY ON CH A P T ER IV .

add uc ed m o st of t h es e if in supp o r t of h is no tio n

p as sages as
t h atD iana was s im p l y t h e N e w M o o n B ut al l h is ind us try .

h s no t e nabl ed h im t o fi nd o ne t es tim o ny w h ic h t ends t o

a
ro v e an refere nc e t o t h e F ul l M o o n in B o ut o o r L at o na
p y
.

Th e fac t se e m s t o h av e b e e n, t h at ne it h e r L uc ina t h e go d

d es s o f c h il d - b ir th , no r H ec at e th e m al efi c e nt , re ferre d s ingl y
to an
y o ne as p ec t o f t h e p l anet . We h av e sh o w n al ready th at
t h ey w ere b o t h Tripl e - fo r m e d
c al l e d T h ey w e re b o th sup
.

o s e d t o ex is t d urin l l t h e a e s o f t h e M o o n I t is im p o ssibl e
p g a g .

in t h e p resent d ay t o ex p l ain, and p ro b ab l y t h ere w as nev er

any g o o d reaso nw hy th e M o o n s h o ul d b e the s eat , o r th e i ibl e
v s

fo r m , o f so m any go d d esse s, w h o s e func t io ns h ave l it tl e o r no

r e l at io n to eac h o th er W e m ust b ew are, in o ur research es
.

int o t h e fi c t io ns of m yt h o l o gy, l e s t w e dis c o ve r m o re w isdo m

or m o re c o nt rivance t h an ev er r eal l ex is t ed
y .

Th e id ea t h at th e M o o n e x e rt s a n infl ue nc e fav o urab l e to

p ro p agat io n is so s trange and ab surd, th at w e are at a l o ss t o
im agine h o w it c an h ave aris en, in any o ne ins t anc e ; and it is
t r uly ast o nishi ng t o fi nd t h at s im il ar fi c t io ns w ere ex te nde d
t h ro ugh gre at p ar t o f t h e p ag an w o rl d
a E ve n t h e b arb aro us .

G reenl anders, s p r ung fro m th e rem o t e E sq uim aux o f th e

L ab rad o r c o as t, b el ie v e, as E g e d e info rm s us, t h at t h e M o o n
no w and th e n d o w n t o p ay t h e ir w iv e s a v is it
c o m es The .

l at t er, in o rd er t o pr e v ent t h e l unar d eity fro m tak ing any im

p ro p er fam il iarit ie s, are c ar eful t o sp it up o n t h eir fi ng ers and

r ub t h eir b o dies b e fo re t h ey go t o sl ee
p F o r a s im il ar reaso n,
.

t h e y o ung m aid s ar e afraid to s t are l o ng at t h e M o o n, im agin

i ng t h at t h ey inc ur a b ec o m ing p reg nant
d ang er of A t an
—
.

e c l ip se o f t h e M o o n, no w o m anv e n
’
tures t o go ab ro ad E ge d e s .

D esc rip t io no f Gr ee nl and .

 SU PPL E M E N T T O BO O K I .

OF T HE E GY PTI A N GO D S, CO L L E CTI VEL Y .

W no w p ro c ee d t o m ak e
E so m e o b servati o ns o n th e

E gyp t ia n g o d s c o ll ec ti vely
, .

H e ro d o tus m e nti o ns t h re e ser e s i of

g o ds ,
w h i c h,
as h e w as i nfo rm e d rul e d o ve r
, E gyp t a s s uc c ess ve i
dy nasti e s . T h e fi r st rank o r , th e o l de st d y nasty ,
c o nt a ine d h t ei
o d s ; th es e are t er m e d t h e m o st
g g
a nc i e nt o f t h e E t i a n d e i ti e s H e m e nt i o ns th e
g y p .

nam e s o f o nly t w o o f th e m th e y ar e Pan a nd L a to na .

F ro m t h ese g o d s w e re p ro d uc e d ano th e r
e ig h t .

d yna st y c o ns i st ing o f t w el v e
, A m o ng th e se , h e .

sa s t h e E
y , gy p ti a ns rec k o ne d H e rc ul es .

O f t h e t h i rd ran k ,
w h o w e re p ro d uc e d fro m th e
t w e l ve , wa s B a c c h us or O s i ri s .

T h us w e fi nd th a t t h e r e w e re no l e ss t h a n t went y

g o d s, who, ac co rd i ng to th e st at e m e nt of H ero d o t us,

w e r e m o re i
a nc e nt th an O si ri s a nd I si s .

W e h ave al read y e num e rated m o st o f th e E gyp tian

d e i ti es o f w h o m any th i ng r em ark abl e h as b ee n re
c o rd e d b
y t h e a nc i e nt s M o st o f t h o s e w e h av e
.

m e nt i o ne d are va ri o us fo r m s as w e h a v e se e n o f , ,

O s i ris T y p h o n I si s o r H o r ns and al l th es e b e l o ng
, , ,

t o th e th i rd ra nk o r w e r e sub s e q ue nt to t h e o g d o a d
,

a nd t h e d o d e c ad e W e fi nd th e refo re no l ess than

.
, ,

t w e nt y p l ac e s in th e E gypt i anp anth eo n o f wh i c h we ,

c an sc ar c e l y fill up two o r t h ree .

1 58 EG YPTIA N T ns o c nac r .

I t is eas
y to p erc e i ve th a t th e r e m ust b e so m e e rro r
in t h i s enum e rati o n W h e n w e c o nsi d e r h o w m any
.

G ree k h ave tr ea te d p ro fes se d l y o n t h e E gyp

auth o rs

t i a n m yth o l o gy and tak e i nto t h e ac co unt th e fre q ue nt

,

no t i c e s th a t are sc atte re d i nc i d e ntally in th e w o rks o f

o th e r w ri t e rs, w e b eli ev e t h at
c anno t be i nd uced to

th e t w o h i gh est rank s in t h e t h e o c rac y h ave p e ri sh e d ,

w i t h o ut l eavi ng ev e n t h e i r na m es b eh i nd T wo
. .

o b s e r va t i o ns will affo rd s uffi c i e nt ro und fo r i nfer ri ng

g
th at th i s h as no t b ee n t h e case .

I W e l e arn fro m H e r o d o tus S trab o D io d o r us

.
, , ,

S t e ph anus and so m e o th e rs to w h at d i vi ni ti es al l th e
, ,

m o st c el eb ra te d a nd m ag nifi c e nt t e mp l e s in E gypt
w ere d e d i ca ted T h e y are all d i strib uted a mo ng th e
.

g o d s Wh o m w e h ave t race d in th e w o r k s o f t h e se
a uth o rs a nd no ne re m a i n fo r th e un k no wn t rib e
l at
,

w h o m H ero d o tus h as pl a c e d inrese r ve .

2 I t is ag reed a o ng al l w r i te rs, th at
. m all th e E gyp
t i an g o d s we re ad o r ed in th e fo rm s o f s ac red a ni m als ,

a nd no t o f sta tues in th e h um an sh ap e eac h o f th e m ,

we are t o l d , h a d h is p e c ti v e avatar in th e b rute
r es

ki ngd o m . N ow we have e num e ra te d th e p ri nc ip al

sacre d an ma s, a nd i l have s ee n th at th ey ar e a ro r i
pp
p
at ed t o t h e g o d s w i th w h o m w e a r e , a c q uai nt ed .

T h e t we nty o l d er go d s o f H e ro d o tus have no re

p r e se ntat ives .

I t fo r tunately h app e ns th at M aneth o na nd D io do r us

S ic ul us furni sh us w i t h so m e hi nts t hat t e nd t o
e ucl i d at e th i s su bj ec t .

it Th ere indeed, t h ree go ds in t he E gypti anth eo crac ,

are,
y
w h o h ave no t yet b eenm ent io ned : th e s e are, Ph t has, C nu his
p ,
and N eith a, Vul c an
A gath o d aem o n, and Mi nerva
or
, . They
w il l b e descri bed inth e fo l l o wing Bo o k .
 E G Y PTI A N T H E O CRA C Y .
1 59

Mane th o n b egan h is E gyp ti an c h ro no l o gy as

p re ,

s e rved b
y S y nc el l us by two d y nasti e s o f go d s p refix e d
,

t o t h e fi rst ra c e o f m o rtal ki n s w h o r e i ne d in th
g g e

T h eb ai d T h e se t wo dy nasti es o c c up y t h e sam e
.

p l ac e as th e fi rst a nd sec o nd r ac es o f go ds m ent i o ne d

b y H e ro d o tus M ane th o nc alls th e e l d er d y nast
y go d s,
.

a nd th e se c o nd d e m i o d s T h e i r nam es are as
g .

fo llo ws
TH E GOD S WERE,
1 . V ul can 5 . O si ris
2 . T h e S un 6 . I si s
3 . A g ath o d ae m o n 7 . Ty p h o n .

4 . S at urn
TH E DE M I GO D S .

8 . H o rus 13 . A m mo n
9 . M a rs 14 . T ith o es
10 . A nubi s 15 . S o s us
ll . H e rc ul e s 16 . Z e us .

12 . A p o ll cr

I f w e fo ll o w M a neth o n ,
a nd m a ke up t he fi rst
d y nasty ,
or th e o
gd o ad , of t h e na m e s of O s i ri s I s i s, ,

a nd th e i r l i
c o rre a t ve s , we s h al l h ave no d i ffi c ul ty in
fil l i ng up th e s ec o nd rank o r th e d o d ec ad e w i th t h e
, ,

s ub o rd i n at e
g o d s i nc l ud i ng var i o us fo rm s o f th e
,

p ri m i ti ve o r e l d e r se ri es .

D io d o rus S ic ul us h a s g i ve n us a m o re a mpl e d i s
c uss io n o n t h e E gyp t i a n t h e o g o n y a nd h is a cc o unt ,

s ee m s t o p l a c e t h i s s ubj e c t in its t r ue li gh t O s i ri s .

a nd I si s M i ne rva and C er es a nd V ul can and

, ,

O c e anus t o ge th e r w i th A m m o n c o nsti tute a c c o rd i ng

, , ,

t o D io d o rus t h e m o s t a nc i ent o rd er o f t he E gy pt i an
,

o ds T h ese say s o ur auth o r were i mmo rtal a n d

g .
, ,
1 60 EG Y PT I A N TH E O CRA C Y .

l
c e est a i l b ei ngs . We h a ve see n t h a t t h ey w er e i d e al

p e rso nag e s, rep r es e nt i ng th e m o st str iki ng attr ib ute s

of nature . In a no th er p l a c e D io d o r us sa
ys th e an
i
c ent g d s o f th e
o E gy p t a ns, m e an ng t h
i i is sam e c l a ss ,

i ncl ud ed J up i te r ,
th e S un, M erc ury ,
A p o llo ,
Pan ,

E ilith y ia ,
a nd m a ny o th ers .

B ut b e si d es th ese
.
,
th e E gyp ti ans p ro fe s s ed as ,

D io d o rus i nfo rm s us , to h ave o th e r e a r th l o ds wh o

y g ,

w ere or i g i nally m o r ta l m e n, b ut, b y r easo n o f t h ei r

w i sdo m , or th e b e ne fi t s co nfe rre d b y t h e m o n m anki nd,
h ad o b ta i ne d d e ifi c a tio n . T h es e w e r e th e fi rst ki ngs
of E gyp t ; a nd , ac c o r d i ng to th is h i s t o ri a n m any , of

t h e m b o re t h e sa m e na m e s as th e l
c e e st a i l go ds . He
e num e rat es a m o ng t h e m , S o l , S a tur n,
R h ea, A m m o n,
J uno ,
V ul c an V esta a nd M e rc ury
, ,
.

W e l earn fro m th i s r elati o n th at th e go d s w h o are

, ,

sai d t o h av e re i g ne d in E gyp t a nd w h o are pl ac e d b y ,

H ero d o tus and M a ne th o n as w e ll as b y D io d o rus a t th e , ,

h e a d o f th e d y nas ti es w e re no t th e p ro p e r d i vi ni ti e s o f
,

th e E gy p ti a n t e m p l e s b ut w e re a ll o w e d e x p ressl y to
,

h av e b ee n m e nw h o b o re th e s a m e nam e s w i th th e c e
l es tial g o d s I t s ee m s th at t h e E gy p ti ans h ad a vag ue
.

t ra d i ti o n lik e m a ny o th e r nat i o ns t h a t th e i r m o st nu
, ,

c i ent ki ng s w e re t h e o ffsp ri n o f th e
g g o d s T h ey fo rm ed .

a t a l ate r eri o d th e c h ro ni c l e s o f t h e i r m o na rc h
p y on
a n artifi c i a l s ste m fo und e d o n a ss um e d a s tro no m i
y ,

c al e o c h as a nd h av i n d e te r m i ne d to fi ll u a c e r tai n
p ,g p
s p a c e o f t i m e w i th th e s uc c e ssi o n o f t h e i r d nasti e s
y ,

t h ey fo und it c o nv e ni e nt to a ssi gn th e e a rli e r a es

g
t o th e im a g i nary re i gn o f th ese h ero o ds T h ey
g
-
.

ar ra n g e d th e m in d y nast i e s ; b ut as th e e num e rati o n

w a s al to g eth e r arbi trary it was fo rm e d in v ari o us ,

w ay s a nd t h e re are no t t wo wr i ters wh o i ve it inthe

,
g
s am e o rd er .
 EG Y PT I A N eo ns C O L L E CTI V E L Y . 1 61

O f al l th es e w ri te rs h o weve r M ane th o n as b ei ng an , ,

E gy ptianp ri est m ust b e s up p o se d t o h ave p o ss e ss e d

,

th e m o st i nfo rm ati o n; a nd as h e w ro te
a c c urat e ,

e x r essly o n th i s s ub ec t
p j w e ma
y gi ve h im c re d i t
,

fo r h av i ng b e e n m o r e d ili ge nt th a n e i th er o f his
r i val s in h is c o m il at i o n o f t h e E y t i a n c h r o no
, p g p
l o g y I f th ere fo re t h ere w a s a ny o ne m eth o d o f
.
, ,

s t at i n
g th i s s uc c essi o n o f go d s t hat w a s m o r e a n
th e nt ic t h a n o th ers we m a y c o nc l ud e it t o b e th at
,

wh i c h M a ne th o h as a d o p t e d .

W e sh al l th ere fo re o nth e a uth o ri ty o f M aneth o n

, , ,

r ec k o n V ul c a n a nd A
g ath o d aem o n call e d in th e ,

E gyp ti a n l ang uage Ph th as a nd C nup h is as t h e , ,

m o st a nc i e nt o f t h e go d s ; and ne x t to t h e m w e m ust

p lac e O s i ri s I si s a nd th e i r c o r e l a ti v e s T o th ese w e
, ,
.

m ust add o n t h e te st i m o ny o f H e ro d o tus a nd D i o d o

,

r us, Pan E il ithy ia

, ,
and L at o na . fi ll up th e
T h ese
o d o ad T h e d o d ec a d e or th e sec o nd o rd er, m ay b e
g .
,

com l e ted b e num e rati ng t h e g o d s o f a n infer i o r

p y
d e sc ri p ti o n suc h as A m m o n H erc ul es M ars A nubi s
, , , , ,

H e r m e s o r T h o th a nd th e p ar ti c ul a r fo rm s a ssum e d
, ,

by th e g reate r go d s as C h e mm o th e go d , ,
of Pano p o
l is a fo r m o f O s i ri s fE sc ul ap ius a fo r m
, , ,
o f S erap i s,
a nd th e o d d esses w ho w e r e fo r m s o f [ s is a nd N ep h
g
t hy s . We
ll th us fill up th e c ata l o g ue w i th na m es
sh a ,

w h i c h h a d in re ali t y t e m p l e s c o nse c rate d t o t h em in

E g yp t and h ad rep re se ntati v e s am o ng th e sac red
,

a ni m al s .
 C H A PT E R I .

I N QU I R Y I NTO TH E E S O TE R I C P H I L O S O PH Y OF TH E

EG Y PT I A N S, R E S PE CT I N G TH E S U PR E M E DEIT Y , A ND

TH E ORIGIN OF TH E WOR L D .

I N th e fo re go i ng o utli ne of t h e m o re p o p ul ar fabl es
and m o re iki ng s up ers ti t i o ns o f th e E gypt i a ns w e
s tr
,

h av e fo und li ttl e o r no re fe re nc e t o th e o r i i n o f th e
g
v i sibl e uni vers e T h e go d s We are a s y e t a c q uai nte d
.

w i th are li t tl e m o re th an d e ifi c at io ns o f th e e l e m e nts
, ,

or
p e rs o nifi c at io ns o f th e p o w e rs o f nature m o st
s tr iki n t o th e se nses o r m o st o b v i o us t o r e fl e ct i o n
g , .

It st il l re m a i ns fo r us t o i nq ui re wh e th er th e E gy p tian
p h il o so ph y r e gar d e d t h e syste m o f th e w o rl d as
e t er na l a nd it s d e a rtm e nt s a nd e ner ies a s th e o nly
, p g
d i v i ne b e i ngs ,
o r rec o
g ni se d ,
und er a n e m
y bl em s ,
or

in a ny m o r e r e co ndi te d o c tr i ne s th e , e x istenc e o f an

i nv i s ibl e c re at o r .

I n t h i s i nstanc e w e sh al l fi nd it as use ful to b eg i n

a s b e fo r e b y a d d uc in
g s o m e frag m ents o f G r e c ian
antiq ui ty : fo r it w ill b e see nth at all t h e r ep re se n tati o ns
wh i c h t h e O rph ic a nd Py th a g o r e an p h il o so p h y c o n
ta i ns w i t h r e fe re nc e to t h e o r i g i n o f th e w o rld w ere ,

d er i ve d fro m th e s uc c esso rs o f H erm es ; and th ey h ave

b e en h and e d d o w n t o us in a m o re p erfec t fo rm fro m
t h e G re e k s th an fro m t h e E gy pt i ans .

O ne o f th e o l d es t sp ec i m e ns o f th e O rph i c p h ilo so ph y
no w ex ta nt is co n tained in a p assag e o f Hesio d s
’
1 66 E SO TE R I C P H I L OSOP H Y or THE EG Y PT I A N S .

th e o go ny , w h i c h d esc r ib e s th e i g i no f all th i ngs fro m

or

C hao s . T h e fo llo w i ng is a li t er a l t ranslat i o n O f it

Ch ao s ex ist ed b efo re al l nex t t h e w id e - b o so m ed

E art h , t h e e ver i sec ure ab o de O f t h e im m o rtal h o s t

w h o d wel l upo nt h e t o p s o f s no w - c l ad O l ym pus, and

w ith in t he d ark T ar tarus, in th e re c e sses of t he

Sp ac io us g ro und and E ro s, or L o ve, wh o is t he m o st

b eaut eo us of
go d s
th e imm o rt al .

F ro m Chao s s p rang E reb us and s abl e N igh t ;

fro m N igh t c am e E t h er and D ay, wh o m sh e b ro u
gh t
”
fort h in t h e em braces o f E re bus .

With Chao s the O rp h i c p o e m s c o nne c t th e fi cti o n

o f a n e gg, fro m wh i c h t hey r epre se nt th e wh o l e
o rgan e diz wo rl d to have b een d evel o p e d .

T h ere is a w ell - k no w n
p as sa
ge in th e Bi rd s of
*
A r stop n
i h a e s whi ch c o nta i ns t h i s c o nc e i t
, I nthis .

c o me dy t h e a uth o r h as turne d in to r i d i c ul e al l th e

mo st pro m i nent feature s o f th e est a bli sh e d sup ersti

tion o f his c o untry W e m ay th erefo re c o nj ecture
.

that the fabl es t hat refer to th e c o sm o g o ny are no t

re s ente d t o o ur v i ew in th e m o st fav o ura bl e sha e
p p .

T h e fo ll o w i ng is a li t er al t ranslati o n o f it .

C h ao s existed firs t, and N ight and bl ack E reb us

,
and s ac io us Tartar us, A nd th ere was n e ith er E ar th
p .
,
no r A ir, no r H eav en .
Th e nN igh t, cl o th ed in sabl e
pl um age , in t h e b o undl ess b o so m o f E reb us, fi rst
bro ugh t forth anE g, sp o ntaneo usl y co nce ived, fro m
g
w hich, int h e revo l ut io no f ages, sprang th e b ea
utiful

E ros, or L ove, res l end ent

p wit h g o l denp inio ns, s wift
as th e wh irl winds . He fecundated th e dark -winged

A risto ph anes : Birds

, 6 94 .
 o np mc C O S MO GO N Y . 1 67

C hao s in the v ast Tartarus, and gave o rig in to o ur

k ind (viz . to bird s, ) an d first bro ugh t us fo rt h to l ight .

Th e rac e o f im m o r tal b eings h ad no exist e nce, u
'

ntil
‘

E ro s co nfo und ed all th e el e m ent s . B ut w h e n d is

c ord a nt el ements w ere mixe d, t h e H eav en, and the
O c ean, and the E arth, aro se, a nd t h e im peris habl e
”
rac e O f bl essed go ds .

I n th e se p assa ges th e p h y si c al do ctri ne of x

th e
G r ec i an my sti c s ass um e s th e c h arac ter o f m ate r i ali sm
m a tte r is p rese nte d as t h e
re or i g i nal c a use, and m i nd
s ub se q ue ntl B ut th e frag m e nts o f
as y p ro d uc e d .

th e O rph i c p h il o so p hy a pp e a r to c o nt ra di c t ea c h
o th er w i t h r e fe re nc e to t h i s s ubj e c t
, T h e fa b ul o us .

b e i ng E r o s w h o w a s en end ere d inC h aos , is ca lled

, , g ,

in g o na uti c s the
of th e A O ld e st o f
“
p a ssag e
a r ,

b e i ng s ” wh o re d uc ed i nt o o rd er t h e
p arts o f th e
6
,

un v erse
i and in an e p i to m e o f th e O rph i c d o c tr i ne,
c onta i ne d in th e C l eme nt i n e R e c o gni t i ons h e is
d esc r ib e d as a m asc ul o fem i n i ne d i v i ni ty generated ,

b y th e t urbi d el e me nts w hi c h h e a fterward s s ep a

_
,

ra ted a nd a rran e d
g But a no th er rep resentati o n
.
,

d i re c tly th e r e ve rs e o f t h i s 1 5 g i ve ninth e m os t e xp lic i t ,

m anne r in m o re th an o ne p lac e : th e who le Wo r k o f

,

ro d uc ti o n is a tt r ib ute d to r i m i ti v e i nt elli e n
p a
p g t
b e i ng w ho is d esc r ib ed as g i ving e xi ste nc e to th e
,

m asc ul o fe m i ni ne d e m i urg us
-
T h i s d i v i ni ty w ho .
,

Was a nter i o r t o the c reat i o n, is c all e d Sat ur n the

‘
'
,

o l d e s t o f th e g o d s I sh all c i te a p assag e fro m th e

.

A rg o nauti c s o f O rp h e us in w h i c h t h e c os mo go ny ,

A rgo naut . v . 4 23 .

rs no d a ircr e wnadf nrwo t J

Epuaev dr a wer l( i expwe 8 01) o m ou

' '

ai7r
' ' ’ '
a
'
oa aa r
' '
. . .
1 68 E S O TE R I C PH I L O S O PH Y OF TH E EG Y PT I A NS .

i
d p s l ay s th i s fo rm ; a nd th i s I app reh e nd to h av e b e en
its ge nui ne c h aracte r . T h e p o et p ro p o s es t o h i msel f
t o s i ng * .

v n ai r oc X ocoug oqu éy ot pr o v 00 1 007 a

' ’ ,
'
E
'
’
ouou
oc
px “ p
x ot i K dvo u 3g éxdxeua ev owr a peo fo ro w dc
’
{ Mimis
'
’

b
- '

p-
,

' "
a idspot , x oc l 31 ¢ uij 7r e 1 w 7r soc, x u
p dpbu E pw r a
ur du 39
' '

N ux r bg r a r e oc x l
p poc ,

w néoum gpor oi pair o g y orp écbo wdn

‘ '
épo r
' '

or xa ,
r

630 1 0 7 0 1 0 y ovot g i d Epy o uSn

' 2 ‘ ’ ' ’ ’ ’

q tw fig r xoc '
5 ,

'

y pov owr odpa voi) EO T OL o wr o

‘ ’

rny evéw v oi N r
‘ ’ ’
' ‘

y or ijg To wpda dev, yéu g Eg y év vr

‘
o e o o

dn i dt y a io w om s fpw o v a iev 3a m
' ’

v r aiv, o
‘
'

aar .

Firs t, t h e v ast fat al reig n o f anc ient Ch ao s,

and Kro nus, wh o in th e imm e nse reg io ns b ro ugh t
fo rth e t h e r, and
a p ro d uc e d t h e m asc ul o -fe m inine

E ro s, spl end id a d gl o rio us, t h e g reat s ire o f n

p r im e val N igh t , w h o m l at e r m o rt al s t ermPh anes,
b ec ause h e fi rs t sh o ne fo r th . The n I sing th e
b irth p o w erful B rim o (o r H ec at e, ) and t h e
of

e v il d ee d s o f t h e E ar t h - b o r np ro ge n ,
y (t h e giant s)
fro m w h o s e w o und s d is til l ed th e s h o w ers t h at

gav e o rigin t o m o rtal s i h ab it ing th e n s p ac io us

”
E arth 1 .
‘

A rgo naut . v . 12 .

1 I h av e th us
~
t ransl at ed t h e l ast l ines, w it h referenc e t o the

verses o f O vid, rel at in

g t o th e same fabl e
‘

O b rut a m o l e s ua c um co rp o r a dira j acerent ,

Pe rfusam m ul t o nato rum s an uine t erram

'

g
I m m ad uis se fer unt, q ue anim asse c ruo rem ; c al id um

E t ne nul l a fer ae st irpis m o num ent a manerent

I n fac iem ver tisse h o m inum .
 o np mc CO S M O G O N Y . 1 69

I n ano th er O rph i c frag m e nt p r e se rve d b y Pro c l us, ,

in h is c o m m e ntary o n th e T i m aeus Kr o nus is r ep re ,

s e nte d xi sti ng c o evall y w i th a nc i e nt N i gh t and

°

as e ,

d i sc o ursi ng w i th h er o n th e c re a ti o n h e m e d i tate d .

M a ia
i
96 06 1 N 62 d p gpor s
i '
ds, (ppot ge,
'

, ,
7raig r a
'
59 35 7 ‘u do wo ww v otpxij u x pocr spocppovoc
’ ’ ’ '
711 . ot

'

O er wh el m ed in r uin t h e ir v as t b o d ies l ay
T he E ar th , im b ued w it h t h e w ar m v it al bl o o d
O f h er o w nso ns, l est t h e fi erce p r o g eny
Sh o ul d ut terl y b e l o st , c h ang ing t h e fo rm s,
”
G av e or ig in t o m en .

I t is prising t h at t h is s trange fi c t io n is preser ve d in m ore

sur

t h an o ne sy st em o f m y t h o l o gy Th e id ea o f d ed ucing t h e .

o rigin o f anim al s and m e n fro m eggs, o r s eed s , is an o b vio us

co nc eit, and suit e d t o t h e infant st at e

so w el l ph il o so p hy, Of

t h at w e c a n acc o unt fo r it s o rigin and e x t e nsio n; b ut th is

fab l e, t h at t h e h um an rac e sp rang fro m t h e bl o o d o f giant s, is

s o w il d and unc o uth a no t io n, t h at it s e e m s w h o l l
y unac
cou ntab l e . Y e t we re c o
gnise t h e sam e fab l e in th e m yth o l o gy
O f v er
y r e m o t e nat io ns .

I n t h e O l d R unic fragm e nt s, c o m p il e d in t h e E dd a, th e fi rst

b eing pro d uc ed , is s aid t o h av e b een a h uge giant, c al l ed Y m er,
o r A urg el m er Th e go d s, o r t h e so ns o f B o r, sl e w Ym er, and
.

fro m h is bl o o d and bo dy s p rang m ank ind, and t h e w o rl d which

t h ey inh ab it .

I n the Vedas w e fi nd a fab l e o f ex ac t ly the s am e d escript io n .

Viraj , t h e fi rs t c rea t ed b eing, is a m ic ro co s m of t h e wo rl d .

H e is im m o l at ed b y th e g o d s o n sac red grass ; and al l t h e d e

art m e nt s o f t h e univers e are r epres ent e d as s p ringing fro m
p
h is v ar o usi m e m b ers . Th e Pur ush a m edha, go ric al
or al l e

im m o l at io n O f a hum an vict im, was inst it ut ed inrem em branc e

of t h is sc e ne . S ee C o l ebro o k e o nth e Rel igio us Ceremo nies o f
th e H indo o s : A i
s at . Res . vo l . vn.
p 252
. .

Z
1 70 E S O R E TI C P H I L O S OP H Y OF TH E E G Y PT I A N s .

I m mo rtal N ig h t , s upre m e nurse o f t h e go ds

say h o w I m ay w ise l y o rdain t h e o rigin O f t h e

death l ess go d s

N i gh t re
p li e s ,

I
d idegi
’
7r o
'
w'r oc r em as ot cbotr a)
’ '
l w
o s , r to d Em
’

I
‘

!
8s 9a 7ww 0 o w
a \

y a ua w a nem
s

35
9 9
-
i a ou
' '

ou a vov, 5 9 re er
p
.
,

S urro und al l t h ing s w ith b o und l ess aeth er,

and pl ace in t h e m id s t, h e av e n, an d t he vas t earth

and the

T hus far t h e O rp h ic C h ao s, a nd the

c o nc e rn ng i
reat m und an e E gg , w h i c h w a s h atc he d b y th e e q ui
g
v o cal E ro s, th e g e ne r at e d d e m i urg us ; w h o , as we

p e rc e v e,i was s o m et
p ri ng fro m th e
i m es fe i g ne d to s

el e m e nt s sp o nta ne o usl y a nd a t o th er s is r ep res ented ,

as th e O ffsp r i ng o f a n i nt elli g e nt po we r W e shall .

no w ende avo ur t o t ra ce th i s c o s mo
g o ny in th e nu
d o ub te d i ns o f E gy pti an a nti q ui ty
re m a .

E e bi t i nfo rm s us o nth e a uth o r i ty O f Po rph y ry

-
us us , ,

th at th e E gy ptia ns a c k no w l ed g e d o ne i ntellec t ual

A uth o r o r C reato r o f th e W Vo rld und er th e nam e o f ,

C neph a nd th at the y w o rsh ippe d h im in a sta tue o f

h um an fo r m a nd d ark bl ue c o m p l e xi o n h o l din g inhis ,

ha nd a gi rd le a nd a sc e p tre w ear i ng upo n h is h ead a ,

a nd th r us t i n
r o yal pl um e , g fo rth a n eg g o ut o f h is
m o ut h . By th e e
gg t h r ust o ut O f th e m o uth o f
th i s g o d was m eant th e Wo rld ,
a nd fro m th i s C neph

S ee Fro c l inTim
p 63 4 9 . E sch enbach E pigenes
. 11. . . .
.

O rp hic us v 79 G esner O rp h ic p 3 77
. . . . . . .

1 E nsch Preap E vangel l ib iii c ap 1 1

"
. . . . . .
 EG Y PT I A N CO S M O G O N Y . 1 71

w as sa id to b e ge ne rated , o r p ro d uc ed , a no th e r o d ,
g
who m th e E gypti a ns c all Pht h a, a nd th e G r e ek s,

V ulcan H e r e w e h av e t h e c h ao t i c e gg O f the O rph i c

.

v e rse s c r eate d o r
, pro d uc e d b y C nep h T hi s C neph .

is m e nt i o ne d b y se veral o th er a uth o rs Pl utarc h a'e .

i nfo rms us, th at h e was w o rsh i pp ed by th e inh abi

t a nts of th e T he b ai d ,
wh o re fuse d to co ntri b ute a ny

p art to w ard s t h e m ai nt e nanc e o f th e sa c r e d ani m al s,

b ec a use th ey a c k no wl ed g ed no m o rtal g o d and ,

a d o re d no ne b ut h im w h o m t h ey ca ll ed C ne p h ,
a nnu
c re a t e d a nd i m m o rta l b e i ng . A c c o rd i ng to S trab ol ,
-

t h e te m p l e o a up h is, ( d o ub tl ess t h e sam e as C neph )

w as in th e i sl a nd o f E l ep h a nti ne ,
at the co nfi nes o f
E gy p t and E thi o pi a . l
a so d ec l ar e s ,
that
C ne ph w as th e Ph oe ni c i a nA g a t h o d aem o n o r th e G o o d ,

G e ni us a nd und e r t h i s na m e w e re c o g ni se h im in
,

th e w ri t i ngs Of M ane th o n a nd o t h e r a ut h o rs .

A m o r e m e tap h y s i c a l ac c o unt o f C ne p h is g i ve n b y
I am b l ic h us fro m ,
c e rta i n b o o ks a sc ri b e d t o H erm e s,

w h i c h w ere e x ta nt in h is t i m e a nd
ga rd e d by , a re re

t h a t w ri ter w h o w as d e e pl y v e rse d in t h e E i
,
gy p an
t

p h il o s o p hy , a s g e nui ne H e say s A c c o rd i ng t o .
,

an o t h er o rd er H er m es p l ac es th e g o d C nep h § a s t h e
,

l
r u er o f th e i l go d s w h o m h e d e c l a res to b e
c e l es t a ,

a s e l f i nt elli e nt m i nd a b s o rb e d in his o w n co n
g
-
,
'

t e m p l a t io ns B e fo r e t h i s C ne p h h e p l a c es o ne b e i ng
.

w i th o ut p ar ts w h i c h h e t erm s t h e fi rst o c c ul t p o w er
, ,

a nd d e n o m i na t e s E ik to n; in th i s th e fi r st intell i
ibl ri n c i l e is c o n t a i ned it is w o r sh i d nly in
g e
p p p pe o

Pl utarc h d e I sid et O sir r S t rab o , l ib x vn p 5 62

J
. . . . . .

I E nsch Prmp . . E v l ib i
. . . c ap . 1 0, p 4 1 . .

T h e nam e is writ t en E m ep h in I am b l ich us, pro b abl y by

an e rro r in th e co p ies .
1 72 c o s M O G O N Y, E TC . C N E PH ,
- PH T H A S .

s il enc e A fter th e se are o th er p o w ers w hic h p resi de

.

o ve r t h e fo rm a t i o n o f t h e v i s i b l e w o r l d T h e c reat i ve .

m i nd w h i c h p ro c e e d s t o t h e d e v el o p e me nt o f th e
i
un v e rse, is ca ll e d A m m o n Ph th a , ,
a nd O si ris ,
as it
a ss um es d i ffe re nt
We sha ll no t at t e m p t to asc erta i n w h e th e r E ik to n
and C nep h a re m o d ifi c a t i o ns of th e sa m e nam e, as

J abl o nski asse r ts ; b ut sh a ll on ly r e m ar k ,

t h a t this

l e ar ne d a ut h o r is c e rta i nly w ro ng in co nfo und i ng

C ne p h w i th Ph th a ,
or t h e D e m i urg us . T h es e t wo
b e i ng s l y d i sti ng ui sh e d in al l t h e fra g m ents
a re c e a r l
w e h av e o f t h e E gyp ti a nth e o l o gy C ne p h C nuphis .
, ,

o r I c h nu hi
p as J a bl o ns ki c o n
, t end s t h at h is na m e

sh o ul d b e w ri tt e n is a n et erna l unc h ang e a bl e b e i n

, g , ,

s ub s i s ti ng b
y h i m s e l f un t i l a c ert ai n er i o d w h e n h e
, p ,

is r ep re se nt ed as b r i ngi ng fo rth th e e gg t h e sy mb o l ,

o f th e c h ao t i c state o f th e w o rl d a nd at th e sam e ,

t i m e g i v i ng e xi ste nc e t o a sec o nd a ry b e i ng w h o m ,

t h e E gypt i a ns t erm e d Ph t h as a nd t h e G r e e k s , ,

V ul c a n .

Ph th as is ev i d e ntl y th e m asc ul o fe m i ni ne b e i ng -

o f th e O rp h i c p h il o s o p h
y p ro d uc e d in th e c h ao ti c
,

e
g g a nd ac ti ng up o n its e l e m e nts
, F o r w e h av e .

s ee n th at h e c o rresp o nd s i n e nera ti o n a nd o ffi c e w i th
g
th e O rp h i c d e m i urg e ; a nd w e a re t o l d e x ressl b
p y y
H o rap o l l o t h at th e E gy pt i ans rep re se nte d Ph th as
, ,

lik e th e O rp h i c J up i ter as otpo s voenl ug o r mas ,

’
'

c ul o fe m i ni ne +
-
I t w as in h is m a sc uli ne c h ara c ter
.

t h at th i s e q ui vo c al b e i ng w a s te r m e d V ul c a n; a nd ,

in b es to w i ng thi s nam e up o n h im w e a re t o l d th at ,

I am bl ich d e . M ysterus, sec t . v iii. c a

p 3 . .

1 H o rap oll o d e H i erogl yph l ib p 12

‘
. . ca . .
M A S CU L O - F E M I N I N E D E M I U R GU s — PH TH A S , N E I TH . 1 73 '

th e G re e k s m a d e no refere nce to an o th er attr ib ut e

y
of V ulcan t h an h is c h arac t er o f ar tifi c er o r d e mi
urg us * .

B ut h ad th e E gyp ti ans any a

p p ro p ri ate nam e o r
rep r e sent at i o n o f t h i s d o ubl e b e i ng in its fe m al e
fo r m ? J ab l o nsk i see m s to h ave p r o v e d b eyo nd
al l r easo nabl e d o ub t th at . th e y h ad and th at t h e ,

g o d d ess N e ith w h o m th e G re ek s c all M i nerva and

, ,

wh o w a s w o rs hi p p e d at S a i s w as t h e c o unter p art o f ,

Ph th a s ,
or th e sa m e b e i ng inh is fe m i ni ne c h ar ac ter 1 .
‘

T h i s is i nd e ed , ,
d i sti nc tl y i m p li e d in th e fo ll o w i ng
of H o r ap o l l o
p as sa ge
n6 ' '
, ’
o wa r Ex
'

e ? y a p 020 7 '
x oa
'

p og G uus a r o
'
r s 7 0 6 oc a eum é
p
'

mux ofi A dn
'
d dn E 7r i SE b? wda pou, é7r i 8;
'

uoig
‘

xo T xo

311 7 677 04 7 po <po um m 0 57 0 : y e p ?

i
95 15 1
’ l
H cpou a f '

ou 7 7 m

5:0 7 n ’
ot
px
p
‘

95
O E V0 7 7t E l g znr a
’
r w:
ouc

F o r t h e w o rl d s e e m s t o t h e E gypti ans t o c o n
s i st o f a m a sc ul in e a nd fe m i ni ne na ture , and t h e
y
d e si g nat e M i ner va b y t h e fo r m o f a b ull and V ul c an ,

b y t h at o f a v ul t ure fo r th e se are th e o nly g o d s w h i c h

are re
p r ese nt e d b y t h e E gyp t i ans as h av i ng a d o ubl e
nature ,
o r as b e i ng b o th m asc uli ne a nd fe m i ni ne .

I am b l ich d e M yst eriis, . se c t . viii .

p iii I n th e re ut ed
ca . .
p
wo rk s of H erm es Trism egis tus, w e fi nd a c o sm o go ny, wh ich
s ee m s to b e no th ing m o re th an th e M o sa ic G enesis, b l end ed
w it h t h e W il d id eas ph ys ic al t h eo ry o f t h e H eat h en po et s
and .

Th ere w as a b o und l ess d ark ness in t h e ab yss, and wat er

and a s ub tl e b y divine p o wer in
int el l ige nt sp irit, ab iding
C hao s t h en a h o l y l igh t sp rang fo rth , and t h e el em ent s w ere
c o m p ac t e d o f sa nd fro m t h e h um id s ub st ance, and al l th e go ds
”
d is t rib ut ed p rinc ip l es o f nature
t h e s em inal S erm S ac . . .

S ee J ac k so ns Chro no l o gical
’

0 iii
. H erm T ris m eg O p era
. . . .

A ntiquit ies, vo l i p 1 7
n
. . . .

J b l nsk Pant h t l ib i c ap 3
1 a o y p
‘ .
. . . . . .
1 74 SU M or TH E EGY PT IAN D O CT R I N E .

M o reo ver th e v e ry sa m e at trib ut es a re a sc rib ed

,
to

t h e E gyp ti a n M i nerva w h i c h b el o ng t o Ph th a s ‘
,
as

th e a ut h o r a b o v e c i te d p assag e in
h as s h o w n fro m a

Pr o c l us o n t h e T im ze usfi a nd fro m se v e ral o th er

'

a ut h o ri t i e s in w h i c h s h e is t er m e d t h e fo r m ati ve a nd
all- e rv a d i n o w er T o t h e sam e p ur p o se is th e
p g p .

c e l e b ra t e d i n sc r i p t i o n in t h e t e m p l e o f M i ner va at

S ai s : “
I am al l t h at h as b e e n and is a nd sh all b e , , ,

an d m y ve il no m o rta l h at h e v e r
T h e s um o f th e E gyp ti an d o c tr i ne o n th e o ri g i n o f
th i ng s see m s t o b e a s fo ll o w s T h ere e xi ste d fro m .

a l l e t e r ni t a se l f d e e nd e n t b e i ng w h o m th ey t e rm
y p
-
,

C nep h o r C nuph is th i s na m e i m p o r ti ng a g o o d ge ni us
,

o r sp i ri t F ro m h im w as p ro d uc e d a fi ni te c reati o n
.
,

t yp ifi e d und e r t h e fo rm o f a n e gg w h i c h re p rese nte d ,

t h e c h a o t i c o r unfo r m e d s ta t e o f t h e w o rl d T here .

a l so
p ro c e e d e d at th e s a m e t i m e fro m C ne p h a m as
‘

c ul o fe m i ni ne p ri nc i p l e w h i c h ani m a t e d t h e c h a o t i c
-
,

m a ss and re d uc e d its e l e m e nts i nt o o rg a ni se d fo r m s

, .

T h i s b e i ng int h e m asc uli ne c h ara c t e r is Ph th as o r

, ,

V ul c an; in th e fe m al e N e i th o r M i ne r va , .

W e t h us fi nd th at t he E gyp ti ans t h o ugh they ,

w o rsh i pp e d t h e e l e m e nts o f nat ure w e re no t a l to ,

g e th er w i th o ut so m e i d e a o f a fi rs t c a us e b y w h o se ,

a en
g c y th e p re s e nt uni v e rs e w as c all e d i nto e xi st
e nc e ; t h at t h e
y r eg ard ed th e p ri m i t i ve d e i ty as an
e t er n al i nt el l ec tual a nd s i ri tua l b e i n
, p , g .

Referun-t [E gypt i ] , in A dy to M inerv a S ai tic ae, l egi h anc

inscrip t io nem foribus insc ul ptam Quae s unt, q uae erunt, .

quaaque fuerunt, sum ego T unicam m e am nem o r evel av it

. .

”
F ruc t us q uem pep eri fuit S o l F ro c l in Tim l ib i p 3 0 . . . . . . .

Th e S un w as al so th e o ffs pr ing of Vul c an , acc o rd in

g to
Maneth o n .

1 Pl ut I sid
»
. . et O sir . A l so Pro cl us in Tim l ib i p 3 0 . . . . .
 R E S PE CT I N G THE O RI GI N OF THE WO RLD . 1 75

A t th e s am e ll o wed t h at eve nin

t i m e it m ust b e a ,

t h e i r ac c o unt o f th e o ri g i n o f t h e uni ve rs e a nd th e ,

o erat i o n o f th e c re at o r t h e E
p g yp ti ans w e re no t free
fr o m th e w eak ne ss and i m p erfe c ti o n w h i c h li es at th e
fo und at i o n o f p aga ni s m : w e fi nd e ve n h ere a m ix ture
o f s e ns ual i m a e s b o rro w ed fro m th e m a t e rial w o rl d
g , .

T h e m a sc ul o fe m i ni ne b e i ng p ro d uc e d b y C nup h is
-
,

t o w h o m th e s ub se q ue nt d evel o p e m e nt o f t h e w o rld
in th e w ay o f g e ne r at i o n is a ttr ib ute d is a s triki ng ,

i nsta nc e o f th i s d es c ri p ti o n .

C nup his t h e fi rst o r p ri m i ti ve d e i ty o f th e E gyp ti an

,

m yth o l o gy is s o m e t i m es re p rese nt e d as t h e s o ul o f
,

t h e w o rld o r th e uni ve rs e w h i c h as w e h a ve o b se r -
, ,
x

v e d w a s r e ar d ed as a li v i n
,

c all e d
g
a n a ni m a l a n d a go d
g wh o l e and is by Pl ato

’
T au r paIr u © 314
,

'
— o 5

r m H a w l 7 39 0467 0 11 uopu Cmr w sa s Pl utarc h i i ng

"
-
y o ,c t ,

t h e w o rd s o f H e c a taeus T he y c o ns i d er th e p r i m i ti ve
.

d e i t y a nd th e uni ve r s e as o ne i d e nt i c a l b e i ng
”
We .

s h al l h a ve a n O o rt uni t h e reafte r o f ill ustrat i n

pp y g
t h i s no t i o n .

F ro m th i s s o ul o f th e w o r l d al l s ub o rd i nate so ul s
o ri i nally e m a na te d S uc h as E use bi us a ssures us
g .
, ,

was th e a nc i e nt d o c tri ne o f th e H e rma i c b o o k s ; a nd

th i s test i m o ny is a b und antly c o nfi rm ed as w e sha l l ,

fi nd by o th e r w ri te rs
,
.
 CH A PT E R I I .

O F TH E A LTE RN A TE D E S T RU CT I ON S A ND R E NOVA TI O N S

OF TH E WO RLD .

A L TH O U GH th e E gyptian p r i ests, Greek philo and th e

S o h ers w h o d er i ved th e i r d o c tr i ne s fro m E y ti an
p g p
s c h o o l s s o k e s o d ec i d e dl s e c t i n th e -o r i in o f th e
, p y re p g g
wo rl d fro m th e ag ency o f an i nt ellig ent sp i r i tual and , ,

eter nal B e i ng th ere w ere o th er p ar ts o f th e i r p h ilo

,

s o ph w h i ch see m to r e nd er it d i ffi c ul t t o d eterm i ne,

y
w h e th er th ey b eli eve d that th e sy stem o f nat ure
eve r h ad a b eg i nni ng
p ro p er l y so call e d
, T h e w o rl d .

is represented in so m e o f th ei r p h ilo so ph i cal reveri e s ,

a s s ub e c t t o o cc as i o nal d e st ruc t i o ns and r eno vati o ns,

j
w h i ch s ucc e e d each ot h er at d i stant i nterval s in a

etua l
i i i tud e A t th e end o f eac h g re at
p p er v c ss .

e rio d th e w h o l e a ss emblag e o f c el esti al p h e no m e na

p ,

wh i c h are r eg ar de d a s t h e i nfl uenti al c auses o f a ll

c h a n es in th e subl una ry w o rl d b ei ng resto r e d t o
g ,

th e s am e ini ti al o rd e r and p ro c eed i ng in th e sam e

,

c at en atio n as b e fo r e t he w h o l e ser i es o f events th at

,

d e p end up o n th e m fo ll o w in th e i r fo rmer co nne xi o n

o f pl ace and t i me T h e sam e i ndi vi d ual m en a re
.

d o o m ed t o b e b o rn agai n a nd p erfo rm th e sam e ,

ac t i o ns as b efo re ; th e sa m e a rts ar e t o b e i n ven te d ,

an d th e sam e c i ti es b uil t a nd d estr o y ed .

A l t er crit t unc Tip h ys e t al t era q uae veh at A rgo

D il ect o s h ero as ; e r unt e t iam al t era b el l a,
A tque i t erum ad Troj am m agnus m ittet ur A chil l es fi '

Virg . E cl o g 4. .

A A
 1 78 A L T E R N A TE D E S T R U CT I O N S

Wh ether th i s seri e s o f rep eate d c reati o ns and c atas

tro ph es ever had a b e g i nni ng , or w as re
g ard e d as
h av i ng e xi ste d fo r e ve r —wh eth er th ere w a s a ny fi rst
li nk to th e c ha ll i nq ui re a fter stat i ng the
in,
we sh a ,

mo st im p o r tant c irc um st a nc e s in t h i s fabl e

, .

T h i s d o g ma a ppears t o h ave b ee n c o m m o n to
se ve ra l o f t h e e ar l y se c ts o f p h il o s o p h ers in G r eece
* .

W e fi nd tra c es o f it in th e re mai ns o f O rph eus a nd

W e sh all sh o w t h at th e r e is suflic ient re as o n to co n

l
e ud e t h at th e G re e k s d eri ve d it fr o m t h e E gyp ti ans .

I t wa s a favo uri te d o c tr i ne Of th e S to i c s, and h el d so

p ro mine nt a
p l ac e in th e i r d i sc o urs e s o n th e nat ure of

th e w o rl d , a nd o n fate , th at it c am e to b e re
g ard e d as
o ne o f
p ec uli ar te ne ts o f th at sch o o l
th e . I t is ch i efly
unfo ld e d in th e i r w r i ti ng s and w e a r e ind eb te d to
,

t h e m fo r m o st o f o ur info r m at i o n c o nc e r n n i g th is
curi o us pa rt o f anc i e nt p h ilo so ph y .

T h e c a tastr o p h e s d est i ne d a t i n t i m es t o c er ta

d estro y th e w o rl d a re ac c o r d i ng to t h e S to i c s o f two
, ,

ki nd s : o ne is t h e lesser o r parti al d estruc ti o n; the

,

o th e r a m o re p erfec t d i sso l uti o n T h e c atac l ys m o r

.

d e str uc ti o n b y d el ug e s w e ep s aw ay t h e wh o l e h um an
rac e a nd a nni h il ates all th e a ni m al and v e e tabl e
,
g
p ro d ucti o ns o f na t ure ; th e e cpy ro sis o r c o nflag ratio n ,

o f th e w o rl d d i sso lve s t h e glo b e i tsel f and i nvo l ves

, ,

t h e ve ry el e m ent s a nd th e fra m e o f t h e uni vers e .

1 S e nec a h as g i ve n us a m ag nifi c ent ac co unt o f

.

th e d estruct i o nb y d e l ug e I nundatio nib us quid uid

.

q ,

S ee p artic ul arl y L ip sius d e Physio l o gia S to ic o rum, D issert .

2 ; fro m w hic h most o f wh at h as b een said b l ate writers o n

y
th is subj ect seems to have b eenborro wed .
 A ND RE N O V A T I O N S o r TH E WO R LD . P1 9

h ab itatur ( v et ustas ) o b d uc et nec ab it que -

o m ne ani
”
ma l ,
or be su b m erso . D e cay sh a ll i nvo l ve the
whol e i nh abi t ed w orld and sh al l d e stroy every ani ,

mate d b e i ng ; th e gl o b e i tself b e i ng s ub m erg ed in

”
th e d ee p .He say s in ano th e r plac e E rgo q uan ,

d o que e r it t e rm i nus r e bus h um anis c um p a rtes terrae ,

inter ire d eb ue rint, ab o lre r iv e fund it us t o t a , at de

int eg ro to taa r ud e s inno x iaeque g e ner e nt ur , ne c
”
s up ersit in de te ri o ra m ag iste r '

. T unc ex silie nt
m o nt ib us fl um ina ip so s que
”
s ub im p et u quatient
'

O m nes no vum m are fab ul as

”
o b r uet Pe rib unt
t o t no m i na ; C asp i um , et R ub rurn m are . Perib it
o m ne disc rim e n . C o nfund etur q uid q uid in suas

p ar te s nat ura d ig essit .

A t er m w ill so m e t me be
i s et to th e caree r o f h uman
i
a ffa rs, wh e n al l th e p ro d uc ti o ns of th e ear th a re fate d
to e r i sh a nd to b e c o m e w h o ll xti nc t in o rd er that e
p y ,

al l m a b e b r o u h t fo r th a ne w si m l e and i n no c e nt ;
y g p , ,

a nd w i th o ut an o f t h e o l d r a ce s ur vi vi n to sh o w th e
y g
e x am pl e o f ev il A t th at e ra stream s sh all b reak fo rth
.

und er th e m o unta i ns a nd sh all sh ak e th e m fro m th e i r

,

fo undat i o ns N e w o c eans s h all o bli te rate al l lo cal

.

trad i ti o ns .T h e R e d and th e Casp ian S ea and o th er ,

c el e b rate d na m e s sh all b e h eard O f no m o re

, A ll .

d i st i nc ti o ns sh all b e l o st a nd al l the ele m ents w h i c h ,

N ature h as d i strib uted i nto th e i r sev eral pro vi nc es

sh all b e c o nfo und e d .

B ut th e fram e o f th e wo rl d w ill no t b e d estro y ed

b y th e catac ly s m N o n se m p e r e a l ic e ntia und i s
.

erit : s e d p erac t o ex itio ge n e r i s h uma ni ex t inc tis ue

q
a r i ter feri s in quar um h o m in um ing eni a t ransie rant
p , ,

Co nso l at . ad M areiam . c apit e ul tim o .

1 80 A L TE R N A T E D E S T R U CT I O N S

iter um a q uas t er ra so rb eb it nat ura p el ag us stare,

aut i nter t e rm ino s s uo s fur er e co

g et : et j
re e c tus é
no stris se d ib us, in s ua se c re ta p e ll e tur O c eanus
ant iq ua s o rdo r evo c ab it ur : o m ne e x i nt eg ro a ni mal
”
g e nerab itur .

2 B ut a far m o re
. co m
p l e te d e struc t i o n awa its th e
un ve rse, w h e n th e
i h o ur o f t h e d esti ne d c o nfl a grati o n
a rr i v e s A t t h i s p eri o d th e g o d s t h e m se l v es are
.

d o o m e d to p er i sh M und o m inantur inter itum,

.

s ay s th e p h il o so p h er a b o ve q uo ted ,
et h o c uni versum

q uo d o mn a i d i vi na h um ana q ue
pl ec titur s i fas com ,

p utas c red er e d i e s al iquis d issip ab it et i n c o nfusi

, ,

on e m v eter e m t e neb ras que d e m er e t 1 O v i d h as

g
'
.
;

th us d esc r ib e d t h e catast ro p h e .

E sse quo q ue inF atis rem inis c it ur afl o re t e m pus

’

Quo m are, quo t el l us, c o rrep t aque regia coel i

A rd eat et m und i m o l es o
p ero sa l ab o re t .
1

H e k no w s t im e wil l inF at e
’
a c o m e, s d ec ree,
Wh en o cean , earth , and h eaven s h igh p al ac es
’

do o m d and t h e w h o l e universe
’
A re to bl az e
”
L ab o ur in v ain with al l -s ub d uing fi res .

A nd S enec a th e t rag ed i a n
,

Caal i re
gia co nc idet
C ert o s at q ue o b it us t rab e t,
A t que nes p ariter d eo s
om

Perd et M o rs al iqua et C h ao s .

Quae st N atural ium l ib iii

. . . . ca
p 29. .

1 D e Co nso l at . ad Po l yb . c ap . 20 .

I M etam orph . l ib i
. . vers . 256 .

nS
i eneca Tragmd H erc . . O ct . v. 1 1 12.
 A ND R E N O VA T I O N S OF TH E WO R LD . 18 |

The p al ac e o f h eave n sh al l fal l ,

A nd m ee t it s d estined d est ruc t io n
A nd al l t h e go d s al ik e

S hall b e t h e prey o f D eath and C hao s .

By t h i s c atastr o
ph e al l c re at e d b e i ng s a r e to be de
stro
yed ,
i nto th e unc reat ed e ss enc e o f th e
o r res o v e dl
d i vi ni ty Pl utar c h m ak es th e S to i c C l ea nth e s d e cl are
.

t h at th e M o o n t h e S t ar s and th e S un w ill p eri sh

, , , ,

a nd th at t h e c e l es ti a l mth e r w h i c h acc o rd i n t o t h e
g , ,

S to i cs w as t h e s ub sta nc e o f th e d e i ty w il l c o nve rt
, ,

al l t h i n s i nto its o w nna t ur e o r assi m il at e t h e m t o

g ,

i tse l f 1 A nd S e ne c a c o m p ares th e se l f—c o nfi d enc e o f

.
96

t h e p h i l o s o p h e r t o th e i nsul ate d h a pp ines s o f J up i ter ,

w h o a fter t h e w o rl d h a s m e l ted a w ay a nd th e g o d s
, ,

a re re s o l ve d i n t o o ne e s se nc e w h e n t h e o p e rat i o ns ,

o f na t ure c e a se w i thd ra w s h im s e l f fo r a w h il e i nto

,

h is o w n t h o ugh ts a nd rep o se s in th e c o nt e mpl at i o n

,

of h is o w n p e rfe c t io ns xl '

T he sa m e t h i ng w a s a ffi rm e d b y C h rysi p p us , Z e no ,

a nd C l eanth es ; a nd w e fi nd p assa g es i m il ar s t o th e
fo re go i ng c i ted by C i c e ro , i N um eni us [I , Ph il o
J ud aaus § and m any o th e r a uth o rs
,
.

W e h av e o nl y to m ake two o r th ree furth er o b se r

v at io ns on th e i
c rc um st a nc es co nne c te d w i th th ese
fabl es, as w e fi nd th e m in th e w ri t i ng s of th e G ree k

h il o so h ers a nd p o e ts
p p .

Pl ut de Co m m N o tio n
. . .

1
~
Qual is es t I o vis c um res ol uto m und o , et d ns in unum
co nfusis, p aul l isp er, c essant e nat urra, acquiescit sibi, co
gitat i
o nib us s uis t radit us
”
S e neca, E pis t o l 9
.
— . .

I Cic ero d e N at D e o r um l ib ii . . . .

N um e n apud E us eb Praap E vangel l ib

. . . . . x v. p 8 20
. .

Ph il J ud de I m mo rtal itate M undi

'

§ . . .
1 82 A L TE R N A T E D E S T R U CT I O N S

r et urns of th es e c a tastro p h es we r e co n
‘

T he
nect ed w i th i nas tro no m i c al p eri o d s A rist o cl es
c erta .
,

’
a r oc T wa s ét a u s v g zea l
’
q uo ted by E us ebi us s ay s , , p p x
‘
a

ofi a fia t hu O dpfl ra w a
’
aroug E
'
ipm p evoug xm
' '
T
a
xp p
'

T h at th e wh o le w o r ld is c o ns um e d by fi r e after

i n fated and d efine d i nterval s

c erta A . nd N um e ni us,
in a p assag e c i ted b y t h e sa m e auth o r ,
w ri t e s t o t h e
l '
sa m e e ffe c t . 0 6 y e p ém r ig 7 06 xo
q uou, x oc'r d
¢ 90p&9
’

p ddoug p g fa r ms
e x u twg
p
/
r e r ,

m fio o w 6: T hu eig
’ ' ‘ ’ '
a u éo woum v r ift! (p r fi o woa wm v
r e
p l p p ,

Soyp a r igow eg flu 39) x a k ofia t v éx wépw o w f

' ”
r aiv 8v
'
‘ -
.
,

T ho se wh o teac h th e d o g ma t h at al l t h i ngs are to be ,

res o l ve d in to fi re, in w h at t h e y c all t h e E c py ro s is do ,

no t p ro p erly app ly t he te r m d estr uct i o n to t he c ata s

t ro p h e w h i ch is d o o m e d t o h ap p e n t o th e w o rl d at

c er ta i n gr ea t i nterval s o f t i m e .

C e nso r i nus co nnects th e c at a s tro p h e w i th t h e p e

r io d s o f th e annus m ag nus or r e at y ear a c y cl e
, g ,

c o mp o se d o f l ut i o ns o f th e sun m o o n and
th e r e vo , ,

pl ane ts ; and w h ic h ter m i nates wh en t h e se b o d i es

r e tur n t o g eth er t o th e sa m e s i g n wh en ce th e y w ere ,

s up p o se d so m e o ch t o h av e
at re m o t e e
p s e t o ut
}:
J uli us F irm i c us est i m ates th e l ength of th i s p i
er o d

at y ears ; after w h i c h h e say s th e ap o c a , ,

t astatis o r reno vati o n o f t h i n s was su o sed to

,
g pp ,

h app e n O rph eus is sai d to h ave assi gned it a so m e

.

wh at s h o rter d urati o n; b ut C assand er l e n th ened it

g
A rist o cl es apud E useb .

1 N um e nius ap ud E useb .

1 Censo rinus de D ie N atal i .

Censo rinus mentio ns th e op i nio n o f O rph eus and Cas

c ander O rph ei, ad centum m il l ia ”
vi
ginti (aastimantis)
.

Cassandri ad t ricies ”
sexies c e ntena mil l i e . I bid .
 A ND R E N O V A T I ON S OF TH E WO R LD . 1 83

to y ears .
" A ll wri t ers, h o w ever, n
c o n ec ted

th e c at astro p h e w i th th e r e vo ut o n o f
l i th e a nnus

m agnus , yc le or
g reat c .

2 T h e S to i cs w ere fi r m l y p ers uad e d th at h um an

.

nature w as d o o me d to b eco m e in e very succ eed i ng

a e m o r e c o rrupt ; a n
g
d th at th e c o nc l us i o n o f th is
c are e r o f il a nd m i ser
g u t y w a s a c a tras t0 ph e that
s wept o ff fro m th e fa c e o f t he e ar th its o ll uted in
p
h a bi tants and p re p a r e d a p l ac e fo r a ne w g e ne rat i o n
,

o f m e n v i rt uo us a nd i nno c e nt wh o se
, p o s teri ty after ,

m a ny a g es w ere p re d e s ti ne d to und erg o t h e sam e

unh a ppy d e b a se m e nt a nd to e nta i l u o n th e m se l ve s
p ,

a s i m il ar d es tr uc ti o n l A fte r t h e w o rl d h as b ee n
ae
.

c l e a re d o f its i n h a bi ta nts t h e o c e a n says S e ne c a , , ,

s h a ll b e d r i ven b ac k t o its o w n retreats th e anc i e nt ,

o rd e r o f t h i n s s h a l l b e re c all e d eve r t r ib e o f a ni m al s
g y ,

s h al l b e e ne ra t ed a ne w an d t h e ea rth sh all b e h o l d
g ,

m e n d evo id o f g uil t a nd b o rn und e r b e tt er a usp ic es

, .

B ut th e i nno c e nc e o f th i s ra ce sh all o nl y c o nti nue

w h il e t h e y a re new fro m th e ha nd s o f N at ur e Vi c e .

a nd fo ll w ill s o o nc re e p in fo r virt ue is w i th d i ffi c ult y

y
a tta i ne d a nd re q ui re s a
, g ui d e and a c o ntro uli ng
h and ; b ut Vi ces a re l e arnt w i th o ut th e aid o f
i nstruc ti o n Pas sag es o f a s i m il ar i m p o rt are t o
.

b e fo und in C i c ero a nd Pl utarc h sl '

I-n s ua s ec re ta
p el l et ur O c eanus antiquus o rd o revo ca

b itur . O m ne ex integro anim al generab it ur, dab iturque

t erris h o m o insc ius scel erum , et m el ioribus aus
pic iis natus .

S ed il l is q uo que inno ce ntia no n d urabit, nis i d um no vi sunt .

Cit o nequitia sub repe t : virtus d iffi cil is inventu est, rec to rem
'

”
duc e mque d esiderat etiam sine m agistro v iti a discuntur .

Q N at 3 29
'

. . . c. .

1 Pl a t de Comm N ot ion
"
. . .
1 84 A LT E R N A T E D E S T R U CT I O N S

H ere we trac e t h e fun d a m e n t al i d ea o f th e fi c t io n

l n il n d i n ce l eb rated
o f th e g o d e s v e,
r a ro,
a
g es ,
s o

a m o ng th e p o et s o f a nti q ui ty .

3 T h e s uc c e ss i o n o f t h e se c a tastro p h e s, and th e
.

relati o no f th e c ata c l y s m t o th e c o nfl ag rat i o n ,

s eems

no t to h ave b e en ac c ura te l y d e fi ne d W e fi nd co ntra .

dic to ry o p i ni o ns res p e c t i ng it A c c o rd i ng to so m e the

.
,

i nund ati o n s ucc ee d s i m m ed i ate ly to t h e co nflagra

'
'

tio n o th ers rev e rs e th e o rd e r . A r s to t e s uggested

i l
an i d ea wh i ch app e ars to h ave l ed to th e no ti o n that
th e y a l ternat ed w i th eac h o th er A d verti ng t o th e .

fabl e o f th e r e i terate d fl o o d h e s ay s I t is p ro b abl e

, ,

th at at a c erta i n per i o d o f th e g r eat y ear a so rt o f

w i nt er tak es p l ac e w h en w a t er a b o und s as in th e
, ,

annual revo l ut i o n o f th e s easo ns 1 T h i s p assage as .

,

L ipsius h as o b serv ed see m s t o hav e b ee n a mplifi ed

,

by C e nso ri nus w h o q uo te s it a s A ri s to tl e s o p i ni o n
’

, ,

that th e i nund a t i o n c o ns ti tute s th e w i nt er o f the

“

great y ear o r as tr o no m i c a l c y c l e w h il e t h e confla

, ,

gratio n o r d estruc t i o n b y fi re is th e summ er or ,

p eri o d o f g reatest h e a t A c c o rd i ngly h e suppo ses

.

t h e m t o a l te rnate ; a nd t h i s no ti o n h as b ee n a d o pted
b y seve ral o th er wr iters i B ut p erh ap s th ere w as o ri

g inal l y no c o nnec t i o n b e twe e n th e se si ng ular fabl es .

J ul . Firm ic l o c c it at . 1 M eteo r l ib i p ul t
‘
. . . . . ca . .

1 E st praeterea annus, says C e ns o r inus, que m A ris

t o tel es m ax imum p o t ins quam m agnum ap p el l at , q uem S ol is
et L unae v agarum que S t el l am m o rb es c o nfi c iu nt c um ad idem
signum, ubi q uo nda m sim ul f uerant una r e vert unt ur . Cuj us
an ni h iems s um m a est C atacl ysm us , no s tri dil uvio nem q uam
v o c ant ; sestas autem E cpyro sis q uo d e st m undi inc endium
, .

N am h is al ternis t em po ribus m undus t um ex i nescere, t um

g
exa uescere vid et ur - Ce nsoria de D ie N at Li sius ubi su ra
q .
p .
p . .
 A ND R E N O VA T I O NS or THE WO R L D . 1 85

The y ppear t o h ave

a b e en d eri v ed fro m d i sti nct
t rad i ti o ns .

4 . W e m i gh t al mo st rest sati sfi ed that th ese fabl es

w ere d e r i ve d d i r e c tly or i nd i rec tl y fro m E gyp t , ev en

if w e h ad no po s i ti ve assuranc e th at suc h d o gmas

w ere m ai nta i ne d b y t h e p ri ests o f th at c o untry .

S eve ral c o ns i d e r a ti o ns w o ul d re nd e r th at c o nc l us i o n
e xtre m ely p ro b abl e .

I n th e p l ac e, w e a re w el l as sure d th at t he
fi rst
d o c tr i ne o f s uc c essi ve d estruc t i o ns and re no vati o ns
of t h e w o rl d w as no new i nve nt i o n o f th e S to i cs b ut ,

w as c o m m o n to th e m a nd al l th e o l d e r se c ts o f p h il o
am o n
so p h e rs g th e G reek s, w h o are kno w n to h ave
d er i v ed th e i r t e ne ts fro m th e E gy p ti an s c h o o ls * .

We a re ex p res sl y a s s ure d b y Pl ut a rc h , i t h at it
-

fo r m e d p a rt o f t h e p h y s i cal d o c tri ne s o f O rp h e us,

a

or p e rva d e d th o se frag m e nts o f a nt iqui ty w h i c h w e re

h and ed d o w n as th e ve rs e s o f th at p o et, t h o ugh p ro
b abl y c o m p o sed by i
v a r o us m y sti c s or h i ero p h a nts in
— W e ev e n
t h e e ar ly a nd fab ul o us a
g e s o f G r e ec e .

fi nd t h e p eri o d of ti m e m e nt i o ne d w h i c h O rp h e us
,

is s a i d to h ave as s i gned fo r t h e d urati o n o f ea c h of

h is s uc c e s s v e i w o rl d s }:
T he d o g m a p revail ed in t h e I o ni c sc h o o l ;
sa m e

fo r A na xi m a nd e r t h e M il e si a n taug h t th at th e s o urc e
, ,

r i nc ip l e of al l th i ng s w as infi nitud e w h e nc e
or p
i nfi ni te w o rl ds ar o se, a nd into w h i c h th ey w ere
r e so ve d l .
[I

Cl e m e ns A l ex and S tro m . . l ib . v.

1 Pl ut d e D efec tu O rac ul o r um , ca
p 12
‘
. . .

C e nso rin ub i s upra

1 . .

I] Pl ut arc h d e Pl ac it is Phil o s
. . l ib i . . cap . 3 .

B B
1 85 A L T E RN A T E D E S T R U CT I O N S

I nth e I ta li an sc h o o l Pythag o ras we fi nd th e

of ,

fabl e o f c o nflagratio ns, w h i c h a t state d i nterva l s re

b eing s i nto th e p r i m e val fi re Pl uta rc h ,
so l ve al l .

wh o is uo q t d b E u s e b i u s fl a n d C l e m e n s affi rm t h at
‘
e y ,

H era c l i t u s a n d H ipp a s u s o f M e t a p o n t u m h e l d t h e

i
d o c tr ne o h f t c r o s i s o r d i s s o l u t i o n o f t h e w o rl d
e e py
n d f n d d n t h i t n e t a s s te m o f p h y s i c al
b y fi re ,
a o u e o s e y
th eo l o g y .A nd ac c o rd i ng t o C i c e ro it w a s fro m
, ,

th e fo m f t h h il o s o
p h e r s t h a t Z e n o a d o pted
r e r o e s e p
i i n f n d t i n f t h sy s t e m o f th e
t h s d o c tr e a s a o u a o o r e

S to i c s l -

N o w w e are ass ure d th a t t h e l ead i ng te nets o f

al l these t h r e e sy s te m s o f p h i l o so ph y viz t h e O rp h i c ,
.
,

Pyth ag o re a n a nd I o ni c w e re d e ri ve d fro m E gyp t

, ,

an d a lth o ugh w e a re at l ib er t y t o s upp o se t h a t th ey

r ec e i ve d so m e i nn o vat i o ns fr o m t ho se w h o i ntro d uc ed

th e m i nto G re ec e still w e m ust co ncl ud e t h at such

,

d o gm as as w ere co m mo n to a l l th e th ree e m a nated

fro m th e c o mm o n s o urc e , w h i c h was th e sc h o o s o f

l
M e m p h i s and H el io po l is j :
B ut w e are no t l e ft in d o ub t up o n th i s bj ec t ; fo r su

Pl ato as s ures us t h at t h e E g y p t i a n p ri ests h e l d th at

E useb . Praep . Ev . l ib . x iv. ca

p . 14 . C l em ens A l ex .

Co h o rt at io ad G ente s, p 5 ca . .

1 Cic ero
‘
de N at D eor l ib iii
. . . . c ap . 14 .

1 Th ere is a
p assage in t he A s cl epianD ial og ue, as cribed to
H erm es, co nt aining t h is d o c t rine
“
T une il l e d o m inus et .

p at er d eus, p rim ipo tens et unus gub ernat o r m undi, intuens

‘

in m o res factaque h o minum , vo l untate sua (quae est D ei

b e nignitas ) vit iis resis t ens, n et co rru
ptel a erro re m rev o c a s,

—
m al ignit at em o m nem v el al l uvio ne dil uens, vel igne co nsum ens,
”
ad antiq uam fac iem m und um revo cab it D ial o g A scl ep . . .

a p ud H ermetis Tri sme isti O

g p p 607 . .
 A ND R E N O V A T I ON S OF TH E WO R LD . 1 87

th e wo rl d is bj e c t t o o c casi o nal d el ug es a nd c o n
su

fl agratio ns b y w h i ch t h e go d s arrest th e c aree r o f

,

h um an w i c k e dne ss and p ur i fy th e ear th fro m g ui l t al

, .
t

H e nc c t h e E g yp ti a ns p r e te nd e d th at t h e st o ry o f
Ph ae th o n w a s fo und ed o n fac t . I t is t rue th a t th e
E gypt i a n p ri e s t ,
i ntro d uc ed by Pl ato a s d is
w h o is
c o urs i n g w i t h S j
o l o n o n th i s s ub ec t is m a d e to e x c e t
p ,

h is o w n c o untry fro m th e se c al am i t i es B ut th i s .

p re te nc e if it w ere rea ll y o ffe re d may b e i m p ute d to

, ,

t h e d e si r e o f e x to lli ng th e a nt iq ui t y o f h is na ti o n .

W e l ear n fro m S y nc el l us a nd o th er w r i te rs that ,

t h e E g y p ti an astr o no m er s m a d e fre q ue nt us e o f l o ng
eri o d s o r c y c l e s ; a nd t h at th e hy p o th es i s o f th e
p
o rti o n o f ti m e in w h i c h t h e l
g re at
y e ar o r
, p p ane ts
w ere supp o se d to r et ur n to g e th e r to th e s a m e S i g n ,

o r i i nate d w i t h th e m T h i s is a
p art o f t h e s am e
g .

sc h e m e a nd t o ge th e r w i th th e b eli e f inth e i nfl ue n
, , ce

o f th e c e l e st i al m o v e m e nts U p o n s ubl unary affa i rs ,

l ays t h e fo und ati o n o n w h i c h th e sy ste m o f sec ular

rep e t i t i o ns h as b e e n ra i se d and fro m w h i c h i n
, d eed
it ne c essa rily resul ts .

O n th e w h o l e it s e em s th at w e m ay r e ard th e
u g
d o ctr i ne o f s uc c e ss v e i p er i o d s o f t i m e t er m i nated b y
a c at astro p h e b y w ate r or fi re, p arti al o r uni v ersa l
a

d e str uc t i o n as a do gma o f E g y p t i a n o r i i n: at l east,

, g
th a t w e m ay co nc l ud e it to h av e b ee n d er i ved by th e
G ree k s fro m E gypt .

I Pl ato inTim aeo , pro pe initium .

 S U PPL E ME N T T O C H A PT E R I I .

I LL U STRA TI ON OF TH E F O RE GO I N G FA BL E .

WE are no t abl e ill ustrat e in a sat i sfacto ry m anner

to
t h e h i sto ry o f th e d oc tri ne w h i c h fo rm s th e a r um e nt
g
o f th e fo re o i n c h a t e r b
g g p y th e a id o f th e G reek
,

ph il o soph ers w h o d er i ve d th i s t ene t i mm e d i ate ly

,

fro m E gypt F o rtunate l y h o w ev er fo r th e h i sto ry o f

.
, ,

m y th o l o g y th e sa m e d o gm a m ay b e t rac ed in th e
,

a ntiq ui ti e s o f s evera l nat i o n s w h o if th e y o b ta i ne d

, ,

it no t fro m E g y pt c er ta i nl y d eri ve d it fr o m s o m e
,

c o mm o n s ourc e ; h e nc e b y c o m par i ng th e v ari o us

,

fo rm s I n wh i ch w e fi nd it w e are l ed to s o m e co nc l u
,

si o ns r espe c ti n its o ri g i n a nd t h e i d eas w i th wh i ch

g ,

it was c o nnec te d in th e c o sm o l o g y o f th e E gy p ti ans .

O f th e two c at astro p h es w h i c h are fated to re turn

in a l ternati o n a nd d estr o y th e w o rl d o r at l east its
‘

i nh abi tants th e c at acl ys m o r d estr uc ti o nby w ater is

, , ,

by far th e m o st c e l e b rat ed fi c ti o n T h e a nc i ent tra .

d it io ns o f m any na t i o ns rec o rd c i rc um stanti ally th e

h i sto r y O f o ne o r m o re O f th e se d est ruc t i o ns T h ey .

are w ell k n o w n to fo rm a p ro m i nen t feature in th e

w ild fi cti o ns o f the H i nd o o s T h e fi rst Purana co n

.

tains an acco unt o f a d e struc t i o n by d el uge fro m ,

wh i c h a few p ers o ns e sc ap e d in a vessel b ei ng mi ra ,

c ul o usly p reser ve d by Vi sh nu wh o app eared i n c arn

,
ate

inth e sh ape o f a fi sh * T h i s o ccasi o npresented th e

.

first o f th e ten avatars o f Vi sh nu T he sec ond and .

This story forms the ubj ect S of th e first Purana . Sir W ,

1 90 A L T E RN A T E C A T A S T R O PH E S ,

th i rd , th e Go ur ma and V arab a o r th e T orto i se and ,

B o ar i ncarna ti o ns ,
c o nta i n v e ry s i m il ar n arra t i v es ,

a nd ap
p e ar to b e no th i ng e l se th an v ar i e d ac c o unts
of th e sa m e eve nt .

I n th e o ld m y th o l o g i c a l re m a i ns of t h e C h al d eans,

co mp il ed A b y d enus and Po l yh i sto r we

b y Be ro s us , , ,

fi nd a narra ti ve o f th e d e str ucti o n o f th e w o rld by

w at e r o n w h i c h o c c a s i o n a s i ngl e fa m il y w er e p re
,

se r ve d in a n a rk , h avi ng be en fo re w ar ned of the

l
c a am b y th e g o d s
i ty . T he sa m e frag m e nts co ntain
a n ac c o unt o f var i o us s erv c e s re nd e re d
i t o m an ki nd
b y th e fi sh g o d O anne s ?“ I t is m ani fest
-
th at thi s
sto ry is t h e H i nd o o fa bl e o f th e F i sh A v ata r ,
und er a

g ui s e
so m e w h at v a r e d i .

I t is no t m y d es i g n at p r e se nt to e nt e r a t l e ngth
i nto a n a c c o unt o f th e avatars o f th e Hi nd o o go d s .

T h e st o r i e s ,
h o w e v er , j ust r e fe rre d to , are i m p o rtant
t o us, t h ey unfo d t h e l i gi n o f t he fabl e w e hav e
“

as or

under c o ns i d erati o n . No p e r so n w h o read s the

l ege nd s of th e F ish A v a tar, a nd t h e a
p p e aranc e o f
O anne s fl o o d o f X isuth rus w ill d o ubt for a
a nd th e ,

m o m e nt that th ey a r e b o th to b e r e fe rr ed to th e sam e
o r i i n a s th e M o sai c h i sto r
g y o f th e d el ug e T he .

C h ald ea n sto ry is near e st t o th i s narrat i v e tho ugh ,

a d o r ne d w i th t h e
garb o f my th o lo g y : it h as gai ned
muc h a s m i gh t b e e xp ec te d in travell i ng furth er
, ,

ea stw ard .

We c anno t acco u nt fo r the or igi n o f th i s fabl e,

J o nes has transl ated t he who l e narrative fro m th e Bhagavat .

See A siatic Researches,

'

vol . i p 2 30
. . .

See id e‘s Vo ce Nann

Sn
‘

p . 30 . acos .

E useb Praap E vang l ib ix

. . . . . c. 12 .
 I L L U STR A T E D F RO M OTH E R S O U R CE S . 191

w i th o ut o si nsuth a t it was fo und ed o n an h i sto

p p g
rical re c o r d o f s uc h a c a tastro h e * T he r e w as ,
p .

i nde ed a n a nc e n
sca rc e ly y t i pe o p l e wh o w e re w i th o ut
,

s o me t ra d i ti o n O f t h i s nat ur e .

T he c o urse of m und a ne a ffa rs i b ei ng i m ag i ne d to

d ep e nd i nfl uenc e o f th e
o n th e c el e sti a l
p h aeno m e na,
an d t h e se a gai n s uppo s ed to go th ro ug h a c ertai n
r o und s ubj ec t t o e x ac t r e e ti t i o ns a t t h e e nd o f
, p
cy c l es o f
gre at e r o r l es s e x te nt th e d eluge w h i c h , ,

o nc e re al l y h a
pp e ned w as rei te ra te d inanc i ent st o r i es
, ,

a nd e x e c t e d t o re tur n
p .

B ut th e s e m o r e p arti a l d estr uc t i o ns w e r e no t th e
o nl y o r t h e
g reate st c atas t ro p h e s t h e w o rl d was
e x p e c te d t o und e rg o Brah m a t h e c re ato r o f th e
.
,

w o rl d s p ra ng fro m th e e sse nc e o f th e e ter nal B re h m e

, ,

th e i nc o m p re h e ns i b l e s pi ri t B ra h m a is no t i m m o rta l
.
,

t h o ugh ve ry l o ng li ve d T h e te r m o f his e xi st enc e is

~
.

m e as ure d b y fi ve g reat C alp a s o r fi ve c e nt ur i e s o f ,

B rah m a s y e a rs ; e a c h o f w h i c h y e a rs c o m p re h e nd s
’

ro d i g i o us lapse o f ag es E ve r C al a exce t
p
a
p y p .
,

t h e fi rs t is p r ec e d e d b y a g e neral fl o o d
,
a ft er w h i c h

th e r e no vati o n t ak e s p l ac e D ur i ng t h e d el ug e .

Brah m a re p ose s in sl um b e r o n th e fo l d s o f th e g re at
s er
p t
e n A nand a

Th is, ind eed, ca nno t b e im agined w ith p ec t t o t h e res

co nflagrat io n. B ut t h e fi nal and to t al dest ruct io no f t h e w o rl d

was no t re gard e d as an e ve nt wh ich h ad yet h app ened , b ut as

s t il l fut ure . It c o m es t o us u
nd er t h e c h aract er o f a p ro p h ec y
of wh at is t o t ak e p l ac e in ages ye t unb o r n . S uc h, as we s h al l

see res e nt l y, is t h e M ah a Pral ay a, or great co ns um m at io n

p .

T he flo o ds, or l esser Pral ayas, o f wh ich s everal have al ready

happ e ned , h ave

'
very diff erent pret e nsio ns t o an histo rical
origin, sinc e th ey are rank ed amo ng pas t events .
1 92 A L T E RN A T E C A T A S T R O PH E S,

T h e Calpa is th e great ano m ali st i c p eri o d o f the

H i ndo o astro no m ers ; at th e te r m i nati o n o f wh i ch al l
th e h eavenl y b o d i e s a r e s upp o se d to r eturn t o a li ne
of j i
co n unc t o n,
a nd to o cc u
py th e sam e p o si ti o n
wh ence th e y b eli eved to h ave set o ut
a re .

E ach o f th e fo ur fi rst C al p as is c lo se d b y the fl oo d

o r l esser c atast ro ph e B ut a m o re aw ful d o o m yet
.

a w ai ts th e w o r l d w h e n no t o nl y th e h um anand al l the
,

an i mated i nhabita nts b ut th e so li d glo b e i tself is to b e

,

c o nsum e d o r d evo ure d A t th e M a h a Prel aya wh i ch

.
,

h app ens at th e e nd o f th e last C al p a the wh o l e crea ,

t i o n nay t h e h o st o f g o d s th e m s el ve s are i nvo l ved in

, , ,

o ne c o m mo n d e s tr uc ti o n
* T h i s is ev i d entl th e fi ery
y .

d estruc ti o n o r E c py r o sis o f th e G reek p h il o so ph ers

, , ,

wh i ch th e eth ere al i nte l l i g e nc e is a l o ne d est i ned to

survi ve .

T h e great antiq ui ty o f t h i s fi c t i o n is p lac e d in a still

s tro n er o i nt f i w if w e tak e i nto co n s i d erati on
g p o v e ,

th e fac t that it fo r m s th e fo und ati o n o f th e o l d R uni c

,

my th o l ogy and t h e sagas o f t h e S c and i navi ans and ,

is e ve nrec o gni sed in th e pl a i nest a nd m o st und o ubted

manner in t h e fabl es o f t h e A z te c s o r an c i ent ,

Me xi cans .

We shal l no w re turn to th e E gypti an my tho l ogy ,

and app l y th e o b s ervat i o ns wh i c h r es ul t fro m thi s

re mo te d i ressi o n
g .

M ah a Kal a h o l d ing inhis h and s t h e rol l of fat e, and a

scim it ar to exe cut e h is o ffi c e, d evo urs fi rs t m enand c ities, the
gl o b e it sel f, and th e wh o l e universe B rah ma, Vish nu, and .

S i va th en fall int o h is j aw s ; and K al a w il l fi nal l destro

y y
h im self, and no thing will r e m ain b ut Brah m e t h e sel f-exist
,
ing et ernal spirit, into wh ose i nco m rehensib l e essence al l
p
b ei ngs are to b e resol ved .
 I L LU ST R A T E D F RO M O TH E R S OU R CE S . 1 98

W ith o ut a ssum i ng th at th ere is any furth er affi ni t y

b etwe en th e I nd i an and E gyptia n fabl es w e m ay ,

co n si d e r it as ce rta i n t h a t t h i s fi c ti o n o f rep eat ed

,

d estruc tio ns and re no vat i o ns wh i c h w e h av e fo und

,

s o w i d el ad h as t h e s am e o ri i n in b ot h s ste m s
s
y p re , g y .

W e shall fi nd h ereafter th at th e c o sm o go ny o f the

I nd i ans d i ffe re d in fe w esse nti al p o i nts fro m th e
E gy pt i an . B ut w i tho ut r eferri ng to any th i ng b e
,

y o nd t h e p res ent s ubj ect it is suffi c ie nt to co mp are

,

th e st o ri es w h i c h th e S to i c s d i ssem i nate d in G ree c e

re sp ec t i n t h e ca tastro h es o f th e w o rl d
p a nd th e
g ,

c i rc ums tan c es th at ac c o mp an y th e m in o rd er t o
’

a rr i ve w i th c ertai nty at t h e fo rego i ng i nfere nc e .

T h e p eri o d o f eac h w o rl d s d urati o n wa s fix e d in

’

b o th sc h em es by t h e re vo luti o n o f S i d ereal cyc les .

T h i s d estr uc t i o n w as p re c e d ed in b o th by ph aeno
m e na o f d ec a y in t h e el e m e nts and in th e m o ral
wo rl d . G uil t a nd m i se r y i nc reased to ward s t h e ter
m i na t i o n o f e ac h mra ; t ill at l e ng th th e g o d s no
lo ng er b o re w i th th e w ic k e d ness o f m e n a nd a Sh o c k ,

o f th e el e m e n t s o r a d el ug e o v e rwh el m e d t h e m ; a fte r
, ,

wh i c h c al a m ity A s tre a ag a i nd esc e nd e d o nth e earth

, ,

an d r e ne we d th e g o l d en ag e W i th all th ese c i rc um
.

sta nc es t e n d i ng t o co nne c t th e m w e canno t t h i nk it

,

unfa i r to i nfe r th at th e E g yp ti an tra d i ti o n th e b asi s

, ,

o f t h e S to i c al and O rph i c fi c ti o n was th e sa m e inits

,

o r i g i n w i th th e I nd i a n fabl e o f t h e pral ayas .

H e nc e w e m ay c o nc l ud e th at th e s er i es o f rep eate d
d e str uc ti o ns and re no vati o ns was no t e ternal b ut th at ,

th at th e E gy pti ans as well as th e easter nc osmo l o gi sts

, ,

ad a b e i nni n
r e ard ed th e uni v erse a s hav i n g h g g,
g
and a s d est i ned at so m e fut ure peri
od to reac h its ,
,

term i nat i o n .
 C H A PT E R I I I .

O PI N I O N S OF TH E EG Y PT I A NS R E S PE C T I N G TH E F A TE

OF TH E DEA D —M O T I V E S FOR E MB A L MI NG BO D I E S

— U L T I M A TE A L LO T M E N T OF TH E SO U L — MA E NA

TI ON F RO M , A ND R E F U SI O N I NTO TH E D EIT Y .

I T h as o ft e n b een o b served i of ,
t h at th e p ract c e

e m b al m i n
g th e d e a d and p re se rvi ng th e m w ith so
,

m uc h c ar e a nd in s o co stly a m a nne r S ee m s to i nd i c ate ,

so m e
p e c uli ar i t y in th e o p i ni o ns o f th e E gyp ti an
p h il o so ph e rs resp e c t i ng th e fate o f th e s o ul
, On .

th i s s ubj e c t w e h ave no p re c i se and sa ti sfa c to ry

i nfo r mati o n T h e anc i e nt w rit ers h ave l e ft us o nl y
.

a fe w o b s c ure h i n ts w h i c h affo rd l i ttl e m ore th an a

,

fo und ati o n fo r c o nj e c t ure s .

A l e a r ne d and i ng e ni o us auth o r s upp nses th at , _

the j g yp fi ani m w e ir d ea d fo r t h e sak e o f

m aintain ing l he c o nne c ti o n b e tw een th e so ul a n d t h e

— ”n a M

b y
g d an d
, p re v e nti n t h e fo r m e r fro m trans m i ra t i n
g g g .

”
T h ey w ere p e r suad e d , he d eath di d .

fr o m th e b o dy b ut th at it
so u l _ _ ,

re m a i ne d at ta c h e d to t h e m umm y a s l o ng as th e l att er
sh o u ld c o nt i nue en i
t re . I t was fro m t h iS id e a th at ~

tm ri I
'

th e s e p eo p e l to o k so m any r r s t o p O s e rv e
t t Efi Sg fro m c o rr u
p ti o n ,
and to sec ure t h em
o c c as o n t h e r i i d estrc
~

tio n . H enc e th e th ey g ave t h e m se l ves, a nd th e

c a re

h p ens es th e y und e rw e nt, t o e m b al m th e d ead and

d ep o si t th em inplac es sec ur ed fr o m al l i nsult . T he

1 96 O PI N I O N S R E S PE C T I N G T HE DE A D .

pr i nc i p al attentio n O f t h e E gyp ti ans was turned to

t h i s o bj e c t .T h us th e y r eg ar d ed th ei r p al ac es and
h o uses as i nns o r re c ep ta c l e s c al c ul ated fo r a t rans i ent
,

ab o d e a nd ave t o th e i r t o m b s t h e na m e o f etern al
, g
h abi tati o ns * .

T h e Pres i d e nt d e G o g ue t ap p e a rs to ha ve had no
o th er a uth o r i ty fo r t h i s sta t e m e nt th an a re m ark o f ,

S ervi us t he C o m m e ntato r o n V irg il w h o o b serves

, , ,

t h a t th e w i se E gyp ti a ns t o o k c a re to e m b al m th ei r
b o d i es and d epo s i t th e m in
,
c atac o m b s in o rd er th at

th e so ul m i gh t b e p re se rve d fo r a l o ng ti m e inc o nnec

t i o n w i th th e b o d y a nd m i gh t no t s o o n b e al i enated
,

w h il e th e R o m ans w i th a no pp o si t e d e si g n c o mm i tted
, ,

t h e re m ai ns o f th e ir d e a d t o t h e funeral p il e intend ,

ing t hat th e v i t al Sp ark m igh t i m m ed i at el y b e re sto red

t o t h e g e neral el e m e nt o r re turn to its pr i sti n ,
e

nature 1 .

T h i s i d ea is a v er
y i ng e ni o us o ne ; b ut, fro m th e
m a nner in wh i c h S e rvi us it, it m ay w ell b e
s t a te s

d o ub te d wh eth er h e h a d any b e tt e r g ro und fo r his

asse r ti o n t h an a s p e c i o us c o nj ec ture ; a nd if so th e ,

op i ni o n o f th e F re nc h a nt iq uar i an d es e rves e qual

c red i t w i th th at o f th e R o m an c r i ti c .

T h e re is a w ell kno w n p assag e in th e Boo k o f

-

E cc l e si astes w h ic h if we und ers ta nd it in th e sense

, ,

as s i g ned to it by a l ate a uth o r affo r d s i nd i rec tl y so me,

O nthe O rigino f L aw s, A rt s , and S c ie nc es, by th e Presi

d ent d e G oguet, transl at ed fro m th e F renc h, v o l iii p 6 8 .

nyptfi p
. . .

1 erit i sap ientise c o nd ita diut ius reservant

~
co r ora,
p
s cil icet ut anima mul t o t e m po re perduret , e t co rpori sit o h
nox ia, nec cito ad al ia t ranseat Ro m ani co ntra faciebant,
.

c om b urentes c adavers ut st atim anima in general itat em, id est

in suam rediret naturam S ervi us ad E nei d l ib iii v 6 7
. . . . . .
 M O T I VE S F O R E MB A L M I N G BODIES . 1 97

c o n e c ture
s up p o rt to th e j of S e rvi us . I a ll ud e to
S o l o m o ns l b rated p i c tur e o f o l d T h e p assag e
’
ce e

is as fo ll o w s R e m e m b er no w thy C re ato r in th e
.

d ay s o f t h y y o uth w h il e t h e ev il d ay s c o m e no t no r
, ,

t h e y ea rs d raw ni gh w h e n th o u sh al t say I h ave no

”
l a s ure in t h e m T h e nfo ll o w s a d e s cri t i o n o f th e
p e .
p
s uc c e ssi ve si ns o f d ec a a nd s i c k nes s e n d i n w i th
g y g ,
.

d e ath , w h e n m an g o et h t o h is l o ng h o m e and th e ,

m o ur ne rs g o ab o ut th e s tr e e ts T h e s ucc e ed i ng .

v e rs e s a re s up o se d b
p y t h e i ng e ni o us M r H arm e r to
, .
,

r e fe r t o th e s ub se q ue n t m o ul d e r i ng a w a y o f t h e
m um m y a nd d e s tr uc tio no f th e c ataco m b W h e nth i s .

l ast d ec ay sh a ll b e c o m pl e te w h e n t h e silve r c o rd th e , ,

v est m e n t o f th e c o rse sh a ll b e l o o s ed a nd th e g o l d e n
"

, ,

b o wl b ro k e n a nd th e p i tc h e r b ro k en at th e fo untai n
, ,

a nd t h e w h e e l a t th e c i st e r n; th e n it is a d d e d ‘
, ,

sh a ll t h e d ust r e t urn t o t h e e arth a s it was a nd th e ,

s i ri t to G o d w h o a v e it
p g .

I f th e H eb r e ws in th e t i m e o f S o l o m o n re all y
, ,

e nt erta i ne d a ny s uc h no t i o n a s t h i s re s p ect i ng th e

fate o f th e so ul th ey p ro b ab l y d er i ve d it fr o m th e
,

E g yp t i a ns a nd th i s c i rc um stanc e w o ul d st ro ngly
,

c o nfi rm t h e id e a o f S e rvi us I t m ust h o w eve r b e .

, ,

o b ser ve d ,t h at th e fo re g o i ng p assag e in E c c l e s i astes

a d m i ts o f a c l ear a nd sat i s fac to ry e xp l a n ati o n w i th o ut ,

re fe rr i ng to a n s uc h s up er s t i t i o us o p i nio n an d t h at
y ,

se veral v e ry d o ub tful p o in ts r e q uire to b e pro v e d '

b efo re we ca n b e a uth o r i sed in ad o pti ng t h e c o nc l u

s i o n o f M r H ar m e r 1
-
.

S ee H arm er O bservat i o ns n
’

E c c l es ias tes, c h ap . x n. s o

v ario us Passages o f S c rip t ure, ch ap . v iii . s ec t . 14 .

1 Th e
'
ex
pl anatio n g ive n by D r . M ead, in h is M edi ca S acra,
is far m ore s im
pl e, a nd will prob ab l y b e p referred by mo st
1 98 O PI N I O N S R E S PE CTI N G TH E DEA D .

I t ha s b een fur th er c o nj ec t ur e d b y a l earned and

i c i o us t rav e ll e r t h at t h e E g y p ti ans c aus e d t h e i r
j u d ,

b o d i e s to b e e m b al m e d and p l ac ed in m ag nifi c e nt ,

t o mb s w h o se m ass i ve st r uc t ur e s ee m e d c a l c ul a te d to
,

d e fy th e p o w er o f m an a nd o f t h e el e m e nts in th e ,

h o p e o f sl um b eri ng o ut u nd i sturb e d th e fated p eri o d

, ,

o f th re e th o usa nd y e ars ; aft e r w h i c h t h e y p erh ap s

b eli eve d t h a t th e so ul w o ul d re turn to ani m ate th e

sam e b o dy .

T h us th e d o ctr i ne o f th e re surrec t o no f i th e b o dy , in
its i
str c t e st is i m p ut e d t o th i s p e o p l e
se nse , T hi s .

id ea affo rd s an e x la na ti o n o f th e a nxi e t
p y w h i c h th e y
h ave d i sp l ay e d fo r th e p ro t ec ti o n o f th e i r m o r tal
r e m a i ns a g a i nst d ec a , a nd t h e e x p e ns es l av i sh e d b
y y
th e i r k ings o n th e ere c ti o n o f t h e p yra m i d s and th e ,

d e c o rati ng o f th e i r c atac o m b s B ut if s o re m ar kabl e .

a d o c tr i ne w as r eall val e nt a m o n th e E i
yp re g g yp ans
t ,

w e m ust supp o s e t h a t th e y t o o k e x t rao r d i nar y c ar e to

co n c eal it s i nc e no t t h e s li h te s t h i nt res e c t
, g p it n
h as r eac h e d o ur ti m es H e r o d o t us i nd e e d m e nti o ns
.

t rans m i g rat i o n a s th e c o m m o n l o t o f all so ul s w h a t

s o e v e r st T h e E g ypti ans s ay s
”
t h a t h i st o ri an
, ,

a flirm th at B ac c h us a nd C ere s
(by w h i ch na m es h e
m eans S era p i s and I s i s ) p re s i d e o v er t h e re i o ns
g
b e l o w ; and th e s ame p eo pl e ar e th e fi rst w h o a dvanc ed
th e d o c tr i ne t h at th e so ul o f m an is i m m o r ta l and after ,

t h e d eath o f th e b o d y p asses i nto s o m e o th er ani mal ,

p erso ns o f j udgm ent wh o t ak e th e t ro ubl e t o c o m p are it w ith

M r H arm er s
.
’
S ee D r A dam Cl ark e s N o te o n H armer,
. .
’

v o l iii
.
p 206
. . .

E gyp tiaca, b y W H amil to n, E s

q . .

T H ero d l ib ii 0 23. . . . .
 M OTI VE S F O R E M B A L M I N G B O D I E S
. . 1 99

wh i ch is b o rn o pp o r tune ly t o rec e i ve it T h ey say .

t h at it t ransm ig rat e s t h ro ugh al l th e cre at ure s wh i c h

inh abi t th e se a and th e l and ,
a nd th ro ugh al l w i ng ed
a n m a s ; and
i l h av i ng p e rfo rm e d t h i s c i rc ui t in th e
s p ac e o f th r ee th o usa nd y ears en ters ag ai n i nt o a ,

h um an b o d y . H e ad d s “
th at so m e o f th e G re e k s
,

b o th in l ater t i m es p ro p o und ed t h i s
e ar li e r and ,

d o c t ri ne as if it w ere th e i r o w n w h o se na m es h e
, ,

kne w b ut refra i ne d fro m m ent i o n

, i ng .

I t is p ro b abl e th at H ero d o t us c h i e fly all ud e d int h i s

.

l ac e t o Py th a o ras l w h o is w ell k no w n t o h av e
ae
p g ,

b e e n i ni ti at e d in th e sec r et d o c tri ne s o f t h e E gyp

t ians a nd t o h a v e c o p i e d th e i r c usto m s in m o st
,

r e s e c ts v e r c l o sel y B ut t h e a cc o unts w e h a v e
p y .

r e sp ec t i ng th e d o c tr i ne o f Py th ag o ra s are by no

m eans favo ur a bl e t o th e O p i nio n t h at h is i nstr uc to rs ,

th e E gy p t i a n p ri e s t s b eli e ve d in th e res urrec t i o n o f

,

th e b o d y ; no r d o e s it a ll o w us t o s up p o s e t h ey e x

p e c te d b y e m b al m i ng and p rese rvi ng th e d ead t o

, ,

s e c ure th e so ul fro m t h e m i s e ri e s o f t rans m i rati o n

g .

Pyth ago ras ev en p re te nd e d th at h is o w n so ul h ad

t r a ns m i grat e d a nd had a ni m ated s ucc essi ve ly d i ffere nt
,

b o d ies .

E v n I , w h o t h ese m yst erio us truth s decl are,

’

Was o n c e E u ho rb us a t t h e T ro an war
p j
M y nam e and l ineage I re m em b er wel l ,
A nd h o w in fi gh t by S parta s k ing I fel l
’
.

Ph erec yd es Pyth ago ras are al l o wed t o h ave st udied

and

th e E gyp tian p h il o s o ph y in th e sac erd o tal co l l eges, b efo re t h e

invas io n o f t h at y b y t h e Persi ans, w h il e ye t e ntire and
c o untr

unad ul t erat ed b y fo reig ni n S ee Brack et s H i stori a

’
terco urse .

Criti ca Phil o soph i es .

200 O PI N I O NS R E S PE C T I N G TH E D EA D .

I n A rgive J uno s fane I l ate b eh el d

’

My b uc k l er h ung o n h igh , and o wn d m y s h iel d

’
.

This d eat h, so c al l
’
d , is b ut o ld m att er d rest

I n so m e ne w fi gure and a varie d ve st ;

T h us al l t hings are b ut al t er d no th ing d ie s ,
’
—
A nd h ere and t h e re t h e m b o d ied sp irit flies ,
’

B y t im e, or fo rc e, o r sic kness dis p o sse st,

A nd l o dges wh ere it l igh t s, in m an o r b eas t !
O r h unt s w it ho ut , t il l re ad y l im b s it fi nd,
A nd ac t uat es t h em ac co rd ing t o t h e ir k ind ;

F ro m t ene m e nt t o t enem e nt is t o ss d
’
.

The so ul is st il l t h e s am e ; t h e fi gure l o st ;
A nd , as th e so fte ned w ax ne w seal s rec e ive s,
T h is fac e assum es and t h at im p re s s io n l eaves,

d by o ne, no w b y ano th er nam e ;

’
N ow c al l

Th e fo rm is o nl y c h anged t h e w ax t h e sam e ;
c an b ut t h e fo r m d efac e,
’
S o d eath , so c al l d,
in em p t y s pac e,
fl ies
’
Th im m o rtal so ul o ut

To se ek h er fo rt une in so m e o t h er

O nth e w h o l e it app e ars to m e m uc h m o re p ro b a bl e

,

th at th e i
v ew s w i th w h i c h th e E gyp t i a ns e m b al m ed
th e i r b o d i es w ere m o re a k i n t o t h o s e w h i c h re nd e re d
th e G reek s a nd R o m ans
xi o us t o p e rfo r m the so an

us ua l r i te s o f s ep ul ture to th e i r d e p a r te d w arri o rs ,

nam e ly an i d e a t h at t h e se s o l e m ni ti e s e x p e d i te d the
,

o ur ney o f th e so ul t o t h e a p p o i n te d reg i o n w h ere it

j ,

w as t o r e c e i v e j ud g m e nt fo r its fo r m er d ee d s a nd t o ,

h av e its future d o o m fix e d ac c o rd i ngl y T h i s s eem s .

t o b e i m p li e d by th e p ray e r t h a t is sa i d to h a v e b e e n
utt ere d by th e e m b al m e r inth e na m e o f th e d e c eased ,

e ntreati n t h e d i vi n e p o we rs t o r e c e i v e h is so ul i nto
g
th e re g i o n o f th e go d s 1 T h i s a d d ress h as b een
.

O vid M etam o rph l ib . . xv. v. 1 5 8, D rydens t ransl at

’
io n
.

“
1 Po rphyr d e A bstinent ia, l ib iv
. . . cap . 10 .
 M o T I VE s PO R E MB A LMING BO DIE S . 20 1

rese r ve d b y Po rph yr y i ni ng it A s t h e p a ss a g e conta

p .

is c ur i o us a nd t e n
,
d s t o th ro w li gh t o n t h e r e li g i o us
i d eas o f th e E gypti ans I shall i nsert a t ransl ati o n o f ,

th e w h o l e o f it .

W he n th o s e w h o h av e th e c ar e o f th e d ead
p ro c ee d t o e m b al m the b o dy o f a ny p erso n o f r esp ec
ta bl e ra nk ,
they fi rst t a k e o ut th e c o nte nt s o f t h e
b elly ,
a nd pl ac e th e m in a s ep ar ate vesse l A fter th e .

o th e r ri t es fo r t h e d ea d ha ve b ee n p e r fo r m e d one of ,

th e e m ba l m e rs lay i ng h is h and o nth e ve sse l add re ss

, ,

ing t h e S un utt er s o n b e h alf o f th e d ec ease d th e

,

fo ll o w i ng p ray e r w h i c h E up h a nt us h as t ransl at e d
,

fr o m t h e o ri g i nal l ang uag e i nto t h e G r e e k O th o u

S un ,
o ur l o rd , a nd al l y e
g o ds who a re t h e g iv e rs o f ‘

li fe to m e n! ac c e p t m e re c e i ve m e ,
a nd into th e m an
s i o ns o f t h e e ter nal g o d s ; fo r I h av e w o r sh i
pped
p i o usly w h il e l h ave liv e d in th i s w o r l d th o s e d i vi ni
'

, ,

t i e s w h o m m y p a re nt s t a ug h t m e t o a d o re I h ave .

e ver h o no ur e d th o se p a re nts w h o g ave o ri g i n t o m y

b o d y and o f o th e r m e n I h av e ne i th er kill e d a ny no r ,

ro bb e d th e m o f t h e i r t r e a s ur e no r i n fl i c te d up o nth e m ,

a n g ri evo us evil ; b ut if I h av e d o n e an t h i n i n u
y g j
y
rio n s to m o w n li fe e i th e r b y e a t i ng o r d r i n ki ng an
y , y
t h i ng unl a w ful l y th i s o ffe nc e h as no t b ee n c o m m i tt e d
,

b y m e b ut b y w h at is c o ntai ne d in th i s c h es t ;
’

m e a ni ng t h e intes ti ne s in t h e v e ss el w h i c h is t h e n ,

t h ro w n into th e r i v er T h e b o d y is afte r wa rd s
.

rega rd e d as p ure t h i s a p o l o gy h av i ng b e e nm a d e fo r
,

it s o ffe nc e s and th e e m b a l m e r p rep ar e s it ac c ord i ng

,
.

t o t h e app o i nt e d r i tes T h e a uth e nti c i ty o f t h i s

.

h *
a c c o un t is c o nfi r m e d by Pl u t ar c .

“
7
Pl ut 0 p to m . . . 11 .
p 9 9
. 6 , p 1 59
. .

D D
202 O PI N I O N S R E S PE CT I NG TH E DEA D .

T hat th e E g y pt i ans b eli eved in th e e xi stenc e o f a

p e l m ansi o n ap pro p r iate d t o th e d e ad w e l e arn
c u iar ,

fro m th e p assag e c i te d ab o ve fro m H e r o d o tus, and

fro m Pl utarc h w h o i nfo r m s us
,
th at t h e y g ave th e

na m e of A m e nth e s to th a t su g b terra nean

i on re ,

wh i th er t h e y i m a g i ned t h e s o ul s o f th o se w h o d i e d
t o g o a fte r th e i r d e c ea se ; a na m e w h i c h s i g nifi es
t h e r eceiv er a nd g iv er F ro m t h i s d esi g nat i o n
.

it w o ul d ap p ear t h at th e re g i o n o f th e d ead was a

t e m p o r ary rec e p ta c l e w h i th e r th e so ul re so r ted i m m e
d iatel y after q ui tti ng th e b o d y a nd wh ere it re m a i ned
,

fo r a ti m e until it was s e nt b ac k t o ent er a ga i n a

,

m o rtal b o d y w h e th er o f a m a n o r o f so m e l o wer
,

an i mal ; a nd t h us far th e d o c tri ne o f th e E g ypti ans

d i ffe rs no t e s se nti all y fro m t h e I tali a no r Py thago rean
d o g m a w h i c h Vi rg il t h e m o st l ea rne d p o et o f anti
, ,

q uity h as se t fo rth in th e fo ll o w i ng b ea ut i ful li ne s

, ,

in c o nne c ti o n wi t h th e a nc i e nt d o c tri ne c o nc er ni ng
t h e e m anat i o n o f s o ul s fro m th e e ssenc e o f th e d e i ty ,

o r t h e s i ri t o f th e uni v ers e
p .

Princ ip io c oe l um , ac t erras, c am
p o sque l iq uente s,
L uc e nt e m q ue gl o b um L unze , Tit aniaque astra
S p irit us int us al it, t o t am que infusa per art us
M e ns agitat m o l e m , et m ag no se c o rp o re m isce t .

l nde h o m inum p ec ud um que g enus, v it aaque vo l antum ,

E t qua; m arm o reo fert m o nst ra s ub sequo re po ntus .

I gneus es t o l l is vi o r, e t c ce l es t is o ri o
g g
S em inib us : quantum no nno x ia c o rp o ra t arda nt,
Terrenique h ebet ant art us , m o rib und aque m em b ra .

H inc m etuunt c upiunt que ;do l e nt gaud entque neque auras

R es pic iunt, c l ausae te nebris et c arc ere c aeco .

Qui net suprem o c um l um ine vita rel i

quit,

Pl ut de Isid
. . et O sir . cap . 29 .
 I TA L I A N OR Y
P TH A G O R E A N D OG M A . 203

N o n t am e n o m ne m al um m iseris, nec funditus omnes

Co rpo rese ex c e d unt p estes p e nitus que nec esse est

Mul t a d iu c o ncreta I no dis ino l esc ere m iris .

E rgo poe nis, v et er um que m al o rum

ex er c e nt ur

S uppl ic ia ex p e nd unt A l ias p and unt ur inanes

.

S usp e ns as ad v ent o s : al iis s ub

g urgite v asto
I nfec tum el uit ur scel us, aut ex urit ur i ni
g .

Quisq ue s uo s pat im ur m anes E xind e per am pl um.

M it timur E l ysium, e t p auc i l asta arva t enem us

D o nec l o nga d ies p erfec to t em po ris o rb e
Co nc retam ex e m it l ab e m , p urum que rel iq uit
E t h ere um se ns um , at que aural im pl ic is ig ne m
s .

H as o m nes, ub i m il l e ro t am vo l vere p er an uo s,

L e th aeum ad fl uv ium D e us e v o c at ag m ine m agno

S c il ic et im m e m o res s u era
p ut c o nvex a rev isant,

Rursus et inc ip iant in c o rpo ra vel l e reverti. 96

Kno w , fi rs t, t h at h eav n, and earth s c o m ac te d frame,

’ ’

p
A nd fl o wing w at ers, and the y flam e,
s t arr

A nd b o t h t he rad iant l igh ts , one c o mm o n so ul

I nspires and feed s -and a nim ates th e w h o l e .

T his ac tiv e m ind, infus ed t hr o ugh al l th e s

pac e,
U nit es and m ingl es wit h t he m igh t y m ass .

H e nc e m e n and b eas ts t h e b reat h o f l ife o bt ain,

A nd b ird s o f air and m o nst ers of t h e m ain .

Th e t h ereal v igo ur is in al l t h e
’
s am e ;

A nd y so ul is fi ll d w ith e q ual fl am e
’ ’
ev r

A s m uc h as ear t h y l im b s, and gro ss al l ay

O f m o rt al m e m b erssubj ec t t o d ec ay,
B l unt no t t h e b e am s h e av en and edge o f day
of .

F ro m th is c o arse m ix t ure o f t errest rial p art s,

D esire fe ar b y t urns p o sse ss t h eir h earts,
and
A nd g rie f, and j o y : no r c an t h e gro v l ing m ind,
’

I n th e d ark d ungeo n o f t h e l im b s co nfi ned,

A s sert t h e nat ive skies, o r o wn its h eavenl y k ind
N o r d eat h itself wash th eir stain
can w h o l l s ;
y
B ut l o ng -co nt rac ted fi l t h eveninth e so ul remai ns .
 204 EGYPTIAN D O CTR I N E R E S PE CT I N G TH E so o n .

Th e rel i ques o f inv eterate v cei t h ey wear ;

A nd sp o t s o f sin o b sc ene in ev ery fac e ap p e ar .

F o r t h is are v ario us p enanc es e nj o ind

’

A nd so m e are h ung t o bl e ac h up o n t h e w ind ,

S o m e pl unged in wat ers, o t h ers p urg ed infi res,
Till al l t h e dregs are d rain d , and al l t h e r us t ex pires
’
.

A l l h ave th eir m anes, and t ho s e m anes b ear

.

T h e few , so c l eans ed , t o t h ese ab o d es rep a r, i

A nd b reath e, in am pl e fi el d s , t h e s o ft E l ysianair .

T h e n are t h ey h appy, wh en b y l e ngth o f t im e

T h e sc urf is w orn away, o f eac h c o m m it t ed c rime ;
N o sp ec k is l eft o f th eir h ab it ual st ains ;
B ut t h e p ure e th er o f th e so ul r em ains .

B ut, w h en a t h o usand ro l l ing y ears are p ast

(S o l o ng th eir p unish m ent s and p e nanc e l as t) ,

Who l e d ro ves o f m inds b y th e driving go d,
ar e ,

Co m p el l d t o d rink t h e deep L et h aaan fl o o d,

’

I n l arge fo rget ful d raugh t s t o s t ee p t h e c ares

O f th eir p ast l ab o urs and t h eir irk so m e vears,
Th at, unrem em b ering o f it s fo r m er pain,
”
Th e so ul m ay s uffer m ort al fl e sh again .

T h is app ears nearl y t o m o f th e d o c

c o nta i n th e su

t ri ne o f th e E gyp ti ans r esp ec t i ng th e so ul A m e nth es .

,

o r th e r e al m o f th e d ead o v e r w h i c h O s i ri s r e si d e d in
,
p
h is i n e nal ch a rac ter r ec ei v e d th e so ul s fo r a t i me
f r
l
,
ae
,

a nd s ent th em fo rth a a i n t o r e eat t h e ro und o f

g p
t rans m i grati o n .

I t re m a i ns to b e i nq ui re d w h eth e r t h i s ro tati o nw as
e ter nal . D id th e so ul c o nti nue fo r ever to tr ansmi
rat e fro m m ant o t h e i n feri o r ani m al s and fro m th e
g ,

infer i o r ani mals ag a in to m a n o r was th ere a li m i t to

,

I n Pl at e 1 wh i ch is t ak en fro m th e
. co py o f an E
gyp tia n
m anus crip t o nPapyrus, th e i nfernal j udgm ent of S ara is seems
p
 LIMl T or THE T R A N S M I G R A ’I I O N
‘
. 209

th is i ne d a l te rna ti o n? We a re no t d i rec tl y
p re d e st
i nfo rm e d w h at th e E gy pti ans b e l i ev ed o n th i s sub
j ce t b
,
ut w e l e arn by i nfe re nc e th at th e
y se t a li m i t

t o th e m e te m p sy c h o s i s .

I t a p p e a rs t h at tra ns m i g rati o n w as r egard e d b y

a l l t h e anc i e n t ph il o so ph ers w h o a c k no w l e d g e d th i s ,

d o g m a as a so r t o f p urg ato ri al c h asti se m e nt i nfl i cte d

,

o nt h e so ul as t h e c o ns e q ue nc e o f
, p re v i o us d eli nq ue n
c i es . T h e Pythago re a ns ta ug ht th at t h e r e w er e
v a ri o us o rd e rs o f b e i n s s u eri o r t o m e n w h o se so ul s
g p ,

h ad e m a nate d fr o m th e d e i ty * T h e so ul s o f th e .

s u e ri o r o rd e rs w e r e c o n
p d e m ned t o e nter i nto h um an
b o d i e s a nd und e rg o o n ear th p urgato ri al a ffli c ti o ns
, .

H um a n li fe i ts el f w as r egard e d as a state o f p enal

d e g ra d a t i o n;1 b ut th e h um ili a t i o n o f t h e so ul did no t
e nd h e re : fro m m a n it d e s c e n d e d to th e m e anest

b r ute s and ac c o rd i ng t o s o m e i nto p l ants 1 until

, , , , ,

h av i ng g o ne th ro ug h a c are e r o f p unish m e nt p ro p o r
t io ne d to its g ui l t it a g a i nb egan to a sc e nd a nd re t urn
‘

to w ard s t h e h i g h er o r d e rs o f li v i ng natur e T h is .

ki nd o f c h as ti se m e nt is a l w ay s sp o ke n o f a s te m
o r fin i t an d h e nc e it w o ul d ap e ar th at
p o r ar
y ,
e , p

to b e repr ese nt e d . Th e presid ing go d sit s in th e o ffi c e o f

j udge and Th o t h , dis t ing uish ed by t h e h ead o f t h e I b is, h o l d s

t h e t ab l e t, w h ic h s ee m s to c o nt a in a t es t im o ny pec t ing t he
re s

ac t io ns o f th e d ead 5 w hil e A no ubis, or M erc ury t h e co nduc to r,

h o l d s th e scal e s, and see m s p repare d t o ex ec ut e th e sente nc e .

Pl ut arc h d e Pl acit Ph il o s i c ap 8
. . . . .

1 S ee a Cic ero , p reserved by S t A ugustin, in

frag m ent of .

h is fo urth b o o k against Pel agius .

1 D io g L aert V
. it E m p ed
. o c l is iE l i
.an d e A nim al l ib . . . .

x 1 1 . cap . 7
.
206 L I MIT or TH E TR A N S MI G RA TI ON .

th e transmi grati o n of so u s l m ust h av e h ad its

l i mitati o n * .

It app ears fr o m Pi nd ar t h at t h e ,
so ul w as d o o m e d

t o m ak e t h i s b e fo re it e sc ap ed
c i rc ui t a t l e as t t h ri c e ,

fro m th e l o w e r w o rl d and b ec am e w o rth y t o o b tai n

,

tra nc e into th e r eg i o ns o f bl e sse d sp i r i t s f

-
en

B ut t h ey wh o , in t rue v irt ue s tro ng,

T h e t h ird p urgat io nc an e nd ure,
A nd k eep th eir m inds fro m fraud ful w ro ng
A nd g uil t s c o nt agio n p ure
’

T hey th ro ugh t h e starry path s o f J o v e,

To S at urns b l is sful
’
s eat re m o v e ;
Wh ere fragrant breez es, v er nal airs,

S w eet chil d re n o f th e m ain,

Purge t h e b l es t isl and fro m c o rro d ing c ares 5

A nd fan t h e b o so m pl ain,
o f e ac h ver d a nt

Wh o se fertil e so il imm ort al fruit age b ears

Trees, fro m who se flam ing b ranc h es flo w ,
A y in go l d enb l o o m , reful gent b eam s ;
rra ed

A nd flo wers o f go l d e nh ue, t h at bl o w
O n th e fresh b o rd ers of t h eir p arent s tream s .

T h ese b y t h e b l es t, in sol em n t riu mp h w o rn,

Th eir unp o l l uted h ands and c l ust ering l o c k s ado rn .

S uch is t h e righ t eo us wil l , t h e h igh b eh est

O f Rh ad am anth us, rul er o f t h e B l est .

It w o ul d be an
i nteresti ng i nq ui ry wh eth er ,

th e E g y p t i a ns o r a n o f th e a nc i e nt fab uli sts b e

y
l ieved in th e e ternal e x iste nc e o f t h e so ul C i c ero .
,

I n th e Cl avis of H erm es, b o o k whic h, ac co rdin

a
g to
E useb ius, is an e
pito m e of t h e l ost b o o k s ent it l ed G enic a,
t h e transmigrat io n o f so ul s int o anim al s, is m entio ned as a.
ch ast isem ent o f sins «is m m bm ; xbuxfi; nainag ”
‘
.
.

1 Pi ndar
~
. 0 d O l ymp n West s transl at io n
. .
’
. .
 E M A N A TI O N A ND ne r usro n o r TH E s o un . 207

and so m e o th er
p h i l o so ph ers d e d uced th i s d o g ma ,

fro m the s up o se d ind ece r t ibil it

p p y o f a b e i ng w i th
o ut
part s, a nd fro m t h e i nc o r ruptibili ty o f an eth eri al
sp i ri t ; b ut it d o e s no t a
p pe ar t h at any o f th e earli er
sa
ges wh o d re w th ei r d o c tri ne s fro m m y th o lo g y o r
,
’

t rad i ti o n fa nc i e d the so ul to b e i m mo rtal o r eternal

,

in its i nd i vi d ual ch a rac t er . W e l ea rn fro m C i c ero ,

and D i o ge nes L a e rtius th at t h e S to i cal , sch o o l , wh o
d eri ved th e i r te ne ts fro m ant iq ui ty , m a i nta i ne d in

g e ne ra l th at th e so ul s urvi ve s t h e b o dy , b ut h as a
fi ni te te rm o f e xi e
s t nc e
* C l eanth es h eld t hat all .

so u s l w ill co nt i nue in a s ep ar a te s t at e, unt il th e g reat

c ata stro p h e o r c o nflagratio n o f th e uni verse, wh e nall
fi ni te b ei ngs w ill b e re so l v e d i nto the d i vi ne essence
fro m w h i c h th ey o rig i nal ly e m anate d -f C hrysipp us
taught th at th e so u l s o f t h e w i s e a nd go o d al o ne
en o
j y so l o n a t e rm o f e xi s te nc e
r

g A t a ny rat e the .
,

er i o d o f th e g reat c y c l e o r a o ca tastasi s was th e

p
p , ,

utm o st li m i t t o w h ic h th e i nd i v i d ua l e xi stenc e o f any

fi ni te b e i ng c o ul d e xte nd .

T h e d oc tri ne o f th e e m a nati o n and r efusi o n o f th e

s o ul is several t i m e s a ll ud e d t o b y E uri p i d e s who ,

h el d th e t e ne ts o f th e I o ni c s ec t d eri ve d by th e ,

fo unders o f th at sc h o o l fro m E gypt T h e fo llo w i ng .

assa e fro m a frag me n t o f th e C h r ys i ppus expresses

p g
it m ost c l early .

on 2 I
X CDPEI 3 671407 0 u st: éx 7 a m ;
’
70
j
l
9apron
Q 3 3
our o n
to

pow ei g
y a ua w, 7 a. 0

it Tusc Quze st l ib i
. . . . cap . 32 . D io g Laert l ib
. . . vn. sect .

1 56 .

1 See L el and s A dvantage

’
and N ecessi ty of the Chr st i ian
Revel ati on; part iii . cha
p 3 . .
208 n TH E
‘
R E FUSI ON o SOUL .

I
gh a o r dw a 7 0 mg
3
‘

,
e ig ou o
p wmv

91/750 s 3 odds v
' ' ’ ‘
7r o7t oy 7r ot 7 u
' “

v
’ ’
m iu y ry uop euw v .

Th o se t h ing s w h ic h s p ra ng fro m t h e E art h go

b ac k again t o t he E art h th o se wh ic h sp ring fro m
a n e th erial s to c k , r e tur n t o t h e h eav e nl y v aul t .

N o thing p er ish es t h at h as o nc e h ad e x is t e nc e .

I t is a l l ud e d to ,
l
a so , ina d ra m a w h i c h is s till e x tant :

O 0 0 0 0 O 0 O 0 o 0 O 0 t o o 0 o o 0 O V0 89
\ f

y uw‘un
'
do wow w v u 3 5 X5 :
I a

ra w x wr on,
I I
6u va r ov a s6S P EMT EO CO V 9k
1 I
a da ua r o v
9 a , 3 a a
‘

,
5 49 a .

T he int el l ec t of t h e d ead l iv es no t , b ut
an im m o rt al se ns e, b e ing p o ured o ut int o
im m o rt al te t h er .

T his l d o c tri ne was c o nta i ne d in th e old H e rm ai c

b o o ks , e nt i tl ed G e ni ca, c i ted b y E use bi us ,
b ut no w
l o st .

0 6x fi d xo o a g
'

év 1 '

ny /m o
er
y s E use bi us
i; sa irr i ,

”
s 55
; w o we d a i dl uxa l Em ir
h wa s dzuxiig f i g
’
7 00 r ow
- ‘
owr .

H a ve y o u no t y e t b ee ni nfo r m e d b y th e G e ni c a that ,

al l i nd i v i d ual so ul s are e m anati o ns fro m th e o ne so ul

of th e uni vers e ?
O n t h i s d o c tr i ne i wh i c h o f e ma nati o n and re fus o n, ,

as w e h ave s ee n w as t au h t in G r e e c e by th e first
g ,

m ysti c s fr o m E gy pt w as fo und e d p ro b ably at a l ate ,

p eri o d th e sy ste m o f th e G no sti c s w h i c h h as b e en ,

t erm e d th e o ri enta l p h il o so p hy ; th at o f th e J e wi sh

Cabb ali st and th o se refi ne d sp e c ul ati o ns c o nc er ni ng

, ,

F ragment, Chrysippi .
‘
r E urip H el ene l 1 022
. . . .
 D s scs n'
r A ND R E - A S CE N T o n TH E S OU L . 209

th e d esce nt of th e
th ro ugh th e seven planetar
so u l y
s
ph eres ,
and its t e-ascent, w h i c h w e fi nd d etail ed in th e

w ri t i ng s o f C e l s us, Po rphyr y and Macro b ius fi“ W h a t ,

sh are t h e E
gypti ans h ad in t h e se fi c ti o ns it is d i ffi c ult
to say ; b ut w e fi nd th em in th e H erm eti c b oo ks , and
th e re is no th i ng in th e i r nat ure o r st
yle th at fo rbi d s
th e su
pp o siti o nthat t h e y h ad th e i r o ri i nint h e m st e
g y
r esi g p T h a t th e y e xi st ed ina v ery re m o te
ofE y t .
ge a

w o ul d pro b abl e, fro m th e c i rc um st a nc e,

se e m rem a rk ed

b y B eauso b re jt th at th e v i s i o n o f J ac o b, rel ate d in

G ene sis se em s to c o ntai n an al l usi o n to th e p h rase
,

o o l o r sty e o f r ep r ese n
l t a t o n a d o pted i in th em
gy , , .

T h e h eave ns w e re d i v i d e d b y th ese m y st i c s i nto

e i gh t r e i o ns o r sp h e res T h e e i ghth , o r h i g h e st
g .

s h er e
p w as th at o f th e fix e d stars, th e reg i o n o f
,

th e d i vi ne a nd
i nc o rr up tibl e ra th er fro m wh i c h al l ,

so ul s h a d e manate d T h i s w as th e nati ve and o r i g i

.

nal ab o d e o f al l i ntelli gent and spi ri tual e sse nc es A s .

l o ng a s th ey re mai ned th er e d etac h ed fro m all th e im ,

er fe c t i ons o f m atte r t h e i r nature w a s ure a nd

p p ,

unsulli ed C erta i ns o ul s h o w e v e r e i th er i mp e ll e d by
.
, ,

w a nd er i ng app eti tes o r d r i v e n a s t h e d ue c h as t i se

,

m e nt o f o ffe nc es (fo r so m e m a i ntai ne d th i s Op i ni o n)

,

d e sc end ed i nto th e l o we r wo rl d a nd pa ssi ng d o w n ,

C el sus apud O rigen . co nt ra C el s . l ib . v i p 2 90 ; e d it

. . .

Cant ab Po rp hyr de A ntro N ym ph arum,

. .
p assim M acro b. .

S o m n S eip l ib i
. . . .

1 Partic ul arl y int h e Poem and er .

B e auso b re H ist du M an ic h é is m e tom

I . . . 11 .

Th e reader w ill fi nd p l e d etail s o nt h is m ysti cal transit o f

am

h eavenl y sph eres, in B eausobre s H isto ire

’
s o ul s t hro ugh t h e

da M anich é isme, and int h e w o rk o f D upuis, entitl ed O rigine

”
d e t o us l es Cul t es, at th e e nd of the fo urth vol ume .

E R
 2 10 D E S C EN T A ND —
R IB A S C E N T o n TH E so e n
.

t h ro ugh th e seven s p here s, na m ed fro m the s ev e n

p lane ts a c q ui red inth i s t ra ns i t t ho se v i c es a nd
,
ev il pro
p e ns ities wh i c h w e re p ec ulia r to e ac h r eg i o n . T h is
d es c ent w as d esc rib ed in a
y m b o li c a l m anne r
s as ,

O r ige ni nfo rm s us , by a lad d er w h i ch was represe nte d

as re ac h i ng fr o m h e av e n to ear th , a nd d i v i d ed i nto
se ve n sta g e s, at e ac h o fi g ured a gate ;
f w h i c h w as
t h e e i gh th ga te w a s at t h e to p o f th e lad d e r w h i c h ,

b e l o nge d to t he sph e re o f th e c e l es ti a l
T he re w a s ano th e r p a th fo r t h e asc e nt o f so ul s fro m
e arth t o h e ave n; a nd a t t h e sum m i t w a s a n o th e r

g a t,
e w h i c h w as te r m e d th e g a te o f t h e
g o d s t he ,

fo rm er b y wh i c h t h e so ul s d esc e nd ed wa s c al l ed
, ,

th e g at e o f m en .T he s i tua t i o ns o f th e se t wo gat es
are d e te r m i ne d by M a c ro bi us w h o says th e
y w ere a t
,

th e tro p i c so f Canc er and C apr i c o r n w h ere t h e g al ax

y,

i nte rs ec ts th e z o di ac -i T h ere w a s al so a gate bel o ng

ing to eac h o f th e s eve n pl ane ta ry s ph ere s .

W h en a soul h ad suffer e d th e c al am i ty o f be i ng
de grad ed fro m h eavent o e arth it was o nly b y p ur i fy i ng,

i tse l f fro m th e c o rr upt a ffect i o ns o f th e b o d y th a t it

c o ul d b ec o m e fi t te d fo r its r e turn t o th e c e l es t i al

reg i o ns . F o r t h i s p urp o se ac c o rd i ng t o so me ph il o
,

so p h ers th ree p eri o d s o f transm i rati o nwer e al l o w e d ;

, g
an d if it negl ec ted t o p ro fi t b y th e se o pp o r t uni ti es ,

th er e w e re so m e wh o m ai nt a i ne d th at its fi nal d o o m
w a s utte r e x ti nc ti o n .

I t m a y i nd eed b e q ue sti o ned wh eth er th is th eo ry ,

in th e fo r m ab o ve d eta ile d w a s a genuine p i ec e o f

,

E gypt i anmy th o lo gy W e m ay h o wev er wi th g reate r

.
, ,

O rigen l o co
. supra c it ato .

1 Macro b S e mp S eip
. . . c. a n l ib
. . i .
 EG Y PT I A N D O CT R I N E R E S PE CT I N G TH E SO U L . 21 1

co n fi d e nc e ascri b e to th e E gyp ti ans th e d o c tr i ne o f

,

e m a nat i o n a nd re fus i o n a n
, d p urg ato ri al transm i gra
,

ti o n w h i c h w e h ave ill ustra te d by t h e fo reg o i ng

,

ex trac ts fro m Vi r il Pi n d a r and E ur i p i d es and th e

g , , ,

d o g m as o f t h e S to i c and Py thago rean sc h o o l s .

 S UPPL E M E N T T O C H A PT E R I I I .

F URTH E R I L L U STR A TI O N OF TH E E GY PTI A N

D O CT RI N E .

T H E i d e as o f t h e a nc e i nts , a nd
parti c ularly of th e
E g yp ti ans ,
r es
p e c ti ng t h e fate of ill so
th e s o ul , ar e s t

m uc h i nv o l ve d ino b sc uri ty e v e nafter th e m o s t d ilig ent

,

r e searc h i nto a ntiq ui ty that it see m s re as o nabl e

,

t o l o o k to d i s ta nt q uarte r s fo r so m e a dd i ti o nal ill us

t rat io n
. W e k no w that th e E gyp tians a nd th e
'
,

nat i v es o f H i nd o stan h av e fro m i m m em o ri al ti m e

b eli eved in th e d o c trl ne o f M ete mp syc h o si s T h i s .

p rov e s so m e c o nnec ti o n in th e m e tap hy s i c al d o g mas

o f t h e t wo nat i o ns an
,
d s ug g e sts t h e a d va ntag e o f
inq ui r i ng i nto t h e O p i ni o ns o f th e Brah m ans r e sp ec ti ng
'

th e state o f th e d ea d a nd c o m p ari ng th e l a tt e r w i th
,

t h e i d eas o f th e E gy p ti a ns .

T h ere app ears to b e s o m e d egr ee o f c o ntrad i c ti o nin

th e d o c tri ne s o f th e E gy p t i an p ri e s th o o d o r a t l east in ,

t h e t e ne ts w h i c h t h e p h ilo so p h i c a l s e c ts in G r e e c e
ro fe ss e d to h a v e b o r ro w e d fro m th e m w i th res e c t
p p ,

to th e s ta te o f t h e s o ul in a fut ure w o rl d a nd to t h e ,

ind i vi d uali ty o f its e xi stence .

A s th e H i nd o o s as well as th e E gyp ti ans h el d th at

, ,

t h ere are r ep e a t e d re vo l ut i o ns b r i ngi ng w i th t h e m

,

th e d e s truc t i o n a nd r e sto ra ti o n o f w o rl d s in p er ,

e t ual v i c i ss i tud es an d t h a t at th e e nd o f ea ch g re at
p ,

c c l e all b ei n s th at had e m an ated re turn i nto th e

y g
2 14 I L LU S T R A T I O N OF TH E EG Y PT I A N
d i vi ne ess e nc e , it is i
o b v o us th a t ne i th e r p ar ty b eli eve d
in th e e ter na l i
e x s t e nc e of th e so ul in a s tat e of

d i sti nc t i
c o nsc o us ne ss . A t th e te r m i nati o n of th e

g r ea t c
y cl e , w h e n th e h e a v e ns th e m s e l ves w e re to b e
d i sso l ve d a nd m el t a wa
.
y , a nd no th i ng w a s t o re m a in
e xc ept t he p ri m eval sp i ri t b o th go d s a nd m e n and , ,

so ul s o f i nfe ri o r ra nk w e re a l l abs o r b e d
,
T his th en .
, ,

w a s t h e utmo st li m i t o f c o ns c i o us e xi s t e nc e B ut th e .

fi nal ab so rpt i o n as th e H i nd o o s b e li eve m ay b e

, ,

anti c i ate d ; and b esid e s t h i s s up r e m e h a pp i nes s th i s

p ,

o nly t r ue i m m o r ta li t y w h i c h y o g ue e s a nd fa nat i c al
,

asc e t i c s s e e k t o a tta i n b y v o l untar ily s ub m itt i ng to

,

t h e m o s t s e ve re ab s ti ne nc e s a nd m o st fr igh tful t o r
t ures th e re are ac c o rd i ng t o th e B ra h m ans vari o us
, , ,

sc al e s o f b e ati t ud e o r m i ser
y o f r e w ar d o r
p enal ,

c h asti se m ent w h i c h m ay b e e n
, j y
o e d o r s uffered .

S uch is th e d o c tr i ne o f th e I nd i an B rah ma ns ; and ,

fro m t h e o b se r vati o ns in th e fo reg o i ng c h apter it ,

se e m s p r o b abl e th a t th e o p i ni o ns o f t h e o l d E ti ans
gy p ,

r e sp e ct i n t h e fut ure c o nd i t i o n o f th e so ul w ere

g ,

m o d ifi e d in a si m i l ar w a y .

A c c o rd i ng t o th e S astra s th e re a r e fo ur ki nd s o f ,

h ap p i ne ss a fte r d e a th 1 T h at wh i c h is e nj o y e d in
. .

th e h e av ens o f th e g o d s 2 T h e h o no urs and j o ys

. .

o f d e ifi c at io n 3 T h e p ri v i l eg e o f d w elli ng in the
. .

r ese nc e o f th e o d s ; and 4 A b s o r t io n F rom the

p g p . .

th re e fi rst th e so ul d esce nd s to a sub s e q ue nt bi rth .

T h e last is a state o f eterna l re uni o n w i th th e d i vi ne

nature . T h e th ree fi rs t a re O b ta i ne d by w o rks ;
th e l a s t b y d i v i ne w i sd o m .

T h e vari o us h eave ns a nd h ell s o f t h e H i nd o o

m yth o l o gy resemb l e th e cl assi c al fi c tio ns respe cti ng
th e j o y s o f th e E l y si an fi e l d s or o f t h e I sl es ,
 D O CT R I N E R E S PE C T I N G TH E SOUL . 2 15

o f th e B l e ssed , or th e pai ns of Phl eg eth o n . T he

d o gm a of a b so rpti o n a ssum es a m o re phil o so phi
c al I t is i m il ar e v e n in th e m ann
as
p ec t . v er
y s , er

of ill ust rati o n to th e te net o f th e I o ni c ph il o so

,

p h er s , co nta i ne d in th e v e rs e s a b o v e c i te d from
E ur ip i d es . T h e so ul is lib e rate d fro m its p ri so n a nd ,

ab so rb e d in t h e uni ve rsa l o c e a n o f s i ri t o r d e i t
p y .

T h e H i nd o o s ill ustrat e th e i r i d ea o n th i s subj e c t ,

b y c o m p ar i ng th e so ul to a ir c o nfi ned in a ve sse l ,

wh i c h w h e n t h e v e sse l b r e ak s is i m m ed i at el y l o s t in
, ,

th e vast b o dy o f a ir wh i c h c o m po se s th e
I f w e m ay g i v e c r ed i t in th e passag e w e h ave c ited
fro m S e r v i us th e R o m ans so ugh t by t h e i r fune real ri te s
,

t o h a st e n t h e re uni o n o f t h e so ul w i th t h e uni v ersal

spir i t w h i l e t h e E g yp t ia ns e nd e av o ure d to d el ay th i s
e v e nt and to p r o l o n
g the t i m e o f se p arate e xi st e nc e .

W e a re i nfo rm e d th at so m e o f th e H i nd o o s as the w o r ,

sh i
pp e r s o f Vi sh nu p ray no t fo r ab so rpti o n w h i c h th e y
, ,

d read as t h e l o ss o f d i st i nc t and c o nsc i o us b e i ng b ut

, ,

fo r th e p ri vil eg e o f d w elli ng fo r e ve r in th e h eave n

o f th e i r
g o d free d fro m t h e c o nti ng ency o f fut ure
,

bi rth s .

I t is i m p o ss ibl e to d e c i d e w h at p ar ti c ul ar sh ad e s o r
var i et i e s o f t h e s e i d e a s w e re a d o p te d b y th e fo ll o w ers

o f He r m es I t see m s to be h i gh l y p ro b abl e th at th e y
.

w e re v ar i o usly bl e nd e d b y d ifl e r ent se c ts inE g yp t as ,

t h e y are in t h e E ast W h e n m en d e sert th e r eg i o n

.

w h i c h is s ubj ec te d to th e d o m i ni o n o f th e i r s e ns e s ,

an d w i th i nth e reac h o f th e i r so b er i nt ell ect s a nd g i ve ,

a l o o se fli g h t t o th e i m ag i n a ti o n i nto th e w o rl d o f

S ee Rev . W Ward s View

.
’
Of t he L iterat ure, H istory,
and Rel igio n o f t h e H indo o s, vo l . i
.
 I L L U ST R A T I O N OF TH E EG Y PT I A N

i nvi si ble i
th ng s , al l th e i d e as th e y c an fo rm w ill be
va
g ue a nd fl uc tuati ng , a nd we s h a ll s e l do m fi nd a ny
d o gma i i ng l o ng w i th o ut vari a t i o n
e x st .

T h e H i nd o o s b e l ie v e as d id t h e E g yp ti a ns , ,

Greeks a nd R o m a ns t h a t th e fune re al r i tes w h i c h

, , ,

t h e y t e rm S r a d dh a h a v e a n i m p o rta nt e ffe c t o n the ,

d esti ny o f th e s o ul T h e S as tras te a c h t h at t h e so ul
.
,

i m m e d i a t el y a ft e r d e ath b ec o m es a gh o st o r p re ta , ,

s in
a nd r e m a in c l o s e d in a d i m i nuti v e b o d
y in th e ,

c us to d o f Y am a e o f th e d e a d
y t h e j g
ud ,
I f t he .

fune r eal r i tes o r S rad d h a b e o m i t te d th e s o ul c anno t

, , ,

p e fro m th e state o f p re ta if th e y a re d uly c el e

es c a

b rate d th e so ul a t th e e nd o f a y ea r is d e li vered
,

fro m its p ri s o n a nd a sc e nd s t o a state ,

of t e m p o ra ry
h ap p i ness w h e nc e it a fte rwa rd s i ss ues
, ,
t o p a ss i nto
a b o dy a
pp ro p ri a te t o its m e rits .

T he j ud g m e nt o f its d e s e rts is p er fo r m e d by
Y am a , w h o s umm o ns, as w i t nes se s at h is t r i b unal,
S urya t h e S un; C h and r a th e M o o n; Pavana
, , ,
W ind
A g ni F i re ; A
kasa E th er ; Pr i t h i vi E arth and ’

, , , ,

V ar una W a ter ; ani nvo c ati o nw h i c h fo rc ib l y re m i nds

,

us o f t h e c ust o m s o fr e que ntl y t ra c e d in t h e o l der

,

G re ek p o e ts o f eal l ing upo nth e e l e m e nt s a s w i t nesses

, ,

w h o we re t o ap p ear a t th e fi nal d o o m T h e fo l l o w .

ing li nes o f H o m e r rec al th i s i d ea in th e m o st

s tr iki ng m anne r

I I l
Z eu wo wsp, I dn
dev “edema, d
st u i o r s ,
-
e
p w 1
s
- '

s,
' ' i '
H s7uog; 9 iw i ds i g
t ’ ' ’
f g r o xa 7r o wr ér a xo ,

h s\ I I
H OT Ot LOI , u F a ra , d
Q
sca n xo xo u o r ur evs x a t ow a g
p s
p
av dpwr
I
oug T wua
I
d
«
ou o
I
n; x
a ‘
b

m opx o opt oo o p ,
e u
c I - -

(pa n
I a! I 1
a ma s7 e 3 O m a m
Q a 0
-
u a r u m e a r s,
' '

o r e!"
‘ p p p

I l iad P p 2 76 . . S ee paral l el p assages in E

. sc h yl us, Pro
meth eus, v. 95 et seq E neid iv x ii, &c
. . . .
 D O CT R I N E R E S PE C T I N G TH E mm . 2 17

J upiter, r ul ing o n I d a, m o st gl o rious, greatest !

and tho u, S un, w ho sees t and h earest al l t hings !
ou Rivers ! and t h o u, E arth ! and ye who p unish,
y
in t h e real ms bel o w, t ho se w h o v iol ate th e sanc tit y

o f o ath s ! I cal l yo u t o witness and maintai n o ur

”
faithful l eague .

We h ave o ffe red th e seb se rvati o ns b ec ause th e

o ,

i d eas o f th e H i nd o o s resp ec ti ng th e m etemp sy cho si s ,

an d th e fi nal state o f th e so ul w h i ch b ear a m ani fe st

,

re se m bl an c e t o th e E gyp ti an t e nets see m lik ely t o

,

ac c o unt fo r t he c o n tra d i c t i o ns w e h av e o b served inth e

no t i o ns O f th e G ree k p h il o s o p h ers and E gypt i anp ri ests ,

a nd t o affo rd an o utl i ne th at m a
y uni te t he d i ffere nt
frag m e nts o f th e i r d o c tri ne into an uni fo rm and no t
w ho lly unco nnec t e d sy ste m A t p resent w e d o no t
.

ret e nd t o say h o w fa r th e a nal o gy b e tw een t h e i d eas

p
o f th ese t w o n a ti o ns e x te n d e d b ut v ent ur e si mpl y
,

t o h i nt b y anti c i pat i o n t h at suffi c i e n

, . t re aso n w i l l
h e rea ft er b e fo und fo r c o nc l ud i ng th e co i nc i d enc e t o
b e e ssential a nd funda m ent al .
 C H A PT E R I .

I N T R O D U C T I O N .

S E CT I O N 1 .

P relim inary Remar ks .

A F TE R th e m o s t c ar e fu l a na l ys i s of th e re m a i ns of

t h e E gy p t i a n m yth o l o gy, w e fi nd l
o ur se v es unabl e t o

r e s to r e th e w h o l e s y st e m in t h a t c o m l e te and co n
p
s ste nt
i in w h i c h it m a y b e sup p o se d to h av e
state

o ri i nall
g y e xi ste d
I n th e p urs ui t o f th is atte mp t, w e l ab o ur und e r a

p li
ec u ar d i sad vantag e . T h e te a c h ers of E gyp ti an
p h il o so p hy h av e lo ng a
g o d i sap p eare d . N o ne of

t h e m y e t sur v i ve t o g ui d e us t h ro ug h t h e m a z es o f
th e i r l aby r i nth s T h e w h o l e rac e h av e b ec o m e e x t i nc t,
.

a nd th e i r nati ve li terat ure

h as p eri sh e d w i th th e m .

O ur c o untr m e n in t h e E as t w h o h av e m ad e us
y ,

ac q ua i nted w i th th e sc i e nc e s and re li g i o n o f th e
H i nd o o s e ntere d up o n t he i r i nv estiga t i o n und er fa r
,

m o re favo ura bl e a usp i c es T h e y h ave b ee n g ui d e d

.

in t h e i r re se arc h e s by na ti ve p und i ts th e d es c e ndants ,

a nd s uc c esso rs o f th e o l d Bra h m ans ; w h o h av e b e e n

fo und abl e to i nter p ret th e sac re d vo l um es o f t h e i r

anc i e nt h i erarc h A c c o r d i ngly th e suc c ess w h i c h
y .
,

h as atte nd ed th e l ab o urs o f th e A si ati c S o c i e ty h as

sur a s se d
p th e m os t s ang ui ne e x p ec tati o ns o f t h e

l earned in E uro p e .
222 PR E L I M I N A R Y RE MA R KS .

T h ere are many bj ec ts co nne c ted w i th th e a nti

su

u it i o f E yp t an d a rt i c ul a rl w i t h t h e h i sto r y o f
q e s g , p y
th e my th o lo gy and its p ro g re s si ve d ev el o p e m ent wh i ch ,

see m lik ely t o r e m a i n fo r e v e r h i dd e n in o b sc uri t y ,

unl ess w e sh o uld fi nd it p o ss i b l e t o th ro w a n ind i

r ec t li gh t upo nth e m d eri ve d fro m t h e anc i en
,
t li te rature

o f I nd i a . B ut b e fo r e w e a re al lo w e d to a nt i c i p ate any
,

i mp o rtant assi sta nc e fr o m th i s r e so ur c e it may b e ,

t h o ugh t i nc um b e nt up o n us t o a ffo r d so m eth i ng m o re

th a n i nternal p ro o f o f th e affi ni ty we s upp o se to exi st
b etweenth e myth o l o gy o f E gyp t a nd th e E ast .

I t h as b eenfre q ue nt l y asserted s i nce th e w ri ti ngs o f

,

S ir W il l iam J o nes a nd h is l ear ned a sso c i at es h av e ren

d ere d a na c q uainta nc e w i th t h e m o r e s triki ng features
o f t h e I nd i an i do l at ry v ery g e neral th at t h e se two ,

sy st em s w ere i n ti m a te l y c o nnec t e d T hi s co ncl usi o n

.
,

h o we ver h as l a tel y b ee n c o ntr o v erted ; and it has

,

b een asserted th at th e w h o l e m y th o l o g y o f the

E gy p ti ans was i nd i ge no us a nd d i sti nc t in its o rigi n
,

fro m any o f th e A si a ti c s up e rsti ti o ns .

I t m ust b e c o nfess e d th at no esse nt i al affi ni ty has

b een t raced b e twe e n t h e l a ng uag es o f E gypt and of
I nd i a ; no r c an w e a ffo rd sati sfa c t o r y p ro o f fro m eu ,

th e nt ic h i sto ry o r t r a d i t i o n O f a ny a nc i e nt i nterc o urse

,

b et weent h e nati ves o f t h ese c o unt ri e s o r d emo nstrate ,

t h at th e y s p rang fro m a c o m m o n s o urce .

W e m ust th erefore r est th e w ho l e w ei g h t o f o ur

h y po th esi s upo n i nt e rna l e v i d ence I t w il l b e p er
.

h ap s all o w ed th at t h i s ki nd o f t esti m o ny m ay if
, ,

s uffi c i en tly a mpl e s up ersed e th e ne c ess i ty o f an d i rect

,
y
pro o f . I am i nde ed p ersuade d th at th i s o b se rvati on
w ill ap ply to th e p re se nt c a se and th at th e m ass o f
,
-

evi de n ce res ul ti n
g even fro m a s upe rfic i al c o mpari so n
,
 GE N E RA L O B S E R VA T I O N S , E TC . 223

of th e E gypti an and I nd i an fa bl e s, is suffi c ient to

evi nce th ei r ess enti al affi ni ty I have reaso nto b eli eve
.

that suc h o f my p o sse ss any ac quai nta nc e

rea d ers a s

wi th th e li terature and m yth o l o gy o f th e Hi nd oo s, will

a read
l y h ave gn iz e d s ati sfac to r y
reco
pr o o fs o f thi s

o p i ni o n; and that th o se wh o e nter tai n an y d o ub t will

hereafter i
arr ve at th e s am e c o nc l usi o n . T hi s I shal l
fo r th e present a nt i c ipate ; b ut wi th o ut resti ng any ,

th i ng i m po r tant up o n m e re p resum pt i o n I sh al l no w .

p ro ceed to an i nve sti ga t i o n w h i c h w i l l affo rd an

,

o
pp o rtu ni ty of
p su
p o rt i ng th e h ypo th esis I have
assum ed , and a t th e sa m e t i me o f ava ili ng
my self
o f all th e a d vantag es t h at m a y be d e r i ved fro m it .

A it was neve r m y d esi g n to t reat expressly o n the

s

fab ul o us reli g i o n o f I nd i a I sh all o nly c o nsi d er it in

,

th o se p o i nts o f v i e w w h i c h are lik ely t o d i splay its

re l ati o ns to t h e E gypt i a n m yth o l o gy T h i s o bj ect .

will b e b est atta i ned b y a n h i sto ri c al survey o f the

ph il oso ph i c al sy ste m s and s up er s ti t i o ns wh i c h have
rev ail ed inth e E as t fro m th e m o s t rem o te a n tiq ui ty
p .

S E C T I ON I I .

General Observa tio ns on the H is tory f

o t he I ndianMy tho l ogy .

T here is no auth o r in o ur o w n ang uagel w h o has

treated l ength o nt he mytho l o gy o f the Hi nd oos in
at ,

that p o int o f vi ew wh i c h is th e m o st impo rtant fo r o ur

resen t in q ui ry I h ave no wh ere fo un d this subj ect
p .
224 GE N E RA L O B S E R VA T I O N S , ETC
'

l
e uc i date d ina sati s fac to ry m anne r e x c ep t in a sh o rt ,

t re a t i s e p ub l i sh e d in G e rm a ny b y t h e l e ar ne d M r F
,
. .

S c hl eg el o n t he
,
L a ng ua g e s a nd Ph i l o s o p hy o f th e
E aste r n N a ti o ns .

S e ve ral m o ti ve s h a ve d ete rm i ne d m e to re st sati s fi ed

fo r th e p re s e nt wi t h a b ri e f ab s tra c t o f t h i s a uth o r s
’

s urve
y o f t h e s ubj ec t un d e r c o ns i d e ra ti o n I t a pp ears .

im p o ssi bl e to s tate th e fac ts wh i c h I w i sh t o l ay b e fo re

m y re ad e rs in a m o re l uc i d a nd a t th e s a m e ti me
c o m e nd i o us m a nne r I f I a t te m te d to c o nd e n se
p .
p
in a s ho rt c o m pass t h e i nfo rm ati o n d e ri v e d fro m
d i ffe re nt q uarters I s ho ul d i nc ur a s us pi c i o n o f
,

d i sto rt i ng t h e p i c t ur e in o rd er to d e ri ve ad vant a ges

in th e furth e r p ro se c uti o n o f m y a rg um e nt T h i s will .

b e a vo i d e d b y th e p l a n w h i c h I p ro p o se to fo ll o w .

A c c o rd i ng to th i s a uth o r t h e h i sto ry o f O ri e nt al
,

l e arni ng a nd s up e rs ti ti o n m a y b e d i vi d e d i nto fo ur
ri nc i p al e ras w h i c h fo l l o w e a c h o t h e r in c h ro no l o
p ,

i c al o rd er T o th e fi rst e ri o d b el o n t h e d o c t ri nes
g .
p g
o f t he e m a na ti o n a nd tra nsm i rati o n o f s o ul s w hi c h
g ,

s ee m t o b e t h e fo und a ti o n o f t h e o l d e s t sy s te m o f

p h i l o so p h y p re val e nt in th e E ast a s far as o ur k no w ,

l e dge o f O ri ental h i sto ry e x te nd s T h e s e c o nd era

.

is th at o f astro latry i nc l ud i ng t h e b arb aro us w o r

,

shi
p o f nature o f t h e v i sibl e e l e m e nts and h ea ve nly
, ,

b o d i es T h e t hi rd is d i sti ng ui sh e d b y th e d o g ma o f
.

t wo p ri nc i pl es o r o f t h e w a rfare b etw ee n li g h t a nd
,

d arknes s b et we e n t h e go o d a nd e vil g e ni us
, T he .

fo urth is th e ag e inwh ic h t h e d o c tr i ne s o r r ep re s e nta

t i o ns o f t h e E a ster n sc h o o ls ac q ui re a m o re refi ned
a nd m e ta h s i cal d esc ri ti o n a
p y p p pro xi mati ng in so m e
, ,

i mp o r tant trai ts t o the c h arac ter o f th e E uro p ean

,

ph ilo so phy . T hi s later p eri o d is d i st i ng ui sh ed by

 G ENE RA L onsna v ar i o n 225
'
s, E TC .

end eav o ur in th e se ueq l to est i mate ,

as th e a
ge of

T h e fo ll o wi ng cha t
p er contai ns a translat i o n of

th e m o st i mpo rtant of Mr S ch l egel s remark s

.
’
on

c h aract e r s t c
i i tenets o f th ese d i fferent sch o o l s .
 C HA PT E R I I .

O UTLI N E OF TH E H I STO R Y OF TH E H I N D OO

M Y TH O L O G Y .

S E C TI O N I .

D o ctrine o f th e E mana tio n a nd Transmig ratio nof So ul s .

A M ON G th e s
y ste m s o f re l ig i o n o r p h il o so phy to w h i c h
A h as g i ve n bi r th no ne c l a i m s m o r e i nd i sp utably
s a i ,

an I nd i a n o rig i n ; no ne w i th th e exc epti o n o f th e

,

M o s ai c rec o rd s, h as h i g h e r p rete ns i o ns to a ntiq ui ty ,

th a n t h e d o c tri ne o f t h e e m a nati o n a nd w a nd eri ng
o f so u s l . T h e fo undati o ns of this y st e m are to b e
s

fo und in th e C o d e of M enu ,
li c
a re o f anc i e nt ti m e s ,

w h i ch is at l e a st of eq ual ant iq ui t y w i th the o l d e st

s
p e c i m e ns o f E uro p e an li te rat ure . T hi s w o rk h as
b ee n d uring ,
so m e t h o usa nd y e ars, as it is at the

p r es e nt d ayb i ,
th el as s o f t h e
i a ws a nd
i i nst t ut o ns ,
an d w e m i gh t al m o st sa y o f th e d a il y h abi ts o f
, ,

th e H i nd o o s as e vi d e n tl y is it t h e p r i nc i p a l fo un
d at i o n o f th e I nd ian sagas and m yth o l o g y Be si d es .

th e i nfo rm a ti o n d e r i ve d fro m t h e l a ws o f M e nu ,

w e m a y y e t e x p e c t to o b ta in so m e fur th e r i nsi g ht
i nt o th e p ri nc i p l es o f th i s d o c tri ne fro m th e V ed as ;
an d p e r h ap s fro m t he o l d es t sc h o o l o f I nd i an
hi l o so h y w h i c h h a s b ee n n a m e d M irn a nso an d
p p , ,

w h i c h ac kno wl e d g es fo r its fo und er Y o im ini th e ,

,

aut h o r of t h e S amo ve d a .
 228 I OR Y
H ST OF TH E HI ND OO M Y TH O L O G Y .

I t will p rese ntl y ap p e ar h o w i nt i m ate l y th e e ma

nati o n o f s o ul s in th e o ri g i nal s e nse o f th at d o g ma,
is c o nne c t e d W i th th e m e t e mp sy c h o si s . We m ust,
i nd ee d w i thd raw o ur th o ugh ts fro m t ho se d o c tri nes
,

w h i c h w e re d i sti ng ui s h e d b y th i s t e r m a m o ng th e
C hal d eans o r th e G reek s o f l ater t i m e s A m o ng th e .

latter w e no l o nger d isc o v er a ny syste m o f d o c tri ne in

its o rig i na l p uri ty ; b ut a c o nfuse d m ixt ur e o f tenets ,

d e r i v e d fro m v ari o us sc h o o l s o b tr ud es i ts e l f o n o ur
,

o b s er vat i o n und e r th e n a m e o f O ri e n t al p h il o so phy .

W e m ust b e esp ec i all y careful no t to c o nfo und th e

d o c tri ne O f E m anati o n w i th Panth e i s m T o t h o se .

w h o are o nl y fa m i l i ar w i th th e m o re l o g i c al fo rm s O f
t h e rec e nt p h il o so p h y o f E uro p e t h e b o ld er fi gures
,

an d m o re li ve l y e xp ressi o ns o f t h e O ri e ntal s ys te m
m ay b e m i sta k e n fo r Panth e i st i c d o c t ri nes T he se .

d i ffe re nt sch em es m ay i nd e e d fre q ue ntl y b e fo und

, ,

con ne c te d in later t i m es : y e t th e o ri g i nal d i fference

is v e ry e sse nti al si nc e in t h e o l d I nd i an sy st e m i nd i
,

vid ual it
y o f e xi ste nc e is b y no m eans s ub verted o r
d eni e d : t h e re unio n o f p ar ti c ul a r b e i ngs w i th th e
d i v i ni ty is o nly p o ss ibl e a nd no t nec essa rily i m p li e d
, .

T h e p e rve rse l y guil ty are rep res e nted as r e m ai ni ng

for e v er c ut o ff, a nd cas t a way if w e ad o m o re
o r,
pt a

rec ent p h rase o l o gy w h i ch is h o wever s tri c tl y c o ng e i al

, n
w i th t h ese a nc i e nt d o c tr i ne s t h e e ter ni ty o f h e l l to r
,
-

m ents is by no m eans irre c o nc il abl e w i th t h e system

o f e man at i o n b ut rath er c o ns ti tut e s a n e ss e nt i a l art
,
p
o f it. Wi th resp ec t to th e re l ati o ns o f G o o d a nd E vil ,

no d o c trines can b e mo re d i rec tl y o p p o se d to eac h

o th er ,
t h an th e syst e m o f e m anat i o n a nd th at o f

p anth e i sm Panth e i sm te ac h e s th at ev ery th i ng is

.

ood ecause every b ei n is a

g b,
g p o rti o n o f th e o ne
 D O CTR I N E O F E M A N A T I O N A N D T R A N S M I G R A T I O N . 229

great so ul and al l ac t i o ns are perfo rm ed by h is

,

immed iate age ncy ; th at e ve ry ap p earance O f what

is call ed wro ng o r evil is a m e re d ecepti o n H ence .

th e p erni c i o us i nfl ue nc e o f t h i s d o c trine o n li fe and

manne rs si nc e wh ate ver i mp re ssi o n w e m ay aim at
,

pro d uc i ng by sp ec i o usly so und i ng ph rases still if th e , ,

h eart b e o nly fa i th ful to th i s d e b as i ng ph ilo sophy it will ,

re ard al l h um a n ac t i o n s as i n d i fferent ; and th e e ter

g
nal d i sti nc ti o n b e tw ee n g o o d a nd ev il b e twe e nrigh t ,

and wr o n w ill b e c o nfo und e d an d o bli terate d I t

g , .

is fa r o th er wi se w i th th e d o c tr i ne o f emanat io n wh i c h ,

d escrib es every b e i ng a s w ret c h ed by its o wn uil t,

g
a nd th e w orl d its e l f a s d eb a s e d and c o rr u ted as a
p ,

sc e ne o f r ui n a nd l a m entabl e d ec li ne fro m th e b e at i

t ud e and p e rfec t i o n o f th a t b e i ng fro m wh o s e e sse nc e

it e manated .

T o c o nte nd agai nst th e tr uth o f th i s sy ste m b y

l o g i ca l ar
g um ent s w o u d b e in l va i n si nc e
, it is no t
fo unded o n a ba s i s o f r e a so n n
i g ,
b ut has rath e r th e
fo rm Of p i l
oe t ca rep re s e ntat i o n
o r o f a w o r k o f th e
,

i m agi nati o n li k e o th e r fi g urat i ve c o sm og o ni es Y et

, .

it wel l d ese rves to b e te rm e d a sy ste m o nac c o unt o f th e ,

ro fo un d co n n e c t i o n t h at p re va ils b e t wee n its parts

p
and it is ar tl y t o th i s c i rc um sta nc e a n d p artl t o th e
p ,y
s upp o sed a uth o ri ty o f anc i e nt rev el a t i o n o r a d i vi n e ,

o ri i nal t ha t w e must a ttr ib ut e th e p o w erful asce n d a ncy

g ,

it h as h el d o ver its v o tar i es d uring th o usand s o f y ears .

I t al so d eserves o ur atte nt i o n as d i sp lay i ng th e m o st

an c i en t b e li ef O f m anki nd w i th w h i c h w e gai n any
ac q uai n ta n c e in th e d im t w ili gh t O f a n tiq uit y ; as a
d o c tri ne wh i c h in th e se q uel h as e x e rc i sed a rem ark
abl e i n fl uenc e O u the l ater d evelo p ement and on
th e e nti re h i sto ry o f th e h um a n mind I n o rder to .
230 H IS TO R Y OF TH E H INDOO
'
M Y TH O L O GY .

c o mpre h e nd it ,
it is nec essary t o ent e r into th e senti s

m e nt in wh i c h it o r ig i nates , a nd w h i c h pe rvad es the

w ho l e of it .

M e nu ,
afte rd e sc ri b ing th e d erivati o n o f al l the
o w e r s o f na t ure o f a ll li vi ng c re at ures wh e t h er
p , ,

a ni m al s o r p l a nts fo r th e l atter are reg ard e d as c o n

,

taini ng so m a ny i m p r i s o ned so ul s , c o nc l ud es w i th
th i s g e ne ra l fl ec ti o n:
re

T hese b e i ng s i nvo l ve d ,
in sh a d es of m ult i form
d ark ness th e ast tra ns ression
r ec o m ense s, of
as
p p g
ar e y et i nd ued w i t h i nward c o ns c i e nc e a nd are sen ,

s ibl e o f ha i ne ss o r p a i n T h u s b o un d in c h ai ns
pp .

o f da r k nes s and
, y e t i nterna l ly c o nsc i o us o f g uilt and
of t he death wh i c h aw a i ts t h e m , t h e y h ast en ever

o n t h a t c aree r th at is all o tte d t o th e m t o w ard s th e

i ne vit ab l e go al .

I nth i s tre m e nd o us sce ne e very s o ul fr o m Brah ma , ,

to th e h erb o f t h e fi e l d w a nd e rs e ve r t o wa r d s its
,

d o o m ; in a w o rl d a l w ay s t e nd i ng to rui n and
d e cay .

I n th e se w o rd s is e x p resse d th e g e nui ne spi ri t ,

th e p rev a ili ng se nti m e nt o f t h e wh o l e sy ste m .

I f w e c o l l ec t w h ate ver t he p o e ts o f a nti q ui ty h ave

e x p re sse d in p ro v e r b s o r ej ac ul at i o ns c o nc e rn i ng the
m i sery o f li fe th o s e ray s o f h o rro r w h i c h in th e m o s t
, ,

d e ep ly i m p re ss i ve t rag ed i es a ri se fro m t h e fea rful ,

i d ea o f a bli nd fatali ty and sh ed a gl o o m o ve r th e

,

histo ry o f go ds and m e n; if w e c o m bi ne all these

re fl ec t i o ns in o ne c o n nec ted Vi e w a nd c h ang e th ei r ,

tra nsi t o ry and p o e ti c al c h a rac t e r int o a fo r m o f settl ed

and se ri o us c o nt e m p l at io n w e s h all c o nc e i ve t h e
, pe
c ul iar se nt i m e nt wh i c h pe rvad es t h e
p h il O S Opll y o f t he
an
”
cien t H i nd o o s .

H enc e th e d o c tri ne o f th e fo ur ag es o f w h i c h the ,

 D O CTR I N E O F E M A N A T I O N A N D T R A N S M I G R A T I O N . 23 1

suc c e e d i ng is a l way s in a c e rt a i n p ro p o rti o n m o re

d ep rav e d and m o r e w re tc h e d th an th e fo r m er ,
t ill
we i
arr ve a t th e fo urth e r i o d o f c o ns um m a te vi c e
p
an d m i sery wh i c h is no w p rese nt
, O n t h e s am e .

r i nc i l e th e
p p grad a ti o n o f th e fo ur c l asses o r g rea t
c aste s in th e s o c i al c o nsti t uti o n o f t h e H i nd o o s is O ft e n

rep re se n t e d a s a sc al e o f p ro re ss i o n to w ar d s e ar th l
g y
i m p erfe cti o n and d eba se m e nt H e nc e also th e d o c .

tr i ne o f Tr o il oky on o r th e th re e w o rl d s Tr o i un on
,
g y , ,

o r t h e t h r ee c h i e f
p o w e r s th e fi rst o f w h i c h is nam e d
,

”
S o two ,
o r tr uth ; t h e s ec o nd R ay e d ec e pti ve ,

and s l e nd id in a
”
p p p eara nc e ; a nd th e th i r d To m a ,

o r d ark ness I n t h e em a nat i o ns th e m se l ve s a l so

.
,

w h e th er t h ey are sp i ri t s o r th e p o w e r s o f e x t e r nal
nature t h e sam e l a w o f p ro gress i ve d ete ri o rati o n
,

c o nst a ntl
y p r evail s .

F r o m th e i nfi ni te e ssenc e o f t h e e te r nal b e i ng ,

th e gre at so ul sa s M e nu fi rst sh o ne fo rth th e

y
, , ,

fi rst e m ana ti o n; and fro m t h e G reat S o ul p r o c e e de d

C o nsc i o us ne ss A fte r B rah m a h i m sel f ha s c alle d fo rth
.

t h e c o m m o n p o w e rs o f th e m i nd and o f na ture M e nu ,

c reat es i nd i v i d ua l b e i n s
* B h ri u inth e s uc c e e d i n
g g .

g ,

e x p l a nati o n d e sc ri b es th e e l e m e n t s a p ro c e ed i ng
~

fro m t h e so ul and as e m a nat i ng o ne fro m t h e o th er

,

in a c ertai n o rd e r ac c o rd ing t o t h e i d e as t h at w ere

,

en ter ta i ne d o f t h e i r c o m p ara t i v e d i g ni ty a nd p e rfe c

tio n . T h i s l aw o f pro g re ss i ve d e b a s e m e nt a nd
re ul ar d e t e ri o r a ti o n a n d t h e sent i m e nt o f inw ard
g ,

s o rro w a n d re m o rs e c o nne c te d wi th th e c o nsc i o us ness

s g uil t a nd th e e x p e c tat i o n o f d ea th ar e t h e fo un ,

d at i o ns o f th e o l d est s ag as T h e par ti c ul ar step s

.

in t h e s cal e o f e m anati o ns are vari o usl y d esc rib e d ,

M enu, ca
p . i . v. 33 .
232 H I STO R Y OF TH E H INDO O M Y TH O L O GY .

acc o rd i ng to th e ar bi trary ch o c e
i of th e p o etical
”
co smo g o n st i .

“
A m o ng th e d i vi niti es o f th e I nd i an myth ol o gy,
B rah m a is th e go d w h o m o re e sp e c i ally b el o ngs to
t h i s sy ste m B rah m a in th at rep re s e ntati o n O f h im
. ,

wh i c h w e fi nd inth e i nst i t ut e s O f M e nu is th e eternal ,

so n] , th e i nfini te b e i ng ki ng and rul e r o f al l nat ure

, ,

o r as h e is c al l e d in sc ri p ture s o f a late r d at e F ath er

, ,

and L o rd o f th e U ni v e rs e H e is th e i nc o nc ei vable
.

b e i ng th e al o ne self e xi ste nt th e d i v i ni ty h i m sel f T he

,
-
,
.

sam e d esc r i pt i o n in w r i t i ng s o f a m o r e r ec ent p eri o d

, ,

is appl ie d t o S i va and V ish nu b y th e r esp ective ,

w orsh i p p ers o f th ese g o d s : in t h e c o d e o f M enu

B rah m a h o l ds th e fi rst p l ac e T h e m o re li m ited .

interp retati o n o f th i s d i vi ni ty as repre senti ng the ,

e arth l y el e m e nt m ust b e co nsi d e re d as th e i d ea o f a

,

sub se q ue n t a ge .

G reatl y as th i s d o c tr ine h as b een c o rrupted by

th e wild fi c ti o ns O f a p o e t i cal i m a g i nat i o n and much ,

as it h as b een c o ntam i nat e d b y t h e m o st fr i h tful

g
an d h i d eo us sup er st i ti o ns w h i c h h ave p enetrated ,

th e wh o l e p h ilo so p hy o f t h e H i nd o o s and d i splay

th e msel ves inth e c ust o m s o f t h e i r da ily li fe — yet we ,

c anno t r efuse t o ad m i t th at th e anc i e nt sa es O f I n d i a

g
p osse ssed so me i d ea o f th e t rue G o d A ll their .

s cr i p tur es are in d e e d full O f p h rase s and e x pressi o ns

w h i c h d ec l are th i s d oc tr i ne in a s d i g nifi ed a s cl ear , ,

an d ex al ted a m anner and in t erm s as p ro fo undly ,

scrut i niz ed an d as d e fi ni t e a s h um anl ang uag e c an ,

ad o p t in r eferenc e t o t h e natur e o f a n i nfi ni te b ei n
g .

H o w h as it c o m e to p ass that w i sd o m so e xal ted has

mi ngl ed i tsel f wi th such a m ass o f e r ro r and c o rrupti o n?
I t will b e read il y all o w ed that the i ma i nati o n
g
 D O CT R I N E o r E M A N A T I ON A N D T R A N S M I G R A T I O N . 23 3

co u ld ly fill up th e c h asm w h i c h i ntervenes

s c arc e

b etwe en th e i d ea o f d i vi ne b eati t ude a nd the i m p e r

fec tio ns o f t h e c re a te d w o rl d in a m o re p ro b abl e and ,

natural way th an b y the h yp o th esi s o f e manati o ns .

T h i s d o c tri ne h as no t o nl y b e e n th e b asi s o f th e
o l d e st a n d m o st uni v e rsal s up e rst i ti o ns b ut also a r i c h ,

fund o f p o et ry and fabl e E ve ry c reature is re p re se nte d

.

by it as an efflux fro m th e D ei ty ; e a c h b e i ng is o nl y
a m o re li m i t ed c o nfine d a n ,
d o b sc ure d d i vi ni ty : th us
,

all na t ure is a ni m ate d an d end o we d w i th a s o ul ;

,

th e w o rl d is a sc e ne o f h y l o z o i sm r ath er th an o f

p o ly th e i s m o r if w e m a y us e s uc h a n e x pre ss i o n a n
, ,

uni v er se o f g o d s T h e m ul ti tud e o f t he I nd i a nd e i ti es
.

is i nd ee d i nnum erabl e T his i nfi ni te l ux uri anc e o f

.

o e ti c al fi c t i o n no t s u eradd e d fr o m w i th o ut b ut
p p , ,

nati ve and o ri g i nal d i st i ng ui s h e s a m y th o l o g y w h i c h

,

s r i n s fr o m t h e s e frui tful s o urc es fro m t h e s c a n ty

p g ,

an d m eag re s up e rs ti ti o ns w h i ch a m o ng l e ss c ul ti v ate d ,

nat i o ns o r to sp e a k m o re d e fi ni te l y a m o ng na t i o ns
, , ,

furth e r re m o ve d fro m th e stre am s o f a nc i e nt t rad i

t i o n a re fo und e d o n t h e s t o ri es o f gh o sts o r t h e so ul s
,

o f d ep arte d a nc es to rs . Y et t h e d e ifi c a t io no f h e ro e s
c a n eas il y b e c o m bi ned w i th t h e id e a o f o ri gi nal
e m a nati o n an d t h e R i sh i s o f M e nu s C o s m o g o ny
’
s ,

s e e m t o a ffo rd a ve s ti ge o f t h is m o d e o f s up e rst it i o n

ins o r e m o te a

T he s
y st e m of e ma nati o n is see n in th e m o s t
favo urabl e p o i nt o f Vi e w w h e n w e c o nte mpl a te it a s ,

t h e d o c tr i ne o f r e s ti t ut i o n F ro m th e d i vi ne o ri g i n
.

o f m an, it t a k e s o c c as i o n to r e m i nd h im O f h is r esto
i
r at o n,
a nd to set b efore h im a re -
un o nw th th e
i i d i v i ni ty

H ere fo l l o w so m e rem ark s o nt he d eifi c atio no f hero es, whic h

we o m i t, as no t particul arl y c o nnected with o ur present subj ec t ,

E H
234 H I STO R Y or TH E H I NDO O M Y TH O L O G Y .

as th e s i ngl e o bj ec t of his th o ugh t s, a nd o f all h is

i
e x e r t o ns . H e nce th e lig i o us i nte rp retat i o n o f so
re

m any l aw s a nd c us to m s a m o ng th e H i nd o o s a nd th e ,

s ubli m e a nd s e ri o us i m p o r t o f a ll t h e r e g ul at i o ns o f

th e i r s o c i al l i fe Y et t h e g e nui ne sp i ri t m a y e asily
.

h av e va ni sh ed so t h at no th i ng b ut th e d e a d r it e s and
,

m ere p anto m i ne re m ai ne d and s up e r sti t i o n a nd e rro r

,

m ay a t a n e arly p e r i o d h av e m i ngl e d th e m s el ve s wi th
i nsti tuti o ns o f a p ur e r and b etter o rig i n .

F ro m th e i d eas wh i c h p e rva d e th i s sy ste m resp e c t ,

i ng th e g ra d at i o n and th e v ar i o us ki nd s o f li vi ng and
,

c o nsc i o us b e i n s co nc eal e d un
g ,
d er s uc h m ul t i fari o us
fo r m s and th e i r p erp et ual app ro xi m at i o n t o w ard s o r
,

d e p ar ture fro m t h e c o m m o n s ourc e aro se th e fi c tio n ,

o f M e te m s c h o s i s o r t h e tra ns m i ra t i o n o f so uls
p y , g .

C l o sely as so c i ate d w i th th e sam e p r i nc i p l e and in ,

so m e m a nne r an e s se nt i a l a rt o f it is t h e b eli e f in a
p ,

fo r m er li fe o r in t h e p re e x i s te nc e o f s o ul s a nd th e
,
-
,

d o c tr i ne o f ab strac t o r m o re p e rfe c t i d e as d e r i ved ,

fro m a n o b sc ur e r e m e m b ranc e o f d i vi ne per fec t i o ns

co n t e m p l at e d b y t h e m i nd in it s fo r m e r st a t e wh i c h , ,

in th i s w o r l d ar e o cc as i o nally re c all ed by th e si gh t o f
,

b eauti ful o bj ec ts in s o m e m eas ure p artaki ng o f th e

,

sa m e q uali ti e s T h is is a d o ctri ne w i th w h i c h C ali d as

.

sp o rts inth e d r am a en t i tl e d S ac o nt al a a nd to it h e m ak es ,

a c o m m o n r e fe renc e as t o a w el l k no w n a n
, d p o p ul ar
mo d e o f th i nki ng W h erever w e fi nd th e d o c tri ne
.

o f t ransm i rati o n n ot m er el y c o nne c te d w i th a

g
p h y si c al th eory b ut w i th t h e id ea o f th e m o ral d e
ra d ati o na nd m i sery o f al l b e i n s a nd th e nec ess i t
g g , y
o f th e i r p urifi c at i o n and re sto rati o n t o G o d t h ere we ,

may b e sure th at it h a s b een d eri ved fro m th e same

so urce an ,
d is Of I ndi ano rig i n .
 WO R S H I P or N A TU R E . 23 5

SE CT I O N I I .

Of t he B elief in A s tro l o
g y, a nd t he barbarous
N a ture .

I f th e sy s te m of e ma nat i o n ,
by t h e m o ral sen

t im e nt i nsp i res and t h e d o c tri ne o f c reat i o n

it ,

w h i c h it e x h i b i ts c l ai m s a p re fe r e nc e o v e r s i mp l e
,

a nt h e i s m w h i ch b y p re se nti ng a m erely neg at i ve

p , ,

and a b st ra c t i d ea o f t h e i nfi ni t e b e i n l ead s its v o ta ri es

g ,

into a state o f ind ifl ere nc e w i th r e sp e c t to m o r ali ty it

'

c anno t a t t h e s a m e t i m e e sc a e th e r e r o ac h of
p p
fatali sm in t h e o l d e st fo rm in w h i c h it p re s e nts i tsel f
,

t o o ur v i e w T h e d o c tri ne o f p r e d e sti na ti o n h as
.

b e e n al re a d y m enti o ne d as c o ntai ne d in th e p o et i c al
,

c o s m o g o ny o f M en u w h e re th e re ad er w ill fi nd it
,

full y d eve l o p e d T o th e sa m e sy st e m o f i d e as
b el o ng s t h e d o gma o f p e rp e tua l revo l ut i o n a nd ,

o f e te r nal a l te rna t i o n s in th e v i i l s a nd r e o se o f th e
g p
I nfi ni te B e i ng .

T h e B e i ng sa s M e nu w h o se p o w ers are
y , ,

inc o m p re h e nsibl e h av i ng c r eat ed m e a nd th i s

,

uni v er se a g a i n b e c a m e a b s o rb e d in th e s up re m e
,

s i ri t c h an i n t h e t i m e o f e nergy fo r t h e h o ur o f
p , g g
re o se
p .

W h e n th a t p k es t h e n h a s th i s w o rl d
o w er awa ,

its ful l e x p ans i o n w h e n h e sl um b e rs w i th a t ra nq ui l

s iri t t h e n t h e w h o l e sy s t e m fa d e s a wa y
p ,
.

T h e a uth o r th e n fur the r d esc rib e s th e ab so rp ti o n

o f al l e arth ly b e i n s into th e ess e n c e o f th e I n fi ni t e
g .
 23 6 S E CO N D ERA or M Y TH O L O G Y .

Wh il e he re
p o ses in a ca l m sl e ep , em b o d i ed
sp r i i ts d ep art fro m th e i r s ev era l ac ts .

A nd a ga i n
T h us , ly w aki ng a nd re
t h a t p o w e r, al te r na t e

p o si ng ,
c al l s i nto
a nd a a i n d estro s
l i fe ,
g y i n an ,

e te rna l v i c i ssi t ud e t h e w h o l e uni v ers e o f b e i ngs

, ,

wh e th er m o v i ng o r i m mo vabl e : h i m se l f s ubj e c t to
no c ha ng e .
”

“
S uc h l ut i o ns l a re w i th o ut num b e r : th ere
r e vo
ae

a re num b erl ess c rea t i o n s a nd d e s tr uc t i o ns .

T h e sup re m e b e i ng p erfo r m s al l th i s a gai n and

”
a ai n a s if in s o rt
g , p .

T h e i d ea o f a n uni verse c all e d i nto e xi ste nc e ,

w i th o ut a ny d esi g n b y a m e rely Sp o rt i v e e ner gy o f

,

t h e c r e at i ve p o w er is nea rl y r el a t e d t o th e c el e
,

b rate d fi c ti o n o f a p erp etua l re vo l uti o n .

I n l ater sy ste m s th i s is t e r m ed th e a l ter nate c o n

,

t rac t i o n a nd e x p a ns i o n o f t h e g r e a t p o w e r o f nat ure ,

th e p ul sati o no f th e so ul o f th e w o rl d .

T h e d o c tri ne o f F at ali s m w a s e x p and e d i nto a n

a r tifi c i al s s t e m w h i c h e x te n d e d i tse l f fa r am o ng th e
y ,

o r i e nt al nat i o ns A stro l o gy w i th al l its c i rc um

.
,

s tanc es its fo re b o d i n s a u uri es l uc k

, g g y and unl uc ky
, ,

d ays i ncantati o ns a nd bl ac k o r m ag i cal a rts c o n

, , ,

stitute o n e o f t h e m o st r e m ark a bl e
ph aeno m e na o f
an t iq ui ty a nd o ne w h i c h h as e x erc i sed a n infl ue nce
,

of in c a l c ul abl e e x te n t o n al l ag es eve n to o ur recent ,

t i m es .

Pre c isely w i th th e s am e c o m bi nat i o ns a nd no t ,

m er ely as a p o et ical o r al l ego ri c al r e p re se nt ati o n o f

t h e p h aeno m e na o f nature w e d i sc o ve r th e w o rsh i p ,

o f th e h eave n ly b o d i e s c o nnec te d w i th that o f b r ute

a ni m al s a m o n th e o l d E y t i a n
g g p s .

Manwantaras Menu, . c ap . i .
 WO R SH I P or N A TU R E .
237

T here are so m any p ec uli ari ti es in th e nature o f

man, wh i ch are likely t o s ed uc e h im fro m th e ad o ra
t i o n o f h is G o d t o th e wo rsh i p of th e v s i ibl e el em ents
of th e uni verse, fr o m th e nte m p l at i o no f the Creato r
co

to a bli nd a d mi rat i o n o f h is w orks th at it wo ul d b e

,

sup er fl uo us to t ra ce th e p ro g re ss of this c h an e
g .

We fi nd , in th e anc i e nt h i sto ry O f A b sc ure

s a,i no t O

vesti ge s b ut cl e ar p r o o fs o f th e w i d e e x ten
, si o n o f

m ateri ali sm ; b ut th e m at eri ali sm o f th e E ast b ears a

p ec uli ar stam p wh i c h d i st i ng ui sh e s it fro m th o se d o c
,

t ri ne s th at h ave p as se d inE uro p e und er th e sa m e na me .

W e a ssi gn to it in th e histo r i c al seri es o f o ri ental

,

d o ctri nes t h at pl ac e w h i ch i m m e d i ately s uc c ee d s th e

,

s s tem o f e m ana ti o n and r est i tut i o n

y We m ight .

ind e ed d i sc ern so m e o th er i nter m ed i ate grad es in ,

t h e transi ti o n fro m a d o c t r i ne so subli m e and sp i ritua l

to i d ea s s o gro ss and se nsual ; b ut th i s i nq ui ry wo uld
b e sup erfl uo us s i nc e in t h e o l d e st reli cs y et k no wn
, ,

of In d i an a ntiq uity as in th e c o sm o go ny o f M e nu
, ,

th ere are c l ear ve st i g e s o f a t rue m a teri ali sm We .

m ay i nd eed re gard th e sy m b o l o f th e m und ane egg ,

w h i c h is al so fo und in th e E gyp ti a n m yth o l o gy as th e ,

o ffs r i n O f a Sp o rt i v e and c h ild i sh fanc y ; b ut th e

p g
M atra o r semi na l p arti c les o f th e m ateri al fab ric
, ,

re q ui re to b e und e rs to o d ina m ore p h ilo so p h i cal se n se .

Wh eth er in th i s i nstanc e o r inlater e xp o s i ti o ns th ey

, ,

w ere ato ms in t h e s e ns e o f th e G r e e k p h il oso p h ers

, ,

an d w h eth er th o se G re e ks w ere in th e r i gh t wh o ,

m aintai ned that th e ato m i c d o ctri ne h ad an e astern

o ri i n w e sh al l b e b etter i nfo rme d w h enth e id eas o f
g ,

th e Pash and ist s S h o itists a nd th e C harval wh i c h are

, , ,

r e re sen te d to us as a sy stem o f ath ei sm shal l be

p ,

furth er k no wn .
238 S E CO N D E RA or M Y TH O L O G Y .

A m o ng th e su e rs t i ti o ns i nd ee d of th e a nc i ent
p , ,

I nd i ans com o se d a s th e y w e re o f va r o us
i ar t s , a nd
, p p
d eve l o p ed b y suc c e ssi v e step s th e ,
w o rsh i p of the

m a t eri al el e m e nts o f nature o c c up i e s b ut t o o pl e a am

T hei te s o f S i va s o m e ti m e s r e r ese nte d as

sp a c e . r , p
th e so urc e o r e l e m e nt o f d e s truc t i o n s o m e ti m es as th e ,

n erat i ve p r i nc i p l e o f t h e ph y s i cal w o rl d a nd re gard ed

g e ,

a s a m e r e b e st i al o r a ni m a l na ture t o g eth er w i th
th o se o f t h e fri g h tful D urga o r K al i p r e se nt us o n , ,

ev e ry s i d e t h e e m b l e m s o f d e at h a nd o f l ust bl o o dy ,

h um an sac r ifi c e s a nd b ac c h a nali an re ve l ry in th e
,

m o s t d i sg ust i ng m ixture W h at r e nde rs th i s s ystem

o f m at er i ali s m a nd o f t h e w o rsh i o f na ture so
, p ,

a p p alli ng a nd so w i d e l
, y d i s ti ng ui sh es it fro m t he
sensua l s up erst i t i o ns o f m e r e sav ag e s is t h e senti ,

m ent o f th e v ast and i nfi ni t e w h i c h p erv ad es al l th e,

fi c ti o ns o f t his e ra a nd p o i nt s b ac k w a rd s to th ei r t rue
,

o ri i na l : t h e no bl e s t a nd m o s t s ub li m e c o nc ep ti o ns
g
are e a s il y d e fo r m e d a nd d i s to rte d i nto h o rr ibl e and

gi gant i c p r o d i g i e s .

T h i s w o rsh i p o f N at ure e x te nd ed i tse l f so w i d ely ,

th at we m ust c o nfi ne o ur s ur v ey o f it t o a fe w o f th e
m o st s triki ng fac ts A l l th o se false g o d s b e fo re w h o se
.
,

sh ri n e s h um a n bl o o d h a s fl o w e d in so m an re i o n s
y g
o f th e e ar th b etray m a rks o f affi ni ty to th e I ndi an
,

S i va and K ali : s uc h a re th e B aal a nd M o lo c h o f the

S yrian and Ph oeni c i an tr ib es a m o ng w h o m th i s d e ,

p rave d s up erst it i o n see m s to h ave p reva il e d in an

e sp e c ia l m a nner T o th e s am e sto c k b el o ngs the
.

d i reful I I esus at w h ose al tars th e anc i e nt Gaul s

-
,

p o ure d str eam s o f h um an b l o o d w h i c h h ave h ad no ,

p aral l el e xc ep t in th e h i sto ry o f th e M e xic a ns In .

th e ri te s a l so o f th e o ld E g y p ti ans a m o n th e
, ,
g ,
 WO R SH I P or N A TU R E .
239

wo rsh i p of th e s tars a nd of li vi ng i
a n m a s, l th e
ad o rat o n o f
i th e L ing urn and th e p ro d uc t i ve Yo m
al l -
'

hel d a far m o re nsp i c uo us p l ac e

co th an is c o m m o nl
y
su o sed He ro d o tus d e d uc es fr o m E gyp t th e us e o f
p p .

th e P h a ll us ,
in th e fe sti val s and e m bl e m ati c r epre se n
ta tio ns of th e G reek s . T he se x ual em bl e m s wh i c h
the co n
q ue ro r S e so stri s is sai d t o h ave se t up in
va r i o us c o untr i e s m a
y b e m o re nat urall y and p ro
,

b abl y d e r i v ed fro m th i s so urc e and e x plai ned as ,

t h e c o m m o n s y m b o l s o f s up ers ti t i o n th a n in t he ,

m anne r wh i c h th e h i sto ri an h i nt s at as t esti m o ni e s o f ,

th e m a sc uli ne va l o ur o f s o m e and th e e ffe m i nat e ,

w eak ness o f o t h er nat i o ns T h e Ph oeni c i an A start e

.
,

t h e Ph r yg i a n C y b e l e th e E p h e si a n A rte m i s
,
a nd ,

e v e n t h e G e r m a n H e r th a a r e p e r h a p s d i s t i n
,
g uish e d

on l y in unesse nti al p o i nt s fro m th e I nd i an B h avani .

T he fund a m e nta l id ea o f a n infi ni te p o w e r inN at ure ,

en do w e d wi th th e m e re l y a ni m al fac ul ti e s o f g e ner a
t i o n is t h e s a m e in a l l th ese i nsta nc es
,
I n B ab y l o n .
,

a nd inal l th e c o un tri es d epe nd a nt o n th e B a by l o nish

e m i re
p M, yli t t a is w el l k no w n a s a
g o d d ess o f t h e

sa m e c h a r a c t e r wh o am o n th e A rm e ni a ns w as
, g ,

t e rm ed A na i t i s a nd A l il a t h b y t h e o l d A rab i a ns a nd
,

it is p ro b abl e t h a t th e na m e o f Y avani in th e ,

b o o ks o f th e o ld H i nd o o s wa s th e d esi g nati o n no t so
, ,

m uc h o f a p a rti c ul ar p e o p l e as o f a r e l ig i o us se c t ,

i nc l ud i ng al l th o se nati o ns to wh o m th i s m o d e o f
wo rsh ip esp e c i all y b el o ng e d .

T hat th e w o rsh i p o f th e p o wers o f N a ture m i ti g at e d ,

i nd eed and e mb el li sh ed a nd e xh i b i ted in a l e ss

, ,

sy stem ati c fo r m co n sti tute d the fo un

,
d ati o n o f th e
G re e k a nd R o man reli gi o n w il l no t b e d i sp ute d ,

by any perso n wh o surveys th e fables o f th e O ly mpian

 sE CO N D E RA or M Y TH O L O G Y .

o ds wi th m o re p e n
a etra t i ng ey e th an th at o f a m ere
g
an tiquar i an A m o n th e R o ma ns, i nd ee d, th i s b ar
.
g
b aro us sup e rst i ti o n w as c o r rec ted b y a m ore severe
mo rali ty , e i th e r d er i ved fro m th e r eli cs o f b etter
t i mes, o r o ri g i na ti ng in th e e x trao rd i nary w i sd o m o f
so m e a nc e nt l egi sl ato rs A mo ng th e G ree ks o w i ng
i . ,

to th e i nfl ue nc e o f c li mat e and p o lit i cal c i rc um

stanc es ,
th e Ol d s up erst i t i o n o f th e E ast grad ually
e x p and e d i tse l f into a m o re sp ri g h t ly and g rac eful

m y th o l o g y i nt o th e c o m p o s i ti o n o f w h i ch s o me
,

i d eas seem to h ave b een i ntro d uc ed fro m a d i fferent

an d a b etter s yste m wh i c h w e sh al l p resentl y c o n
,

t emp l ate .

T h e d o ctri ne o f thi s p eri o d has inc o mmo n w ith the ,

s y ste m o f em ana t i o n,
tha t i nfi ni te l ux ur i anc e o f fancy
wh i c h i
c h arac ter s es th e fi c t i o ns o f th e E ast T he .

w il d and b o l d s p i ri t wh i ch s ucc ee d e d to th e gl o o m and

so rro w o f th e o l d er p h il o s o p h y is th e p ec uli a r so urce
,

o f al l th e g i gant i c p ro d i g i es o f p o et ry o r fabl e In .

th e sa m e trai nfo ll o w ed th e d e ifi catio no f e x tra o r d i nary

me n fo r th e p ro d ucti ve o r d est ro y i ng po wer o f
,

nature is c o nspi c uo usly d i sp l a y ed and s e em s as it were ,

p erso nifi e d in h e ro es o r p ubli c b e ne fac to rs The .

six arm e d K artik e ya o r Sk o n

- d o h th e go d o f w ar is
, , , ,

in th e I nd i an fab l es th e s o n and c o m pani o n o f S i va

, .

Perh aps no t o nly warr i o rs b ut al so i nve nto rs o f arts , ,

w ere rec ko ned a m o ng th e g o d s T h at th e fi rst steps.

in e x p l o ri ng th e sec re ts o f nature a nd o f s c i ence

g reatly fl atter ed th e
p r i d e o f m a n w e m ay l ear n fro m ,

th e p ro di g i es wi t h wh i ch th e h i sto ri a n fi nd s th e m en
t i o n o f th e m ac c o mpani ed T o geth e r w i th th e v i sibl e
.

po wers o f N ature the w i sdo m and sc i ence w h i ch

,

expl ored th ei r qual i ti es were al so d eifi ed ; such

 S Y STE M OF Tw o PR I C C I P L E S . 24 1

p erh aps i g i n o f the E gypt i an H ermes and

w as t h e or ,

of th e o l d er I nd i a n B ud dh a Ga nesa ano th e r .
,

g o d o f i nventi o n w a s al so th e c o m pa ni o n o f S i va
, .

F i nally I m ay r e m ark t hat th e m o num e nts at E ll o ra

, ,

E l eph anta a nd o th e r pl ac e s te st i fy i nd i sp utably t h e

, ,

h i gh antiq ui ty o f th i s fo r m o f I nd i a n s up er sti ti o n
an d t h a t it is o nly o n th e p r i nc i pl e s o f t h i s d o c tr i ne
t h at w e c an i nterp r e t th e earli e st e ffo rts o f sc ul p tur e
am o n
g t h e I nd i a ns t he E gypti ans a nd th e G re e k s
, ,

E v e n in th e V e d as it is sa i d t ha t h um an sac r ifi c es
,

a re o rd ai ned t o b e e rfo rm e d b e fo re th e bl o o d
p y K a li .

SE C T ION 1 11 .

Of the D oc tr ine o f Tw o Pr incip l es .

We no w e nte r f
Up o n a sce ne o f m o re pl easi ng
o r i e nt al d o c t r i ne
as
p e c t T h e sy st e m o f D ua li sm t h e
.
,

o f t w o p ri nc i l e s a nd t h e e te rna l w a r fa r e b etw e e n
p
g o o d and e vi l c l ai m s t h i s p l ac e in t he o r d er
, o f ti m e

s i nc e it ap p e ars w h e re ve r w e m e e t w i t h th e tra c es o fit

,

h av e b e e n s et up ino p po s i ti o nto th e th e o r ies h ith e rtc

d es cr i b e d as a r e s to ra ti o n o f th e a nc i e nt d o c tri ne
, ,

th e Or i g i nal l i g h t o f t r ut h T h e s pi ri t o f th i s s yste m
.

is al tOg e th er ideal ist ic

x
t h e no ti o n o f s elf ex is t eizt -

co nsc io us be ing is i nd e e d c o m m o n t o al l th‘e I nd i a n

'

f -

sc h o o ls a s th e d e r i va ti o n o f a l l m at e rial natures fro m

,

s i r i tual ess e n c es h a s t h e fi r m e r a n d m o r e e x te nsi ve

p
h o l d th e h i gh e r w e as c e nd in th e h i sto r y o f o ri ental
,

h il o so h y ; so th at l l l t h i s s en e n ea rl y al l t he d o c
‘

p p s ' "

, ,

tr i ne s o f th e e astern sages m ay b e t er m ed id ea l istic

“

I I
242 THI RD E RA or M Y T H O L O GY .

But the pec uli ar a

g ree m e nt and i nc i denc e o f th e co

d o ctri ne we a re no w t o c o ns i d er w i th what in th e , ,

West h as b ee nter m ed I d ealisti c p h ilo so ph y c o nsi sts

, ,

inth i s c i rc um stanc e th at e nerg y and li fe are regard ed

,

by the sages o f th i s sc ho o l a s th e o nly princ i ples essen

t ial ly vi ta l and o pe ra tive ; w h il e a b s o l ute rep o se an d
inerti a are repres ente d as nega ti ve el em en ts o r the ,

pri nc ipl es o f d eath a nd a nni h il at i o n .

I t is eas y to s ugg e st i nsur m o untabl e o bj ections

to th e d o c t ri n e o f D ual i s m c o ns i d er ed as a
, phil o so
p h ic al th eo r y
. I f f o r e x a m l e it is s u
, p p p o s ed th at the
,

strife b etw e en t h e e v i l p r i nc ip l e a nd th e d i v i n e n ature

is to b e eternal a s e co nd p o w e r is i ntro d uc ed i nto the

,

w o rl d i nd epend e nt o f th e D ei ty and ifno t e q ual to him

, , , ,

et ind i sc o r danc e w i th his g o vernme n t and mo no th ei sm

y ,

and s ub o rd i nat i o n c ea se If o n th e o th er h a nd as it
.
, ,

is ge ne rally m ai ntai ne d th e ev il p r i nc i pl e is at l e ngth

,

to b e co nq uered and rec lai m e d o r A h ri m anrec o nc i l ed,

w i th O rm uz d th e i d ea o f a p erp e tual warfare is

,

in reali t y und e rm i ned th e wh o l e s c h eme reso l ves

,

itse l f in th e spi rit o f p anth e i s m i nto o ne nature and

, , ,

th e eternal enm i ty b e tw e en g o o d a nd evi l va ni sh es .

N o twith stand i ng th ese d efec ts it w ill be al lo wed that ,

th e i ntell ectual re li g i o n o f t h e Pers i a ns with th e , _

C x cepti o n o f th e C h ri sti a n d o c tri ne as set fo rth inthe ,

O l d T estament and p e rfec te d in the N ew has greatly ,

th e ad vantag e ove r a l l o t h er o ri ental s y st em s insub

l i mity in its co mparati ve appr o x im ati o nt o trut h and
, ,

in moral tendenc y .

Panth ei sm inevi tab ly d estro y s th e d i sti nc ti o n be

t ween go o d and evil h o we ver stre nuo usly its
,

advo cates ma c n t e nd in wo rd s a a i n t th i
y o
g s s re .

pro ach : the do ctrine o f ema nati o n d ep resses the

 S Y S TEM ’

OF TWO P R I N C IP L E S . 243

m o ral free d o m of i d ea o f a n i nfi ni te
th e will by th e
d eg re e o f i nnate g uil t a nd th e b e li e f th at e ve r y ,

b e i ng is pre d e sti ned t o c r i m e and m i se r y : t he s y s te m

o f t wo p r i nc i p l e s an d th e w arfare b etwee ng o o d and
,

evil h o l d s th e m i d d l e p l ac e b e t ween t h ese e x tre m es :

it b e c o m es i tse l f a p o we rful i nc e nti ve to a s i m ilar

, ,

co n te st a nd a so urce o f t h e p ure st m o rali ty

, .

A m o ng m a teri al o bje c ts th i s reli g i o n c o ns ec rat e s

no t th e app alli ng sy mb o l s o f d es tructi o n o f d eat h , ,

an d o f l us t b ut th e m o st b eaut i ful and b e ne fi c e nt o f

,

e l e m en t s fi re a nd t h e so l a r li gh t and ab o ve al l t h e
, , , ,

e ne r y o f li fe a nd o f t h e so ul T h e se ve n A m sh as
g .

an d s o r G e nii o f th e e l e m e nt s an d c h i e f p o we r s o f
p ,

na t ur e s tand like so m any l o rd s o f th e uni verse r o und

,

t h e th ro ne o f t h e i r r ul er t h e no bl e s t a nd fi rst a m o ng ,

his s ubj e c ts T h e h e a v e n is fill e d by t h e sac r e d

F e ruers o r th e d i vi ne p ro to typ es a nd i d e a s o f al l
,

c r e at e d t h i n s
g T h e sta r o f d ay M i th ras o r t h e
.
, ,

fr i e nd o f m anki nd is th e m e d i ato r b etwee n th e m a nd

,

t h e d i vi ni ty B l o o d y o ffe ri ng s d i sa p p ear a nd t h e
.
,

c e r e m o ny o f c o ns ec rat i n and d i strib uti n th e u

g g p re .

H am and il l iez d o n th e al tar b y th e h and s o f th e ,

o ffi c i at i n r i e st i n d i c a t e s a s e c r et int e rco urse w ith

g p ,

G o d th ro ugh the m eans o f th e fa i rest p ro d uc ti o ns o f

,

th e e art h .

B ut t h e e e m en
l ts a re no t th e o nly i m m e d i ate o bj ec ts
of w o r shi p t o th e lig i o n H ero es
vo ta r e s o f i th is re .

al so r e c ei v e v e nera ti o n no t a s fi e rc e c o nq ue ro rs a nd
,
.

d estro y er s a nd as s uc h c la i m i ng a p l ac e a m o ng th e
,

d estr uc t i v e a g e nts o f nature b ut as se nt fro m h eave n ,

to o ve rc o m e fe ro c i o us g i a nt s th e p o w e rs o f d a rk ness , ,

a nd i nfe r n al s p i r i t s T h e co ntest b e twee n I ran and

.

T uran re p re se nts o n earth w h a t th e w arfare of

244
"
THI RD ERA OF M YTH O L O G Y .

O rm uz d a nd A h r i m an ,
the go o d a ndg e ni us, ev il “

is su
pp o se d t o b e in h ea ve n . F e ri d un a nd R ustan ,

th e c el e b rat e d c h a m i o ns o f o r i e nta l so n o v e rc o m e
p g ,

th e fi erc e p r i d e o f Z o h a k a nd A fras i ab ;b ut m o r e t h a n ,

al l , J e m sh id , t h e p a tt e r n o f
p e r fec t ki ng s sh i ne s w i th ,

un i ll ed l ustre a m i d t h e d ar k ni gh t o f a ntiq ui ty
r va .

A re i g n o f i nfi ni te bli ss t h e s ea t o f e v e r b e a m i ng
,
-

ligh t is essent i al to th e d o c tri ne o f th i s s c h o o l as well

“

, ,

a s a sc e ne o f
p r i m i ti ve b l e ssed ne ss and p e r fe c ti o n
‘

wh er e M e sh ia a nd M eshianes w a nd e re d to g eth er in
th e gard e n i nno c enc e ; a
of st at e w h i c h it w as th e

d esign o f Z erd ush t s r elig i o n to re sto r e

’
.

A c o nsi d erabl e p o rt i o n a nd c er ta i nl y th e b e st and

,

m o st attrac ti v e p art o f th e I nd i an m y t h o l o g y b el o ng s
,

t o th i s styl e o f p h i l o s o p h y F o r it is a c c o rd i ng t o .

t h i s m a nner th a t w e m us t i nte r p re t t h e p re s e rvi ng ,

b e ne fi c ent al l p e r va d i ng Vi sh nu w i th all his acc o m

,
-
,

p anim ent s . H is c o ns o rt is in e ve ry r es
p ec t c o ntraste d

w i th th e d rea d ful K a li ,
t o us
p ni o n o f
co m a .

S i va . S h e is Pad m a th e c ave n t h e bl e ss ed
,

a nd al l b l essing go dd ess L a k sh m i o r S ri th e d a ugh ter

'

-
,

th e sea -g o d V ar una the

of , C am a , go d of lo ve ,
is

g e n e r all
y fo u n d in t h e i r s ui t e ; a s w el l as I nd ra the ,

r ul er o f t h e fi r m a m e nt t h e fri e n d o f m a n w i th a h o st
,

o f h ap p y and b e n ev o l e n t sp ir i ts fa i ri e s a nd c el es ti al , ,

nym ph s Vi sh nu o fte n ap pe a rs o n e ar th as a ki ng o r
.

a sa e o r a h ero o f w o nd e r ful e x pl o i t s an d travers es

g , ,

al l w o rl d s w i th th e d e si g n o f b a ni sh i ng c r i m e s of ,

c o nq uer i n i ants a nd t h e p o w e rs o f ev il an d of
g g ,

r o te c ti n al l o o d m e n a nd e nii t e th e r w i th
p g g g o
g ,

t h e i r c h i e f th e b e nevo l e nt I nd ra
, .

G reatly as th i s i d e a h as b e e n d efo r m e d b y t h e
arbi t ra r e ffo r ts o f t h e fa n cy w h i c h re p re se nt t h e
y ,
 S Y ST E M OF T wo P R I N CI PL E S . 24 5

go d , l ik e ano th er Pr o teus , a ss umin

g no t o nl y t h e hu
m a nfo r m o f a h ero o r sage, b ut even t h e s h ap e s o f a
t or to is e, a b o ar ,
a m an-l io n, and a fi sh ; y et t he fun
d a mental id ea go d und er go i ng i nc arnati o n, and
of a

w a nd er i ng o n e ar th to i nfo r m t h e h um anr ac e, to aid

t h e v i rt uo us and ta k e vengeanc e o n t h e w i c k e d , is
o ne w hich e vinc es , in th e anc e ni
t H i nd o o s no , com

m o n re fi ne m ent o f s ent i m ent and d e p th of th o ugh t .

We fi nd , i nd eed ,
in o th er m y th o l o gi e s , fi c ti o ns of

h erOes , w h o in g l o ry and vi r t ue a pp r o x im ate to th e

r ank o f t h e c el es t i al
go d s ; w arr i o rs w h o , o b ey i ng a
d i vi ne c o mm i ss i o n, fi gh t ever agai ns t th e w i c k e d and
in b eh al f o f th e i
v r t uo us ;b ut in no h ero or H e r c ul e s
of
p o e tic fa b l e d o w e rec o gn s e i the id ea of d i vine
inc ar nati o n s o e x p res sl y set fo r th as in t h e s to r y o f

t h e I nd i a n R a m a, th e gent l e c o n ue r o r ,
q w h o se vo

l untar y b ani s h m ent i nto a

“
sc ene of l
se c us o n, i to

g e ther w i th h is t ragi c a l o r fo rt unate l o ve of S i ta,

h ave b ee n th e t he m es of so m any b ea uti ful a nd p a
t h e ti c s t r ai ns .

Thi s s y s t e m s ee m s to l im
c a a h igh er p l ac e in o ur
e s tee m , w h en w e c o ns i d er the e x al te d m o r a li t
y t h at
d i s p l ay s i t sel f in th e li ves a nd d o c t ri ne s of th e I nd ian
nd m um s, p ar ti c ul arl y a s t h ey a re r e p r e
'

h er mits a

se n te d in t h e P ur a nas T h e r igo ur o f th o se anc i e nt

.

p niete nt s and r ish is , who sou

gh t b y t h e m o s t s e vere
se l f to rm e nt
- to a t ta in a h igh er d egree o f b eati tud e ,
a nd re te nd e d o w er s g reater t h a n nat ur e h ad
to
p p
all o tte d t h e m , w i th d ra w s no w i n to th e b a c k g r o und

a nd w e b ser ve e x a m p l e s o f th e m ee k es t res i gnat i o n

o

to th e w ill o f t h e S up r e m e and a te m p er full o f ge n

,

tl e ness and h um ili ty .

A s th e w o r s h ip o f Vi s h nu o c c upi e s a c o ns i d e ra bl e
24 6 TH I RD E RA OF M Y TH O L OG Y .

p l ac e in th e Ved as q ues ti o n h ere nat urall y o ffers

,
a

its e l f
, w h eth er th e i d eal c h ara c ter o f th i s d i vi ni ty as ,

nt d b t h e s e v o l u m es is th e s a m e w i t h th a t
p r e se e y ,

o r tra e d in t h e P ur a n as ? I t is c e rt a i n a t l e a s t
p y , ,

th at t h e Vi s h nu o f th es e p o em s h a s a v er y d i ffe rent
d es c r i p t i o n fro m t h e sa m e go d as w e fi nd him inth e ,

i ns ti t utes o f M e nu B ut e no ugh o n th i s s ubj ec t

. .

Wh at w e al rea d y p o s s e ss a m p l y s uffi c es t o d i sti n

u i s h in en era l o ut li ne s t h e v ar i o us p ar ts o f t h e
g , g ,

I nd i an s y s te m o f d o c tri ne th e d i ffe r e nt s tages o f d e

,

vel O p em e nt and I nd ian m y th o l o gy

e
p o c h s of t he ,

and t o arr a nge t he m ac c o rd i ng to t h ei r natura l te

no ur and re l ati o ns We c anno t p re te nd t o d efi ne,
.

ly t he p ar ti c ul ar e ra o f ea c h , o r at te m
a c c ura te , p t to
furni s h a c o m p l e te h i s to ry of t h e i r p r o gre s s .

T h e d o c tr i ne of t w o pr i nc i p l es , com bi ne d w i th t he
w o r sh i p of
p i r i t o f N a t ure , h as no t o nl y b een
t h e p ure s ,

t h e s o ur c e o f a g re a t p ar t a nd b y far t he be tte r p o rt i o n
o f th e I nd i a n a n d Pe rs I a n fa bl es b ut, e ve nint h e m y ,

th o l o gies o f th e R o m a ns , t he G ree k s ,
a nd t h e N o r th e r n
nati o ns , t here a re m a ny t h i ng s w h i c h h ave fi rs t rec e i ve d
t h e i r full and x p l a na ti o nfr o m t h e s ty l e a nd co n
t r ue e

ne x io n o f th es e i d e as ; y e t is t h i s d o g m a no t to b e
con s i d ere d a s a m ere l y p o et i c a l fi c t i o n b ut as al s o ,

c a a bl e in it s o ri g in o f a p h il o s o hic al s e ns e and
p , p
,

i nterpret ati o n E ve n in t he t y p i c a l e x h i b i ti o ns o f
.

t h e Per si a ns w e m a y re m ar k a c e r tai n re l a t i o n o f
num b er am o ng th e em bl em at i c al fi g ur e s a p l an o f ,

con s tr uc tio n th e m e a ni n
, g and o r igi n o f w h i c h is
t o b e s o ugh t in th e d uali t y o f t h e p ri m i ti ve po w ers .

Th at a p h il o s o p h i c al s y s te m o f th i s im p o r t a nd
s p iri t w as k n o w n in I nd i a is in t he h i h es t d e ree
g g
p ro b abl e Wh eth er th e N y ay a p h il o s o p h y th e m o s t
.
,
 S Y STE M or T wo P R I N CI PL E S “ 247

anc ient , x
e c ept the Mimansa ,
was fo unded, as th e
name s eems to i m po rt, insuc h a p ri nci pl e o f D uali sm
wh eth er th e two sy stem s o f th e M ad wa, and R am a
nuy a into w h i ch th efo llo w ers o f Vi shnu are d i vid ed,
,

and b ot h o f wh i ch are o p po sed t o the Vedanti b e l o ng ,

t o th i s s ch o o l fut ure investi gat i o ns w ill i nfo r m us ;

,

at th e s a m e t i m e th e y w i l l d e c i d e w heth er Z e rd ush

a d o pte d d o c tr i nes an d r ep rese ntat i o ns d er ived fr o m

I nd i a o r the c o mm uni c ati o n to o k p l ace as it is p ro
, ,

b abl e in a c o ntrary d i re c t i o n S i nc e I nd i a has g i ven

,
.

so m uc h t o t h e r e st o f t h e w o rl d m ay w e no t al l o w ,

t h at sh e h a s re c ei ved s o m eth i ng inretur n? A t l e as t ,

w e sh o ul d h o l d th e po ss ibili ty o f such a c a se in o ur
v i ew th a t w e may n ot l a
y d o wn a e n e r al o b serva t i o n
,
g
fo r a n i nvar i abl e l a w a nd t h us e xp o se o urs e l ve s to
,

m i stak e s w i th re sp ect to par ti c ular p h zeno mena

‘
.
.

I f any th i ng fo rei g n has e nte red i nto th e c om p o s i

t i o n o f t h e I nd i an sc r i ptur e s it w il l d o ub tl e ss b e ,

found c h i efly int he Pur a nas inwh i c h th e re lig i o n and

"

fabl e o f Vi sh nu o c c up y t h e p ri nc i pal p l ac e Wh e n .
,

i nde e d we r ec o g ni se in th e Puranas t he e ve nts a nd

e rs o na es o f o ur sac re d S c r ip t ure s —
,

n o t o nl y s uch
p g ,

a s a re s u
pp o s ed to h ave b ec o m e w el l k no w n a m o ng
v a r i o us nat i o ns as t he h i s to ry o f N o a h a n d th e
“

D e l ug e ; b ut o th e rs a l s o w h i ch b el o ng in a m o r e
,

p e c uli a r m a n n e r t o t h e B ibl e suc h as th e h i sto r

y of
J o b —w e a re y e t no t all o we d to ad o pt th e c o nc l us i o n
,

th at th e sag es and p o e ts o f I nd i a d eri ve d th es e r e l a

t i o ns i m me d i at el y fro m t h e b o o k s o f the O ld T esta
m ent ; s i nc e it is p o ss ibl e t h at greater p o r t i o ns o f
s ac re d trad i tio n may h ave b ee n co m mo n t o th e
H e b re ws and th e Persi ans and agai nto the Persi ans ,

a nd I nd i an s th an we are enerally ac c usto med to

, g
b el ieve .
248 TH I R D E RA or M Y TH O L O G Y .

H o we ver th e d o ctr i ne D ua li s m m ay h ave t h e

of

a d va ntage wh e n c o m p a re d w i th o th e rs y et h er e, a s in ,

o th er i ns ta nc es w h e r e th e li g h t o f th e h um an fac ul
,

t i es h as no t b e e n m ai nta i ne d in its p uri ty by a h i gh er

i nfluenc e e rro r a nd s upe rst iti o n see m at a n e arly
,

e r i o d to h a ve c re p t in a nd o ne fal s e s te p in th o se
’

p ,

an c i e nt t i m es o f e ne rgy a nd e nth us i asm w a s e no ugh

,

t o p e rvert t h e m o s t s ubl i m e d o c t r i ne s i nto s o ur c es

o f a b o m i na b l e a n d atro c i o us p rac ti c e s F ro m a .

re ver e nt i al re gard to th e p ur i t y a nd s an c tit

y o f th e
re at e l e m e n t s o f nat ure a s e nt i m e n t w h i c h c a r ri es
g ,

w i th it no t o nl y a n a ir o f p o et i c a l e l e g anc e b ut a ,

m o ral asso c i a t i o n aro se a n a nxi o us c are t o avo i d

,

c o ntam i nat i n g th ese so urc e s o f li fe b y th e c o ntact

o f d e ad b o d i e s . H e nc e it b e c ame in th e r e li g i o n
,

o f th e Pers i a ns a l m o s t th e re a te s t o f cr i m es to
, g
l ay a c o rp se in th e ear th o r to c o ns um e it w i th th e
,

still m o re s a c re d fl a m e . H e nc e al so a ro se t h e h o rrible '

c usto m o f th e anc i e n t M a g i w h o e x p o se d t h e re m ai ns
,

o f t h e d ec eased to b e torn to i eces b w il d b e asts

, p y ,

a
p rac ti c e wh i c h is still m a i nta i ne d in T ib et t ho ugh ,

th e r eli g i o n o f th at c o unt ry h as S i nc e c h a nge d and ,

h as e x te nd e d itse l f e ve n to t h e d i stant r eg i o ns o f
Kam tsc h atk a : c usto m s o ften re ta i n t h e i r i nfl uence
a fter th e o r d i n an c es o r o i ni o ns w h i c h fi rst ave r i se
p g
t o th e m have l o n d i sap eare d
g p .
 Y ST E M 249
“

S OF PA N T H E I S M .

S E CT I O N I V .

Sys tem o f P antheism .

A m o ng th e ph i l o so ph i c al sys te m s o f th e E ast wh i c h
a re m o st i m o rtant in a n h i s to ri c a l
p p o i nt o f v i ew o n
ac co unt o f th e i r w i d e ly e xte nd e d i nfl ue nc e o ne o nl y
-
,

i ns to
re m a be i d e red nam ely th e d o ctrine o f
c o ns , ,

Panth e i sm . T h e p ri nc i pl e s o f th i s sy ste m are d is

c er nibl e inth e d o c tr i ne s o f th e I nd i anB uddh is ts w h ic h , ,

a b o ut th e c o m m e nc e m e n t o f th e C h ri sti a n e ra th at is , ,

ne a rl y a th o usand y e a rs afte r th e i r fi rst ri se w e re ,

i ntro d uc e d i nt o T ib et a nd C h i na ; w h i c h still prevai l

in S i a m a nd th e r est o f th e e aster n p e ni nsul a as w el l ,

a s in th e i sla nd o f C eyl o n a nd h a v e e x te nd e d t h e m
,

s el ve s far t o th e no rth w a rd a m o ng t h e T a r t ar tr ib e s .

A t l eas t th e d o g m a th at th e uni v e rs e is sub stanti all y

,

no th i ng to w h i c h th e i d e a th at th e w h o l e c o nsi sts o f
,

b ut o ne b e i ng so na tural l y l e ad s is assi gned to th e ,

C h i nes e F 0 a s th e fund a m e nta l t e ne t o f h is e so t e ri c

,

p h il o so h
p y . Yt u al l i n d i vi d ua l e ss e nc es a re

s w all o w e d up inth e a b st rac t a nd neg at i v e c o nc e p t i o n

o f th e I nfi ni te B e i ng an d th ei r se p ar a te e xi s te nc e
,

a nni h il a te d th i s i d ea i t s el f s o o nel ud e s o ur g ra sp a n
, d ,

r eso l ves i t se l f i nto no th i ng .

I t o ug h t no t to s urp ri se th e read er th at w e r ega rd

th i s p hi l o so p h y as th e latest o f th e O r i e ntal s y st e m s .

T h e p ro o fs o f th i s o p i ni o n m ust b e g i ve n e l se w h ere .

W e sh all o nly r e m ark at p re s ent that th e li ve ly and ,

d e ep — ro o t ed c o nvi c t i o n o f th e exi st ence o f an I n fi nite

K I
 250 F O U RT H E RA or M YTH O L O G Y .

Be i ng , and of h is o m np o te nc e ,
i m ust h av e b eco me
very m uc h w eak e ne d b sc ure d b efo r e
a nd o ,
it c o uld
reso l ve i t se l f i nt o s uc h a n a i ry a nd un re a l
p h a ntom as
th e p a nth e i sti c i d e a o f th e o ne so l e B e i ng w h ic h can ,

s carc e l y b e d i s t i ngui s h e d fro m ab s o l ut e n o n e xi ste n -

ce .

A ll th e o th e r d o c tr i ne s o f t h e O ri e ntal sc h o o l s a re
fo und ed o n m i ra c l e s a nd a n app e al to re v elat i o n ,

h o w eve r d i sto rte d b y e rro rs a nd i nt e rm i ng l e d w i th

,

fabl e ; t h e sy st e m o f Panth e i s m o we s it s o ri gi n to
m etap hy si c al re fi nem e nt, and th us m a rks th e transiti o n
fro m t h e O r ie ntal to t h e E ur o p ea n sty le o f p hil o so
'

p hising I t flat te rs th e va ni ty a s w e l l as th e i nd o l enc e

.

o f t h e h um a n m i n d : fo r wh e n o nc e t h e g e nerali si ng
co nc l us i o n w h i c h c o m r e h e nd s al l b e i n and a nn i
, p g ,

h il ates al l is m ad e th ere is a n e nd o f i nq ui ry ; all

, ,

a l te rat i o ns o f fo rm a n d na t ur e are re gard e d as m e re

d ec e p t i o n .

A m o ng p e o pl e o f s tro ng fe e li ng s w h o i m bib e d th e ,

s p i r i t o f th i s d o c t ri ne w i th e nth us i as m it ass um ed a ,

c h arac t er o f t h e m o s t fe a rful fa n at i c i s m H e nc e th o se .

p ro d i g io us sp ec tac l es wh i c h ast o ni sh b e h o l d ers o f

, ,

Y o guees and S anny asi s w h o m ac era te th e i r b o d i es

, ,

an d se ek s e l f anni hil a t i o n a s t h e g re at o bj e c t o f th e i r
-

wi sh e s . O n t h e o th er h a nd a m o ng m o re fri gi d o r ,

w eake r t e m p eram ents, t h e m a xi m th a t al l ev il is m er el y

app are nt b ec a us e al l ex i ste nc e b e i n esse nt i al l y o ne
,
g , ,

m ust b e p erfe c t i n its nat ure l ead s its v o ta ri es ,

i nto a fall ac i o us c h eerful ness a nd ac q ui e sc e nce in

t h e ms e l ve s .

T h at th e d o c tri ne o f th e Sa nc hya* sc h o o l is c o m ’

pl e tel y Panthe i sti c w e m ay j ud ge fro m th e B h agvat

,

The S anc hya phil o so ph y is t h e so urce wh enc e th e sec t o f

’

Budd h a seems t o h ave b o rro wed its doctrines I t is v ul garl y .

 S Y S TE M or PA NT H E I S M . 25 !

Gita ; b ut w e m ust all o w th at th e autho r o f t h is wo rk

see m s no t t o h av e th oro ughl y und ersto o d it o r a t l e ast ,

to h av e d i st o rted it s s ens e a c c o rd i ng t o h is o w n h ab i ts
of th o ugh t . I n th e B h ag vat G i ta, -l '
a nd , as w e m ay
c o n ec t ure
j w i th p ro b ab ili ty , in al l t he o th e r werk s
as c rib e d Vyasa t h e d o ct ri ne o f t h e Ved a nti is
to ,
“

p rev al e nt o f w h i c h h e w as th e auth o r
, Hen c e We .

are b e t ter ac q uai nted w it-h thi s th an any o t h e r S ystem

of I nd i an p h il o so p hy .

T h at th is d o ct ri ne is no th i ng l
e se t h ana pure and
p er fe c t Panth e i s m
w e ma
y p e rc e i ve
, by t h e transl a
t i o n a nd it is s ti l l m o re c l early tr a c ed int h e o ri i n l
g a .

T h e Ve danti ,
as t h e na m e
i nd i cates professes to be ,

o nl y a n e x p o s i t i o n o f t h e a n c i en t I nd i and o c tri ne s e t
fo rth in th e V ed as T h e o ld t ex t lik e th e anc ie nt
.
,

b as i s o f t h e c i v il c o nst i tuti o n h as b een s uffe red to ,

re m a i n b ut th e ne w te ne t s h a ve b e e n w h ere ver t h i s
, ,

w as p o ssi bl e i m p ress e d up o n it
, A l l b e ing s a r e re .

s o lv e d i nt o th e g re at O ne t h e S up re me B ra h m e o r
, , ,

Gh uiny o n o r th e o bj ec t o f i nt ell ec tual a pp re h e ns i o n

, ,

w h i c h is h ere exp re ss ly d e fi ne d t o b e a c o nd i t i o n o f
i nd i ffere nc e b etwe e n e xi ste nc e and nun exi st e nce -

b etw e e n S o t a nd O so t T h er e are i ndeed p as sag es in

.
,

wh i c h t h e auth o r se e m s t o c o nte nd d i re c tl y agai nst

th e d o c tr i ne o f th e V ed a F r o m th e unm ix e d applause
.

asc rib e d t o Cap il a, b ut ppears to have b eenth e wo rk o f I s wara

a

Cris h na, w h o is st at ed to h ave received t he d o c t rine fro m

Capil a t h ro ugh succ es siv e t each ers —C l o ebro o k e on th e
Ved as, A siat ic Researc hes, v o l viii p 4 8 5 . . . .

1 The B h agvat Git a is no t real l y t he wo rk o f Vyase, th o ugh

‘

v ul g arl y as c rib e d t o him Th ere is reaso n to bel ieve it t o b e a

.

pro duc tio n o f a m uc h l at er p erio d .

252 S U CC E S S I O N or M Y T H O L O G I CA L

wh i ch h e b e st o w s w h e re on th e S anc hya
’

ev ery

a n e sse nti al
p h i l o s o ph y ,
it a
pp ears th a t th e re is
a ree m e nt b etwe e n th i s a nd t h e d o c tr i ne of h is o wn
g
s c ho o l .

W e m ust w ai t fo r m o re satisfac to ry i nfo r m a ti o nc o n

c er n ng i th e rea l c h a rac t e r o f th e N yaya M im ansafi"
,

a nd S a nc h ya sc h o o l s T h e m o ral g e ni us o f th e
’
.

M im ansa a nd th e spec ulati ve c h aract e r o f th e S am

’

h ya ,
a
g re e w ell w i t h t h e r es
p i
e c t v e ag e s w h i c h we
h av e llo tted t o th e m
a . A t p r ese nt w e m ust b e sa t i s fi ed
w i th h av i ng o b ta i ne d fro m th e I ns ti t utes o f M e nu
a s uffi c i e n t i ns i gh t i nto th e o l d e st d o c t ri ne s o f the
H i nd o o s and fro m th e Bh agvat G i t a a to l erab ly
,

c o m pl et e i d ea o f th e Ve d an t i w h i c h m us t b e re gar de d ,

as t h e l atest s st e m i n th e w h o l e s uc c ess i o no f I n d i an
y
l i terature and ph ilo so ph y .

SE CTIO N V .

Continuationof the same s ubj ec t S ucc essio n of P hil osop hical.

D o c trines and M y tho log ies in the E as t .

T h e fo reg o i ng r e m ar ks on th e s ucc es s v e i d eve

l o p em ent p of s l i
e c u at v e d o c tr i nes and m y th o l o g i cal
r ep resentat i o ns in th e E ast ,
h av e b ee n c o nfi rm ed in
th e m o st i mpo rtant p o i nts b y s ub se que nt i nq ui ri es ,

Th e o bj ec t o f th e M im ansa, says Co l eb ro o k e, Is to e sta bl ish

th e c o genc y o f p rec ept s c o nt ained int h e I nd ianscript ures, and
t o furnish m ax im s fo r it s int erpret at io n; and, fo r t h e s am e

p urp o se, r ul es o f reaso ning, fro m wh ic h a s s tem o f

y l o gic is
d educib l e .
 D O CT R I N E S IN THE E A ST . 353

and part c u ari l ly by th e researc h es o f th e S o c i ety o f

E ngl i sh A nt iq uari ans at C alc utta T h ey agree in
.

eneral w i th th e c o nc l us i o ns w h i c h s ee m t o resul t
g
fro m all th e d ata w e p o ssess r elat i ng t o th e h i sto ry o f
I nd i an li terat ure A suffi c i e nt analy si s o f th e Ve d as
.
,

wh i c h w e o we t o th e l ea rned and j ud i c i o us M r .

C o le b ro o k e and so m e furth e r i nfo rmati o nco nc e rni ng

,

th e I nd i an sc h o o l s o f p h il o so p h y h ave e l uc i d at ed
,

se vera l t o p i cs r e s ec t i n
,p g w h i c h M r S c hl e ge l was.

o bli e d to c o nt e n
g t him j
s e l f w i th c o n ec t ures We are .

t h us e nabl ed t o c o rre c t th e fo reg o i ng o utli ne o f th e

h isto ry o f O r i e nta l p h il o s op hy in so m e p ar ti c ul ars ,

an d to ar ri ve a t sat i sfac t o ry c o nc l us i o ns .

T h e m o st i m p o rtant e x c e p ti o n th at o cc urs to the

sch em e o f th i s a uth o r r e l ate s to th e p l ac e h e h as

a ss i g n e d to Pant h e i s m and th e s tro ng li ne o f d is

,

t i nc t i o n h e h as d raw n b e t w ee n th at d o c tri ne and th e

sy st em o f e m a nat i o n W e l ear n fro m an exami na
.

ti o n o f th e V ed a s t h a t a s tyl e o f r ep rese ntat i o nto

,

wh i c h th e term Panth eism m ay w i th p ro pri e ty b e

appli ed ,
is as anc i e nt as t h e o l d es t rel ic s o f I nd i a n
l ea rni ng T he Pa nth e i sm o f th e V edas is no t indeed
.

o f th at re fined a nd m e tap h ys i c a l c h a ra c ter wh i c h M r , .

Sc h l ege l regard s a s e sse nt i a ll y b e l o ngi ng to th i s name ,

no r is it fo und e d o nth o se sub tl e a b strac t i o ns wh i c h th e

Ved anti sch o o l d i sp lay s ; y e t it m ay b e truly d esig
nated as Pa nth e i s m s i nc e t h e c o nce p t i o n o f the
,

D i vi ne nat ure w h i c h it p re se nts i nc l ud es in i tself th e

, ,

m at er i al uni verse .

B efo re I p ro c e e d furth e r I s hall ill ustrate these

,

o b ser vat i o ns b y s o m e s tr iki ng p ass ag es fro m the

V e das in w h i c h th e d ep artm ents a nd el e ments o f

,

nature are i dentifi ed wi th o r rath er i nc l ud ed in the

254: SU CCE S S I O N OF M Y T H O L O G I CA L

d escri pt i o n of t h e D e i ty . T h e fo l l o w ing re
p resou
fat i o u o c c urs in t h e Y aj ur -v ed a .

F i re is th a t ( o r i g i nal c a use ) ; th e S un is th at ; so
‘

is A ir so is th e M o o n; s uc h to o is t h at p ure Br ah me
and th o s e w a t e rs an d th a t l o rd o f c re atures M o m ent s .

ro c ee d fro m t h at e ffulg e nt p ers o n, w h o m no ne c an

p
r eh e nd , a b ove aro und, or in t h e m i d st O f him
a
pp ,

w h o se gl o ry is so g reat th er e is no i m a g e E ven .

h e I s t h e g o d w h o p e r va d e s all r eg i o ns ; h e is t h e fir st
b o rn; it is h e wh o is in th e wo m b ; h e w h o is b o rn
and he who Wil l b e p ro d uc ed ; h e severall y a nd uni
”
ve r sal l y r e m ai ns w i th al l p erso ns .

H e p r i o r t o w h o m m th ing w as b o r n and who

b ec am e al l b e i ngs & c , .

T h e w i se m a n v i e ws th a t m y ster i o us b e i ng in ,

w h o m th e uni verse p e rp e tually e xi sts re st i ng in t hat ,

so l e sup p o rt I n h im th i s w o r l d is ab so rb e d fro m h im
.
,

it i ssue s ; in c reatur es h e is t w i ne d and w o v e n w i th ,

v ari o us fo r m s o f e xi s t enc e R ec o g ni s i ng h e av en
.
,

e art h and s k y t o b e h im
, k no w i ng th e w o rl ds d i sc o
, ,

v erin g p s a c e a nd t h e so l ar o r b t o b e t h e sam e he ,

v i ew s th at b ei n g ; h e b e co mes th at b e i ng ; and is
I d ent ifi ed w i th h im o n c o m leti n t h e b ro ad w eb o f
p ,
g
th e s o l e m n
T h e fo llo w i ng c ur i o us p assag e fro m t h e W h i te
Y aj ur v ed a fo rm i ng part o f th e hy m n re l ati ng to th e
-
,

all e o r i c al i m m o l ati o n o f N a ra ana e x e m lifi es th e

g y p ,

e xtrava ant fi ur e s c o nta i ne d in t h e V e d as a n d o th e r

g g ,

I ndi an c o sm o go ni es I t b eg i ns b y i d e nti fy i ng th e
.

so ul o f m a n w i t h th e so ul o f t h e uni v e rse w h i c h is th e ,

m o s t c h arac ter i st i c te ne t o f th e Pant h e i s ti c d o c tr i ne .

O n th e Vedas or S acred Writings of th e H indo o s . By

H T Co l eb ro o k e , E sq A
. . . i
s at . Re searc h . vo l . v iii.
p 43 2
. .
 D O CT R I N E S IN TH E E A ST .
255

l . T he em b o d i ed i it
sp r ,
w hi c h h ath a th o usand
h ead s, a th o usand
yes a th o usa nd fe et s ta nds inthe
e , ,

hum an br ea st, wh il e it to tal ly p er v ad es th e ear th .

2 . T h at b e i ng is this univ er se, a nd a ll th a t h as

been, or wil l be h e is that w h i ch g ro ws by no uri sh
m e nt, and h e is th e d i s trib uto r o f i mm o rtali ty .

3S uc h is h is gr eat ness, a nd th er e fo re is h e th e
.

m o st e x c e ll e nt e m b o d i e d sp i ri t ; th e e l e m e nts o f th e
unverse
i ne p o rti o n o f h im and -t h ree
ar e o , p o rti o ns
of h im are i m m o rtali ty in h e av e n .

4 . T h at th r ee fo l d b e i ng -
ro s e a b o ve thi s wo rl d ,

and th e i ngl e p o r ti o n o f h im re mai ne d

s in t h i s uni
ve rse w h i c h c o ns i sts o f w h at d o es a nd w h at d o e s no t
,

t aste th e re w ard o f g o o d a nd b ad a c t i o ns ; aga i n h e

p ervad e d th e uni ve r s e .

5 F ro m h im spra ng Viraj fro m w h o m t h e fi rs t

“ '
.
,

m an w as p ro d uc e d and h e b e i ng s uc c e ss i vel y r e
,

r o d uc e d p e o p l e d th e e a rth
p , .

6 F ro m th at s i ng l e p o rt i o n sur na m e d t h e uni
.
,

versa l s a c r ifi c e w as t h e h o l y o bl a ti o n o f b ut t er a n
, d
c urd s p ro duc e d a nd th i s d id fra m e a l l c attl e w il d a nd
‘

, ,

d o m e sti c w h i c h are g o v er ne d by i nsti nc t

,
,
.

7 F ro m th at uni v e rs al sacr ifi c e w er e p r o d uc e d
.

t h e s tra i ns o f t he R i c h a nd S hm a n ( V e d a s ) ; fro m h im

t h e sac re d m e tres sp r a ng ; fro m him d id th e Y aj us h

p roc e e d .

8 F ro m h im we re p ro d uc ed h o rse s, & c : co ws,

'

oats, and sh e ep
g .

9 H im th e go d s, th e d e m i go ds na m ed S adx h ya;
’
x
.

an d th e h o ly sa e s, i mmo lated as a v ctim o n sa c r e d

i
_
g
n d t h us erfo r m e d a s o l e m n a c t o f reli g i o n
grass ; p
a .

I O I nto h o w m any p o r ti o ns d id th ey d i vi d e th i s
.

b ei ng wh o m the y i m mo l ated ? Wh at d id h is mo uth

,
256 S U CC E S S I O N OF M Y T H O L O GI CA L

b ec o m e ? W hat are h is a r m s, h is th i gh s , h is fe e t ,

no w c all e d ?
b ec am e a p ri e st ; h is ar m w as m ad e
1 1 H is m o uth
.

a so l d i er ; his t h i gh w as t ra n sfo r m ed i nt o a h usb an d

m a n; fro m h is fe et s p rang th e se rvil e m a n .

1 2 T h e m o o n w a s p ro d uc e d fro m h is m i nd th e
.
,

s un s rang fro m h is ey e a ir and b reath ro c e e d ed

’

p p ,

fro m h is e ar , a nd fi re r o se fro m h is m o uth .

“
13 . T he su b tl e ele m e nt w as p ro d uc ed fro m his
navel , t h e sk y fro m h is h e ad, th e e a rth fro m his
feet ,
a nd S
p ac e fr o m h is ea r . T h us d id h e fr am e
&c .

E x pressi o ns of th i s c h a ra c te r are no t co n fi ned to a.

few p as sages S i m il ar rep resenta ti o ns ab o und in th e

.

o l d es t r e ma i ns o f I n d i anli te rat ur e a nd i nd ee d, p er , ,

vad e al l ipt ure s o f th e H i nd o o s T h e fo llo wi ng

th e sc r .

is th e ge neral c o nc l usi o n re sp e c ti ng t h e anc i e nt .

d o c tri ne o f th i s p eo p l e w h i c h M r C o l eb ro o k e h as , .

d ed uc e d fro m an ac c urate e x am i nati o n o f th e V e das

and o th er sac re d w ri t i ng s o f th e I nd i an ri esth o o d
p .

T h e real d o ctr i ne o f th e w h o l e I nd i an S cri pture

is t h e uni ty o f th e D e i ty in w h o m th e uni ve rse is ,

c o mp reh en d ed ; and th e seem i ng p o l yth e i sm w h i c h it

exh ibi ts o ffers th e el e me nts and th e s ta rs a nd
,
p l anets
”-
as odsl
g .

B ut th o ugh t h e o ld est H i nd o o S c r i pt ure s co ntai n

p assa g es o f th i s nature , w h i c h s ee m toi d enti fy th e
D e i ty w i th the w o rl d y et th e y a so l d eliver e xpli c it ly
th e d o c t ri ne o f c rea t o n i in th e t rue se nse : t h at is,
t“ O nth e Rel igio us Cerem o nie s H ind us,
—
of th e and o f the
Brah m ans es ecial l
p y ; by H T C o l ebro o k e, E sq
. . . A siat Res
. .

vo l . v ii. p 25 1
. .

1 A siat Res
‘
. . vol . v iii p. . 4 94 .
 D O CT R I N E S IN TH E E A ST . 257

th ey d ec l are th e p ri o r e x is te nc e o f a n e te rna l a nd

s i r i tual b e i n an ac t o f h is w ill
ll e d fo rth
p g wh o b y , , ca

th e m a te r i a l u ni ver se , a nd g av e o ri i n to al l s ub o r
g
dinat e so u s, l wh i c h t h ey re re se nt as e m anat i n
p g
i ly
suc c e ss v e fro m t h e e sse nc e o
f th e S up r e m e .

T h i s d o c tri ne is d e li ve re d in t he fo ll o w i ng p as
c i ted fro m t h e A itare a A r a n a
sa e
g , y y a
p art o f th e ,

R ig -ve d a .

O rig i nally t hi s i nd e e d S O U L o nly

un verse w a s i
no th i ng e l s e w h a tso eve r e x i ste d e i th er ac t i v e o r ,

i nac ti ve H e th o ugh t I w ill c re a te w o rl d s

.
,
T h us
h e c re ate d th ese v a ri o us w o rl d s w ate r l igh t m o rtal , , ,

b e i ngs a nd th e w a te rs T hat w at e r is t h e r eg i o n
,
.

a b o v e t h e h e ave n w h i c h h e a ve n up h o l d s ; t h e a t m o s
,

p h e r e c o m p ri ses li g h t ; th e e a rth is m o rtal and th e ,

re i o ns b e l o w are t h e
g
I t is a re m a rkabl e c i r c um sta nc e th at t h e panth e is ,

t ic re p re s e nta ti o n o f th e d i vi ni ty is fo und c o m b i ne d o r ,

r a th e r c o nfo und e d w i th a d o, g m a s o d i s ti nc t fr o m it ,

a nd w h i c h see m s so o p po s i te in i ts na t ur e as th e

s s t e m o f e manat i o n Y e t s uc h i s t h e fa c t T he
y . .

e s s e nti al a n d o r i g i na l d o c tr i ne o f th e w h o l e I nd i an
s y st e m o f m y t h o l o gy o n th e v a r i o us d e v el o p e
,
m e nt o f
w h i c h th e t e ne ts o f a l l th e d i ffe r e nt s e c ts ar e fo und e d is ,

th e e m ana t i o n o f s ub o rd i nat e na tur es fro m a p r i m e va l

an d sp i r i t ual B e i ng T h e p a nth e i s ti c rep r e se ntat i o no f

.

t h i s B e i ng c a nno t ha ve b e e n c o e va l w i th t h at sy s te m .

I t b etray s a d i ffer e nt styl e o r m o d e o f p h il os o ph izi ng, ,

a nd c ano nly h ave h ad its o ri g i n in a c o rr upt i o n o f th e

d o ctri ne o f e mana ti o n o r in t h e e x pa nsi o n o f its p ri n

,

c ipl es i n t o a new and d i sto r te d fo r m W e shall .

A siat Res . . vo l . viii .

p 42 1
. .

L L
25 8 s uc c E s s m N or M YT H O L O G I CA L

ve n
tu re to c o ns ider the d ev el o p e me nt ofl as t this

sy s te m o f i d eas , as m ark i ng a s ec o n
d e ra inth e h i sto ry
o f o r e nta
i l p h il o s o p h y .

W e s hal l assi g n th e th i rd ra nk 1 n th e s uc c e ss1 o no f

rel i i o us o r h il o s o p h i c al c o nc e t i o ns to M a te ri ali s m
g p p ,

o r t h e w o r sh i o f t h e v i s ib l e e l e m e nt s a nd d ep a rt
p
m e nt s o f t h e uni ve rse T h i s p lac e se e m s i nd eed to
.
, ,

b e l o ng to it ac c o r d i ng to t h e natura l a nd o b vi o us
,

e c o nnec t i o n o f
p gro re ss o f s u e rs t i t i o n
p T h p an
th e i sti c r ep res e nta ti o ns w i t h th e w o rsh i p o f N a ture
s c ar c ely re q ui res t o b e el uc i d a t e d ; th e w h o l e fram e of

th e uni ve rse b e i ng i nc l ud e d in th e i d e a o f th e d i v i ne
ess e nc e , a nd th e d e par t m e nt s o f t h e w o r l d c o nte m

p l a te d as i nte g ral p arts o f it, th e l atter c a m e, b y a

ver
y e as
y t ra ns t i io n ,
to b e re
g a rd e d as
p se or a ra t e

b
su o r d i na te go d s H e nc e th e . d e ifi c a tio n o f th e ele
m e nt s and c e l esti al b o d i es B ut th e w o rsh i p . o f
m ater i al bj ec ts a s d e ri ve d fro m th i s so urc e b e ars e
o , ,

v e ry d i ffere n t i m p re ssi o nfro m t h e r ud e s up e r s ti ti o ns o f

b a rba ro us p e o pl e w h o h av e no o th er c o nc ep ti o no f
,

t h e D e i ty t h an a s t h e v i s i bl e o rb o f t h e S uno r Mo o n ,

to w h i c h th e y a d d ress th e i r ad o r ati o ns l o o ki n U o n
g p ,

th e m a s li vi n b o dies a nd t h e v ol lJ nta r and b e nefi

'

g , y
cen t d i sp e nse r s o f li g h t a nd h e at F ro m th e w o r ship.

o f t h e s tars a c c o rd i n t o th e m o re h il o s o h i c al Or
, g p p
s ste m ati c i d e a s o f t h o s e w h o r e ard e d th e m as
y g p arti
on l ar p o rti o ns o f th e a ni ma te d a nd d e i fied uni verse ,

t h e re na t urall y o r i g i na te d c erta i n no t i o ns res e c ti n

g
“

p
th e i nfl uen c e o f th ese a e n
g ts o n the des ti n ie s of
ma n ki nd and th e re vo l uti o ns of e ve nts
, Thus .

j udi c i al astro lo gy a nd m ag i cal inc antatio iis h ecatne ’

“
‘
i

an a
pp e nd age o f th i s anc i ent s up e rsti ti o n .

A l l th ese varieties inthe reli gionBf th e Hind o o s

 D O CT R I N E S 1 11 THE E A ST . 259

must b e referre d
y re m o te era
to T he
a ver . y
s st e m s

o f e m anat i o na nd
p anth e i sm have b eent rac e d al read
y
to t h e V e da s . T h e g er ms o f a w il d and se nsual
m ateri ali sm are ver y c o nsp i c uo us in t he I nst itutes o f
.

Menu .

T h e gro sser a nd m o re revo l ti ng parts o f th e s up er

st it io ns o f Ind i a ap pe ar t o b e o f l ate r d ate t h an th e
re li g io n o f th e V e d as a nd t h e mytho l o gy e mb o d i ed in
,

M enu s C o smo g o ny I no w r e fe r to t he wo rsh i p o f

’
.

S i va and Bhav a n i w i th al l th e o b sc e ne and atr o c i o u

, s

c i r c um stan c es wh i c h c ha ra c ter iz e it T h e fabul o us .

i ncarnat i o ns o f Vi sh nu a nd th e w ho l e m y th o lo gy
,

o f th e Purana s al s o b e l o n
, g t o t his s ub se q uent era .

A s th ese are ve r i m p o r ta nt p o ints i n th e sy s te m

y
I w i sh to fo und o n t h i s i11 q ui1 y I sh all q uo te th e ,

fo ll o w i ng c o nc l us i o ns o f M r C o l e m o o k e wh i ch as
'

, ,

far as th e i r app li cati o n e x te nd s c o nfi rm th e o b serva ,

t i o ns o f th e auth o r fro m w h o m I h ave b orro wed th e

fo re g o ing secti o ns .

T h e th ree prl nmp al m ani fes ta t i o ns o f th e d i vi ni ty ,

say s M r C o l e b ro o k e
. w i th o t he r p erso nifi ed attri
,

b utes a nd energi es a nd m o st o f the o th er g o ds o f

,

H i ndo o my th ol o g y are i nd e ed m e nti o ne d o r a t l east

, ,

i nd i cated inth e V ed a s B ut th e w o rsh ip o f d eifi ed

,
.

h ero es is no p art o f t h a t syste m ; no r are th e incar

nat i o ns o f dei ti es s ug ge ste d in any oth er p o rti o n* o f

Th is al l udes t o th e Ram a t apaniya, and Gopal a tapaniya,

wh ich co ntain t h e sto ries o f R am a and Crish na M r Co l e . .

b roo k e o b serves th t
a
“
t h e fo rm er o f t h ese is insert ed in al l
”
co l l e c tio ns of t h e U panish ad s wh ic h he h as see n he
th e yet,
o b serves, I am incl ined t o do ub t t h eir genuineness, an
“ d to
s usp ec t th at t h ey h av e bee n writ t en in t i m es mo d ern, wh en .
 260 S U C C E SS I O N or M Y T H O L O G I CA L

th e t ex t w hic h I h av e y e t see n; t h o ug h suc h a re

s o m et im es h i nte d at b y t h e c o m m e nt a t o rs .

A c c o rd i ng t o t h e no t i o ns w hic h I e nt e r ta in o f
th e re a l h i s to ry of t h e H nd o o i rel ig io n ,
t h e w o rsh i p

of R am a f C r ish na by t h e Va ish nav a s a nd

a nd o ,

t h at o f M a h a d eva a nd B hav a ni b y th e S a iv a s
an d S a c ta s h a ve b ee n g e nerally i nt ro d uc e d s i nc e
,

m s a nd J a ina s
t h e p e rs ec ut i o n o f th e B a udd / T he ’

,
.

i nst i tuti o ns o f t h e V e d a a re a nte r i o r t o B ud dh a ,

w h o se t h e o l o gy se e m s to h av e b een b o rro w ed
fro m th e y ste m o f C ap ila a nd w h o s e m o st c o n
s ,

sp ic uo us p ra c ti cal d o c t ri ne is s ta te d to h av e b een

t h e unl a w ful ness o f ki ll i ng a ni m al s w h i c h in h is

/ ,

o p i ni o n w e re t o o fre q ue ntly sl a i n fo r th e p urp o se o f

e at i ng t h e ir fl e sh und e r th e p re te nc e o f p er fo rm i ng a
,

s ac r ifi c e o r Y aj nya T h e o v e r th ro w o f t h e s e c t o f
.

B ud d h a in I nd i a h as no t e ffec te d t h e ful l re vival o f

, ,

t h e r el ig io us sy s te m inc ul c at e d in t h e V e d as M o st .

o f w h at is th e r e t a ug h t is no w o b s o l e te ; a n d in its ,

s t ea d ne w o r d e rs o f re li g i o ns d e vo t e es h av e b een
,

inst itute d a nd ne w fo r ms o f r eli g i o us c ere m o ni e s

,

h a v e b ee n est abli sh ed R i tual s fo und e d o n th e.

,

Puranas and O b ser v anc e s b o rro we d fro m a w o rse

,

s o urc e t h e T a nt ra s h av e i n a re at m e asure a n t i
,
g ,

q uate d th e i nst i tut i o ns o f th e V e d as I n p ar ti c ul ar .

,

t h e s ac rifi c i ng o f a ni m al s b e fo re th e id o l s o f C ali h as
s u erse d e d t h e l e ss sa n ui na r a c t i c e o f th e Y a n a
p g yp r j y ,

co m
p ared w ith t h e rem ainde r o f t h e V ed as . This pic io n is
s us

c hiefl
y gro und ed o n t h e o pinio n t h at t h e s ec t s wh ic h no w
w o rsh ip Ram a and Grish un, as inc arnatio ns of Vish nu ,
are

c o m par ative l
y new I h av e no t fo und , in any o t h er p art o f
.

”
t he Ve d a s, t he l east t rac e o f s uch a w orsh i A siat Re
p . .

search es, vo l . viii.

p 4 94 . .
 D O CT RI N E S IN TH E E A ST . 26 1

a nd t he ado rat o n o f
i Ra m a and C rish na has suc

c eed ed t o that of th e e e m e nt s a nd
l
B ut th o ugh t h e s e c ts o f Vi shnu are sub
S i va a nd
s e quen t in th e i r o ri g i n t o t h e i nst i t uti o ns o f V ed as ,

th ere is y e t suffi c i e nt p ro o f o f t h e i r g reat anti q ui ty .

I need o nly all ud e t o th e a nc i e nt sc ul p tures fo und i n

th e I nd i a n p eni nsul a a nd in th e d ec o rati o ns o f th e
,

s ub t e rra n ean t e m pl e s I n th e w o nd er ful e x c avat i o ns

.

at E l e h a n t a and E l l o ra th e ty p e s o f t h e wo r sh i
p ,
pp ers
o f S i va a n d Bh av ani a r e e xh i b i te d in c o l o ssal fo rm s ,

as well as th e fi g ures o f C rish na an d o th er i nc arna

,

t i o ns o f Vi sh nu . T h e fl at r o o fs o f t h es e c av erns and ,

eve ry o th er c i rc um sta nc e c o nnec te d w i th th em

p ro ve ,

t h at th e i r o ri g i n m us t b e r e fe rre d to a re mo t e e p o c h .

I t is re m arkabl e t h a t th e c aves in S al se tte wh er e ,

B udd h a is e xh ibi te d as t h e so l e o bj ect o f w o rsh i p

.
,

h ave arch e d r o o fs a nd are m o re m o d ern in th ei r

s t l e o f d e c o rat i o n—a fac t w h ic h i nd i cate s th at t h e
,

e
y
r i t es o f th e S ai v a s a nd V a ish na v as in t h i s p art o f ,

I nd i a at least prec e d e d th e e ra o f th e Budd h i st s

, .

T h at th e system o f t h e V ed as h o w ever was l o ng , ,

an t e ri o r t o th e r i se o f t h e sup e rs t i t i o n no w p re val ent ,

m ay w ell b e allo w e d w i th o ut refusi ng to ad m i t th e

,

i nfere nc es to w h i c h t h ese c o nsi d era ti o ns lead T h e .

e xt ra vag a nt no t i o ns w h i c h h ave b ee n m a i ntai n ed r e

sp ec t i n g t he vas t a nt iq ui ty o f th e I nd i a nscrip t ure s h ave

b eenj ustly e xp lo d ed a nd rep r o bate d y et it appears th at
m any w r ite rs h ave g o ne w i th j ust a s li ttl e s upp o rt
,

fro m th e t esti mo ny o f fac ts t o th e c o nt rar y e xtr em e

, .

T h e m o st m o d erate a nd j ud i c i o us c o nc l usio n o nth i s ,

m uc h d i sp uted p o i nt is t h a t w h i c h M r C o l eb ro o ke
, .

has o b tai ne d fro m a c a re ful e xa m i na ti o n o f i nte rnal

Co l ebro o k e ub i supra .
26 2 s uc c s ss ro n or M YT H opo e l c A L

i d enc e inp art ic ul ar fro m the tre at i ses o f w h i ch

a nd
’

ev , ,

o ne is anne x e d to e ac h V e d a un d e r th e t it l e o f its,

J yotish ex pl ai ni ng th e adj us t m e nt o f t h e cale nd ar fo r

,
,

t h e p urp o se o f fi xi ng t h e p ro p e r p e ri o d s fo r th e p er
for m a nc e o f re li g i o us d uti e s T h ese fo r m ul es are .

a d a pt e d t o t h e c o m p a ri so n o f s o l ar a n d l unar t i m e
w i th t h e lgar o r c i vil y ea r a nd w e re e v i den
vu tl y
,

fo r m e d in t h e i nfanc y o f as t ro no m ic al k no wl edg e .

F r o m t h ese c o ns i d e rati o ns M r C o l e b r o o ke i nfer s .

t h at t h e V e d as w e re arra ng e d in th e i r p rese nt fo rm ,

in th e fo urtee nth c e nt ury b e fo re t h e C h ri sti a n e ra ,

th at is a b o ut t w o h und re d y e ars l a te r th a n th e d at e o f
,

t h e Pe nta te uc h o f M o ses S e v e ral p arts a re evi d e ntly

.

m o r e m o d e rn ; b ut t h e se m ay c o m m o nl y b e d i sti n
u ish e d in a s a ti s fa c to ry m a nner a nd th e t e x t s w h i c h
g ,

w ere c o m p il e d a b o ut th e p e r i o d ab o v e m e nt i o ned are

th em sel v e s ing e ne ra l m o re a nc i e nt t han t h e era w h en
t h e y w ere c o l l e c te d b y D w ap ay a na w h o w as t h e nc e ,

s urn ame d Vy a sa o r th e C o m p il e r,
.

O n th e r e vi e w i ng t h e w h o l e o f t h e evi d e nc e a s yet
o b tai ned c o nc er n ,
i ng th e o r i g i na nd relat i ve ant iq ui ty
o f the d i ffe re nt m o d e s o f I n d i a n s up e rst iti o n a nd phi
l o so p h y it app ea rs th a t th e o utli ne o f th e i r h i st o ry as
, ,

a tte m te d b
p y M r S ch l eg el h a s b ee n c o nfi rm e d and
.
,

c o m l e te d in th e m o st i m o r ta n t a r ts by fu rth er
p , p p ,

i nq ui ry a nd c o ns i d erati o n T h e li m i ta t i o ns it r eq uires
.

h ave b ee nno ti c ed as w e ll as t h e i nve rsi o ns w h i c h see m

, ,

nec es sary in o rd e r to r ec o nc il e it w i th h i sto r i c al t ruth .

T h e o l d e st d o c tr i ne o f th e e aste r n sc h o o l s is th e
sy ste m o f E m a na t i o n a nd M e t e m s c h o s i s B l e nd e d
p y .

w i th t h i s b ut p ro b ably sub s e q ue nt to it is Pa nth e i sm

, , ,

w h i c h al re ad y m a k e s it s ap p eara nc e in th e V e d as .

T h e l atter ush ere d in H yl o z o ism a nd th e d e ifi c atio n ,

 D O CTR I N E S IN TH E E A ST . 263

o f vis ibl e el ements o r in o th er wo rds th e wo rsh ip o f

, , ,

N ature O nth i s sy ste m bl end e d at a sub se q ue nt e r a

.
, , ,

wi th th e v enerati o n o f h e ro e s as i ncarnati o ns o f th e
o d s w e re fo un d ed th e s up e rst i ti o ns o f th e S a i vas o r
g ,

V a i sh navas B ut these last fo rms o f m y th o lo gy ar e at

.

l e ast as anc i ent as th o se c el eb rate d e x cavati o ns in th e

I nd i anp eni nsul a wh i ch h ave e x c i ted th e asto ni sh m e nt

o f al l t rav el l ers T h e sup e rs t i ti o n o f th e S ai vas o r th e

.
,

reli io n o f S i va Mah a d e va a nd B h avan i co nsi sts as

g , , , ,

it is w e ll k no w n o f t he w o rsh i p o f th e el em ents and

, ,

a r ti c ul arly o f t he d e struc t i v e and rep r o d uc t i ve

p
p o w e r s o f N ature c o nnec ted w i th t h e d i sp lay f c o n
,

s e c ra te d s m b o l s th e l ing a m and th e am? of

y , y
th e V a i sh navas o r fo ll o w e rs o f Vi sh nu o f th e r i te s
, ,

an d O b s er vanc es fo und e d o n th e Puranas w h i c h r elate

t o th e i nc a r na ti o ns o f th e i r g o d .

T ho ugh th e th ree m ani festati o ns o f th e d ei ty a re

m e nt i o ned in th e V ed a s a nd o th e r re m ai ns o f re m o te
a ntiq ui t
y y e t a s B rah m a is the m ost c o nsp i c uo us
, ,

d iv i ni ty inth e scri p t ure s o f th i s era w e sh all d i sti n ,

st fo rm s o f I nd i a n m th o l o
g iu s h t h e e arli e
y gy as th e
r e li i o n o f B rah m a T h e l ate r c l ass o f s up erst i t i o ns
g .

a r e a l read y d e si g n ate d in th e
prac ti ce o f th e sec ts ,

w h o d e vo te th emsel ve s resp e c ti vely to S i va a nd

Vi sh nu .
 C H A PT E R II I .

C O M PA R I SO N B ETWE E N TH E S U C C E S SI O N O F SU PE R ST I

T I O N S I N T H E E A S T, A N D T H E H I S T O R Y OF M Y T H O L OG Y

IN EG Y PT .

SE CTI O N I .

G enera l R esem bla nce between t he I ndian and E gyp tian

M y t ho log ies in t he Co ncep tio n of t he D ivine N a ture .

W E sha ll no w e x am i ne th e re at o ns
b e t w e e n th e
l i
m y th o lo g i e s o f I nd i a and E gy p t a nd i nq ui re w h et he r
,

t h e r e a re t rac es o f a s uc c e ss i o n o f p eri o d s a nd a g ra
d ual c h ang e o f d o c tri ne s in th e h i s to ry o f t h e l a tter ,

w h i c h b ear a ny a nal o g y to th e r e vo l ut i o n w e h ave

o b serve d in th e E as te r n s c h o o l s T h i s i nv e sti gati o n
.

c a nno t fa il t o t h ro w l i h t o n th e c o nnec ti o n a nd
g
m ut ua l relat i o ns o f th e va ri o us p a rt s of t h e E gyp ti an
m y th o lo g y A t th e sam e ti m e it w i ll affor d a c o mpl e te
.

so l uti o n o f t h e p ro bl e m w h e th e r a n e ss e nti al a ffi ni t
,
y y
e xi st e d o ri g i nally b etw e e n t h e s e s ste m s
y .

T h e fi rst q ue st io n th at o ffe rs i ts el f is T o wh at ,

ri o d in t h e h i s to ry o f th e I n d i an m th o l o
y d o the
p e g y
s u e rs ti t i o ns o f E gyp t b ear th e ne ar e st r el at i o n7
p
I th i nk it w ill ap p e ar ev i d e nt that th e m o r e s triki ng
and p o p ul ar o f th e se s up er st i t i o ns c o r resp o nd in g e

ne ral w i th th o s e wh i c h b el o ng to th e th i rd and fo urth

(

e ri o d s in th e h i st o ry o f E aste rn d oc t ri n es a n d th at
p ,

t h e w h o l e o f t h e E gy p t i a nm y tho l o g ymay b e refe rred

M M
266 m urmur I DEA S A ND R E PR E S E N T A T I O N S

t o the trans t i i o n fro m nc i e nt i nto th e later

th e m o re a

sy ste m . A t th e sa m e ti m e I th i nk w e m ay tra c e in ,

th e d o c tr i nes a nd re p rese nta ti o ns o f t h e T h e b a n and

M e m ph i te h i erar c hy ,
a t rans iti o n fro m
l d e r to a an o

ne w e r styl e o f p h i l o so p h y a nd s up e rst i ti o n b ear i ng ,

a n ear anal o g y to t h e g rad ual re vo l uti on wh i c h t o o k

l in t h e reli i o n o f th e B rah m a n s
p a c e g .

B ut b e fo re w e p r o c e e d fur the r i nto th i s s ubj e c t l et ,

us m ark t h e g e ne r al re se m bl a nce w i t h r e sp e c t t o th e ,

c o nc e p ti o n a n d r e p re se nta ti o n o f th e d e i t y w h i c h ,

d i sp l ay s i tse lf in th e re li g i o no f th e I nd i a ns and E gyp

t i a ns. I n b o th s y s te m s th e i d e a o f G o d was fo rmed ,

no t b y a p h ilo so ph i c al ab strac ti o n o r b y i nfere nc es ,

fro m e ffec ts to c a uses, b ut w as ,

in fac t, a so rt o f
p ro so p o pasia o f N a ture T h e i d ea i v i ni ty of th e D

inc l ud e d in i tself th e wh ol e uni verse W e s hall h ere .

r ec a ll to o ur r e a d e r t h e d esc r i p t i o n o f S e rap i s c i t ed ,

ina fo r m e r Bo o k in w h i c h t h e Eg ypti an p anth e i sm is

,

s t ri k i ngly c h a rac te r i z e d a nd s h al l t h e n c i t e a p aral

,

l el passage fro m th e V e das S e r ap i s is th us d e scrib e d

.

b y th e o rac l e wh i c h w as i nte rro gated r e sp e c ti ng th e

nature of
th e g o d .

L e arn t h us th e d esc ri pti o n of my nature an d

d i vine ib utes T h e c a no p y o f h eav e n is my h ead
a tt r .
,

th e sea is m y b elly t h e e a rt h c o ns ti tut e s m y fee t

, ,

m y ears are al o ft in th e eth eri al va ult a nd m i ne eye ,

is th e sple nd i d a nd far sh i ni ng so l ar lam p

-
.

T h e fo ll o wi ng is a d esc ri p ti o n o f t h e c reat i o n o f
Purush a th e fi rst e m b o d i ed b e ing fro m th e A itareya
, .

A ranya wh ic h is a p o r ti o n o f th e R ig ve d a
,
-
.

H e d rew fro m th e wate rs and fram e d Purusha .

He v ewed
i h im and of th at b ei ng so c o nte m l
,
p at e d ,

th e mo ut h o
p ened as ane
gg . F ro m th e mo uth sp ee c h
 or TH E D I VI N I T Y . 267

i ssued ; fro m p ee ch fi r e p r o c eed ed

s T he nostril s .

s
p read : fro m th e no strils b re ath p assed fro m b reath
air was p ro p agate d T h e eyes o p ene d : fro m th e
.

ey e s a gl anc e s p r a ng ; fro m th a t gla nce th e sun was

p ro d uc ed . T he ears c am e
ears d il ate d : fro m th e
h eark eni ng ; a nd fro m th at th e reg i o ns o f spac e .

T h e Ski n e xpand e d : fro m t h e ski nh ai r aro se ; fr o m

th at grew h e r b s and t re es . T he b r east o pe ned : fro m
”
th e b rea st m i nd i ssued ; and fro m m i nd th e mo o n ,

&c .

T h e d e i ti es th at is th e e l e m e nts fe ll i nto the

, , ,

”
o c e an T h ey d e m and ed a r ec ept acle and Brah ma
.
,

sh e we d th e m th e h nm anfo rm H e b ad e th e m o cc upy .

t h e i r r e sp ecti ve p lac es b eco m i ng sp eech entered

. F i re , ,

the m o uth A ir b e c o m i ng b reath p ro c eeded to the

.
, ,

nostri l s T h e s un b ri ng i ng li g h t p ene trate d th e

.
, ,

e y es .S p ac e b e c am e h eari ng and o cc up i e d th e ears .

H erb s and trees b ec am e hai r a nd fill e d th e ski n T he , .

m o o n b ec o m i ng m i nd e nter ed th e b r east
, , .

T h e l ead i ng i d e a in b o th th ese d esc r i pti o ns is th e

, ,

sam e I t is a c o mp ari so n o f m an as a m i c ro co sm
.
, ,

w i th th e uni verse as a m eg ac o sm o r th e c o nverse

, , ,

T he s t yl f t h e fi ure s is in b o th lik *
e o g a e .

Th i s s trange and unco uth assem bla ge o f ideas m ay be

re co gnis ed in th e myth o l o gy o f t h e ancie nt Germannatio ns .

Y m e th e gr eat F irst -b or n, w as a m ic ro cosm of t he unverse i .

H e was sl ain by th e go d s O din, Vil i, and Ve, t he sacred triad

o f t h e S candinavi an m yth o l o gy, wh o , fro m th e b ody and bl ood
o f th e gian t, created al l t h ings .

Y me s fl esh w as t h e earth c reat ed

’
Of
O f h is svi eat, t h e sea ; t h e hil l s, of h is b o nes ;
Th e m ead o ws, of h is h air ; a nd of h isd i ead, t h e h eavens
26 8 SI M I L A R I D E A S A ND R E P R E SE N T A T I O N S

W e fi nd in th e Bh agvat G i ta a st ill m o re ch arac

t eristic sp e c i m en o f t h e p ant h e i st i c d e s c ri pt i o n O f th e
d i vi nity .

T he so no f Pand o o th e n b eh e l d , W I TH I N TH E B O D Y
O F T H E G O D o r c o ns , S T A N D I N G T O G E T H E R , T H E W H O LE
U N I VE R S E , d i vi d e d i nt o its v as t v ar e t i y . H e w as o ver

w h el m e d w i t h w o nd er , h ai r w as
a nd ev e r r a sed o n
i
y
end . He b o vve d d o wn b e fo r e th e g o d , a nd thu
s

ad d resse d h im w i th j o i ne d h and s . I behol d, 0

g od ! withi nthy br ea s t ,
th e d ea ns a ssem bl ed, nd
a

every tr ibe o
f being s . I se e Br ah ma , t hat d ei ty
sitt i ng on h is lo tus th ro ne : al l th e r ishis and hea
ve nly uraga s . I s ee th y s el f, o n al l s i d es , of i nfini te
sh ap e, fo rm ed w ithb und ant ar m s and b elli es and
a , ,

m o uth s a nd e y es ; b ut I c a n ne i th e r d i sco ver thy

b eg innm g th y m i ddl e no r th i ne e nd
,
0 uni versal
, .

l o rd ! fo rm o f th e uni v e rse ' I see th ee with a

c ro wn a n d arm ed w i th c l ub a nd c h ak ra a m ass Of
, ,

l o ry d arti n r e ful e nt b ea m s a ro und I see thee

g g g .
,

d i ffic ul t to b e see n sh i ni ng o n all si d es wi th li ght

,

imm easurabl e like th e ard e nt fi r e o r gl o rio us sun

, .

I see th ee o f val o ur i nfi ni te ; T H E S U N A N D M O O N THY

‘

E Y E S ; th y m o uth a fla m i ng fi re a nd th e wh o l e w o rl d ,

sh i ni n w i th r efl e c t e d g l o r
y T h e s a ce b etween
g p .

t h e h eavens and earth is p o sse ss ed by t h e e alo ne and ,

eve ry p o i n t aro und

’
.

W e m ust no t re gard th ese d esc ri p ti o ns as p eculi ar

-

\
A nd of h is ey e- b ro w s , t h e bl ith e g o d s m ad e
M id gard , fo r t h e so ns o f m e n and o f h is b rains

W
'

”
ere al l t h e h ard - t em p ere d c l o ud s c rea ted .

H erber t s Transl a t io ns f r o m the I cel a nd ic,

’

vol . i p 27
. . .

Ward on th e H is to ry, Re l ig io n, & c . o f th e H indo os,

vol . i p 85
. . of t he I nt ro d uc tio n .
 OF TH E D I VI N I T Y . 269

to any o ne od
g in th e I nd i an o r E gypti an th e o c rac y .

T h ey ap p ear t o b e rath er t h e m o d e in w h i c h th e
b o th nati o ns represe nte d th e d i vi ni t y a nd
m y st i c s of ,

are ap ro pr i at ed int urns to v ar i o us i m agi nary n a me s

p .

SE C T I O N I I .

Of the F orm s o f E as tern M y tho log y t o which the Sup ers tition
,

of E gyp t is p ar ticul ar ly r el a ted .

T h e asse m bl age o f spl e nd i d c er e m o ni e s and e m

b l e m atic al o r fi g ura ti v e re p r ese nt ati o ns w h i c h fo r m e d
s o r e ma r k able a fe a t ur e in th e h i sto ry o f th e an c i en t
E gyp ti ans b ears in m any r e sp e c ts a near r e se mbl anc e
,

to th o s e s up erst i t i o us r i t es and d o c tri nes w h i c h w e

h ave supp o sed to b e l o ng t o th e th i rd and fo urth eras '

O f E asternm y th o l o g y I nI nd i a at th i s p er i o d w e lo s e
.
, ,

si gh t o f al l ab strac t i d eas o f cr ea ti o n o r e m a nati o n ;

w e c o nte mpl a te t h e m at eri a l uni ve r se a s a n i nfi ni te

fram e e nd ued w i th a l i vi ng na ture o f wh i c h int e l l e c
,

tua l o r m o ral a ttrib ute s fo r m no p art w h il e th e ,

m er el y a ni m a l o r s e ns ual p o w ers ar e ev ery w h er e ,

c el eb r at ed and e x h ibi te d inal l t h e vari o us fo rm s w h i c h

t h e l ux uri a nc e o f a c o rr up t i m ag i nat i o n c o ul d d ev e
lo p e D estructi o n d e ath and al l its t erro rs e ver y
.
, , ,

w h ere s t alk fo rth in th e m o st a pp all i ng sh ap es L ust .

an d w anto nre vel ry exhibi t in al l d i rec ti o ns th e m o st

, ,

o b sc e ne and se n sua l e m bl e m s S uch is th e re li g i o n o f

.

t h e d e stro yi ng and g e ne ra t i ng S i v a and o f D urga o r ,

Bh avani his fr i g h tful o r l asc i vi o us co nso rt ; and s uc h

,

w a s th e r eli gi o n o f O si r i s and I si s .
268 S IMILAR IDEA S A ND REPRES ENTATION S
We fi nd in th e Bh ag vat G i ta a s til l m o r e c h arac

t eristic sp ec i m e n o f t h e p a nt h e i sti c d e s c ri p t i o n o f th e
d i vi nity .

T he s o no f Pand o o th enb eh el d W ITHIN , TH E B O D Y

O F TH E GO D O F G OD S S TANDING TOGETHER T H E W H O L E
, ,

U NI V ER S E d i vid ed i nto its v a st var i ety H e w a s o ver

, .

w h el m e d w i t h w o nd er and e v ery h ai r w as ra ise d o n ,

e nd H e b o we d d o w n b e fo r e th e g o d and t hus
.
,

a d d ress e d h im w i th j o i ne d h and s I beh o l d 0 ‘

.
,

g od ! withi nthy br eas t ,

th e d ev as a s s em bl ed , a nd
ev e r
y tr ibe o
f being s . I se e B ra h m a ,
t h at d e i ty
s itt i ng on his l o t us th ro ne : al l th e r is his a nd h ea
v e nl I see th y sel f o n al l i d es of infi ni te
y ura gas .
, s ,

sh a p e fo rm e d w i th ab und a nt ar m s
, ,
a nd b elli es and ,

a nd
m o uth s, y es ; b ut I c a n ne i t h e r
e d i sc o v er th y
b egi nni ng ,
t h y m i ddl e no r t h i ne e nd
, . 0 uni ve r sal
l o rd ! fo rm of th e un verse ' i I s ee t h ee w i th a
c ro w n,
and ar m e d w i th c u l b a nd c ha k ra , a m a ss of

l o ry d arti ng r e ful g e nt b ea m s a ro und I s ee th ee

g .
,

d i ffi c ul t t o b e see n sh i ni ng o n all s i d e s w i th li ht
,
g
im m e asurabl e lik e th e a rd e nt fi re o r g lo ri o us sun
, .

I see th e e o f val o ur i nfi ni te ; T H E S U N A N D M OON T H Y

E Y E S ; th y m o uth a fl a m i n fi re a n d th e w h o l e w o rl d
g ,

sh i ni n
g w i th re flec t e d g l o ry T h e s p ac e b etwee n
th e h eave ns and earth is p o ssess ed b t h ee alo ne a nd
y ,

every p o i nt aro und

’
.

W e m ust no t re gard th ese d esc ri p ti o ns a s p e c uli ar

A nd of h is eye -b ro w s , t h e b l it h e g o d s m ad e\

M id gard , fo r t h e so ns o f m en; and o f h is b rains

Were al l th e h ard tem pere d cl o ud s c reated ”
-
.

H er ber t s Transl a ti o ns f r o m the I cel a nd ic,

'

vol . i p 27
. . .

Ward on t h e H isto ry, Re l ig io n, & c . o f th e H indo os,

v ol . i p 85
. . of t he I nt ro d uc tio n .
 OF THE DI V INITY . 269

to any one
g od in th e I nd i an o r E gypti an th e o crac y .

Th ey p pear
a to b e ra th er th e m o d e in w h i c h t h e
‘

m ys t i c s o f b o th nat i o ns repre se nte d th e d i vi ni ty, a nd

are a
pp ro
p i
r ated int urns to i
v ar o us i m agi nary na me s .

SE CTIO N II .

Of t he F orm s f E as tern M y tho log y, to which the Sup ers tition

o

of E g yp t is p ar ticul ar l y re l a ted .

T he bl ag e o f spl e nd i d c erem o ni es and e m

ass em

b l e ma tic al o r fi g ur at i ve re p re se ntat i o ns w h i c h fo r m e d
S O re m a rk abl e a fe at ur e in t h e h i s to ry O f th e anc i e n t
E g y p ti ans b ears in m a ny r e sp ec ts a near r ese m bl a nc e
,

t o t h o s e s up erst i ti o us r i te s a nd d o c tri ne s w h i c h we
h ave suppo sed t o b el o ng to th e th i rd a nd fo urth eras
o f E a ste rn m y th o l o g y I nI nd i a a t th i s p e r i o d w e lo s e
.
, ,

S i gh t O f al l ab strac t i d e as O f c r ea ti o n o r e m a nati o n ;

w e c o nt em p l ate t h e m at er i a l uni v er se as a n i nfi ni te
fram e e nd ue d w i t h a li v i ng nature o f w h i c h int el l e c ,

tua l o r m o r al attrib ute s fo r m no p art w h il e t h e ,

m er el y a ni m a l o r se nsual p o w ers a re e v ery w h e re ,

c e l eb ra te d and e x h ibi te d inal l t h e v ari o us fo r m s w h i c h

t h e l ux uri a nc e o f a c o r rup t i m ag i nat i o n c o ul d d e ve

lo p e D e struct i o n d eath and al l its terro rs e very
.
, , ,

w h ere st alk fo r th in th e m o s t a ppalli ng sh ap es L ust .

a nd w an to nre ve l ry exh ibi t in a l l d i rec t i o ns t h e m o st

, ,

o b sc e ne a nd s e ns ual e m bl e m s S uc h is th e r eli g i o no f
.

th e d e s tro yi ng a nd g e ne ra t i ng S i va and o f D urg a o r ,

Bh avani h is fr i g htful o r l as c i v i o us c o nso rt ; and s uch

,

w as th e r eli gi o n o f O si r i s and I s i s .
270 E G YPTIAN A ND INDIA N
T h e m o st iki ng features in nature a re the p ro
st r

c e sses o f d estruc ti o n a nd re no vat i o n I t m i ght b e .

e x p e c te d th at t h e wo rsh i p p e rs o f nat ure w o ul d p e r ~

s o ni fy th e p o w ers th a t w e re i m a gi n e d to g i v e ri se to

t h e s e p h e no m ena . T h ey h ave in fac t d o ne so , and

h ave e x h i b i ted th e sa m e sc e ne s , w i th so m e ac c id ental

d i ffer enc e s in E g ypt, and in I nd i a .

T h e go d s wh i ch c o m p o se th e E g ypt i an T ri ad are
er so nifi c atio ns o f th e g ene ra t i ve , th e d estr uc t i ve and
p ,

the r e no vat i ng o r preserv i ng p o w ers ; and th e T ri

m ur ti o f th e H i nd o o s re p r e se nts near ly the sa m e q ua
l itie s . T h e c h i ef c i rc um stanc e w h i ch d i sti ng ui sh es
th e th eo g o ni es o f th e tw o c o untri e s is th e fo ll o w i ng .

T h e H i nd o o s p ers o nifi ed d estr ucti o n a s w el l as

en e rat i o n; b ut in th e I nd i a n p roso p o p oei a b y so m e
g ,

ac c i d e nt th ese o po si te c h a ra c ters are asso c i ated in

, p
o ne b e i n T h e fr i gh t ful m urdero us R ud ra is th e
g .

sam e g o d as I swara th e b eg e tter o f all

, A l so the .

bl ac k K ali o r C ham und a wh o se image w o re a

, ,

nec kl ac e o f h um an s k ull s a nd is d eco rate d w i th

,

w reath s co mposed o f th e bl o o d y ears and no ses o f

cap tives) is th e sam e go d d es s as Bhavani th e al l ,

t ee m i ng m o th er o f c r eature s .

I n E g y p t th ese attrib utes were m o re c o rrec tly d i vi

,

d ed . O si ri s w as th e ge nerato r ; h e a pp eare d inhis

true and d i sti nc ti ve func t i o n w h e n p re c ed e d b y the
,

B ac c h anal ian p o mp b eari ng al o ft th e Phalli o r that

, ,

c ur io us wi ck er im a e w h i c h s o striki n l
g , g y p o r tray ed
th e o bj ect O f h is e xi ste nc e o r d e ifi c atio ns f T h e
mal ig nant d estro y er Ty ph o n th e m urd ero us e ne my
, ,

Wil ks s ’
H ist o ry o f th e M ysore, vo l . i
.

1 S ee H ero do t us, l ib ii 40 . . .
 P O LYTHEI S M C O M PARED .
271

o f go ds and men th e p e rso nifi cati o no f phy si cal

,
il o f ev ,

d eath and d estr uc ti o n is neve r i d entifi ed wi th O si ri s

, ,

th o ugh th ey w ere t w i n b ro th ers b ut is al way s his

-
,

adversary . But in th e re prese ntat i o no f the fem al e

o w er th e E y t i ans m ad e th e sam e oversi gh t as th e
p , g p
H i ndoo s ; I si s in o ne c h ara c te r e x p resses th e uni
, ,

versal m o th er and c o rresp o nd s e x a c tly w i th I san

,
i or
B hav ani ; inano th er as the v i nd i c t ive T ith ra mbo o r
,

E rinnys she d i ffers li ttl e fro m K ali

, .

I f th ese c i rc um sta nc e s b e kep t in m i nd we shall ,

o b se rve a s tr i c t an alo
gy b e t w ee n t h e c h arac ters o f

S i va th e ge ne rato r a nd O si r i s a nd b et ween S i va th e
, ,

destro y er and T yp h o n; a s w e fi nd th e c o nso rt o f

,

S i va i n h er d o ubl e c h ara ct e r t o c o rresp o nd in b o th

wi th th e d o ubl e attrib ut e s o f I s i s I swara o r m an .
,

is th e ep i the t O f S iv a re g a rd e d as th e c h i ef p o we r o r
,

l ord O f nature O s i ri s o r Y s iris as Hel l anic us w ro t e

.

the E gypti anna m e w as t h e g o d a t w h o s e bi rth a vo i c e

,

was h eard to d e c l ar e t h a t t h e , LORD o f all na ture

spra n fo rth to l i h t T h e anal o gy o f nam es al o ne
g g .

is a trifli ng c i rcum stanc e : it m ay a ri s e fr o m ac c id e nt ,

a nd c a n no t furni sh a fo und ati o n fo r any i mpo rtant

i nfere nc e ; b ut wh en co nnec ted w i th a stro ngly
,

ma rk ed re se mbl a nc e a nd eve n w i th i d ent i ty o f ch a

,

rac te r it d eserves no t i c e
,
.

On e o f t h e na m es o f S i va is Tritoc h an a
,
whic h
mea ns Thr ee ey ed -
Tr ioc ul us Po l yo p th al m o s, or .

M any y ed
-e
”
is th e i nt erpretati o n assi gned b
,
y .

D io do rus and Pl utarc h to t h e nam e o f O si ri s .

S ir W illi am J o nes a nd m any i ngeni o us wr i ters

, ,

wh o h ave fo ll o w ed h im h ave bee n ve ry succ essful in

,

trac i ng c o i nc i de nc es b etwe e n parti c ul ar sto ri es co m

i ed in t h e I nd i an m y tho l o y an d the fabl es o f
p r s g ,
272 EGYPTIAN A ND INDI A N -

o th er s ste ms y .
p rese nt, an
T h i s as no t d m y o bj e c t at
'

I s h al l m ere l y p o i nt o ut so m e l ead i ng c h a rac ters o f

re s e m b l a nce in g e n e ra l r i nc i p l es ill us t rat i ng t h e m
p ,

wi th so m e p arti c ul ars b ut in as b r i ef a m a nner a s ,

p o ss ib l e .

1 . Of Siva, as t he g o d f
o R ep ro d uc tio n, c o mp ar ed with Osiris .

S i va is n t ed b t h e H in d o o s w i t h o ne h ead,
re
p r es e
y , ,

th r e e ye s e ,
and t wo arm s r i d i ng o n a b ull c o vered , ,

w i th a sh e s ,
na k e d , h is e
y es i nfla m ed w i th i nto xi ca
t i ng h erb s, h a v i ng in o ne h and nd in the a h o r n, a

o th e r a S arap is w as fi g ure d b y th e E gyp ti ans ,

as h o l d i n in o ne h a nd a c ro zi er
g in th e o th e r a fl ail ,
.

O ne of h is fo r ms w as a b ull .

O si ri s ,
as i d e ntifi e d w i t h Ba c c h us is th e g o d o f all
,

se ns ual reve l r
y ; a m o ng th e G ree k s o f w i ne and,

i nto x i c ati o n . T h e t i g e r-s ki n was t h e

a ro ri ate
pp p
ga rb o f Bac c h us .

S i va is O fte n p o rt ray ed w e a ri ng a t ig e r ski n H e -

.

s i ts up o n a l o t us .

O si r i s w as c l o th e d w i th th e sk i nO f a fa w n t h e sp ots ,

b e i ng e m bl e mati c al o fhis num ero us ey es f T h e i nfant -

H a rp o c ra te s wh o se c l o s e rel a t i o n to O s i ri s w e h ave
,

ab o v e re m ar k e d w as p a i nte d S i tti n u o n a l o tus

g p
,
i
iva is very c o m m o nly w o rsh i pp e d und er th e fo rm
o f th e l ing um fi vh ic h is fo und in th e ad
y ta of th e
E astern t e m p l es , a nd is s usp e nd ed fro m th e ne c ks of

S i va i T hi s em ble m e rfo rms a c o ns

pi
’
s v o t ar e s .

p
c uo us p art in th e p ubli c h o no ur s a nd fe sti v i ties o f
S iva wh i c h b ear a st ro n rese m bl a n in m an
, g c e y
Ward ,
vo l . i p 17
. . .
1 Pl ut d e I sid
'
. .

1 Cuper s H arpo crates

’
.
 O S IRI S A ND I S W AR A TH E RE S TO RER . 273

p i l
art c u ars to th e fam o us Ph alli c or I -th yph all ic p o m p s
and r es e ntat o ns i O n th i s s ub e c t it is un n ec eS
re
p .

j
sar
y to ge T h e r e ad er w ill fi nd it suffi c i e ntly
e nar l .

d i s c usse d in th e se c o nd v o l um e o f th e R e v M r . .

Mauri c e s I nd i an A nt iq ui ti es
’
.

*
S i v a, as Of
g e ne ra t o n r de p
t h e go d
i o u o n a b ull ,
.

H e h as th e s a m e a tti t ud e w h e n r eg ar d e d as th e
s u re m e
p j udg e th e a uth o r o f l e g i slati o n a nd c i v i l
,

o r d er x
l T h e b ul l o f I sw a ra is c el eb rated th ro ug ho ut
I nd i a T h i s go d is w o rsh i pp ed b y th e p eo pl e o n th e
.

C av e ri ; a nd a num b e r o f b ull s w h i c h re p re se nt him , ,

r o am a b o ut t h e c o un try a nd r ec e i ve e x t rava gant ,

S ir W . J o nes, o n th e Go ds of Greec e, I t al y, and I nd ia .

A s iat . R es earc h e s , vo l . i .

1 T h e fo l l o wing t ex t is o rd ered p eat e d b y a H ind o o ,

to b e re
‘

wh o h as unw aril y eat e n o r d runk w h at is fo rb idd en, as an

a to ne m e nt ; p erfo r m ing t h e
aft er c ere m o ny, t he G ayatri is
t o be rep e at e d e ig ht h un d red t im es . T h e b ul l ro ar s ; h e h as
fo ur h o r ns, t h ree feet, t w o h ead s, s ev en h a nd s, and is b o und
by a t h re e- fo l d l ig at ure ; h e is t h e m igh t y resp l e nd e nt b eing,
” ”
and p er vad es m o rt al m e n Th e b ul l s ay s t h e Co m.

m e nt ary, is J us t ic e p ers o nifi ed H is fo ur h o rns are t h e .

Brah m an, o r S UpeI int e nd ing p ries t ; t h e U dgatri, o r c h ant er o f

”
th e S a m a- Ved a ,
&c . H is t h ree feet are t h e t h ree Vedas . Mr .

H T Co l eb ro o k e, A siat R esearc h
. . . . vo l . v.
p 3 56
. .

A m ark ed res em b l a c e n m ay b e t rac ed b et wee n S arap is, th e

E gyp tian Pl uto , th e gio ns, w h o w as a
r ul er o f t he infernal re

fo rm o f O siris, and t h e I nd ian Y am a, K ing o f H el l Y am a is .

fi gure d sit ting o n a b uffal o , with a c l ub in h is righ t h and .

H is dread ful t ee th , g rim aspec t, and t errifi c sh ape, fi l l th e

inh ab itants o f th e t hree wo rl d s with t erro r "
e
H e is g uarded .

b y t wo do gs, o ne c all ed S yam a, o r b l ac k ; and th e o th er,

CE R B U R A , o
r v ar e i gated, wh o h as th ree h eads f .

Ward .
T Wilford .
274 EGYPTIAN A ND IN D IAN PO L YTH E I S M .

h o no urs T h e S i v a -b h ac t ar c as t e ro fes se s to o we
.
p
its i nst i t ut i o n to th e app eara nc e O f Ba sw a, th e sa c re d
b ull of I s w ar a ,
l
a nd many i nstanc es o f the
t h ey re ate

b e ne fi ts c o nfer re d b y th i s d i v i ne ani m al o nth e h um an

rac e . A t c e rtai n p eri o d s th ey s ay th at t h e w o rl d
,
r

is o v e rw h e l m e d b y fl o o d s T h e b ul l s ta nd s in t he
.

m i d st o f t h e d e l ug e wh i c h asc e nd s o nl y h a l f w ay up
,

his th i g h s M e n and o th e r a ni m al s ar e s ave d b y

.

l ay i ng h o l d o f h is h ai r * .

T h e Eg yp ti anb ull s A p is a nd M nev i s h e l d a si m i lar

, ,

r el a t i o nt o O s i ri s M nevi s was th e fi rst l eg i sl ato r of

.

E g yp t ; a nd h e nc e all th e a nc i e nt law g i vers o f m ytho

l o gy app e are d in a t auri fo rm S h ap e o r had so me ,

fi c ti o n c o nnec te d wi th th e i r sto ri e s t hat related to ,

b ull s S uc h was th e M i no ta ur o f M i no s th e l aw
.
,

g i ve r O f C rete .

W e h ave b e fo re O b ser ve d that w ate r as the , ,

e l e me nt w h i c h ina p ec uli a r m a nne r fo st e r s a n d s ee ms

t o s ustai n a ll th e fr ui ts o f th e ea rth w as re ga rd e d b y ,

t h e E gyp t i a ns as t h e c h i e f c ause o f a l l p ro d uc ti o n ,

a s th e re at en i al ri nc i l e O f na ture A s s uc h it
g g p p .

was th e g i ft and th e e m bl e m o f O s i r i s H e nc e a v essel .

O f water w as c arr i e d in t h e p ro ces si o n s o f th i s

go d .

I n I nd i a S i va is o fte n w o rsh i pp e d in th e fo r m o f a
,

pan o f w ater .

T h e N i l e i tsel f w as ca ll ed a n e ma na t o n fro m i
O s i ri s fl o wi ng fro m t he go d +
, as . S o th e G ange s is
r e resented as fl o wi ng d o w n fr o m th e h e a d of S i va,
p

J o urney through M ysore, Canara, and M al abar, by D r .

F ranc is B uc hanan, M D . .

1 Pl utarch, ubi The N il e is

' ‘
supra. c al l ed O mlai éo;
”
M op/
Po
i
 T Y PH ON , A ND S V I A TH E DE S TROY ER . 275

a fi cti o nvery c elebrated am o n

g th e p o ets a nd pai nters
of I n id l ae
a .

2 . Siva, as the God of D estruction, co mp ared with Typ ho n .

I sw ara, th e go d o f ge neratio n, in m any resp ects

c o r re sp o nd s as we h av e se en w i th O si ri s A s a ,
.

p erso nifi c ati o nO f th e d estruc ti ve p o w ers o f nature h e ,

r e resen t s th e sa m e c h ara c te r as T y p h o n, and rese m

p
b l e s h im p e rh ap s still m o re c l o sely t h an in h is for mer
c h aract e r w i th O si r i s .

T h e i m ages o f S i va in th e fo rm o f M ah a- K al a th e
, ,

reat d est ro er r e m i nd us o f th e fi g ure s o f T y h o n

g y , p .

T h ey re
p re se nt a sm o ke c o o ur ed
l b o y w i t h th re e e
y e s
-

l
c o th e d inre d g arm e nts . H is hai r s ta nd s e r ec t ; h is
t eeth ar e v e r
y l arg e ; h e w e ar s a nec kl a c e of h um an
s k ull s ,
and a l a rge turb a n O f h is o wn h ai r ; in o ne
h a nd h e h o l d s a sti c k and in th e o th er th e fo o t o f a
,

Sir W J o ne s intro duce s th is fabl e inh is h ymnt o Ganga

. .

A b o ve t h e re ac h o f m ort al k en,
O nb l es t C o il asa
’
s t o p , wh ere ever
y s tem
G l o w d with
’
a v eget ab l e ge m ,
M ah esa s to o d , t he d read and j o y of m en;
Wh il e Parvati gai n a b o o n,
, to

F ix d o n his l o c k s a b eam y m o o n,
’

y inj o c und pl ay,

A nd h id h is fro nt al e e

With rel uct ant sweet del ay .

A l l N at ure s traigh t was l o ck d ind un ec l ip se,

’

Til l Brah m ans p ure, w ith h al l o w d l ip s

’

A nd warbl ed p rayers, restored th e d ay ;

When G anga fro m h is b ro ws with h eav nl y fi ngers prest,
’

Sp rang radiant and d esc endi ng grac ed th e c averns Of t h e

Wes t .
”
 276 E G YPTIAN A ND INDIAN PO L Y TH E I S M .

b edstead ; h e h as a l arge b el l y and mak es a very ,

t err ifi c appeara nc e ) "

T h e E g y pti an T yph o n w as a m al e fi c e nt d aemo n l ,

wh o w as bl a m e d fo r al l th e m i s fo r t unes t h at o c c urre d .

L ike th e L o k o f th e S c and i navi a ns h e was a so rt o f

'

B lig ht cr op w h o w as p erp et uall y c o ntri vi ng feats O f

~
,

m i sch i e f and d e c e pt i o n .

S uc h p rec i s el y is th e c h a rac ter o f R ud ra the

, , ,

d estro yi ng S i va a s d es c rib e d inth e fo ll o wi ng p rayer

, .

O R ud ra ! h urt no t o ur O ffs p ri ng and d esc e nd ants ;

ab ri d ge no t th e p er i o d o f o ur li v es ; d est ro y no t o ur

c o ws ; kill n o t o ur h o r se s ; sl a y no t o ur
p ro ud and
i rri tabl e folks ; b ec aus e h o l d i ng o bl a ti o ns w e al ways , ,

p ray to
T y p h o n th e ,
e ne m y of the so a r l g o d O si ri s was ,

w o rsh i pp e d , as w e h ave b e fo re sai d , un d e r th e fo rm

of a C ro c o d il e, l i a nd
fo o d w e re m ad e to a o b a t o ns o f

l i vi ng ani mal o f th is sp ec i es I nI nd i a o neac h day of .

,

th e g reat and h o rribl e fe s ti va l O f S i v a th e sanny asi s , ,

o r d evo te e s w o rsh i p t h e S un p o ur i ng w ater and

, ,

fl o we rs o n a cl ay i m ag e o f th e A l l ig ato r j
T y ph onm ut il ated O si ri s I nth e I nd i anfabl e S iva .
,

c ut o ff o ne o f th e h e a d s o f B rah m a th e c reat i ve
go d , ,

wh o a s o pp o s ed to th e d estro yer b ears a c ertai n

, ,

rel at i o n to O si r i s T h i s co i nc id e nc e has o fte n b een

.

r e m arked § .

Papremis th e E g y pti an M ars a nd al l o th er d e ,

struc t i ve d aem o ns o f t h e m a l e s ex w er e co nsi d e red as ,

Ward ,
ub i supra . .

1 Mr H T Co l ebro o k e, n t h e Rel igio us Cere mo nies

~
. . . o of

t he H indus . A siat R esearc h es,

. vo l . v .
p 3 63
. .

3 Ward i p 26 ,
vol . . . .

Paterso n A si at R . . . vo l . viii . Wilfo rd , A siat R . . vo l . iii .

 T Y PH O N , A ND S VAI TH E D E ST R O YE R . 2 77

fo rms o r c h arac ters o f Typ h o n . K ar tik ey a th e

SO ,

g o d o f w ar a m o ng th e H i nd o o s ,
a nd al l t h e i r m al e fi c e nt

or d e struc ti v e go d s ,
are reg ard e d as fo rm s Of th e

d e stro y er S iv a fi"
T h e fr i gh tful atr o c i ti e s a nd i i ng sel f to r ture s a s to n sh -

rac t i s e d b o uees a nd sa nny asi s i n t h e w o rsh i

p y y g p ,

o f S i va fo rm o ne o f t h e m o st st riki ng s p e c tac l es in
,

th e s up e rs t i t i o n o f I nd i a T h e g rea t aut um nal fe sti v a l .

v n w h i c h h a p e ns nearl
L
O f S i a
p y a t t h e s am e se a s o n

w i th t h e l a m e nt at i o n fo r t h e d e ath o f O si ri s b ea rs in , ,

m any p o i nts a str i k i ng r es e m bl anc e t o th e m o ur nful

,

r i tes a nd fla e l l at io ns o f th e E
g g yp ti ans and p e rhap s ,

m o re p a rti c ul a rly t o t h e c o rr esp o nd i ng c ere m o ni e s o f

t h e S yr i a n B a al w h o s e w o rs h i pp ers c ut t h e m s e l v es
,

w it h k ni ve s .

A no t h er c e re m o ny inh o no ur O f S i v a d i sp l ays r i te s
, ,

s i m ilar t o th e w i nt r y fe st i v a l in h o no ur o f O s i ri s ,

t h o ugh c e l eb rat e d at a d i ffer e nt s e aso n E v ery .

y ea r in t h e m o nth o f Ph al go o na th e H i ndo o s m ad e
, ,

th e i m ag e O f S i va a nd wo rshi p it fo r o ne d ay th ro w
, ,

ing th e i m a g e th e ne x t d ay i nto t h e w at er T h is .

w o rs h i p is p e rfo rm e d in th e nig h t a nd is a c co m p a ni e d ,

”
w i th s i ng i ng d a nc i ng m us ic fe ast i ng & c i
, , , , .

3 . Of t he Wors hip of B havani, or I si, c o mp ar ed with that f

o

t he E g yp tian I sis .

M o st o f th e E gyp t i an go d d esses r eso ve l t h e m se l ves

i nto tw o , as w e h av e b efo re re m ar k ed . T h ese ar e

Ward s I nt ro duc tio n

’
.

1 Fo r
;
a ful l and aut h e nt ic d esc ript io no f t his fest ival , I m ust
refer th e read e r to Mr . Ward s View o f t he H istory
’
,
&c . o f t he
H ind o o s, i p 2 1,
v ol . . . e t s eqq .

I Ward, ubi supra .

278 EGYPTIAN I N DIAN PO L Y I H E I S M
"

' ‘
A ND .

I si s, t h e co nso rt of O si r i s ; a nd N ep th ys, or V enus ,

th e w i fe Of T yp h o n .

I n l ik e m anner t h e H i nd oo g o d d e s se s al l res o ve l
th em se l ves into v ari o us fo rm s o f B h ava ni or D urg a,
th e w i fe of S iva ; a Vi sh nu
nd L aksh m i th e w i fe ,
of .

B ut in E gyp t I si s is b y far t h e m o st c o nsp i c uo us

, , ,

an d app e ars in t h e m o st vari e d fo rms S O in I nd i a .

, ,

B h avani in h er v a ri o us c h a racters c o m p ri se s nearl y

, ,

t h e w h o l e c atal o g ue o f H i nd o o g o d d e s ses .

H er o r i gi nal c h ara c ter in th e sh ast ra s is th at o f

Pracri ti o r B h ag av at i t h e fe m al e p o w er o r N at ure , ,

e rso nifi ed S uc h as w e h av e sh o w n w as t h e p ri mi
p .
, ,

t i ve d e s i g nat i o n O f I s i s o r N a t ura m ul ti fo r mi s ; t h e ,

uni v e rsal m o th er c u us num e n uni c um mul ti

j , ,

fo rm i sp e c i e ri t u va ri o no m i ne m ul t u
,
ug o to tus , ,

v enerat ur o r bi s .

Prac ri ti is i d e ntifi e d w i th PA R VA T I th e m o untai n ,

b o rn go d d ess S O I si s o r D em ete r in h er G rec i an

.
, ,

nam e is as w e h ave see n b ut fai ntl y d i s ti ngui sh ed

, , ,

fr o m t h e m o unta i n go d d e ss A rte m i s o n e arth and -

, ,

fro m PE R S E PH A T T A o r H ec ate inth e infer na l r eg i o ns

, , ,

wh o a re so m e ti m es c all e d h er d aug h ters at o th ers ,

ar e id e n t ifi e d w i th h ers el f .

Prac r i ti o r B h avani a nd I s i s ag re e a c c uratel y in

, ,

th e i r o rig i nal se nse b o t h b e i ng p e rso nifi c a t io ns o f

,

p ro lifi c N a ture T h ey c o i nc id e no t l es s r e markably

.
,

w h enth e H i ndo o go dd e ss b e c o m es t h e bl o o dy Kali ,

and th e E g y pti an ass um e s t h e fo rm o f th e h o rribl e

,

B rim o o r T ith ra m b o w h o is d e sc ri b e d a s
, no c tur
,

nis ul ul atib us h o rrend a tri fo r m i sp ec i e l arval es i m p e ,

t us co m rim en
p s .

T he r i te s Of Maha Kali ,
or C ha nd i ,
th e mal e fi c ent
form o f D urg a, are d etaile d inth e Kali c a p urana M o st .
 T Y PH O N , A ND S V I A TH E D E ST R o r E R . 279

of th e anma s c o ns
i d ered as T yph o nian amo ng th e
i l ,

E gy pti ans are i mm o l ate d b e fo re th e shri ne o f C hand i

, .

T he Kali ca p ur ana d i re c ts th at bi rd s to rto i ses , ,

al l i ato rs fi sh b uffal o es b ull s h e

g g o ats i c h neumo ns
-
, , , , , ,

w il d b o ars rh i no c e ro se s a ntel o p es g uanas

, re in , , ,

d eer li o ns tyg ers men a nd blo o d d ra wn fro m th e

, , , ,

”
o fl e rer s o w n b o dy b e o ffe red to th i s
'

o dd ess T he
’

g , .

fo l lo wi ng h o rrid i nc a ntati o nis a dd r e sse d to h er when ,

an o ffe ri n is ma d e to e ffec t th e d e struc ti o n o f a n

g
en em y O g o dd ess o f ho rr i d fo rm ! 0 Chand i k a '
.

dro wnsuc h a on en
eat, e, my em
y O c o nso rt o f fi re !
,

S al utat i o n t o fi re ! T h is is t h e e ne m
y w h o h as d o ne
m e m i s ch i e f, no w p e rs o nate d b y a n a ni mal : d estro y
h im 0 M ah a m ara ! S p h e ng ! S ph e ng ! e at,
,

L ik e that of th e E gy p t i a n T it hra m b o ,
t h e wo rsh i p
of K ali is c o nne c ted w i th t h e p h ase s o f the Mo o n .

T he ri tes o f t h e H i nd o o g o d d ess we re fo r me rly c e le

b rate d m o nthly a nd the d a rk e st ni g h ts in t h e mo nth
,

w ere c h o se n fo r tha t p urp o se A t p r esent h er wo r

.

sh i pp ers ho ld a fe st i va l t o h e r h o no ur o nth e last nig ht

of th e d ec reas e of th e M o o n in th e mo nth Kartika
, ,

wh ich th e S y a m a, o r bl ac k fe s tival cl
is ca ll ed e
'
W
h ave O b ser ved so m e thi ng a na lo g o us in th e E g yp ti an
rites o f H e cate .

Parvati , or Isi ,
as w ell as th e E g yptian g o dd es s,
is in so me manne r re la ted to t h e M o o n A crescent is .

ai nt ed o n h er fo reh e ad a nd o n t hat O f th er h us b and

p ,

I sa, o r S iva
‘
I sa in o ne o f his fo rms is e xpressly
.
, ,

s Ward o n th e H i ndo o M yth o l ogy, vo l . i . A i i

s at c Re
s earch es, vol . i .

1 Ward , ub i supra, vo l . i p 1 54
. . .
280 E G YPTI AN A ND INDIAN PO L Y TH E I S M .

is t h e n L una "
i
ca lled th e Mo o n ,
a nd h is co ns o rt I si , ,
.

T h e M o o n in th e H i nd o o m yt h o l o gy is o f two
,
,

s e x es C hand ra o r D e us L unns is th e M o o n in
, ,

o s i ti o n t o th e S un; C h and ri o r D e a L una , is

o
pp ,

th e M o o n in c o n j unc t i o n w i t h h im I n Egyp t w e

h ave see n th at in t h e m o nt h Ph a m eno th O si ri s ,

t he Mo o n
'

w as fa b l e d t o m ak e h is ent ra nc e i nto ,

t h o ugh a t o t h er i
t m e s th e M o o n w as g
re ard e d a s t he

i ib l e
v s a
ppe aranc e o f I si s . B ut w e a re no t ac c ur at e ly
i nfo rm e d of the c irc m usta nc es which d i sti ng ui sh
L unns fro m L una f th e p rec i se r el ati o ns o f I si s
,
or o

a nd O s i ri s resp e c t i n t h e Mo o n I t is s uffi c i e nt t o
g .

t rac e a si m il ar c o nvers i o n in I nd i a a nd in E g y p t .

I n E g yp t t h e M o o n w a s at c e rt a i n ti mes a m al e
fi c e nt g o dd e ss ; sh e w o re t h e se m b lanc e o f t h e ang ry
H ec ate .T h e M o o n a m o ng t h e H i nd o o s is al so
re
gard e d a s a m ali g nant p la ne t ‘
T he b e ne fi c e nt fo rm o f B h av ani , te rm e d D e vi ,
or

A nna Purna is d o ub tl e ss ,
ke d ,
as S ir W . J o ne s re m a r ,

t h e A nna Pere nna O f t h e R o m ans w h o se re li g i o n ,

b ears in s o m e pa rt i c ul ars a s till cl o s e r r e se m blanc e

, ,

t o t h e e a s t ern sy s te m t h a n t h e G re e k a nd p e rh a ps
, ,

e v e nth ant h e E gyp t i an A nn a Pur n a is h o w e v e r al so

.
, ,

th e c o unterp ar t O f th e E gy p ti a n I s i s Sh e is fi gured .

as b e nt b y t h e w e i g h t o f h e r full b re a s ts an d re m i nds ,

us of t h e s tat ue s of I SI S , J,
or C e res M ul-Iim a m m a .

Bhavani is i nvo k ed by M a as th e nam e of ,

was
D e meter, amo n st th e G ree k s § b t h at O f M a i a nd
g y , ,
a

M o or ’
s Hindo o Panth eo n, p 28 9 . .

1 Ward 1 Paterson
’

. .

I Ceres, as wel l as Pro serpi ne, was c al l ed M aia . I ndeed

they are expressl y affi r med to b e t he same by Po rphyry .
 B H A VA N I CO M PA RED W ITH I SI S . 28 ]

sh e is fre q uently like th e G recian go d represe nt ed

d ess o r rather lik e th e Ph ry gi a n m o ther in a c ar

, ,

d raw n by li o ns h o l d i ng a d rum and We ar i ng a, ,

t o w e red - c o ro net o n h er U nd er the na m e of

B h avani ,
th i s g o dd ess d esi g na te s th e fec und i t y of

nature . S h e is i nvo k ed ,
as w a s I s i s, by w o m e n in
ch i l d b i rth .

T he H i nd o o g o d d ess is w o rs h i pp ed und er th e
sa m e

fo rm o f J ag add hatri o r M o th er o f th e Wo rl d S he , .

is pres e nte d in th a t c h arac te r a s

re s i tti ng o n a li o n ,

and h o l d i ng in h er fo ur h ands a co nc h a d i sc
, a ,

l b
c u ,
a nd a w a ter- lily .

kno wn
‘

H e r p ec uli a r e m bl e m th e Y o ni is as well
a s w a s t h e Cteis, in th e E l e us i ni a n m ster i e s
, ,

x
y .

T he last c i rc umst anc e I sha ll no ti c e is th e ve ne

ra t o n o
i f th e C o w, nnec t e d w i th t he w or sh i p o f
as c o

I si s in E gypt, and o f B h ag avati o r Bh avani in , ,

I nd i a .

T h e C o w is reg ard ed in I nd i a as a fo r m o f Bha g

avat i -i as in E gyp t o f I si s th e b e nefi c ent I t is al so
, , , .

re m a rk a bl e t h at N e h t h ys t h e E gy pt i an V e nus
p ,

U r a ni a was al so w o rsh i p p e d und e r th e fo r m o f a C o w

, ,

a nd t h at L ak sh m i t h e w i fe o f Vi sh n u w h o c o rres
, ,

o nd s w i th h e r in all th e p a rti c ul ars th at h i s t o ry h as

p
re se rve d bea rs a S i m il a r re l ati o n to t h i s s ac re d
p ,

a ni m a l .

T h e B rah m ans p erfo rm a c e remo ny b y w h i c h th e y ,

fa nc y t h at c ertai n sp i ri t ual p r i vil eg es are c o nferred .

M aia w as h er app ell atio n, as i

t h e t errestr al go ddess, m o t h er of

E ar th , th e nurse o f al l l iving c reat ure s . S ee Po rphy rius, de

A b s tine nt ia, l ib iv . . cap . 16 .

M o or H indo o Panth eo n
’
s .

1 Ward ,
vo l . i p 1 23
. . .
282 E G YPTIAN A ND INDIAN PO L Y TH E I S M .

T h i s p ro c ess is co ns i d e red as a ki nd o f r eg eneratio n .

It co n i
s st s in p ass i ng t h ro ug h t h e b o dy o f a g o l d en

Co w . b ee n re m ark e d t h a t th e sto ry o f My c e
I t has
rinus ro b ably c o nt a i ns v e st i g es o f th e s a m e
p prac ti ce
a o n th e
m l d E t i a ns
*
g O
g yp .

I t is no t o ur d es i g n m ere l y t o fur ni sh a p ar all el

b etwe e nth e se t wo sy st e m s th e re l at i o ns o f w h i c h se em
t o l erably O b vi o us T h e r e ad e r w h o w i sh es to pursue
.

th i s s ubj ec t w ill fi nd m uc h c uri o us i nfo r mati o n inth e -

w o rks O f S ir W J o ne s M r Pa te rs o n M r W il ford
.
,
.
, .
,

th e R ev Mr Mauri c e a nd sev era l o th e r w ell kno wn

. .
,
-

a uth o rs .

E no ugh , I t rust, h av e b e en sai d to Sh o w th at the

m o st c el eb rate d a nd striki ng p a rt o f th e E gypti an
c er e m o ni es th o se fo r e x a m p l e w h i c h att rac ted the
,

at te n ti o n o f th e w h o l e Pagan w o rl d and sp read ,

th e m sel v es o ve r a g r e at p ar t o f it i nc l ud i ng the ,

o m o us wo rsh i p o f I s i s a nd O s i ri s are n ea rl l ated

p p y r e , ,

in th e m o st essenti al c i rc um sta nc e s to th at syste m ,

a

of I n d i an s up ersti t i o ns w h i c h b e l o ng s to th e d epraved
reli g i o n o f S i va a nd h is c o nso r t B havan i T hi s .

sy stem we h ave as si g ned in o ur h i s t o ri c al o utli n

, e to ,

th e th i rd era w h ent h e i d o l a t ry o f th e E ast had attai ned

,

its ut m o st d egree o f c o rr up ti o n .

S ee t he s to ry o f M ycerinus, wh o e ncl o sed his d aughter in

th e bo dy O f a go l de n C o w H ero do t us, l ib ii
.
This co incis . .

dence h as beenrem ark ed by M r F o rb es . . O ri ent al M emoirs .

 V I SH NU C O M PA R E D w rr n HO R U S . 283

SE CT I O N I I I .

IndianF abl es r ela ting to Vi s hnu, c o mp ar ed with t he E g yp tian

M y tho log y .

I n th e fo r ego i ng li ne o f th e h i st o ry o f H i nd o o
'

o ut

Myth o lo gy it was c o ns i d ered th at t h e w o rship o f

,

Vi sh nu o r at l ea st th e re li g i o n o f th e p re s e nt V a i sh
,

h ad p erh ap s a s t il l la t er o ri g i n th a nth o se fo r m s ,

o f s u e rsti t i o nw h i c h w e h a v e b e e nc o m a ri n w i th th e
p p g
E gyp ti an ri te s o f I s i s a nd O s i ri s T h e fa bl es o f th e .

Pura nas r e sp ec ti ng th e i nc ar nati o ns o f Vi sh nu d o

, ,

no t app ear t o h ave m ad e th e i r wa y i nto th e E gyp ti an

my th o lo g y no r d o w e fi nd in E gy p t any c l e a r a nd
,

und o ub t e d ve st i g e s o f th e s up erst i ti o n as si g ne d t o

th i s e ra .

I n th e c h a ra c ter h o weve r of H o r us , or A r o ue ris,

th e resto re r of th e un ve rs e, th e
i g od of l i g h t, th e r e
are s o m e t ra i ts w h i c h c o rresp o nd w i t h t h e d e s c r i pt i o n
ofVi sh nu o r H e ri th e preserver
, .

Vi sh nu is a p e rso nifi c a ti o n o f th e S un, o r con

versel
y t h e S un is a t y p e o f h im : th i s c harac te r as ,

I s a
y t he rel ig io n o f t h e p r esent Vaish na v as
,
or fo l l o w ers
of Vish nu , w h o w o rship h is inc ar nat io ns, Ram a, Crish na, & c .

o r, in o th er Wo rd s, are h ero -w o rs hippers . Vis h nu, as o ne o f

t h e t h ree m anifes t at io ns of t h e divinity, h o l ds h is p l ac e int h e

V ed as , t h o ug h h e is no t so c o n
pic uo us t here as B rah ma, t h e
s

creat ivep o w er ; b ut t h e Vis h nu o f l at er t im es d iffers inm any

res ec ts fro m t h e Vish nu o f the o ld es t tradit io n
p .
284 EGYPTI AN A ND IN DIAN PO L YT H E I S M .

w ell as t hat of Tim e, h e s h are s w i t h B ra h m a a nd

S i va I n H i nd o o m yth o l o g y e ve ry t h i ng is ind e ed
.
,

t h e S un Vi s h nu is so m et i m e s t h e e arth : h e is
.

w at er o r t h e h um i d p r i nc i pl e g e ne r ally : h e nc e h e
,

is a ir, w h i c h th e H i nd o o s reg ar d as a fo r m o f
h um i d ity .

H o r us lik e wi se w as t h e S un und er so m e p art i c ul ar

r e l at i o n : O s i r i s i nd eed a nd o th e r E gyp ti an g o ds
, , ,

b ear a ne ar r e l a t i o n to t h e S un b ut H o r us in a m o re ,

e c uli a r m a nne r : h e nc e t h e G ree k s c a ll e d him

p
A p o ll o .H e r m ap io n i n t h e int e rp r e ta t i o n o f t he
,

fam o us i nsc r ip ti o n o n th e He l io p o lit a n O b e li sk fi nds ,

H o r us c all e d th e sup re m e l o r d a nd a uth o r o f T i m e

H o r us in th e fo r m o f t h e i nfant H arp o c ra te s is se en
, ,

s i tt i n o n a l o t us fl o w er i nt i m a ti n
g g as w e h a ve se en
, ,

t h e g er m i na ti ng p r i nc i p l e th e infl ue nc e o f m o i sture ,

a nd so l ar h ea t .

G ar ud a th e sac r e d eagl e is t h e bi rd o f Vi sh nu :
, ,

seate d o n h im th e
go d so a rs a l o ft in th e a ir
,
T his .

sa s M r Mo o r
”
m arks t h e a e ri al l e vi ty o f h is
'

,
y .
,

c h ara c te r :

M o re t ha n o ne sp e c i es of h a wk , a nd s e v e r a l o th e r

b ird s , w er e d in E gyp t t o H o r us
s ac r e T h e h awk .
,

wh i c h s o ars up ward s to w a rd s t h e S unw i th o ut a pear

p
ing t o b e d azzl e d b y its b ea m s w as in a p e c uli ar ,

m a nne r th e ty pe o r sac re d m esse ng e r o f H o ru

s .

H o r us ,
as b e fo r e o b s e rve d ,
w as d e sc r i b e d in his
t ur n as t h e Pa nth eus,
l o f uni v e rsal N at ure or so u .

T h e sa m e c o nc e p ti o n o f Vi sh nu is fo und in t h e
S r i B hag avat and o th e r H i nd o o w o r ks w r i tte n b y
V a i sh navas .

Mo o r s H indoo Pant heo n, V ish nu

’
art . .

T A mmian Marc ell i nus . .

 VI S H N U C O M PARED w rr n no uns . 285

N o tw i ths tand i ng th e se p o i nts bl anc e it

o f resem ,

may b e d o ubted wh eth er H o rus c an b e c l earl y i den

t ifi ed w i th Vi sh nu Ho r us s ee m
. s to h av e b e e n a v ery

e x ac t c o py o f O si ri s L ik e O s i r i s h e w as a Pri ap us
.
,

t h e fund a m ental i d ea o f H o rus s ee m s to h a v e b e e n

t h at o f a resto re r o f th e p ro d uc t i o ns o f N at ur e o f ,

wh i c h O s i ri s w as th e g e ne rato r H e nc e h is h i st o r y
.

fo rms al m o st a re p et i t i o n o f th at o f O si r i s T he .

r eli i o n o f Vi sh nu acc o r d i n t o th e c o n e c ture o f M

g g , j .

S c h l eg el w as i ntro d uc ed i nto th e I nd i ansys te m fro m

,

Pe rsi a and was co nnec te d w i th th e wo rs h i p o f th e

,

Persi an M i thra H o w e v e r th i s m ay h av e b een it

.
,

d o e s no t ap pe a r th at t h i s p a rt o f th e my t h o l o gy was
e t fully d evel o e d a t th at re m o te
p p eri o d w h en
as
y ,

t h e E gyp t i anand I nd i a n s y s t e m s w ere c o nne c t e d by

a c l o se a ffi n i ty
‘

T h e re is i nd eed a c uri o us th o ug h im per fec t c o i n

c id e n c e b e t w ee n t h e E g y p tia n an d I nd i a n T r i ad s .

O s i ri s T yp h o n a nd H o rus a re inso m e w ay r e l ate d

, , ,

t o B r ah m a S i va a nd Vi sh nu T h e no t i o n o f a T r i ad
, ,
.

o f s u re m e p o w ers is i n d e e d c o m m o nto m o s t a nc i e n t
p
reli g i o n s b ut wh at pro v es th at th er e is so m e p art i c ul ar
c on ne c t i o n b et wee n th e I nd i a n and E gypt i an T ri ads ,

is th efabl e th at th e th re e g o d s o f eac h sy ste m w e re

o f t h ree d i ffe re n t c o l o urs I nth e H i nd o o m y th o l o g y
.
,

B rah m a is r ed V i s,
h n u bl ac k a n d S i v a w h
, i t e ) “
In
th e E gy p t i an as Pl uta rc h i nfo r m s us O s i r i s w as
, ,

a l wa y s bl ac k ,
H o rus w h i te a nd T y pho nre d,
T he .

ess e n t i a l d i fference b etw e e nth e I nd i an and E g yp ti an

Tri ad is th e c i rc umstanc e th a t in th e fo rm e r th e , ,

C reato r h as still a p lace ; w h il e in th e E gypti an ,

Paterso n, A siat ic Research es .

286 EGY PTIAN A ND IN D IAN PO L Y THE I S M .

a l th o ugh th i s m yth o lo gy a c k no w l e dge d a c reato r o f

th e w o rld y et h e h ad fa ll e n fro m his p l a c e in th e
,

T riad w h i c h w as fil l e d up e nt i rely w it h m e re ly
,

se n sual a nd p h ys i c al g o d s o r fi g ure s o f th e p o w e rs o f
,

nat ure . W e a re o b li ge d to s ea rch m o re d e e ply i nto

th e E g yp t i an m y th o lo gy in o rd e r to fi nd th e d o c tri ne
,

o f c reat i o n o r a c reato r
,
t h e e x t eri o r is o c c upie d wi th

t h e m o re st riki ng s up e rst i t i o ns t h a t r e l ate to th e

o bj ec ts o f se nse as th e p o p ul ar w o rs h i p w a s d i re c ted
,

t o w ard s v i s ibl e a nd ta ng ibl e o bj ec t s .

T h e re is o ne fab l e rel a ti ng t o Vi sh nu w h ic h b e ars ,

a c ur i o us rese m bl a nc e t o o n e o f t h e m o s t re m ar k abl e

fi c ti o ns in th e E gyp ti a n m yth o lo gy I m ea n the .

s to ry o f h is sl ee p i ng th ro ugh th e fo ur w i nt ry m o nth s -
,

a nd ri s i ng int h e s p ri ng ;a na ll e go ry fo und e d o nh is re

lat i o n to th e S un T h i s fi c ti o n stro ngl y re m i nd s us o f

.

t h e a nnual d i sap p ea ra nc e a nd resurre c t i o no f th e so lar

O si ri s . V i sh nu sl e ep s fro m t h e tw elfth o r fiftee nth o f
t h e m o o n in t h e m o nth A sh a rh a c o rre s p o nd i ng w i th ,

D ec e m b er until th e tw e l fth o r fi ftee nth in K artika

, ,

w h i c h c o rresp o nd s w i th T h e c e re m o nies ,

wh i c h are p e rfo r m e d in c o m m e m o rati o n o f h is sl e ep ,

h ear so m e r ese m bl a nc e to t h e E gyp t i an c usto m s A .

H ind o o vo w s tha t no ra z o r sh all c o me o n h is h e ad ;

th a t h e w ill a b sta i n fro m fl e sh fi sh salt p e a s o il &c
, , , , ,
.

and fro m e a t i ng m o r e t h a n o nc e a da y d uri ng t h i s

wh o l e p e ri o d ; and he e ngag e s to atte nd m o re m i nutel y

th anb e fo re to his d ail y d ut i es s uc h as b ath i ng a nd , ,

re eat i n t h e na m e o f h is od 1 T h e se O b s er va nces
p g g .

are s i m ilar t o th o s e p ract i sed by th e E gy p t i ans d ur i n g ,

Ward , vo l . II .
p 27. .

1 I b id p . . 26 .
 VI SH N U COM P ARE D WI T H H O R US . 287
"
th eir p erio d s o ffas ti ng and purificat io n T he H i nd o o s
E
.

O bserv e a str c t i fas t o nth e e even

l th O f th e increas e of

th e M o o n in S ravana B had ra
, , , and Kartik a rl On
th e fo rmer of Vi sh nu go es to sleep : o n
th es e day s,
th e sec o nd h e t urns to t h e o th er si d e a nd o n th e ,

t h i rd h e aw ak e s T h ese O b servance s m ay b e c o m
.

are d w i th th e w i nter fest i val s c o nne cted w i th t h e

-
p ,

co nc eal m en t a nd re ap p eara nc e O f th e E gyp tian go d

-
,

resp e c ti n w h ic h w e h ave alr eady s el ected am l e

g p
d eta ils .

SE CTI O N I V .

E s o teric P hilo sop hy of t he E gyp tia ns, comp ared with the
D o ctrines o f the H ind o os, int he ear lies t
p erio d .

T h e m o st l b r ated fa bl es o f th e E gyp tians and

ce e ,

near l y t h e wh o l e o f th e i r p o pul ar wo rsh i p are near ly ,

r el at e d ,
as w e h ave se en t o th e r i t es o f S i va and ,

Bh avani a nd o th er s up ers ti ti o ns w h i c h w e supp o se

,

t o h av e h ad th e i r o ri gi na b o ut th e sa m e p e ri o d I t is .

o nly in t h e m o r e re co nd i t e part s o f th e E gy p t i an

m y th o l o g y wh i c h ar e c hi e fl y kno w nto us by m ea ns o f
,

a few frag m e n ts p r es erve d in th e w o rk s o f p h il o

s o ph ers and m e tap h y si c a l w riters th at we t rac e an

y ,

rese m bl an ce t o th e o l d er d o c tri n es O f t h e H i n
. d o o s,
re sp ec t i n t h e c reat i o no f t h e wo rl d and th e e m an a
g ,

tio n o f s ub o rd i nate b ei ng s fro m th e essenc e o f an

etern al s i ri t
p .

it Th ese O bservanc es will be no ticed inth e fol l owi ng Book .

1 Ward , vo l . ii p 76
. . .
288 EG Y PTI A N A ND IND IAN C O S M O GON I E S .

B ut in th o se i mp erfect frag m ents o f th e E gypt i an

c o s m o o ny and o f th e i r th e o l o y p ro p e rly s o c all e d
g , g , ,

w h i c h ha ve escap e d th e w rec k s o f t i m e w e are

“

e nab l e d t o d i scover al l t h e l ea d i n r i nc i l e s so ful l y

g p p
d eve l o p e d in th e a nc i e nt H i nd o o S c ri p tures .

T h e s um o f th e E g y p t ian d o c t ri ne as w e h a ve ,

s h o w n a b o ve is th at a s i r i tua l b e in w i th o ut arts
p , , g p , ,

a nd i nc o m p reh ensibl e e xi s ted fro m al l e t erni ty ,

.

F ro m h is ess ence at a c e rta i n p eri o d a fi ni te b e i ng

, ,

o ri i na ted w h b a m e t h e d e m i ur us o r c reator
g o , ec g , ,

a nd fr o m him all i n fe r i o r s o ul s e m anat e d N o t o nl y .

is th i s d o c tri ne to b e t ra c e d in th e E ast b ut all ,

t h e c i rc um s tanc es c o nnec te d w i th it and th e p e c uli ar .

s t l e o f r e rese n t at i o n
y p .

1 T h e e te r nal s p i r i t te rm ed C nuph is o r C neph

.
, ,

ro d uc e d t h e un i v se in its c h ao t i c stat e w h i c h is
p er ,

fi g ur e d und e r th e e m bl e m o f an egg A t t h e sa me .

t i m e h e assum e d a new fo r m o r gave o ri g i nt o Ph tha , ,

t h e E gy p ti a n V ul c an o r A rtifi c e r o f th e fa b ri c : b y
,

wh o m t h e c h ao ti c egg w a s s e parat ed into it s e l e

m e nts ,
a nd air and e a rt h a nd o th er c reatures w e re
, ,

ca ll e d fo rth . C nup h is c o rresp o nd s w i th th e I nd i an

B r ah m e ,
and Ph th a w i th B rah m a . T h e H i nd o o
d o c tr i ne ntai ne d in th e fo llo w i ng ve r se s o f
is co

M enu s C o smo g o ny
’
.

H e w h o m the m i nd al o ne c a n p erc ei ve imp e rc e p ,

t ibl e t o s e nse i nvi s ibl e w h o e xi sts fro m e te rni ty

, ,

e ve n H e th e so ul o f al l b e i n s w h o m n o bei n c an
,
g g ,

co m
p r eh e nd , sh o ne fo rth in p erso n .

He h av i ng will e d i b e i ngs
, to p ro d uce va r o us

fro m h is o wn d i vi ne b s ta nc e fi rst wi th a t h o ugh t

su ,

c r e at e d th e waters, and p l ac e d in th em a r o d uc ti ve
p
see d :
 INDIAN A ND EGYPTIAN CO S M O GONI E S . 289

T hat se e d becam e an E G G , br ig h t
g o ld as ,

bl az ing l ik e th e l um ina ry with a

[
th o us a nd bea m s
a nd in t hat e
g g h e w as b o r n h i m se l f in th e fo rm of

BRA HMA
g re at fo re fath e r o f al l sp iri ts
,
the .

I n th at E gg th e g re a t p o w er sat i nact i ve a who le

y e ar of t h e C re a to r, at t he c o se l o f w h i ch ,
b y h is
t ho u
gh t a o ne ,
l he c a us e d th e e
gg t o d i vi d e i t se l f.

A nd f r o m its two d iv is io ns h ef r a m ed th e h eav en a bo v e,

a nd th e ea r th benea th .

T h e E gy pti a ns e ve nin th e i r c o sm o g o ny, c o ul d no t

,

re si s t t h e
p ro p e nsi ty t o m at e ri al a nd se nsual a nal o g i e s
‘

Ph th a t h e fra m e r
,
of t h e w o rl d , th e so e l p ar e nt o f al l

th i ng s ,
w a s, fo rso o th , W e h ave of a d o ubl e se x .

b e fo re t rac e d th i s fi g ure in w o rks o f und o ub te d a u

t h o r it y a nd m ay nO W q uo t e t h e A sc l ep i an d i a lo g ue
'

a sc ri b e d to H e rm e s i n w h i c h t h e g o d is t w i c e call e d
,

M as c ul o fe m i ni ne -
H ic e rg o ; h e s ay s q ui s o l us
e st o m ni a utr i us q ue s e x us foec undita t e pl e nissirnus
, ,

e n
s e m er v o l unta t is s uas p r a
p g a ns p ari t se m p e r q uid ,

q ui d vo l uerit p ro c re are .

T h us t h e d e m i urg us is rep re s e nte d a s b ec o m i ng th e

'

ar e nt o f al l ki nd s o f b e i ng s ra th er t h a n as c r e a ti n
p g ,

th em .

T h i s fi c ti o n is fo und in M e nu s ’
c o sm o
g on y ,
a nd in

C o m pare t h is d es c ript io n wit h t h e O rphic fab l e, as it

is displ ayed in t h e fo l l o wing ex
pres sio ns, t rans l ated abo ve,

in p ag e 1 6 6 .

i frmép i oy N 65 75as k a y orrr epog Q O N

' ‘

Tim s ! a aifl
‘ ‘ °
or zoy f

p
i f onneetr eA A E pw; 6 m ean
’ ’

3pm ; éCA a ar ev
uéy at; « /b
'
o ;

pby ow xpvaa w, n p wns at divan

'

f r ik b
’
é wv rc r ov ur e s ow; a y e
‘

s .

P P
990 E s Or E R I c PHI LO SO PHY C O M PA R ED .

"
‘

var i o us o th er I nd i an w r i ti ng s .
6
T h e fo l l o wmg is a

p assa
g e l
se e c te d fro m t h e R ig -ve d a, in wh i ch the
same i d ea is c uri o usly e xp a nd e d .

T h e p ri m e val b e i ng l o o ki ng ro und, , saw no th i ng

but h i m sel f H e fel t no t d e light H e w i sh ed
‘

th e e xi stenc e i nsta ntly h e b ec ame

o f a no th e r, a nd

s uc h as m a n a nd w o ma n j o i ne d H e c aused .

th i s h is o wn sel f to fa ll in t wa i n a nd th us b ec ame
, ,

h us band an d w i fe : th e nc e w e r e h um a n b e i ngs
”
p ro d uc e d .

“
S he fl ec ted d o ub tingl y I w ill no w assume a
re , ,
‘

d i sg ui se ? S h e b e c a me a C o w a nd th e o th er b e cam e
a B ull —
,

t h e i ss ue w ere ki ne S h e w as c h ang ed i nto

.

a M are a n d h e i nto a H o r se o ne w as t urned i nto a

, .

fe mal e A ss and th e o th er i nto a m ale o ne and the

, ,

”
o ne h o o fe d ki n
- d w e re t h e o ffsp r i ng T h e autho r .

c o nt i nue s to e num e rat e t h e i r m e t a m o r h o ses i n to

p
o a ts a n d sh ee a nd c o nc l ud e s I n h i s m anne r “
g p , t ,

d id h e c re ate e ve ry e xis ti ng p a i r w ha tso ever ev en to ,

th e ants nd a m i nut e s t i ns e c ts
-
l .
”

W e h ave al rea d y sh o wn that th e H i nd o o s at le ast ,

as e arly as th e ag e Of th e V e d as th o ugh th ey ,

ac k no wl edg e d a C rea to r c o nfo un d e d h im w i th h is

,

w o rks a nd i nc l ud ed t h e uni vers e i t se lf in the i r i d ea o f

,

th e d i v i ni ty T h at th e E gypti a ns w e re Panth ei sts

.
,

eve n in th i s s ense and i d e nt ifi e d t h e so ul o f th e

,

wo rl d with th e e ternal d e i t y may b e s e en fro m th e ,

r e mark s o n th ei r c o sm o g o n y in th e fo rego ing part ,

o f th i s wo rk S uch is th e d o g ma wh i ch Pl utarch
.

The Tan
tras t each th at aft er B rah m a h ad e nt ered the
worl d, h e d ivided him sel f into m al e and fem ale . Ward .

1 Co l ebro ok e o nth e Vedas, A B vo l viii I have o mi tted

:
. . . .

”
so me wo rds inthi s quo t ati o n, euph emia
e g ratis .
 IND IA N A ND E G Y PTIAN C o s mo G O N I E s .
29 1 .

sites fro m H ecataeus . T he y co ns id er ,

sa
y s th i s
w ri ter, th e p ri m i ti ve d i d ent ifi ed w i th the
“

go as

unive rse i tsel f .

N o twi th stand i ng th i s vag ue a nd i nd i sti nct m a nner .

of co nce t i on i p tures c o ntai n th e

th e H ind o o
p , sc r

d o c tri ne O f t h e c r eatio n o f th e w o r l d in its p ro pe

s e nse ; as it is
p ro b abl e th at t h e E gypt i an d id a l so .

T h e fo ll o w i ng h y m n fro m th e R ig ved a d ec l are s th i s

,
-
,

t e ne t in t er m s wh i c h r e m i nd us o f t h e b e i nni n o f
g g
G e ne s i s .

T h e S upre m e B e i ng al o ne e x iste d ; aft erwards -

t h ere w as uni ve rsal d ark ne ss ne xt th e w ate ry o c ea n

was p ro d uce d b y th e d i ffusi o n o f v i r t ue : t h e 1 d id ~ “

th e C r ea to r l o rd o f t h e uni v e rs e r i se o ut o f t h e
, ,

o c e an a nd s uc c e ss i v e l fra m e th e S un a nd M o o n
, y ,

wh i c h g o v ern d ay a nd ni g h t w h e nc e pro c ee d s th e ,

re vo l uti o no f y e ars a nd a fter th e m h e fra m e d h eav e n

an d earth t h e s pac e b e twee n and th e c el estial

, , ;

re i o n 1
g .

We h av e se e n th at th e E g yp tians, by a strange
inc o nsi ste nc y d ec l are in so m e o f t h e p arts o f the i r
, ,
.

m y th o l o gy t h e S un t o b e th e d e m i urgus ; and t h at
,

th ey fr e q ue ntl y i d e nt i fy th e S un w i t h th e S o ul o f
t h e w o rld I n t h e R ig ve d a w e fi nd th at
. th e -
“

g re a t S o ul M ah a n A t m a,
is c all e d t h e S un fo r , ,

h e is t h e s o ul o f all b eing s a nd th a t it is d e c l are d b y ,

th e sage t h at t h e S unis t h e s o ul O f w h a t m o ve s a nd o f
th a t w h i c h is fix ed O th er d e i ti es ar e p o r ti o ns O f
.

him .
1
F ro m th i s so u l o f th e un ve rse, o r
i p r i m i t i ve s
p i ri t,

C o l ebro o k e, A siatic Resear ch es, vol

p 3 67 . v . .

1 Co l eb ro o k e o n th e Vedas , A siat Resear vo l v iii p 3 9 7

. . . . .
292 E SO T E R I C PH I L O SO PH Y C O M PA R E D .

al l i ndi vi d ual so u s l e m anat e d . T h i s d o gm a ,

as we
see in p a ssag es al read y c i t e d , is c o mm o n to the
m y th o l o g y o f E gy p t a nd t h e O l d es t re m a i ns o f the
,

o rie ntal d o c tr i ne .
b

I t is w o rth y o f re m ar k th a t th e wo r sh i p of th e
S up rem e G o d is s c a rc e ly m e nt i o ne d int h e h i s to ry of

t h e E gyp t i a ns . W e l ea rn ,
ind ee d ,
fro m Pl utarc h ,

th at th e p e o p l e of E l ep h ant i ne r efuse d to c o ntr ib ute

t o th e su
pp o rt o f th e sac r ed a ni m al s , b ec a us e t h ey

p a i d th e i r a d o rat i o ns to no o th e r d e i ty th an C neph ,
th e eternal sp i ri t ; b ut t h i s see m s to h av e b een a
v e st i ge o f anti q ui ty a nd o f o p i ni o ns w h i c h h ad l o ng
,

b e eno b so lete am o ng th e m o re c el e b rated d i v i si o ns Of

t h e E gy p ti a n p e o p l e Ph th as o r V ul can t h e se co n
.
, ,

dary g o d o r d em i urg us h ad so m e t e m p l e s a t a l ate

, ,

p er i o d in L o w e r E gy pt b ut h is r i t es w ere e c li pse d by
,

th e m o r e sp l e nd i d w orsh i
p o f I si s a nd O si ri s ; and h e
w a s re c ko ne d in th e th e o g o ni es O f M a ne th o n as th e
, ,

O l d est o f th e o d I n I nd i a a l so B ra h m a t h e d e miur
g s .
, ,

g u s ,is th e
g o d o f antiqui ty and h as no t e m p l es o r ,

a
p p ro pr i ate w o r sh ip am o ng th e m o d ern H i nd o o s
an d Brah m e t h e e te rnal s i ri t w h o as w e h ave ‘
,
p , ,

s e en is C ne h und er a no th er n am e is still f urther

, p ,

r emo ved fro m th e ad o rati o ns o f t he l

e o
p p e .
 O RIGIN A ND H I S TO RY OF M Y TH O L O G Y . 293

SE C T I O N V .

ferences
Gener a l In g t he Orig in a nd H is t ory
resp ec tin f
o

M y tho log y .

F ro m th e surv e y a nd c o m ar s o n o f al l
i t h e info r
p
m at i o n w e c an c o ll ect re at l i ng to th e h i s to r y of

su
p e rst i ti o n i n E gypt and in t h e E ast w e ,
ar e l ed
t o t h e fo ll o w i ng g e neral re fl ec t i o ns o n th e ori gi nal
s tat e a nd b que nt r e v o l ut i o ns o f m yth o l o gy and
su s e

m e tap h y s i c al d o c tr i ne s in t h e s e d e p a r tm e nt s o f th e
a nc i e nt w o rl d .

I I t app e ars th at th e p ri ests a nd sa g e s o f th e

.

E gyp t i ans as w el l a s th o se o f I nd i a in th e e ar li est

, ,

a es w h i c h fal l w i th i n t h e r e ac h o f p ro fane h i st o r
g y ,

a c k no w l e d e d o ne e t ernal
g p r i nc i pl e as th e s o urc e
w h e nc e al l o th e r b e i ng s h ad o r i gi nall y e m ana t ed a nd ,

w i t h w h i c h al l o r a p art w e re d est i ne d a ft e r i nte r val s o f

,

g reat e r o r sh o rte r d urati o n t o b e c o m e ag a i n in s o m e

,

m a nne r r e uni te d
-
t h at t h i s fi rs t p r i nc i p l e is d es c rib e d

in t h e o l d e st re m a m s o f th e p h il o so p h y o f b o th na ti o ns
as a sp i r i t ual a nd i nc o m p reh e nsib l e b e i n e nd o w e d
g ,

w i th int e ll e c t and p o w e r t o th e v o l unt a r y e x er ti o n

,

O f w h i c h t h e p ro d uc t i o n o f al l fi ni t e b e i n s is a ttri
g
b uted . I t m ust t h e r e fo re b e all o w e d th a t th e ,

m yth o l o gy o f t h ese nat i o ns c o ntai ns th e b eli e f in

t h e e xi ste nc e o f a D e i ty in t h e s e nse in w h i c h th at
,

w o rd is u nd erst o o d a m o ng C h ri sti ans and E uro p ean

h il o so h e rs in ene ral
p p g .

I f w e are p e r m i tt e d to r egard th o se p ri nc i p l es ,

w h i c h are c o m m o n to nearly al l th e a nc i e nt s y stems

2 9d G EN E R A L IN F ERENC E S R E S PE C T I N G

of myth o l o gy, as th e or i g i nal p o ss e ss o n o f

i m a nki nd,
we must l l o w th e d o c trine a b o ve d es c r i b e d o r a
a ,

s ec i es o f t h e i sm ne a rl y r e se m b li ng it t o h a ve b e e n
p ,

am o ng th e e l e m e nts o f th e p r i m i t i ve fa i t h o r t h e ,

fi rst syst e m o f r el ig i o n th at p re vail ed ; fo r w e t rac e

th e sam e o r ver y s i m il a r t e nc ts int h e re li g i o us cr e e d o f
'

, ,

al l th o se nat i o ns w h o h a v e p o ss e sse d s uffi c i e nt ar t a nd

r efi n e m e nt to p re se rve a ny m e m o r i al s o f e arl y t i m es .

T o t h e H i nd o o s a nd th e E gy pt i ans w e m ay ad d the
Pe rs ia ns th e C hi nese a nd th e S ca nd i na vi a ns the
, , ,

Ce l tic peo pl e o r th o se t rib es s ubj ec te d t o th e autho

,

rity o f th e D r ui d s a nd sev er a l o th er nat i o ns

.
,
.

2 T h i s d o c tr i ne w as no t m er e ly as so m e w ri ters
. ,

h ave p r ete nd e d a t h e o ry o f sp e c ul a t ive p h ilo so phy ;

,

but a sy ste m o f re li g i o nin th e p ro p er se nse I t co n .

t emp l ate d in th e D e i t y no t m e r e l y t h e a uth o r o f the

,

uni v erse b ut a m o ra l g o v erno r o f th e w o r l d w h o se

, ,

disp e nsati o ns w e re s o ar rang e d a s to r e ward t he

vi r tuo us a n d tak e ve ng eanc e o n th e g ui l ty I t re .

p re se nte d t h e pr e se nt e mb o d i e d s ta te o f inte ll igent

b ei ngs as a sc e ne O f p urg a to rial c h asti sem e nt and ,

the d e sti ne d m ea ns o f th e ir r e st o ra t i o n t o p ri m i ti ve .

inno c e nc e and h ap p i ness o r o f r e unio nt o th e s o urce

,
-

wh enc e th ey w e re d e r i ve d .

I nd ee d a v e ry im pp rtant feat ur e in th i s a nc i ent

,

sy st e m o f p h il o so p hy is th e c o ns p i c uo us p l a ce it

ass i n s t o th e i m m o rta li ty o f th e so ul a nd t h e fi r m
g ,

an d i mpli c i t fa ith wi th wh i c h th i s d o g m a w as re c e i ved .

T h e b eli ef in a futur e state w h i c h p r e v a il e d am o ng

,

th e o rie nta l p e o pl e in t h e e arli e st t i m e s o f h isto ry

,
,

was no t , as it h as b ee n r e m a rk e d a p er s ua s i o n ,

fo und ed o n p ro b able ar g um e nts o r a n i nfe re nc e ,

disco vered b y l o ng refl ec ti o n no r d id it c o nsi s t in .

 TH E I G‘I N IA n M Y TH O L OG Y 12 95
‘

O‘R
‘
ND
'
H i s'rO E Y i
o .

the di stant gl anc es o f a b o ld imag i nati o n i nt o an

u nd e fi ne d w o rl d o f sh ad o ws ; b ut it was th e c l ear
as s ur a n c e o f re a li t i es s o c ertai n an d i mp re ssi ve t hat
“

t h e c o nte mp l a t i o n o f fut uri ty f o r m e d t h e r ul e b

y
w h i c h a ll th e affa i rs o f th i s li fe w e re t o b e o verne d
g
t h e s c o p e t o ward s w h i c h a l l t he so c i a l c usto m s a nd
‘

o rd i na nce s o f c i vil li fe we r e t o b e d i re c t e d e ve nt o th e ,
-

”
m o s t m i nute T h e E gyp t ians say s ‘

D io d o r us
i
,
r e a r d e d t h i s w o r l d as a t ra n
g s i to r
y sc e ne ,

and t h e fut ur e sta te as a n a b o d e fo r h e nc e the y

-
ever ;
were cont e nt t o d w e l l in h o vel s, b ut an xi o us ado r n
’

to
3t
h e i r to mb s w i t h m uc h l a bo ur and m ag nific e nce ,

r e ard in t h e m a s e te rn a l m a nsi o ns
g g .

3 W h il e we are d i re c ti ng o ur at tent i o n to th e
.

e a rli e s t d o c tr i nes r esp ec ti n t he D e i t w e m ust n ot

g y ,

o m i t t o r e m a rk o n e s i n ul a r c i r c um sta n c e w h i c h has
g
a t t rac t e d th e no ti c e o f m a ny th eo l o gi ans and it i v estli
- ~

a to rs o f a n t iq ui ty I f t h o se rinc i le s w h i c h a re
g .

p p
c o m m o n to t h e o l de s t sy st e m s o f re l i g i on are to b e

c o ns i d e r e d a s el e m e nt s O f th e p r i m i ti ve fa i th w e m ust ,

a sc rib e t o th e th e i s m o f th e fi rst a g e s a tr i p l e d ist rib u

t i o n o f d i v i ne a ttr i b ute s o r th e d o g m a o f a t r i ad of
,

p e rso ns o r m a ni fe st at i o ns O f d iv i ni ty W e sh all not .

r et e nd to i nve st i g a te th e rel at io n o f th i s o b sc ure

p
trad i ti o n w i t h t h a t d o c tri ne resp e c ti ng t h e D i v i ne
,

N a ture and th e m o d e s o f its s ub s i ste nc e w hich ,

d i sti ng ui sh e s C h risti an th eo l o gy fro m th e sim pl e

t h eism o f sp e c ul ati ve w ri te rs S uc h a d is quis i tio n
.

w o ul d be fo r e i g n t o o ur p rese nt pu rp o se W e h ave .

on ly t o m e nt i o n t he d o c tri ne o f a d i vi ne T ria d as
o ne o f t he c o m m o n c h arac ters o f t h e m o st anc ien t

s ste ms o f g e nt il e th eo l o gy
y .

S c hl eg el, S prache
. uud Weisheit der Indier .
296 GEN ERAL IN F EREN C E S R E S PE CT I N G

It ca nno t b ex p ec ted th at w e s h o ul d h e re e nter

e

i nto a l o ng d i s c ussi o n r esp e c ti ng th e o r i g i n o f th i s

i m i t i re li io n I f t h i s s ubj e c t w e re fo ll o w e d into
p r ve g .

t h e sp e c ul a t i o ns w h i c h it m i g h t o p e n t o o ur Vi e w it ,

w o ul d l e a d us ve ry fa r fro m t h e p r i nc i p al p urp o s e o f
W e sh all th er efo re d i sm i ss it w i th o ne
.

t h i s w o rk
“

.
, ,

o r t w o b ri e f re m a rk s .

I f th e e a rl i e s t r e li g i o n w e re th e p ro d uc t i o n o f th e
h um a nfa c ul t ie s ,
—
ifit h ad b e e ne l a b o ra t e d b y t h e rea so n
a nd i m ag i nati o n o f m e n, w e s h o ul d d o ub tl ess o b serve
it i n t h e g ro sse s t a nd m o st s e nsual in t h e ,
r ud es t a nd
m o s t i m p e rfe c t st at e, in th e fi r s t p e r i o d s o f so c e t i y:
it w o ul d b e fo und t o a s s um e a fi ne d
m o re re c h ar ac ter,

as th e h um a n m i nd b ec a m e m o re c ul t i vate d . B ut t he
v er
y rev e r se of th is is tr ue in p o i nt o f fac t
‘
. T he
e ar li es t fa i th w a s p ur e a nd s i m p l e , e x h ibi t e d com

p re h e nsi v e and e x al te d c o nc e
p ti o ns o f th e D e i ty a nd ,

c o nta i ned t h e m o st a w ful a nd i m re ss i ve s a nc t i o ns of

p
m o rali t y I n s ub s e q ue nt p e ri o d s it a p p ear s t o b e c o m e
.

c o nt i nuall y m o re d e p ra ve d a nd s e n sual A no th e r .

r e m arkabl e c i rc um stanc e is t h e d e e p a nd p o w e rful

i m p ressi o n w h i c h th e reli g i o n o f th e fi rs t ag e s dis

a s o u th e m i nd s o f its d e vo te e s a nd its
p yl p ara m o unt ,

i nfl uenc e o v e r th e wh o l e nat i o nal a nd p e rso na l c h a rac

t e r o f th e p eo p l e w h o w ere s ub m i tt ed t o its i nsti t uti o ns .

N o r is it l e ss i m p o rtant to o b s e rve t h at t h e v o i c e of
al l h i s t o r b o th sac re d a nd ro fa ne a rees in as crib
y , p g ,

ing t h is i nfl ue nc e and th e i m p li c i t fa i th w i th w h i ch
,

t h e d o g mas o f r e li g i o n w e r e re c e i v e d t o th e i r s upe r ,

na t ura l o ri g i n a nd to th e c i rc um sta nc es und e r w h i c h

,

t h e y h ad b ee n re ve a l e d b y th e D e i ty t o t h e h um a n
rac e .

T hefi rst ste p t o war d s th e c o rrup ti o n o f th i s s i mpl e

fo rm o f th eo l o gy seems to have b een the atte mpt to
 TH E O RI G IN A ND H I S TO R Y OF M Y TH O L O G Y . 297

ad o rnit with th e fi g m e nts o f ph il o so ph y, a cco rd i ng

to t h at s tyl e o f p h il o so p h izi ng th at was s ui te d to th e
e n us o f
i th e I t is to th i s eri o d th at w e m ust
g g a e .
p
re fer m o st o f th e p aganc o s mo go ni e s Many o f th em
.

co nta i n th e d o ct ri ne th a t th e w o rl d w as c r e at e d by
t h e vo l untary age nc y of th e S upr em e ; b ut th i s i de a
w as no t e no ugh to sat i s f
y c ur i o si ty, a nd we fi nd it
o fte n bl e nd e d w i th s o m e fanc i ful a nalo g i e s d eri ved
fro m na tura l p ro c esse s th a t ar e d aily o b s e rve d T he .

p ro d uc ti o n o f th e o r ganiz e d w o rl d w as c o mp are d by
so m e to t h e e r m i nat i o n o f see d s ; an i dea w h i c h
g
o c c urs in t h e I nst i t ut es o f M e nu and inso m e o f th e
,

re rese ntati o ns o f th e G rec i an s c h o o l s H en c e al s o

p .

t h e c el eb rat e d fi c ti o n o f t h e M und ane E gg o r th e ,

r o d uc ed S on t ane o usl y inth e w o m b o f E r eb us

e
gg p p ,

c o nta i n i ng in i tsel f th e elem ents w hi c h w e r e after

w ar d s d i st rib ute d i nto t h e var i o us d ep ar tm e nts o f th e
w o rl d .

T o th e sa m e c h il d i sh fo nd ness fo r analo g i e s and

illustrat i o ns w e m ust attrib ute th at d e sc ri pti o n o f the
d e m i ur gus o r c re at i v e p o w e r wh i c h re p rese nt s h im as
, ,

c o m p r i s i n in h i m s e lf t wo se x e s an r o d uc i n
g d p , g al l
s ub o rd i na te c re at ure s b y t h e w ay o f g e nerat i o n On .

th i s s ubj ec t eno ugh h as b e e n sai d in th e fo reg o i ng

a
p g es
M/. si fi yz
f
m .

A no th er i mp o rtan t step in th e p ro g r ess o f s up ers ti

t i o n a nd o ne w h i c h s ee m s t o h a ve l e d t h e w ay t o t h e
,

es ta bli sh m e nt o f th e fi rst p agan w o rsh i p w as th e ,

h abi t o f reso l vi ng th e d o c tr i ne o f e manati o n i nto th o se

d e sc ri p t i o ns o f t h e d e i ty w h i c h verg e to w a rd s p an
th e i s m T h e se tw o th e o ri es are s o nearly a l l i e d that
. ,

t h e fo rm e r na tura lly dege nera tes i nto t h e lat ter wh il e ,

th e p anth ei s ti c rep re se ntat i o n o f th e d i v i ni ty i nvo lv es

298 G ENERAL I N F E R E N C E S, ETC .

or l eads i nevi ta bly to th e d eifi catio n o f material

b e i ngs and part i c ul arly o f th e m o r e str iki ng and
,

c o ns i c uo us o b ec ts in th e v i s i b l e uni v erse T o th e
p j .

s am e st l e o f h il o so h b e l o n th e e rso nifi c at i o n
y p p y g p
o f t h e m o st r e m a rkabl e p o w ers o f na t ure th e co use
,

c rat i o no f e m bl e m s so m e o f th e m t h e m o s t o b sc e ne as
, ,

typ e s o r sy m b o ls o f th o se p o w e rs ; th e d e co ra te d
o m s a nd o r e o us s up e rst i t i o ns o f th e p a a nw o rl d
p p g g g ,

a nd a ll th e p ro d i g i o us a b o m ina ti o ns in w h i c h a
c o r ru t re li i o n e m ul ate d a nd e x c e e d e d th e ac tual
p g
d e p r av i t y o f m e n . A ll t h ese i nno vat i o ns p ro d uce d
a m i st wh i c h d ark ened t h e e y e s o f t h e v i c t i m s o f

sup erstit i o n a nd c o nc eal e d fro m th e m t h o se p r i n c i l es

, p
wh i c h were st i l l reco g niz ed by th e l earned as the
b asi s o f th e i r reli g i o us system .
 BO O K T H E F O U RT H .

O F T H E E XO TE RI C O R PO PUL AR WORS H IP OF
TH E E GY PTI A N S, O F T HE VA RI O US CIVIL
IN S TIT UTI O N S E M A N A TIN G F RO M TH E I R
RE L IGI O N .
 C H A PT E R 1 .

OF TH E ‘ VO R S H I P OF A NI MA L S .

SE CTIO N I .

I ntro d uc tory R emar k s .

THE RE w as no i ngl e fe a t ure in t h e c h arac ter and

s

c us to m s o f th e a nc i e nt E yp t i an s w h i c h ap ear ed to
g p
fo re i g ners so s trange and p o rte nto us as th e r el ig i o us
wo rsh i p p ai d to ani m al s T h e p o m p o us p r o c essi o ns
'

a nd
g r o te s q ue c ere m o ni es o f th i s c el e b rated peop l e
e x c i te d t h e ad m i ra ti o n o f a ll s p e c tat o rs and t h at ,

a d m i rat i o n w a s t ur ne d i n to r i d i c ul e o n b eh o l d i ng th e
o bj e c t o f th e i r d e vo t i o ns I t w as r e m a rk e d b
.
y C le m e ns
and O r i e n l t h at th o se w h o v i s i te d E
gypt app ro ac h e d
ae
g ,

w i th d eli gh t its sac r ed g ro v es and spl e nd i d t e mp l e s ,

ado r ned w i th s up e rb v est ib ul es and l o fty p o rti c o s t h e ,

s c e ne s o f m a n so l e m n a n d m y steri o us r i te s T he
y .

w a lls s a s C l e m e ns s h i ne w i th o l d a nd s il ve r
, y , g ,

and w i th a m b e r and sp ar kl e w i th th e v ari o us g e m s o f

,

I nd i a and E th i o p i a ; and th e re c e sse s are c o nc e a l e d

‘

b y spl end i d c ur ta i ns B ut if y o u e nt e r th e p e netrali a

.
,

and inq ui r e fo r th e i m a ge o f th e g o d fo r w h o s e sa k e ,

th e fane w a s b uil t o ne o f th e Pasto p h o ri o r s o m e

, ,

o th er atte n dant o n th e t em p l e ap p ro a c h e s w i th a so ,

l e m u and m y s teri o us asp e c t and p utti ng asi d e t h e , ,

veil suffe rs o u t o p e ep ina nd o b ta i n a g l i m p s e o f th e

, y

Cl em ens . Pa deg l ib iii

. . . O rigen . adv . Cel sum l ib iii . . .

p 1 21
. .
302 E XOTE R I C OR P O PU L A R R E LI G I ON .

d i vi ni ty . T h e re y o u b eh o l d a s na ke ,
a c ro c o d il e, or

a c a t, o r so m e fitt er i nh abi tant o f a

o th er b e ast ,
a

c av e rn o r a b o g t h a n o f a te m p l e A s i m il ar r e mark .

w as m ad e b y L uc i a n a nd J uv e nal in h is fi fte enth ,

s at i re d er i d e s th e fo lly o f th e E gypt i a ns w h o s e
, ,

ri e sts in h is t i m e h a d d e g e ne rate d i nto a t rib e o f

p
j uggl ers .

Quis nesc it, Vo l usi B ith ynic e, qual ia d em ens

[E gyp t us p o rt ent a c o l at Cro c o d il o n ad o rat
Pars h aec, ill a p avet saturam s erp ent ibus I b im .

is lt
a -
x~ -
x a s 9p

Po rrum e t coe
p e nefas v io l at e e t fr ange re m o t su .

O s anc t as
ge nt es, q uibus h aec nasc untur in h o rtis
N um ina

I t is inth e ri te s o fani m al w o rsh i p t h at t h e e xo te ri c or

p o pul ar c h arac t er o f th e E gyp t i a n sup ersti t i o n m o st

c l earl y de v e l o p e s i t se l f I t is in th e s e r i t es th at w e
.

are e na bl ed to d i sc e rn th ep rac ti ca l te nd e nc y o f th i s
a nc e nt
i o f p ag a ni s m , a nd to e st i m a t e th e
p e c i es
s

e ffe c t s it w a s
m o ra l c a c u at e d
l l to p ro d uc e up o n th e
e
p po le d evo t ed to its i nfl ue nc e . T h i s is no t less im
p o rtant, if w e w i sh to und er st and t h e t r ue c h arac ter
o f t h e m y th o l o g y t h a n th e anal y s i s o f
, p h il o so p h i cal
engm a s,
i in w h i c h t h e vu l gar w ere in no w ay in
t ere ste d , a nd t o th e tr ue se nse o f w h i c h th e
y e r e no t
w
ad m i tted W e shall the refo re pro c e e d int h e fo llo wi ng
.
,

p ages t o ass em bl e t h e m o st re m arkabl e fa cts wh i ch

,

th e anc i ent w ri te rs h ave h and ed d o w n t o us wi th ,

r eferen c e t o th i s s ubj ec t .
 W O RS H I P OF A NI MA LS . 3 03

SEC T I O N I I .

Of the Venerationp aid to A nima k ingener al .

T h e d evo ti o n w i th wh i ch th e i r sac re d ani m al s w ere

r eg ard e d by th e E gyptians d i spl ay ed i tself inthe m o st ,
.

wh i m s i c al ab surd i ti e s I t w as a c ap i tal c r i me to kill

.

any o f th e m v o l untaril y b ut if an I bi s o r a H a wk
w ere ac c i d entall y d estro y e d t h e unfo r tunate auth o r o f ,

th e d e e d w as p ut to d e ath b y th e m ult i t ud e w ith o ut ,

fo rm o f law .I n o rd er to avo i d susp i c io n o f s uc h a n

i m p i o us act and th e sp ee dy fa te wh i c h o fte nensued a
, ,

m a n w h o c h a nc e d to m e e t w i th th e c a r case o f s uc h a
,

b i rd b ega n i m m ed i ately to wail and la m e nt w i th th e

,

utm o st vo c i fera t i o n a nd t o p ro test t h a t h e fo und it

,

al r e a d y d e a d l W h en a h o use ha p p e ne d to b e se t
-
.

o n fi re ,
th e c h i e f al arm o f t h e E g ypt i a ns aro se fro m
th e p r o p ens i ty o f t h e cat s w h i c h He ro d o t us c alls , a

d iv ine instinct to r ush i nt o th e fl am e s o ve r th e h e a d s

,

o r b e tween th e l e g s o f t h e s p ec tato rs : if t h i s catas

trO p h e to o k pl ac e it e x c i t e d a ge nera l l am e nta t i o n

, .

A t th e d e ath o f a c at e ve ry i nma te o f th e h o use c ut

,

o ff h is ey e b ro w s ; b ut a t th e fune ra l o f a d o g h e
-
,

s h a v e d h is h ea d a n d wh o l e b o d y T h e c arc ases o f .

al l th e c ats w e re sal te d a nd c arri e d t o B ubasto s to b e

,

i nte rre d and it is sa i d that ma ny E gyp t i ans arri v i ng

fro m w arlik e e x p e d i ti o ns t o fo rei g n c o untr i es w ere ,

k no w nto b ri ng w ith them d e ad cats and hawk s w hi c h ,

“

th e y had m et wi th ac c i d e ntally and h ad salted a nd ,

H ero do t us, 11 . c. 65 . B io d l ib i p 74
. . . . .

1 B io d l ib i p
. . . .
1 H ero d l ib n . . . c. 66 .

H erodo tus,
‘

c. 6 72
304 E X O TE R I C OR PO PU L A R R E L I GI ON .

p repared fo r se
p u ture,l w i th m uc h p io us g ri ef and
l a m e nt at io n) IE I n th e e x t re m i t y o f fa m i ne, w h e nth ey

w e re d ri ve n b y h ung e r t o d e vo ur e ac h o th er, th e
E gyp ti a ns w er e ne v e r ac c used o f to uc h i ng th e sac red
an m a s
i l .

E ve ry no m e in E gyp t p a i d a p arti c ul a r w o rsh ip to

t h e a ni m al th at w a s c o ns e c rat e d t o its t ut el a r go d
b ut th e re w e re c e rt a i n s p e c i e s w h i c h th e w h o l e nati o n
h e l d i n grea t revere nc e . T h e se w e r e , th e ox, th e
d o g a nd t h e
,
c at ; th e h a w k a nd th e i bis ; a nd the
fish e s t e rm e d x yrh y nch us and l ep id o tus 1
o .

I n e ac h no m e th e w h o l e sp e c ie s o f ani m a l s to the ,

w o rsh i p o f w h i c h it w as d e d i c ate d w as h e l d in great ,

resp e c t ; b ut o ne fav o ure d i nd i v i d ua l w as s e l e c ted to

r ec e i v e t h e a d o rat i o n O f t h e m ul t i t ud e a nd s u
ppl y the ,

l e o f a n i m a e o f th e g o d P erh a s th i s is no t far
p ac g p .

fro m th e s e ns e in w h i c h S t rab o d i sti ng ui sh es the

s a cr ed fro m t h e divine a ni m al s T h us in t h e no m e o f .
,

A r sinOe w h ere c ro c o d il e s w e re sac re d o ne i nd i v i d ual

, ,

o f th i s spec i es w as k ep t inth e t e m p l e a n d w o rsh i p ped

od H e w a s t am e d and w a t c h e d w i th reat
as a
g .
,
g
c are b y th e p ri e sts w h o c all e d h im, S o uc h o s an d ,

h e ate m e at a nd c ak e s wh i c h w e re o ffe re d to h im b y
st rangers i I n th e sam e ne i g h b o urh o o d th er e w as a
o nd appro r i at e d t o th e fe e d i n o f c ro c o d il es w i th
p p g ,

wh i c h it was fill e d t h e A r sinOites c a re full y a b st aini ng

,

fro m h urti ng any o f t h e m S a c re d b ulls w ere k ept

.

in sev eral to wns a nd v ill ag es and no th i ng w as spare d ,

th at see m ed to c o ntrib ute to th e e n j o ym ent o f th ese

h o rned go ds wh i c h w e re p am pe re d in t h e ut mo st
l ux ur y .

B io d l ib i
. . . c . 6 .

t S trabo n Geog raph l ib

. . . x vii. 1 I bid .
 WO RSHI P or Ous na um us . 805

S E CT I O N I I I .

Of the Worship qf Quadrupeds .

l Of Omen .

Of al l animal s, the ox k i nd received in E gy pt the

h igh est ho nours N O ind i vi d ual of th is spec ies was
.

eve r s aughtered
l merely fo r the sak e o f foo d . Bul l s
were i nally kill ed in sacrifi ce b ut co ws were
occas o ,

ex empted even fro m that p eril T hey were sacred

to I si s ;and so impi o us and p oll uted were all tho se wh o
ate the fl esh o f the co w th at n o E yptian m an o r
,g
wo man wo ul d use the k nife or po t o f a Greek o r ,

appro ach his p erso n Whena co w di ed they co m

.
,

m itted h er carcase to th e sac red ri ver ;b ut they b uri e d

b ull s in th e sub urb s wi th o ne or b oth h o rns ab o ve
,

ro und fo r a mark ; an d w h en a stated t i me h ad

g
e l apsed d urin
, g w h i c h th e fl e sh was tho u ht to h av e
g
ro tted away a vessel was sen
, t fro m th e i sl and o f
Pro sopitis inth e D el ta wi th p eo pl e who se o ffice it
,

was to d ig up the b o nes and carry th em to anappo i nted

-
p l ac e wh ere th
,
e y w er e a ll b u ri ed l
S uch was th e respect p aid thro ugho ut E gypt to the
wh o l e k i nd b ut there were i nd i vi d ual s o f t his species
th at c l ai med a si n u lar ve n e ratio n T h e b ull s A p i s
g .

an d Mnevi s were the h ighest inthis rank : the fo r mer

was k ept in a templ e at Me mph i s and the letter at ,

Hel io po l is ; and acco rd i ng to Diodo rus th ey were

, ,

1' Herodotus, l ib . u c 41.

. .
1 Ibi d
!
.

R R
306 . w o a sm r or QU A D R U PE D S .

b o th sac re d t o O si ri s . S trab o sa
y s, t h e y we re no t
s a cr ed , b ut div ine .

A p i s was a blac k b ul l b ut h a d a wh i te star o nhis ,

fo r eh ead t h e fi g ur e o f a n e agl e o n h is b ac k, and,

,

i li n n n h i i h i d * w i th
a c c o rd ng t o P y a c resc e t o s r
, g t s e ,

a kno t und e r h is t o ng ue bli ng th e S c arab aeus ,

re s e m

o r sac re d b e e t l e xl B ut [E l i a n d e c l are s th at t h e b o d y
'

o f A p i s w a s d ec o ra t e d w i th t w e nty ni n e sa c red m ark s -

,

t o ea c h o f w h i c h t h e E gypt i ans ass i g ne d so me

,

m y st i cal i m p o rt no t e asy as th i s a uth o r say s to b e

, , ,

und e rst o o d b y p ro fa ne p e rso ns . O ne of th e se w as

a s ym b o l of t h e inc re a s e of th e N il e ; a no th er w as a

m i cro c o sm or re
p r es e ntat i o n of t h e wo rl d ; a t h i rd

c o nta i ned a m ysti c a ll usi o n t o t hat d ark ness whi ch

e xi ste d b e fo re li gh t w a s b ro ug h t fo r th I

A p i s w as th e o ffs pr i ng o f t h e c el es ti al e l e me nts .

His m o th er was s uppo s e d to b e i mp reg nated b y a .

fl ash o f li ghtni ng o r a c c o rd i ng t o Pl utarc h by the

, , ,

l i gh t o f th e M o o n§ H e li ved tw e nty fi ve y ears whi ch

.
-
,

is well kno wnto have b ee nth e d urati o no f a ce l eb rated

Cy cl e in th e E gyp ti a n m e t h o d o f c h ro no l o gy ; and at

th e e nd o f t h i s p e ri o d h e w as r ep o rted t o d est ro y
h i m sel f b y j um p i ng i nto a w e l l o r a s so m e sai d i nto , , ,

th e N il e T o th i s c atast ro p h e S tat i us all udes

. .

S ay, inwh at m eads t h e go d l ik e A pis d e ig ns

T o bro w ze befo re t he c ro w d o f s uppl iant s wains,
T il l , h ead l o ng m id t h e s ac re d w aters h url d ,
’

S at ed with l ife, h e quits t h e g rieving w o rl d ?

F l inn H ist N at l ib
. . . v iii .
f H ero d l ib iii c 28 . . . . .

1: fE l ian de A nim al l ib . . 11. c. 10 . Pl ut d c I sid . .

S tatii Syl varum, l ib ii c arm ii . . . . v. 1 15 . J abl o nski, Panth .

E gypt l ib iv c ap 2 , p 1 9 9
. . . . . .
 or o x e n: RI TE S OF A PI S . 3 07

T h e d i sco ve ry of a ne w A p i s g av e r i se to a j o y ful
fe sti val ,
w h i c h w as c all e d T h e o p hani a o r th e m a ,

nifestatio n o f th e g o d it co nti nue d se v e n da ys .

iE Iian ,
a d ili ge nt co ll ec to r o f th ese i
s to r e s o f s u e r
p
st itio n w h i c h h e
, see m s to h e so m e t i m es in d o ub t
w h e th er t o l augh a t o r to r ega rd w i th w o nd er a nd
,

v e nera t i o n h a s i ve n us th e fo l l o w i n ac c o unt o f th e
g , g
p ro c ee d i ngs w h i c h to o k p l ac e o n th e d i sc o v ery o f a
ne w A p i s * .

A s so o n a s a rep o rt h as b ee n sp re ad ab ro ad th at
t h e E g yp t i a n g o d h as b e e n b ro ugh t t o li g h t c e rta i n ,

sac re d sc r ib e s w h o are w el l v e rse d in t h e m ys t i c al

,

m arks w h i c h th e y h a ve l e arnt b y t ra d i ti o n a pp r o ac h
, ,

th e s p o t w h ere t h e d i v i ne C o w h a s d e p o si te d h er c al f ,

a nd t h ere fo l lo w i ng th e a nc i e nt p r e sc ri p t o f He rm es
, ,

fe ed it d ur i ng fo ur m o nt h s w i th m i l k in a h o us e w h i c h ,

fro nts t h e r i s i ng s un A fte r th i s p er i o d o f i nfa ncy if

.
,

it m ay b e s o c all e d has p a ss e d th e sa c r ed sc rib e s and

, ,

ro p h e t s reso r t t o t h e d w el li ng o f A p i s a t th e ti m e o f
p ,

t h e ne w m o o n a nd pl ac i ng him ina v e s se l p rep are d

, ,

fo r th e p urp o s e c o nve y h im t o M e m p h i s w h e r e h e h as
, ,

a c o nv e n i e nt a nd d e l igh tful ab o d e w i t h p l ea s ure ,

ro und s a nd a m pl e sp a c e fo r sal ub ri o us e x e rc i se
g .

C o m p a ni o ns are p ro vi d e d fo r h im th e fe m al es o f h is ,

o w n s p ec i e s H e d ri nks o ut o f a w ell o r fo untain o f

.

c l e ar wat e r ; fo r it is no t j ud g e d e x p e d i e n t to a d m i t

him t o th e w ate r o f t h e N il e w h i c h is c o nsi d ere d as ,

to o fa tt e ni ng I t w o ul d b e to o l o ng to re l ate
. c on ,

t i nnes fE l ia n w h a t p o m p o us p ro c ess i o ns a nd sac re d

,

c e r e m o ni e s t h e E gy p tia ns p er fo r m w h e n th e y c el e

b rate th e ri s i ng o f t h e N il e o r th e T heo p h a ni a in , ,

E l ian, l o c . c itat .
308 wo nsm p or A N I M A LS .

ho no ur of this go d ; nd festiviti es,

or wh at d ances, a

an d j o y ful asse mbl ies are app o inted o nth is o cc asi o n,

,

in the to wn and in th e c o untry T he man from .

wh o se fl oc k th e d i vi ne b east h as sp rung is the

h appiest o f mo rtal s and is l o o ked up o n with ad mi
,

rati o n by all th e p eo pl e T his A pi s co n ti nues .

,

E li an , is an ex c ell ent interpreter o f futuri ty He .

d o es no t e mpl oy a w o man sitti ng upo n a tripo d ,

l ik e so me o th er
p go ds, o r re q ui re t hat a r estess sha
i ll
b e i nto x ic ated with the sacred po tio n; b ut i nsp ires
bo y s, w ho pl ay aro und h is stab l e, with the di vi ne
impul se, wh i c h enabl es them to po ur o ut predi cti ons
ingo o d rhy th m .

A pi s , after his tragi c fate

b efo re related was ,

h o no ured wi th a po mpo us funeral in th e templ e o f

S erap is at Me mphi s ; and th e p ri ests fo ll o wed him
,

t o h is to mb ina p ro cessi o n wi th ceremo ni es wh ich

, , ,

acco rdi n to Pl utarch rese mb l ed the rites o f Bacchus

'

g ,

amo n the G reek s *

g .

N ex t to th e Memphi te A pi s the h igh est ho no urs ,

were pai d to the sac red Bul l o f H eli o po l is call ed ,

M ne vis i T his b ull which was d ed i cated to O siris

” ~
.
, ,

was of th e same co l o ur as that go d viz bl ack "

I , . .

Respecting A pis, there is so me d ifferenc e o f o p inio n

am o n t he anc ients ; so me wri ters affi rming that he
g
was d edicated to the Mo o n; tho ugh the more acc u

rate writers, D io d o rus and Strab o d ecl are, o nthe

as ,

c ont rar y , that A pis an d O siris were the same ; b ut

it is a reed,
g o n al l hand s, that M nevis bel o nged to

Plut de Isid cap 3 3

. . . .

1 See
'
Strabo, l il r x vii JE lian l ib xi. ca . 11
. . . .
p .

1: Pl ut dc I sid cap . . .
 or o x e n: munv m A ND o r nan ne w s . 309

O siris, o r to the S un S trab o . y

sa s th at h e was k ept in
a stab e, l wh ich se ems to h ave b een in th e t emp l e of

th e S un, and that he was worsh ipped as a od by the

g
Helio pol itans as A pis was by the Memph ites
, .

A mong th e sac red bull s of inferio r not e Strab o ,

mentio ns o ne which was k ept at Hermo uthis it

A nd .

M acrob ius info rms us that this animal was c all ed

P i ;1 that it was co nsecrated to th e Sun in a
a c s ~

magnifi cent templ e o f A poll o , and distinguished b y

its co lo ur, wh ich was said to c hange every h o ur, a nd
b y the direc tio no f its hair which was reversed .

fE l ianment io ns a sacred b ull , worshipped under the

name o f O nuphis qj He say s it was o f huge b ul k, and
had its hair reversed ; a characteristic assigned al so
to Mnevis § .

Respecting the sacred co ws o f the E gyptians, we

have no thing to ad d to the o bservatio ns givenal ready,
inreference to the rites o f Isis and t he worship o f
N ephthy s We no w p roceed to
.

2 . The Worship (51 70304

T he do g , as we have seen, was sacred to A nubis,
an d was c h iefly wo rshipped at Cy— nepol is, o r t h e city o f
d o gs ; b ut as the rites o f A nubis were every where
conn ected with th ose in h o n our o f I sis, the d o
g
received ven eratio n thro ug ho ut E ypt : an d dogs
g
3?S trabo, l ib xvn 1 Macrob Saturn l ib i
. . . . . . cap . 21 .
1 E l len, l ib xii cap l l . . . .

5 Porphyr, apud E useb Pi mp E vangel lib 111 . . . . . cap . 1 3.

Sacred D ogs were kept inthe templ e of Vul can, inSicily .

E llen lib xii cap 3

. . . . .
3 10 W OR S H IP or QU A D R U PE n s .

ac c o m
p niae d t h e c el e b ra te d Po m p a I si ac a , or th e
ro c e s s io n in h o no ur o f th e h o rne d g o d d e s s
p .

M a ny i d i c ul o us re as o ns a r e a ss i g ne d fo r the
r

r ev e re nc e a i d to t h e d o ki nd E li an h as i
p g [ g ve nus .

a c o l l e c t io n o f th e m S o m e sa i d th at it a ro se fro m
.

th e i d ea th a t y o ung d o g s are bl i nd fo r th i rt ee n d ay s
a ft e r t h e a r e w h e l e d a nd th e M o o n is d a rk th i rte e n
y p ,

d ay s in t he y ear O th e rs c o nne c t e d t h e w o r sh i p o f
.

t h e d o g w i t h t h e i m p o r ta nt sta ti o n o f t h e d o star
g
-

in th e E gy pti an c al e nd ar l .
ae

3 . Of the Wo rship of Ca ts .

C ats w e re i fl y w o rsh i pp e d a t Bub asto s We

ch e .

h ave l
a re a dy m e nt i o ne d th e a nxi e ty m a ni fest ed b y
th e E gy p t i a ns t o p ro c ure fo r d e a d c a ts , w h e reve r they
fo und th e m , th e ri te s o f s ep ul tur e .

T h e E g ypt i a ns d i sc o ve re d so m e th i ng p e c uli arly

v e nera bl e in d o s a nd c a ts as w e l e a r n fro m the
g ,

ep i th e ts a
p p li e d t o th e m .

Per t ua s istra prec o r, p er A nub idis o ra vere n a d .

S anc t a B ub astis T h e h o l y B ub as tis .

S uc h w as th e e
p i th e t of th e c a t-
g o dd ess + .

Pl ut a rc h sa
ys t h ere is a w o nd e rful s m a t h y
y p
b e tw ee n th e p up il o f th e c at s e ye a nd t he i nc rease ’

an d wa ni ng o f th e M o o n; a nd a m y s te ri o us re l a ti o n

E l iand e A nim al , l ib . x . cap . 45 .

T O vid, A mor l ib ii . . . el eg . 13 . M etam l ib ix . . . v. 68 7 .

 TH E C A T, TH E W O L F, A ND TH E RA M . 31 1

b etween th e num b e r o f y o ung a c at b ea rs at o ne

li tter and th e numb er o f th e l unar d ays and b y th ese
,
-

anal o i es w e a re t o l d th a t t h e E
g , gyp ti ans ac c o unte d
fo r th e strange ve nerati o n in w h i c h th i s ani m al was
h el d am o ng th e m ale .

H o rap o l l o s ay s, th e statue o f t h e S un a t H el io p o
l is ,
w a s in t h e
fi gure o f a e at ; b ut h e is th e o nly
a uth o r w h o m ak es t h i s a ss e rti o n T h e c at is b y al l .

- .

o th e r w r i ters ass i ned ex c l us i v e l

g y o B ub astis and
t
th e M o o n+ .

4 . Wors hip of t he Wo lf:

T h e w o l f w as w o r sh i pp e d at L y c o p o li s ,
as th e
nam e of th a t c i ty im p o rts .

W e le ar n fro m fE l ia n t h a t t h e w o l f w as
,
sac re d to
A p o ll o , t h at is t o H o r us T h e re aso n o f t h i s c o use
, .

c ra t i o n is b ec ause A p o ll o wa s b o r n o f L at o na o r, as
, ,

th e E gyp ti ans sa id nurse d by h e r in t he fo rm o f a

,

wo lf . F o r th i s r e as o n al so a st at ue o f a w o l f sto o d
,

in th e t e m pl e of A po ll o ,
at D el ph i } ,

5 . Wo rs hip of t he R a m .

T he ra m w a s h el d sa c re d T h eb es in U pper
at ,

E gyp t , a nd at S a i s in th e ,
D el ta § T h o se wh o
.

w o rs h i p in th e t e m p l e o f t h e T h e b a n J upi t er say s
“

H ero d o tus, ab sta i nfro m sh ee

p ,
a nd sac r ifi c e g o at s .
"
4:
Pl ut d e I sid
. .
1 H o rap H ierog l ib i . . . cap . 10 .

I iE l ian, l ib . x . c ap . 26 . S trab o, l ib . xvu. p 559

. .

H ero d n 4 2 . . .
 3 12 wo asnrr or q uana ur nns .

They assigned, as a reaso nfor this custo m, a story,

the p urpo rt o f which is unin tell igible, that J upiter, or
i h i m l f in h -sk in when he
Am m o n, d is
gu sed se a s eep
ap peared to Hercul es T he T he bans never k ill ed a
.

ram, except at th e an nual festival of A mmo n, when

the y cl o thed the statue o f the go d with the sk in .

T his statue had the h umanform, with the head of a

ram) “

I nth e N itriotic no me, say s Strab o, S erdpis is

wo rsh ipped, and h ere o nl y sheep are sac rificed by
"
the E gy ptians .

6 . Of the Worship of the Goat .

T he worship o f the Mend esiangoat was o ne o f the

most singul ar parts o f th e E gypti an superstitio n .

T h ese rites were as ab o minabl e as the ad o rationof

cats an d d ogs was ridi c ul o us .

T he mal e-goat was wo rshi pp ed, as we have seen ,

as an image of the same po wer wh i ch th e Greeks

rso n i fi d with t h e t i tl e o f Priap us O ne h e-go at

7‘
e e
p .

represen ted th e go d Pan and was k ept inth e te mpl e

,

o f Men des, b ut all th e spec i es was sacred th ro ugh

the no me .

S trab o gives us, ina fe w wo rds, anidea o f the rites

o M n
’
d 8 i d oi ivaa dder
’ ’
f e e s. 0 s ) H v a
p g (p i e, 6 r pé w
o r m :
-
.

l n -
w g “y
r u n) si e m : The p assage o f Pindar to which ,

the geo grapher refers, is t he fo ll owing

MirB-m am pel
n . x
pn
l ’
p w v da zaw cmg
'

’
N ich es m potg, orig/[Gowns
M
0 94 r powol y wa l El a y ors-a ni
‘ ’

Herod. l oc . cit . 1 A pud Streben l ib . . xvii. p 55 1

. .

it h w
twt m
 o n TH E W O RS HIP or TH E GOA T . 3 13

T h i s d etestabl e c usto m w as th ere fo re as a nc ent as i

Pi ndar, w h o li ved five c e nturi es b efo re th e Ch ri st i an
e ra and b bly it w m uc h m o r e anc i e nt
, p ro a as .

H ero d o t us c o nfi rms th i s ac co unt b ut h e m e nti o ns ,

it as a rare a nd p o r te nto us o cc urre nc e Pl utarc h .

m a k e s a c uri o us re m a r k upo n th i s subj e c t

‘
O .

M evdqm og év A l y tlfl f to r pauy og M y er o uw oh h a ig x a l no mad ;

' ' ' ' "
' '

,
‘
'

i
'
vd s evog el m ; /0 0 9m ar o du og
g
’
envei
py f y u m i i oim
H y a
p p
, ,

d w pog T ot g a l y ocg ezs-r orfr ou radians O n whi ch

‘ ‘
i
’
( od i e '
.

B o c h art p ro p erly rem arks N e m p e s o l a in b rati s ,

N atura s ee
pe pl us p o t est q ua m in h o m i ne rat o i .

d m al o rum 1 45
T antum Rell igio p o t uit s ua ere

7 Of t he Wors hip of the D eer

. .

A t C o pto s, wh ere I s i s w as ad o re d w i th a g re at
e xh ibi t i o n o f at tac h m e nt a nd d ev o ut g ri e f th e ,

E gypti a ns co nsec rate d to h e r w il d d eers ,

a nd wor
s h ipp e d th e m . T he sa m e p eo
pl e h el d it no cr i me to
kill a nd e at t h e m al e of th e sa m e s
p ec i es

8 . Of the Worship of M o nk eys and A p es .

It a
p p ears t h at t w o a ni m a l s of th e mo nk e y -t ri b e
we r e in E gyp t fo r S trab o i nfo r ms
w o rs hi pp e d ,

us th at t he B a byl o ni a ns a d o re d a C epus, a nd t h e

H er m o p o l itans a Cyno c ep h al us Cy nocep ha l us h as .

T h es e auth o rit ies are c it ed b y B o ch art . H iero z o ic . l ib .

11 . p 6 4 2 ; and fro m him b y J ab l o nski

. .

1 l E l ian, l ib x cap 23 . . . .
 3 14 WO RS H I P OF MON KE YS .

b ee n su
pp o s ed to b e th e na m e on i m ag e o f
f a

n
A ub is fi w i th th e h ead o f a
le
d o g j o i ne d t o th e
,

b o d y o f a m an; b ut th i s is e v i d e ntl y a m i stake .

B o th th e C ynoc e p hal us a nd th e C e p us a re d esc r ibe d

by 1E Iian -l~ and b y A ri s t o t l e A ri st o tl e a ft e r m en
,
.
,

t io ning b o th t h es e ani m a l s rem arks t ha t t h e C epus ,

h as a t ai l i H e nc e it w o ul d a p p ear th a t th e C yno c e
p h al us m ust have b e e nan a p e .

H o ra po l l o says t h at t h e Cy no c eph al us w as sac red

t o H e rm es b ec ause o ne trib e o f th e se a ni m al s was
,

su
pp o se d t o un d e rs ta nd t h e us e o f l et ters a nd th at ,

wh en a new m o nk ey w a s i ntr o d uc e d i nto th e t empl e ,

t o s up p ly th e plac e o f h is p re d e c es so r th e p ri ests
“

tr i ed w h e th er h e w a s c o m p ete nt t o t h e d i g ni ty c o n x

ferr ed upo n h im b y p l a c i ng a w ri ti ng tabl e t wi th a

,
-
,

p e nand ink b efo r e him § .

W e kno w no th i ng fur th e r r e sp ec ti ng th e w o rship

o f th e se a n i mal s Pe rha p s th e H e rm o pOl itans c o use
.

c rate d an a e t o H er m es o n a c c o un t o f its sagaci ty

p .

9 . Of t h e I c h neum o n .

T he i c h neum o n w as w o rsh i pp ed at Herac l eo po li s ,

M inut F el ix O c tavio c ap 2 1 Ter tul l ian, A pol og ca

p
. . . .
, . .

v i. These writ ers c al l A nub is , C y no c e h al us I t w o ul d seem

p .

t h at Pl utarch al so c al l ed A nub is, C y no c e p hal us Isis e t O s iris,

cap . 73 .

1 E l ian, de A nim al l ib x c ap 3 0 l ib
‘
. . . . . . x vu. c a .
p 8 .

I A risto t H is t A nim al l ib ii
. . . . . ca
p 8 . .

H orap i . .
p 14
ca . .

S trab o , l ib x v ii
. . fE l ian, l ib . x . c ap . 47 .
or TH E SH R EW- M O U SE , L I ON, A ND R I V E R -H O R S E . 3 15

Wh er e it p r o b ably r e prese nte d Herc ul es fE lia n say s .

it w as sac red to L ato na and L uc i na th at is to Buto ,

and B ub astis .

10 . Of t he S hrew-M ouse .

T h e sh re w —
m o use , or m yg al e * w as ,
g o dd ess o f no
a

sm a ll i mp o rta nc e in E gypt si nc e , ,
und e r th i s fo r m

L ato na or B uto w as w o rs h i p p e d T h e G re e ks . a ss i gn
th e i m ag i ne d bli nd ne s s o f th i s ani m al as th e r easo n
fo r d ed i c ati ng it to th e g o d d ess o f ni gh t o r d ar k ness ,
.

T h e sh re w m o us e w a s w o r sh i p p e d in th e A t h rib itic
-

no m e r l

1 I Of t h e L ion .

T he li o n w as w o rsh i p p e d at L eo nto p o lis but we

h av e no p ar ti c ul ar a c c o unt o f th e r i te s p a i d to it } ,

12 . Of t he H ipp op o tam os .

T h e h ipp o p o ta m o s w a s s ac re d t o Papre m is, o r

M a rs a nd w as w o rs h i pp e d in t h e Pa p re m itic no m e ,
,

b ut in no o th e r part o f E gypt Pap re m is ap p e a rs to

. .

h a v e b e e n a fo r m of Ty p h o n
i ngl y t h e h i ppo
. A c c o rd

ta m os w as o ne o f t h e a ni mal s c all e d T y p h o ni a n §
p o .

T h e ass w a s a no th e r T y p h o ni an a ni m al b ut it ,

S o rex A ra ne us, o r sh re w- m o us e . L inn S ys t N at

. . .

1 S trab o
“
.

S trab o , l ib Po rph yr l ib iv 9 D e A bst inent ia

I . x v u. . . . c ap . . .

S ee t h e fo rego ing sec tio n o nPap re m is . Pl ut d e I side

.
'
 3 16 T Y PH O N I A N A NI MA L S . I M PU RE A NI M A L S .

d o es no t a
pp ea r to h av e re c e v e d i wo rsh i p in an
y
art of A t C o to s it w a s t h e c usto m,
E gyp t on
p p .

c ertai n o cc a si o ns t o t h r o w a n a s s d o w n a p rec i i c e,
p
ino rder to e xp re ss d etestat i o n o f Typh o n* .

13 . Of Imp ure A nim a ls .

T he O r yx w as c o ns i d ere d by th e E gyptia ns as

im p ure fo r re a so n a s r i d i c ul o us as a n of
,
a
y p art
'
t h ese myst i c a l i t i es l
’
ab s urd or a w o mr
p q
at k tg
phg nit!
ar
'

fi 919 HN d & f ig
'

7 06 r ofi T
a va r oh v, 7 ov, T t saw
¢fig
' ‘
U E IT T
P po

éd
'
get ig
a (pom iv
-
i
( t A ty u7r fl o z q uia a d o ri e ntem
’ '
—
s o eml co nv ers us al vum d ej ic it xl O th er e qually
e nt e rt a ine d r e s
st range no t i o ns we r e p ec ti ng th e or yx ;
as th at h e t urne d to th e E ast a nd
g ave no ti c e of the
i i ng
r s of t h e d o g s tar b y s nee zi ng ;
r
as if h e sc en
-
ted it
inth e a ir : th at h e utte re d a s o und at th e t i m e wh en

th e m o o n r i ses like a vo c e o i f e x ec rati o n§ .

T h e h o g , ac c o rd i ng t o fE lia n wa s an i mp ure
a ni m al , b eca us e h e d o e s no t a b s ta i n fro m ea t i n h is
g
o w n o ffs prin H e r o d o t us sa s th a t sw i ne w ere
g .
y
h el d i mp ure t h at a p e rso n w h o h ad b ee nac cid e n
so ,

ta lly t o uc h e d by an a ni m a l o f t hat ki nd i m m e d i ately

we nt to wa sh h i m s el f w i th h is c l o t h es in a rive rl , ,

S w i neh e rd s w ere re fuse d a d m i tta nc e i nto t h e E g yp

t ia n t e mples a nd fo rm e d a d i st i nc t ca st e w i th w ho m
, ,

o th er perso n s re fus ed to int e rm arry Y et at th e full .

E l ian, d e A nim al l ib . . x . ca
p 28 . . S ee al so H orapo ll o,
l ib i
.
p 49
. ca . .

1 Pl inii H ist N at l ib n cap 40

'
. . . . . . .

1 Pl ut inl ib utra anim

. . . fE l ian, l ib x . ca .
p 16 .

H erod l ib n . . . cap . 47 .
1I Pl utarc h de I sid . ca
p 30
. .
 I M PU R E A N I M A LS . B I RD S . 3 17

m o o n, th e E gy pt i ans were a c c usto me d to sac r ifi c e

swi n e to t h at
plane t, and t o ea t th e fl esh .

T he G reek m y th o l o g i sts p res erve so me trac e s o f

t h e co nse c rat i o n o f o th er a ni m a l s, w h i c h we d o no t
d i sc o ver in th e E g ypt i a n th eo cracy, th o ugh it is

p ro b a bl e that t h e y o nc e h ad p l ac e s in it T h e bi tc h .

w a s th e ni m al o f H ec at e as well as the
sac re d a ,

li o ne ss t h e b ull and th e h o rse ; the sh e-wo l f o f

, , ,

D i a na ; a nd a li o n and a d rag o n o f the S un} ?c A l l ,

t h ese are
p ro b abl y th e t r ac es of E gyp ti an sto ri es
w h ich a re l o st .

S E C TI O N I V .

Of the Wo rs hip of B irds ?

1 . Of t he H a wk
-
.

T h e E gypti ans sa s fE l ian

y re vere nc e t h e
, ,

h awk a s sac r e d to A p o l l o , w h o m the y nam e , int h e i r

,

”
l ang ua g e Ho rus h
T ese bi d s are te rm ed T h a ust i
r .
”
.

T h e p r i ests o f H o r us a re ca ll ed H ierac o b o sc i, or

H a w k fe e d e rs,-
i nc e it is th e i r o ffi c e to t ak e c are o f
s

th e s a c re d h a w ks T h e w h o l e sp ec i e s is co ns e c rated
.

if
Po rph yry de A bstine ntia lib
. . . vi.

1 Vestiges o f th e wo rsh ip of b irds are v er

y numero us in the
G rec ian m yt ho l o gy . S ee t h e b irds of A ristoph anes, w h ere
al l t h ese t races are assem b l ed, and
pl aced in t he m o st ridic a
l o us p o int o f vie w . S ee al so E l ian de A nimal ibus, l ib x ii . .

ca
p 40 . .

I fE l ian, H i st A nim lib . . . x . ca

p 14. .
 3 18 SA CRE D BI RDS . TH E HA WK .

t o th i s go d b ut th e re are s o m e i l
art c u a r bi rd s w h i ch
p
t h e y fe ed w i th g re at c are s ac r e d g ro v e s, as in t h e
d e d i c ate d in a p e c ul i a r m a nner t o A p o ll o .

H o r us w as o ne o f t h e g o d s w o rs h ipp e d b y the i

wh o l e E gy p ti annat i o n, a nd t h e h aw k w as e v er y w h ere

s ac ne d , b ut re c e i ve d a p a r ti c ula r w o rsh i p A p o l lino

at .

po li s + I t w as fro m t h i s c i rc um sta nc e
.
t h at A p o l l ino

o l i s is c al l e d b S t rab o t h e c i ty o f H a w k s } T h e
p y , , ,

t e m p l e o f H o r us c o nt a i ne d a st a t ue o f t h a t g o d w i th ,

th e h e a d o f a h a w k .

T h e reaso n as sig ne d fo r d e d i c at i ng th e h a wk to
H o rus is t h e b o l d fli g h t w h i c h th i s b i rd is o b se rved
t o m a k e to w a rd s th e S un w i th o ut a pp e ari ng to b e ,

fro m H o rap ol l o
l

t d az z l e d b y it s ra
y § s . It a
pp e ars ,

th at t h e fi g ure of a h aw k w a s a co m mo n em bl em o f
’

ith e S un i n th e h i e ro gl yp h i c p a int i ng s a nd
,
sc ul tures
p

E o f t h e E gy pt i a n

no ti o n
s T h e li fe o f th i s b i rd
.

m m o nl y p r eva ili ng am o n
, a c co rd i n
g
it o a co
g t h at p eo
e x t e nd e d to s e v e n h und re d V a ri o us
pl e, y e a rs .

l o us ib ut es w e re a sc ri b e d to
a t tr th e h a w k as th e ,

o t ive s fo r p ay i n h im d i v i ne h ono urs

g .

T h e sp e c i e s o f h a w k w h i c h w a s t h e o bj ec t o f
th i s i do l a t ro us v e ne ra t i o n a p p ears t o h a ve b ee n th e

F al c o C o m m uni s o f L innae us fi l I n t h e i sl a nd o f
‘

Ph il ae o n th e c o nfi nes o f E th i o p i a a no th e r sp e c i e s
, ,

o f th e sam e g e nus was c o n sec rat e d w h i c h ac c o rd i n

g , ,

t o S trab o w a s b ro ug h t fro m th e i nt e ri o r o f A fri c a

, ,

and d i ffe re d e sse n t i all y fro m th e E t i an h a w k

gy p

fE l ian, H is t A nim l ib . . . vi i . c a
p 9
. .

E useb Praep E vange l l ib iii

. . . . . ca
p 12
. .

I S t rab o , G eo gr l ib . . x vn . fE l ian, l o c . c it at .

H o rapo l l H iero gl yph l ib i

. . . . cap . 8 .

1TM S avig ny, D es c rip t io n d e l E g yp te

’
. .

S t rab o , G e o grap h l ib x vii . . .

 TH E C R O W, VU L T U R E , E A G L E, I BIS
'

. 3 19

T h e h aw k was no t on
bl emat i c a l o f H o rus
ly em ,

b ut o f O si ri s al so I t is c e rtai n a t l e ast th a t th e
.
, ,

stat ues a n,
d sc ul ptur ed fi gure s o f th i s g o d ar e c o m ,

m onl y d i sti ng ui sh ed b y t h e h ea d o f a h a wk .

2 . Of the Cr o w .

T he c r o w, l
a so , to A p o l l o ,
w as sa cred or H o rus :
I n th e ne i gh b o urh o o d o f C O p to s, o nl y t wo i nd i v i d ual
bi rd s of i s sp ec i es w e re to
th be se e n,
w h i c h b e l o ng e d
t o th e t e m p l e o f A p o l l o f“

3 . Of th e Vul ture .

I n th e Ci t y of E il it hy ja ,
or L uc i na, vu l tures w ere
s a c red , a nd th e i m ag e of th e go d d es s wa s inth e fo rm
o f a v ul tur e fir

4 . Of t he E ag l e .

T he l e w a s sa c re d in th e T h e b a n no m e
g
ea ,

in t h e t e m pl es o f J up i te r A m m o nfg

5 . Of the I bis .

T h e ibi s is o ne o f th e m o st c el eb rate d o f th e sacre d

ani m al s o f E gy p t a nd it w as se co nd t o n
,
o ne inth e

E l ian l ib
. . v1 1 . c ap . 18 .

1 E us e b Prae p E vang l ib iii

. . . . . c ap . 12 .

I S treb e n, Geo graph l ib . . x

320 WO R SH I P or A N I M A LS .

SE C T I O N V .

Of fabulo us B ird s, whic h a re tr aced in t he E gyp tian

M y tho logy .

S c arc ely an i m a i nar b e i n h a s b ee n th e th eme

y g y g
O f m o r e num e ro us fabl es a nd c o n j ec tures th an th e

Ph oenix . I t w a s m uc h c el e b rat e d am o ng th e E gyp

ti ans fro m wh o se my th o lo gy th i s fi c ti o nh as d esc e nd ed
,

to t h e p o e try o f m o d ern ti m es .

T h e i mp o r tant p la ce w h i c h th e Ph oenix h el d inthe

re li i o us fa bl e s o f E y t a p e a rs fr o m t h e fre quen t
g g p p
r ec ur re nc e O f its fi ure in th e sc ul p tur es O f th e
g
t e m pl es in th e T h eb a i d I n m o st o f th e se w o nd erful
.

ed ifi c e s it s s ee n m any i
i t m e s r ep e a t e d * .

T h e fath ers O f th e C h r i st i an c h ur ch h ave c o usi

d ered th e Pho enix as an em bl e m O f th e r es urrec ti o n
o f t h e d ead a nd th e fut ure li fe A s th ese id eas .

are n o t fo re i g n to t h e d o c tri nes O f th e E g y pt i an

h il o so h ers it is o ss ibl e t h a t t h e m a h ave b een

p p , p y y
a sso c i at e d in s o m e m a nner w i t h t h i s sy m b o l ; b ut th e

c h i ef a n d p ri m ary al l us i o n o f th e Ph oenix see ms as ,

fa r as w e c an l ear n t o h ave b e e n O f a d i fferent

,

d e sc ri pti o n T h i s bi r d ac c o rd i ng to H o rap o l l o l and

.
,
'

o th er wr i ters w as a t y p e o f t h e S un and o f t h e great

, ,

D escrip tio n d es A ntiquit és d E dfou, p ar E J o mard,

’
.

D escrip tio n de l E gypte

’
in th e .

1 H o rapo l l H iero gl yph

~
. .
 or F A BU LOUS BI RDS . 3 21

l
so ar y ear Of th e Ol d E gypti ans * Th e durati on o f
.

its li fe is var o us i ly d efi ned ; b ut it seems generally

a
greed th at th e p e ri o d o f its ag e b o re a reference to
s o m e ast ro no m ca
yc l e A c co rd i ng to H ero d o tus it
i l c .
,

l ived 500 y ears ; b ut m any auth o rs do ubl e th i s p eri o d,

as N o nnus,

'

xtk osfl qg 0 0 4559 gpmg é7r éuodp w

’ ‘ ’
Gama?
’
'

o eo
'
wEr e
( PoT
fl u x gio n (be aw
p .

B ut T ac i tus pr o b abl y
,
y d efi nes w i th m o re acc urac ,

th e age o f th e Ph oenix to b e 1 4 6 ] y ears wh i ch is th e ,

d uratio no f th e g r eat y e ar o f th e E gyp ti ans ; at th e

end o f wh i ch th e ap o c ata stasi s t o o k p l ac e wh en all ,

t h e p l anets w ere s up p o sed to r et urn to o ne po i nt

inth e h eavens i
The y o ung Ph oenix mad e its
ppeararce at H eli o a

o li s, and d epo s i te d t h e b o d y o f its fath er i n th e

p
t emp l e O f t h e S un O th ers say th at th e O l d bi rd
.

cam e to E gy t and th ere d i e d up o n a funeral - il e,

p p
and th at th e new Ph oeni x spr a n
g fro m its a sh es I .

sh a l l c i te C l aud i ans d e sc ri pti o n, b ec ause it c o ntains

’
.

mo st O f th e c rc um stanc es re
i l ate d of th i s bi rd .

O fel ix h mresque t ui . Que so l vim ur o m nes ,

H oe tib i s upped it at . v ire s . Praebet ur or igo

Per n
c i erem . M o rit ur t e no n p ereunt e se nec tus .

Vidisti quo dc unque fuit Te saec ul a t este .

Cunc ta revo l vunt ur N o sti quo t em p o re p o nt us

.

F uderit el atas sc op ul is s t ag nant ib us undas ;

Cum b uj us vita anni m agni fi eri co nvers io nem rata tides

est ap ud auc t o res S o l in Po l yhist c ap 3 6
. . . . .

1 S ee S al masius in S o l inum
‘
Th is wri ter has . c i ted th e
ii
author t es o f Manetho n, D i o n, Firmi cus, and Censori nus .
322 F A BU L OUS B I RD S .

Quis Phaetho nteis erro rib us ars erit annu s

Et c l a es d te nul l a rap it, so l usque sup erst es

E d o m ita t el l ure m anes . N o n s t am ina Parc ae

”
I nt e c l ara l eg unt, no nj us h ab ue re no c endi .

l d est G reek w ri ter wh o m enti o ns th e

H es i o d is th e o

Ph oe nix ; b ut th e fabl e is v e ry a nc i e nt fo r it se e ms ,

unq ue s ti o nabl e th at it is all ud e d t o in th e b o o k o f

J ob .
’Ie

c h ap . xx ix . 1 8 ; wh ich
J ob, gh t t o b e re ndered, ou
a
t v .

T h en I s aid, I s h all die inm y nes t, and I sh al l m ul tip l y m y

”
d ay s as t h e Phoenix T he S ep t uag int rend ered t h e H eb re w
.

w o rd by (I’M WE, wh ic h m ay m ea ne it h er a p al m -tree or

, t h e fab u
l o us b ird c al l e d Ph oe nix and th e se nse o f t he pass agepro ves
t h at w e ght t o und ersta nd t h e l at t er
ou B ede w as t h e fi rst .

auth o r w h o righ t l y ap preh e nd ed t h e s ense o f t h is

p assage .

H e say s, Pal ma autem arbo r sec und um Grae co s <I> om £dic itur .

A i
v s quo que il l a q uam m ul t i fac il e q uid am v iv ere a ut um ant

sm u g, eo de m nihil o m inus v o c ab ul o nunc up at ur . Po tuit

fo rt as s is d e e ad em li o c l o c o d ix iss e, ut sic ut il l a nid um s ibi

fac iens, in ipso p o st m ul t a t e m p e ra a sem e tip sa c o nc re m ari,

e t r urs us d e ej usd e m nidi c inerib us fert ur in t ra b reve t em pus
r e surg ere , quae d ein c e s m ul t is v ivat t e m o rib us
p ; fi eri e rgo
p
p o t e s t, at B J o b in sim il it udinem avis ill ius d icat, se p os t
.

m o rt em in c arnis c inere, v el u t in nido p ro t em p o re futurum

et inde res urrec t ur um in gl o riam ; at q ue h o s aat erno s esse

d ies ques m ul t ip l ic and o s sib i fi d el is D ei c ul t or ex p e c t e t . I ta

enim e t sup erius l o c ut us e st, d ic ens, Et r at s a m c irc um d ab o r

p el l a m ea e t in c arne m e a v ide b o D e um
’
.

I t is re m ark abl e that Sir W D rumm o nd sh o ul d h av e pr o .

o se d th is in t er ret at io n o f th e p assa e in J o b as a new

p p g ,

c rit ic is m o f h is o w n Pro b ab l y h e h ad o verl o o k ed t h e p assage

.

of B ed e abo ve quo ted . Y et t h e wh o l e p aragrap h is given by

B o c h art l ength in his H iero z o ic o n, p 8 1 9
at l
. .

Th e s am e amb iguity in t h e m eaning o f t he wor d s om h as

e
al so l e d t he p o e t E z ech i el int o a ridic ul o us bl under, whic h has
 WOR SH I P or R E PTI L ES .

S E C T I O N VI .

Of the Worship of R ep tiles, I ns ects, F ishes, and P l ants.

1 The Cr o co dile .

T h ere w ere th ree p r o v i nc es in E gyp t Wh ere th e

c ro c od il e w a s w o rsh i pp e d, v iz th e no m es C o p to s, O f .

i no e a nd O mb o s
' '

A rs , T h e p eo pl e o f O m b o s d u
.
g
t ank s fo r th e m fe d t h e m a nd t aug h t th e m t o c o m e
, ,

w h e n c all ed T h e r ea so n a ss i gne d b y t h e O mb ites

.

fo r th i s rev er e nc e o f th e c ro c o d il e was d eri ve d fro m .

t h e E g yp t i a n d o c tr i ne o f m y sti cal num b ers t h ey

no t escap ed th e no t ice o f B o ch art . I t is ment io ned inE xo dus,

c . xv. v. 27, t h at th e H eb rews, in t h eir j o urney t hro ugh t h e
d esert, fo und Pal m - trees at E l im E zech iel m ist ak es th e
.

m eaning of th e G reek w o rd, and ac cordingl y intro d uc es a .

m essenger info rm ing M o ses th at h e h as se en t h e Phce nix in

t h at p l ace .

Er spov 6s moi; ny
‘‘
r oT d { wow Eévoy
‘

; si o e
' l
Ga up a gir, 35 mu
'
07
07 3
pa ms r i g a .

r?
i a
'

y p {iv- ) nc m g a isr a
xs ddr,
-
de o ur a v o
'

fl Ot nl A OI O W i ds xpaift a o w
'

fi
pi
' ‘ '
r e o at .

S ee B usc h Przep E vang l ib ix

. . . . .

A l l th e p assages in anc ient auth o rs referri ng t o the t nix

may b e see n c o l l ect ed inB o c h art s H iero z o ic o n, p 8 1 9, &c
’
.
.

I n S ir W D rum m o nd s E ss ay i Cl assi c al J o urn vo l x iv I n

.
’
n . . . .

L arch er s M e m o irs sur l a Perio d e Cani c ul aire, &c M em de

’
. .

S ee al so D o rnedde ns Pham enO p h es Oder

’
1 I nst it ut Ro yal
’
.

Versuch e iner neuentheoriefi ber d enursprun d er k unst und g

'

m yth ol o gie .
 WO RSH l P OF R E PTI L E S .

fanc i ed th at th i s li ves sixty y ears go es six ty

a ni m al ,

d a ys p reg na nt lay s s ixty e gg s h as sixty t eeth and as

, , ,

m any v ert e b ra T he w o rsh ippe rs o f th i s c reature

.

w e re so i nfa t uat e d t h a t m o t hers rej o i c ed wh e n th e i r

,

c h il d re n w e re d e v o ure d b
y c ro c o d i l e s b eli ev ing that ,

re at h o nOur w as c o n ferred u o n t h e m by th e
go d
g p
wh o c o d e c e d n d fe ed up o nt h e i r ff n *
n s e t o o s p i g
r .

T h e c ro c o d il e w as s ac re d to T y p h o n w h o was sai d ,

to h av e a ss um ed th i s fo r m r l
-
I t w as d e st ro y e d by the
'

e o l e o f T en t y ra, a nd t h e o th er d i st ri c t s o f E y t
p p g p ,

and v io le n t fe uds a ro se b etw ee n th e v o t a ri es and the

en e m i es o f th i s a ni m al T h e A po l lino po l ites w h o used
.
,

t o h ang c r o c o d i l es up inth e i r t re e s a nd e at th e m aft er ,

b e ati ng th em to d eath w er e re g ar d e d w i th p ecul iar

,

detestati o n by th e i r nei g hb o urs O f O m b o s .

2 . Serp ents .

T h e E gypti ans a c co rd i ng to Phyl a rc h us, re arded

,
g
th e a sp wi th p ec uli ar ve nerat i o n a nd re nd ered th ese ,

v eno m o us an m a s s o
i l tam e th at th ey wo ul d fe ed fro m

t h e h a nd s O f c h il d re n and c o m e fr o m t h e i r h i d i n
,
g
p l ac es w h e n s umm o ned by a no ise m ad e w i th th e 3 ,

fi ng er s i
E li an r elates a sto ry wh i c h e x e m lifi es th e iaflu
p
enc e o f th i s st ra n e s u erst i t i o n u o n t h e d e l ud ed
g p p
w re tc h es a d d ic ted to it A l ab o ure r e mp lo y e d in
'

.
,

d ig gi ng a trenc h in a v i ney ard ac c i d ental ly c ut an ,

asp in p i ec es by a bl o w o f his s ad e T he man was

p .

j E l ian, l ib 21, ~
. x . cap . ca
p 24
. .
1 I b id .

1 A pud E l is e, de Hi st A nimal, l ib . . xvu. c a

p 5 . .
 WORSH I P or TH E C RO C O D I L E . 32 5

so t errifi ed by th e h o r ribl e im pie t—

ppo sed h im y he su

self to h ave c o m m i tted th at h e b ec ame fran tic and , ,

ranab o ut i mpl o ri ng s uc c o ur fan c i n h i m s el f ursued

y g p ,

by th e angry reptil e go d H e at l eng th O b ta i ned a -

.

'

c ure o nreso rtin

, g to th e te mp l e o f S e rap i s th e E gyp ,

tian
T h e E g y pti ans rec ko ned s ixtee n S p ec i es O f asps ,
o ne o f w h i c h w a s sacre d t o T h erm ut h is A c co rd .

ingl y , th e st atue o f I s i s w as c r o wned w i th a c o il ed

serp ent instead o f a dia d e m xl T h e as p was Supp o sed
,

to b e c o mm ss o ne d i i b y th e g o d d e ss, a s a m i nister o f
her v e n eanc e, to d estroy i m p i o us m e n I n e ach
g .

co rner of e ver y E gyp t i an t e mp l e th ere was , a. sub te r

rancan c h amb er d e vo te d t o T h e rm uth is wh ere th e ,

ri st d i t d th f t o f o xenfor th e e nter tai n

p e s e
p o s e e a

ment o f th e asp s .

A no th er s
p e c es i o f s e rp e nt, wh i ch was t erm ed a

d rago n w as fe d ,
ni m al in th e E gyp ti an
a s a s ac re d a

M el ite I t was k ep t ina to wer and th e p ri ests plac ed

. ,

c ak es e very d ay in its c h a mb er wh i c h it sp e ed il
y ,

d e voure d
.
[ E li an re lat es th at a ma n wh o h ad co m
.
,

mitted a gai nst th e majes ty o f th is

trifli ng o ffe nce a

o d , was so ho rro r- str uc k t h at h e b ec am e fr anti c, and

‘

g
“
s udd en ly d ro p p ed d o wn and e x pired 4 .

A p s ec ies o f s e rp e nt c al l e d Pari as , or Parnas, wh ic h

is i nnox i o us, w as d ed i c ate d to E sc ul a
p ius § A ri sto
in th e Pl ut us, h as ve n us a h umo ro us
phanes , g i
d escrip tio no f the o ffi ce wh i c h th i s a ni m al h el d I nth e

fE l ian
, l ib x i. c ap . 32 1 I b id lib 31
~
it . . . . x . cap . .

1 I bid l ib
.
. . x i. c ap . 17 . Co mp are this ac co u nt wi t h that
of Bel and th e D rago n, in t h e A p o crypha .

I bid l ib vii i c ap 1 2
. . . . .
3 26 W O R SH I P or R E PT I L E S .

m i ni stry of th e g o d . I t p erfo rm e d th e sam e o ffi ce in

th e templ e of S arap is, in E gyp t .

I n so m nis ve nit
in m "
J ub et m e c epam es se e t se sam u f

I d o no t fi nd th e fro g e num e rat e d by any anc i ent

auth or, am o ng th e s ac re d a ni m a ls o f E g y p t Y et we .

O b serve it represent e d in th e I s i ac t abl e , a nd inseveral

o th er i f E t i a n s c ul p ture I t is s e en si tti n
p e c es o gyp g .

on th e l o tus in ano th er re li c in th e co ll ec ti o n of
, ,

M ontfauco n .

3 . Of t he Wo rship of I nsects .

T h e Canth ar us , S c arab aeus, o r B ee tl e, w as very

c el eb rat ed a mo n
g t h e E g y p t i a n s ac re d ani mal s .

Pl utarc h say s it w as an e m b l e m o f th e S un; b ut

‘

H o rapol l o is m o re p ar ti c ul ar i nfo rms us that ,

a nd

th e r e w ere t h re e sp ec i es o f sac re d b ee tl e s o ne o f ,

wh i c h was d ed i c at e d to th e g o d o f H eli o p o li s o r the ,

S un; ano th er w a s sac r e d t o th e M o o n a nd a th i rd to ,

H e r m e s o r T h o th
,
T h e re a so ns h e assi g ns fo r the
.

co n s ecra ti o n o f th i s i ns ec t are d er i v ed fro m th e

no t i o ns enterta i ne d resp e c ti ng its m o d e O f repro
d uc t i o n and its h abi ts in w h i c h th e E g ypti ans
, ,

tr ac ed ana l o g i es to t h e m o v e m e nts o f t h e h eave n ly

b o d ies . I t was b eli eve d th at all th es e a ni mal s w ere
o f th e m al e s ex T h e b eetl e w a s sai d to fe c und ate
.

a ro un d b all o f e ar th w h i c h it fo rm e d fo r the ,

p urpo se I nth i s th e y saw a typ e o f th e S un i n the

.
,

Varro a
pud N o nium in vo c e Cepe . Vi de J abl o nski,
l ib
. v. ca
p 6 . .
 OF TH E W O RSH I P or F I SH E S . 327

o ffi ce o f d e m i urg us, o r as fo rmi ng and fec und ati ng th e

lo wer w o rl d * .

4 . Of sacred F ishes ?

S everal fi sh es w e re c o nse c rat e d b y th e E gy pt ians .

We h av e m e nti o ne d b efo re fro m S trab o th at th e ,

o x yrhync h us and l ep id o t us w e re h el d in re ver ence

by al l t h e E gyp ti ans W h en fi sh i ng in th e N il e th e y . ,

w ere very c a r e ful neve r to d est ro y an o x yr h y nc h us .

I t w as s up p o s e d th a t th i s fi sh sp rang o rigi nal ly fro m

t h e w o und s o f O si r i s .

T h e no m e o f O x y rh ync h us w as th e c h i e f s eat o f th i s
w h i m si c al sup e rst i t i o n T h e O x y rhy nc h it e s in t h e .
,

t i m e o f Pl uta rc h w e re so e nrag e d w i th th e Cy no
,

p o l ite s w h o h a d o ffe nd e d th e m b
,
y eat i ng t h e s ac re d

fi sh th at in re ve ng e th ey s e iz e d up o n all th e d o gs
,

t h at c ame in th eir w ay, a nd o ffer e d t h e m up as

v cti im s : th i s o c c asi o ne d a C i v il w a r b e tw ee n th e tviro
no m es inw h i c h ,
b o th p i
art es s uffe re d g r e a t ev il s , and
w e re at l e ng th s ev e re l y puni sh e d b y th e R o m ans 1 .
“

T he S en h e l d sac re d th e fi sh call e d
e
p p o l e o
f y e

Pha g r1, . a nd th o s e o f E l e p h a nti ne a no th e r S p ec i es ,

S ee H o rapo l l H iero gl yph l ib i

. . . . c ap . 10 . Pl ut d e I sid e,
.

ca
p 74 2 and Po rph yr d e A bs t inent ia l ib iv
. E ns c h Praep
. . . . . .

E vang l ib iii c ap 4 These auth o rs agree in t he ex p l anatio n

. . . . .

ab o v e m entio ned .

1 S everal ex ampl e s o f th is sup erst it io n are t o b e fo und

‘

am o n t h e G re ek s M ul l e t s w er e s acred t o th e E l eusinian
g .

dd e ss es , and init iat ed erso ns ab st aine d fro m t h e m S ee

g o p .

zE l ian i ix c ap 5 1 , 6 5
, l b
S ee al so boo k x ii c ap 1
‘ . . .
. . . .

1 Fl a t de I side,
. c ap . 72
 3 28 WO RSH I P OF PL A N T S .

t erme d M aeo tae . T h e s e fi sh es w e re c o ns i d ered as

p ro p h et i c m esse ng ers Of th e a nnual a

p p ro a c h of t he
inunda t i o n .

5 . Of S acr ed P lants .

A m o ng th e p l ants th at w ere re g ard e d as m y sti cal

o r sa c r e d b
y t h e E gy pt i ans no ne w as m o re c el e b ra ted
,

t h a n th e lo t us und e r w h i c h nam e are i nc l ud ed th e

,

nym p h ae a l o tus* and th e ny m p h aea nel um b o Bo th .

t h e s e p la nts a re fre q ue ntl y S e e n sc ul p t ur e d in t he

t e m p l es o f th e T h eb a i d .

I n th e ny m p h aaa nel um b o w h i c h th ro w s its fl o wers ,

ab o ve th e surfac e o f th e w a te r th e E
gyp t i a ns fo und ,

a nall us i o n t o th e S un r i s i n fro m t h e b o so m o f th e
g ‘

o c ean a nd it is o n t h e bl o sso m o f t h i s l a nt t h at th e
p
i nfant H ar p o c rat es is r e p re se nte d as re p o s i ng T he .

frui t o f th e ny m p h e a nel um b o is th e c a m us o r
y ,

E gy p t i a n b ea n so c el eb rate d b y H e r o d o tus
, I t is .

r e m a rk a bl e th at th i s
p lant is no l o ng e r fo und in
E g yp t . I n I nd i a it is ind i g e no us a n d it is O ften ,

see n a m o n t h e sac re d s c ul t ur e s o f t h e B r ah m a ns -
g p l
T h e p eac h t r e e w as a l so sa c re d to H ar o c rate s : t o
-

p
h im t h e fi rs t fr ui ts o f l e ntil s a nd o th er l ants w ere
p
O ffere d , inth e m o nth M e so r i

Th e N ym ph aea l o t us is th e l o t us of H ero do tus and

Th eo phrastus I l l ustratio ns o f t h e L o t us
.
of A nt iq uit y , b y R .

D upp a, L L B . .

1 O b ser vatio ns sur l e L o tus d u N il p ar M A . . . . B el il e,

A nnal es d u M usé e d H is t o ire N at urel l e, t o m i
‘
’
. .

I Pl utarch d c I sid e et O siride, ca

p .
 or S A CRE D P L A NTS . 3 29

I t is well k no wnth at th e E gypti ans wo rsh i pp e d th e

oni o n Plutarch r e fers th i s s up erst i ti o n to a fanc i ed
.

re at o n
l i b etween th i s pl ant and th e M o o n L eek s .

l
a so , and vari o us l eg um i na w ere h el d in si m il ar ,

veneratio nfi"

T he i
a cac a and th e h eli o t ro p e ar e sa id to h ave
b een am o ng th e num b er of th o s e p l ant s t h at were
co nsec rated to t h e S uns ]
T he
l a urel wa s re
g ard e d as th e m o s t no bl e o f al l

pl ants }:
T h ere was a te m p l e , a c c o rd i ng t o H ell anic us, in
th e to w n of Pi si di um near th e N il e
, ,
w h ere cer ta in
c er em o n es w ere p e rfo r m e d i nd i c at i ng
i a sup erst i ti o us
a d o rat i o n o f t h e ac a nt h us § .

I
W e l earn fro m C l em ens ,
t h at t h ere w er e th i rty -six
l ant s d e d i c ate d to th e t h i rty s ix d ec a ns, en ii
p or
-

g ,

wh o p r es i d ed o ver t h e n p o r t i o ns Of t h e t we l ve si gns
o f th e Z o d iac .
"

6 . Of Sa cr ed S tones .

pp ears th at in c erta in i nani mate obj ec ts th e

It a

E g yp tians fanc i e d that t h e y p e rc e i ved relat i o ns to th e

attr ibutes of t h ei r g dos . Da ms a c ius fl m ent io ns so l ar

Minutius F el ix O c tav p 2 78
'

S ee . . . .

1 S ee K irc her CE dip us, t o m iii c ap 2 , wh ere th at l earned

’
s . . .

b ut fanciful writ er h as give n a d is q uisit io no n p l ant s, ado p t ed

in t h e h iero gl yp hic sys tem .

I Po rph yr de A . b s t inent ia .

H el l anic us,p ud A t henmum , l ib x v p 6 79 , 6 80

a . . . .

Cl emens A l ex and 11 Fl inn H ist . N at l ib 3 7

. . . .
3 30 ,
or S A CR E D S TON E S .

and unar sto ne

l s an d P l iny
* sp e a k s o f th e
- s e l enites,

wh i c h i m i ta t e s t h e p h as es o f t h e M oon .

T h ese fanc i ed anal o i es, a nd the myst ic al p o wers

g
th at w e re sup po s e d t o re s ul t fr o m t h em, app e ar to
ig i n l a t er p er o d ,
i t o th e d o c tri n
g ive n at a
h ave or e
,

of tal is mans, s o ce e l b rated a mo ng t he A rabs, and

a fterwa rd s a mo ng th e E ur o p eanssl
'

S E C T I O N VI I .

O nthe M o tives w hich l ed the E gyp tia ns to the Worship of

A nima ls a nd Pl ants .

T he or i g i n o f ani mal wo rsh ip and th e re asons or ,

mo t i ves wh i ch i nduced th e E gypti ans to re p resent

th e i r g o d s und er s uc h stra ng e fo rm s o r t o pay d i vine ,

h o no urs to i rrat i o nal b rute s and eve n to th e m eanest ,

o b e c ts in n at ure is an i nq ui ry wh i c h h as zzl e d th e
j , p u
l ear ne d in var i o us t i mes H ero d o t us p re tend e d to be
.

inp o sses si o no f m o re i nfo r m ati o no n th i s subj e c t th an

h e c h o s e to m ak e p ubli c I t h as b e en c o n.

j ec tured

that h e w as d e siro us o f c o nceali ng h is ig no ra nc e under

a c l o ak o f m y ste ry T h e l ate r G ree k wri te rs s e e m to
.

h ave b een mo re i ntent o n o ffering e x c uses fo r th e

fo lli es o f th e E g ypt ians th an o n unfo l d i ng t h e real
ri n c i p l es o f th e i r my th o l o gy ; and we fi n d v ari o us
p
and co ntrad i ct o ry o p i ni o ns ma i nta i ned wi th e qual

A p ud Ph ol c o d 242
. . .

t Vid e Kirch er ( E dip. l o c

. . cit . i tem D upui s , O rigi ne de tous
l es Cul t es t o m iii
. . .
 E X PL A N ATI O N or A NI MA L WO RSH I P . 33 ]

co n fi d ence . It ap
pe ars ind e ed that th e E g yp ti an
, ,

p riests th em sel ve s ,
in th e ti m e o f th e Pto l emi es a nd ,

at the e ra o f th e R o m an c o nquest were ,

by no means
a ree d o n th s su bj ect
i
g .

O ne o f th e m o st o b v io us and sp ec i o us attemp ts to
e x p l a i n th i s s up ersti t i o n is t h e c o n e c ture o f Pl utar c h
j
an d D io d o rus wh o s uppo s e th at th e E gy ptians w ere
ind uce d to pay d i vi ne h o no urs t o ani m al s o ut o f
rat it ud e for t h e be n e fit s wh i c h th e y d eri ve d fro m
g
th e m ; to th e c o w and th e sh eep fo r th e c l o th i ng a nd ,

s ust enance th ey affo rd ; t o t h e d o g fo r his c ar e in ,

ro t ec t i n t h e i r h o us es ag a i nst th ieves ; to th e ib is
p g ,

fo r d e li ve r i ng th e i r co unt r y fro m s erp ents ; and to th e

ic h ne um o n for d est ro y i ng th e eg gs o f the c ro c o d il e *
, .

T h i s c o nj ecture is r e futed b y th e well k now nfac t -

,

t hat a va r i ety o f a ni m a l s w h i c h are o f no apparent

.
,

utili ty a nd e ve n s ev era l s p e c i es wh ic h are no xi o us

,

an d d e struc ti ve a nd th e nat ura l e ne m i es o f m anki nd

, ,

r ec e i ve d th e i r app ro pr i ate h o n o urs a n d were re gard ed ,

w i th a s m uch re v erenc e as t h e m o re o b v i o usl y useful

m em b ers o f th e anim al c rea t i o n T h e sh rew -m o use .
,

th e p ike th e b eetl e t h e c ro w the h aw k t h e eag le

, , , , ,

t h e h ipp o p o ta mo s c a n c la i m no p arti c ul ar r egar d fo r

,

t h e b e ne fi ts t hey are k no w n t o c o nfer o n th e h um an

ra c e st ill l e ss can th e c ro c o d il e t h e li o n t h e wo l f o r , , ,

t h e ve nemo us a sp urg e a ny s uc h p re ten ,

si o n Y et .

w e h a ve n th at al l th ese c reatures and o th ers o f a

se e ,

s i m ilar de sc r i p t i o n,
we re w o rsh i pp ed b y th e E gyp
t ia ns w ith t h e m o st p ro fo und d e vo ti o n t h at m o the rs
i
re o ce d
j w h en th ei r ild renw ere de vo ured by c ro c o
ch

d il es . We may furth er o b ser ve th at so m e o f th o se

‘i" D io dor l ib i. . . Pint de Isi d

. . et Osir .
332 D I F F E R E F T A TTE M PT S T O E X PL A I N
i
anm a s l wh i c h a i m ent, and are
ffo rd us fo o d and r a ,

o n th at ac c o un t am o ng t h e m o st s e r v i c e abl e w e re
, ,

d e red o f li ttl e o r no ut ili ty t o t h e E g y p t i a ns o n

'

re n

a cc o unt o f t h i s v e ry sup e rs t i t i o n T h ey acco unted it .

unla w ful to kil l o x e nfo r the s ak e o f fo o d a nd no t o n ly ,

ab s tai ne d fro m sl a ugh t er i ng th e sh e e p b ut lik e wi se , ,

und er a v ari et y o f c i rc um sta nc es fro m w eari n g any ,

f i w l * w h i c h w as regard e d as
a rm e nt m ad e o ts o o
g ,

i mp ure and d e fil ing t he b o dy th at w a s c l o th ed w i th it

,
-
.

T h ese c o ns id erat i o ns s ee m to p ro ve that the

ad o ra ti n o f ani m al s am o ng t h e E gy p ti a ns w as n ot
p
fo und ed o u th e ad vantag e s wh i c h m anki nd d er ive
fro m t h em .

A no th e r att em p t at e x plai ni ng th i s m y stery, w h i ch

i
re c e v e s g reate r c o unt fro m th e g ene ral cha
e na nc e

rac te r o f t h e E gyp ti an m a nn e rs and s u e rsti ti o n

p ,

c ture o f L uc i a n re te n
is th e co nj e T h i s w ri te r
p ds
.

th at t h e sac re d a n m a s i l w ere nly t yp es o r e m bl ems of

o

th e a s t e r sm s o r o f
i t h o se i m ag i nary fi gures o r gro ups
into w h i c h th e anc i ents h a d ina very e arl y ag e d istri
‘

, ,

b ute d th e star s ; d i sti ng ui s h i ng th e m b y th e nam es o f

l i vi ng c r eat ure s a nd o th e r bj ec ts A c c ord t e rr es tri al o .

ing t o L uc ianth e wo rsh i p p e rs o f th e b ull A p i s ad o red

a li vi ng i m ag e o f th e c e l es ti al T a urus ; an d A nubi s
r ep rese n t ed th e D o g star o r t h e co nst e llat i o no f S iriusst
-

T h is hyp o th esi s has rec ei ved mo r e atte nti o nthan

an o th er am o n m o d er nw ri te rs D
y g u p ui s h as m a de it .

th e b asiS o f a v ery i ngeni o us atte m p t t o ex p lai n the

'

m y th o l o g ue o f I si s and O si ri s a nd seve ral o ther ,

fab l e s o f antiq ui ty wh i c h th i s auth o r reso l v es i nto

,

Pl ut de I si d
. . ca
p iv. .
1 L uci ande A strol og p . . 3 86 .
 THE w o ns m r or A NI MA LS .
333

a stro no m ca i l fi g m e nts, or fi g urati ve acco unts o f c e r

tai n c h ange s in th e p os i ti o ns of th e h e avenl y b o d i es .

le
a

T he h ypo th esi s o f L uc i an w ill no t e nd ure th e t e s t

of a r i gi d sc r ut i ny . F o r if w e e x am i ne th e c o nst e ll a
t i o ns o f t h e m o st a nc e nt
i sph e re s, w e fi nd b ut few
co i nc i d e nc es b e tw ee n th e z o d i a o r c e l es ti al i m ag es .

a nd th a t e x te n s i ve c a t al o ue o f b rute c r e at ure s w h i c h
g
w e re a d o red a s d i v i ni t i es o n t h e b a nk s o f th e N il e .

W h ere fo r e xam p l e sh all w e d i sc o ve r th e i bi s th e

, , ,

c at , th e h i pp o p o ta m us o r th e c ro c o d il e ? B es i d e s,
,

if w e c o ul d t rac e th e w h o l e s eri e s o f d e ifi e d b r ut e s in

t h e h e a v e ns it w o ul d s till re m a i n d o ub tful w h e t h er
,

t h e E gyp t i an ani m al s w e re c o nsec ra t e d s ub se q ue ntly

t o t h e fo r m at i o n o f t h e S p h e re as ty p es o r im a g es ,

o f th e c o ns te ll a t i o ns ; o r th e s ta rs d i s t rib ut e d i n to

g ro up s and th ese gro up s na m e d w i th r e fe re nc e t o

,

t h e q ua d r up e d s bi rd s a nd fi sh e s t h a t w ere al re ad y
, , ,

r e ga rd e d as sac re d T h e r e a re i nd e e d m a ny c ir
.
, ,

c um s ta nc e s w h i c h m i g h t r e n d e r t h e l a tter al te rna ti v e
t h e m o s t p ro b a bl e B ut th e re l at i o ns b e t w e e n th e
. .

a ni m a l s o f th e s p h ere a nd th o s e o f t h e E g yp ti a n

t e m p l e s a re by far t o o li m i te d t o w a r ra nt a ny s uc h
sp e c ul at i o n; a nd L uc i a n is a n aut h o r w h o is b y no

m e ans d eser vi ng o f m uc h c re d i t o n a s ubj e c t o f t h i s

natur e .

I t h as b een
j d b o t h ers
c o n e c ture
y t h a t c e rt a i n ,

att rib ut e s o f t h e D e i ty w ere th o ug h t to b e e x p re sse d

b y th e q uali t i e s o f v ar i o us ani m als w h ic h w e r e ve ne ,

r at e d a c c ord i n l y as e m bl e m s o r re p r ese nt at i ve s o f
g
th ese a tt rib ut es th at th e st re ngth o r p hy s i c a l p o w e r

D up uis, O rig ine d e to us l es Cul t es, t o m . 11 . l ib . 3,

ch ap . 2 .
334 D FF I EREN T A TT E M PT S TO E X PL A I N
of th e g o d s w as ad o re d in th e li o n ,
and th e i r p e ne »

t rating s ig h t in t h e h a w k . T h us th e w o rsh i p o f ,

i
an m a s l is re g ard e d in co nne cti o n w i th th e h ie rO gly
b o l i c al w ri ti n h i c h is suppo se d
p h ic al or s
y m g w to
r e p r e s e nt t h e m o s t m y s t e r i o us i d e as und e r v i s ibl e a nd
ta ng ibl e fo rm s, b y asso c i at i o ns o r all us i o ns m ore o r
l e ss st r iki ng .
*

This nt o f th e m att er is p ro b ab ly no t w i th o ut
ac c o u

so m e fo und a t i o n in t ruth ; b ut it is o b v i o usl y inad e

q uate to s o ve l th e w h o l e m y st e ry . T he e xplanati o ns
a dd uc e d o nth s p ri ncip l e are l ab o ur e d and co nt rad ic
i
t o ry t o e ac h o th e r and th e a ll us i o ns v er r em o te
, y .

T he q uali ti es a sc rib e d to a n ma si l b y JE lia n H o ra ,

a nd o th e r w r i t e rs, w h o h a v e h a nd e d d o wn the
p o ll o ,

st o r es i w h i c h th e E gy p ti a ns a ss i g ne d a s t h e m o ti ves
fo r co nsec rat i n th e m a re a l m os t w h o lly fi c t i ti o us and
g ,

a b surd . T h ey ar e ev i d ent ly fabl e s i nv ented fo r the

p urp o se o f e x c us i ng and e xp l a i ni ng s up ers ti ti o us
p r ac tic es w h i c h th e p r i e sts w ere o bli g e d to d e fend
, .

B e si d es ,
th e sac r e d
g ard e d b y the a nim al s w e re re

E gypt i ans as w e h ave a l r e a d y sh o w n a nd s h all see

, ,

m o re c l ea r l y p r o v e d in so m e p a ssages w h i c h will
r ese ntly b e c i ted , no t m e re l as typ e s o r i m a es o f
p y g
so m e i nvi sibl e p o w e r b ut , as
p a rta ki ng th e m sel ves of

d i vi ni ty .

T h e true n
eg p l a natio n o f th e s i ngul ar no t i o ns and
ab s urd
p rac ti c e s w e h av e b e e n surv ey i ng ,
seems

to be m o re d e e p ly ro o ted in th e p ri nc i pl e s o f the

it
S ee Pl nt de I sid e . . c ap .
72 e t se
q D upuis, O rigine de
.

t o us l es C ul t es, t o m . 3, a l a fi n . Pha m e no p h es o der V ersuc h

einer neuent h eo rie fi b er den ur sp rung der k uns t und mytho
l o gie . Vo n C F D o rnedd en Got tingen 1 79 7
. . . . .
 Ar ne w o nsnn’ or A NI MA L S . 335

E gypt i an m yth o l o g y Perha ps it wil l rec e i ve s o m e

.

el uc i dat i o n in th e foll o w i ng p assag e fro m t h e wo rk s

o f Po r hy ry ; wh o was mo re
p p ro fo und ly vers ed th an
an y o th er w rite r in th e my steri es o f th e a nc ien t
ag an ism *
p .

The E gyptia np riests sa ys Po rp h yr y h aving

, ,

pr o fi ted b y t h e i r d il i ge nt stud y o f ph ilos o phy and ,

th e ir inti ma te a c q ua i nta nc e w i th t he nat ure o f th e

go d s h ave l earnt th at t h e d i v i ni ty p er mea t e s no t

,

h um a nb e i ng s o nly : th at m a nis no t the o nl y c re at ure

o n th e e a rth p o ss e s se d o f so n] b ut th at ne arl y th e ,

sam e s p i r i tual ess enc e p er vad es al l th e t rib es o f livin -

g
c re atur e s O n th i s ac c o unt in fash i o ni ng i m age s o f
’

.
,

t h e g o d s, th e y h av e pte d t h e fo r ms o f all anim als ,

ad o

and h ave so m et i m e s j oi ne d t h e h um an fig ure wi th

t ho se o f b easts a t o th e rs, h ave c o m b i ne d t he sh a es
p
of m e na nd of bi rd s ; fo r so m e o f th e se i m a ges h ave
t h e fo r m of a m anu p t o th e ne c k, wi th th e fac e o f a .

b ird o r a lio n o r so m e o th er creat ur e O t h ers

,
-
, .
,

a a i n h ave t h e h e a d o f a m a n w i t h th e r e m ai nde r
g ,
.
,

o f th e b o d y e i th e r th e up p e r o r l o w e r p a rt s sh a ed
, p ,

l ike so m e o th er a ni m al O u th i s ac c o th e
“

. .

l io n is ad o r ed g o d a nd t he re is a pa rt o f
b y th em as a

E g yp t w h i c h is c a ll ed th e L e o nto p o l it e no m e ; a no th er
is c all e d t h e B us ir ite, and a th i rd th e C y no p o l itan
‘

fo r they ad o re, und er th e se s e m blanc es, th e unive rsal

p o w er w h i c h th e g o ds h ave seve r ally d i spl a y ed in
th e v ar i o us fo r m s o f li v i ng na ture .

F r o m th i s pa ssage ,
t h o ug h so m e wh at o b sc urely
ex p r e sse d, it ap pe ars t o h av e b een Po rp h yry ’
s de sign ,

1 Po rphyr d e A bstine nt ia, l ib iv

. . .
p 9 5 item E nsch
ca . .

Preap E vang l ib iii cap 4

. . . . .
3 36 W O R S HIP or A N I M A L S D ERI VED
to i nfo r m us th at th e w o r sh i p o f ani m als w as i nti
m ately c o nnec te d w i th t h e d o c t ri ne o f e m anati o n ,

w h i ch w e h a ve t ra c e d a m o ng th e fund a m e nta l p r i n
c i l e s o f t h e E gyp t i a n p h il o so p h y
p
W e h ave S ee n .

t h at a l l th e o p e r at i o ns o f nat ure w e re asc rib e d b y th e

E gyp t i ans to c er ta i n d aem o ns o r sp i ri t ual b e i ngs w h o ,

w e re s upp o s e d t o a ni m a te d i ffer e nt p o rt i o ns o f th e
uni ve rs e A ll th e se w e re e m a nat i o ns fr o m th e uni
.

v e r sa l d e i ty o r so ul o f t h e w o rl d T h i s d o c tri ne was .

e x t e nd e d s till furth er ; and it wa s i m ag i ne d th at th e ,

s o ul ,
o r v i ta l p r i nc i p l e in e ve ry li v i ng b e i ng is an
,

e m an a ti o n fro m t h e s a m e so urc e t h a t it is a d i v i d ed

o r ti o n o f t h e d i v i n e na t ure and d e ri ve d e i th er
p , ,

ri m ar il o r se c o nd ar il y fro m th e fo un ta i n o f d i v i ni ty
p y , .

A c c o r d i ngly in m e n a nd a ni m al s and e v e ninp l ants

, , ,

t h e y a d o r ed th e i nd w el li ng p o rti o ns o f t h e same
e sse nc e .

I n a no th er p assag e o f th e sa m e w o rk Po rph yry

c o nne c ts th e w o rship o f ani m a l s w i t h t h e d o c tri ne o f
”
th e l 1 O ne c rc um st a nc e ,
i w h i ch
ys h e
‘
so u sa ,

ind uc e d t h e E gyp ti ans to re g ard th ese c r eatur e s w i th

v e ne rat i o n w a s th e b el ie f t h at t h e so ul o f e a c h a ni
,
~

m al , w h e n se
p a rate d , c o nt a i ns a r at o ina l pr i nc i pl e,
a nd is e nd o w e d wi th p res c i e nc e, o r t h e k no w l e dg e o f
fut uri ty ,
a nd w i th al l t h e
p o w e rs w h i c h t h e h um an
so u l p o ssess es inits unfe tte re d
Prec i se l y s i m il ar is th e c o nc l usi o n to wh i c h Pl u
tarc h c o nd uc ts us a fte r d i sc ussi ng v a ri o us o p i ni o ns
,

re sp ec t i n t h e o r i g i n o f a ni m a l w o rsh i p O n th e
g .

”
wh o l e ,
h e s ay s w e m ust a pp ro v e t h e s e nti m e nts o f
,

t h o se wh o d o no t wo rsh i p t h e s e o bj ec ts t h e m sel ves ,

Po rph yr de A bst inent ia, l ib iv

. . . ca
p . 10 .
 F RO M TH E D O CTR I N E OF E M A N A TI ON . 337

b ut ad o re t h e d i vi ni t y th ro ugh th e i r i ntervent i o n ,

re
gard i ng the m as l ivel y and natural
th e m o st
m i rro rs w h ere i n to b eh o l d th e d i vi ne p e rfec ti o ns ,

an d as th e i nstrum ents o r w o rkm ansh ip o f th e d e i ty ,

wh o arrang e s th e wh o l e uni verse fo r w e m ust c o n

c eiv e t h a t w h at ever en
,
j o y s li fe is m o re d i gnifi ed
th a n w h at is i nani m ate a nd b e i n s e nd o w e d w i th
g ,

p erc epti o n th an th o se wh i c h are i nse ns ibl e and e v e n ,

th an all th e g o l d and p re c i o us s to ne s in th e w o rl d ;
fo r th e d iv inity d oes not r esid e in th e c o lo ur s o r ,

fo r m s o r b eauty o f surfac e
, B ut all th o se b e i ng s
.

wh i c h ar e a ni m at e d a nd s ee and h av e in th e m sel ves

, ,

th e p ri nc i pl e O f s e l f m o t i o n a nd t h e p e rc e p ti o n o f
-
,

w h at is c o ng r uo us to th e i r nat ure and wh at is fo re i g n

—al l
,

t o it t h e s e h a v e im bibed a n em a na tio n a nd an

app r op r ia te p a r tic l e f r o m th a t univ er sa l m ind wh i c h ,

as H era c li t us t rul y s ay s ,
g o ver ns all th i ng s ; s o th at at
l east th e d i vi ni ty is no t
l ess striki ngl y rep re sented in
t h e se th a n in i m a g es o f b rass o r sto ne w h i c h a re ,

a lik e s usc e p t ibl e of c o rrup t i o n a n d d e c ay an d ,

b y t h e i r na ture d e vo i d o f a l l p e rc e p ti o n a nd und e r
,

s ta n d i ng * .

'

T h e s am e d o c tr i ne is all ud e d to in ano th e r p iece o f

-

my t h o l o g y w h i c h w e o w e t o Pl utarc h ; wh o no t
, ,
.

er c e i v i ng th e rel a ti o n it b o re t o o th e r p arts o f t h e
p
E gyp t i a n p h il o s o p h y att e m p ts t o e x p l a i nit a way i nto
,

alle go ry .
T h e re are m a ny h e s ays w h o affi rm , ,

t h a t th e a ni mal s b efo re m ent i o ne d al l udi n

g t o th e ,

T yp h o ni an a ni m al s c o nta i n o rt i o ns o f th e S o ul o f
, p
T y p h o n w h ic h h as b ee n separat ed and d i stri b uted
,

am o ng th e m .
1

Pl ut de I si d 77 t I b id, ca
p 73
‘

. . cap . . . .
 338 A Nm an w e asnI P F RO M TH E D O OTE I NE o n

T hese testim
o ni e s see m tO b e I suf cie
fi nt to
. auth o r ise

t he infe r e nc e, th at t h e wo r s h i p .
o f an m a s a m o n
i g l th e

E gypt i ans h a d its i g i n in th e do c tri ne o f e m anatio n

or .
.

C e r ta i n e fll ux es or e rad iat i o ns fro m the esse nc e o f the

o ds w e re b e li eved to b e e m b od ied ia al l li vi n g c rea~
g . ,

t ure s , a nd it w as to th ese i n d w el li ng p o rt io ns o f the

d iv i ni ty t ha t t h e p eo pl e a d dre ss e d th ei r ad o rat io ns
»
.

B e i ng p os s essed w i th th i s id ea the y we re l ed to l o o k ,

o ut fo r sy mpto ms o f th e m ys t i c al i n d we lli ng po wer

in t h e o utward q ual itie s o f ani mal s ; and h e nc e th e
.

abs urd s t o rie s o f wh ic h w e h av e g ive nso m e e x am ples ,

.

so c urrent a m o n g th e a nc i e nt p rie sts E very i nsti nct .

w as re gar de d a s a m y st er i o us a ll us io n to so me fable
inth e m y th o l og y I t w as natura l th at no xi o us c rea
.

t ure s s h o ul d b e re gard e d as m ani festa ti o ns o f the

d e struct i v e p o w er and th o se wh i c h are m o st fri end ly
,

an d s e r vic eab l e to m an o f th e p ro d uc t i ve o r b e ne fi
l
,

cen t S til l t h e g ratitud e o f m e n fo r th e s e rvi ces

.
, ,

r e nd e re d t h e m by th e l a tter wa s no t as w e have
.
, ,

sh o w n t h e fi rét p r i nc i l e w h i c h l ed to th e d e ifi cati On
, p
o fa n imal s .

N e arl y re l ated to th i s d o c t ri ne was ano th e r p i ece

o f m y tho l o g y o f w h i ch w e h ave m a ny ve st i es a m o n
, g g
t h e a nc i e nt wr i ters
. T h e E g yp ti ans as w e have
.
,

b e fo re O b served b eli e ve d t hat the so ul s w h i c h had

,

e man a te d fro m th e r i m iti ve so urc e t rans m i rat ed

p .

g
th ro ug h vari o us b o d i es ; no r w as th i s c h ang e o f
,

fo rm s c o n fi ned t o e manati o ns o f a l o w er o r s ec o nd ary

o r d er A s the s o ul s o f men transmi grate d thro ugh
.

d i fferent shapes, so the h ig h e r o rd ers o f s p i r i tual ag ents

.
.
‘

c o ul d a s o c c as i o n r e q ui red a s sum e an
, y fo rm th ey
, ,

c h o se ; a n d so met i mes th e g o d s appeared inth e w o rl d

un d er th e d i sgui se o f b ul l s l i o ns e agl es o r o th er , , ,

c reatures Of the l i k e descri ti o n

p .
 E M A N ATI O N . ne r p r u n A VA TA R S . 339

Thus D io do rus i nfo rms a s th at th e fi ve go d s o f th e

e l e m ents, viz A mm o n, M i ne rva ( wh o , w i th t h i s
.
,

auth or, is th e go dd ess o f th e upp er h em i sp here, )

Vul c an D em ete r, a nd O c eanus, w ere wo nt to travel
,

thro ugh th e wo rl d , an
p rese nt th e ms elves to me n,
d
so me t i m es i n t h e sh a es o f th e sac re d a ni m al s, at
p
o th ers in th e h uman fo rm . T h i s fi c ti o n h e , add s,

w as re ated
l p o et, w h o h ad tr avelled in E gyp t,
by a

and re ce i ved it fro m th e pri ests .

T h e go ds, l ik e strangers fro m a distant sh o re,

Tak e various sh ap es, and ev ery t o wn expl o re ;
A nd al l th e wil es o f sec ret m isch ief sc a n,
A nd m ark th e g enero us d eeds o f m an t o

Per haps th i s fabl e m ay h ave g i ve n ri se to th e

d i stinc ti o n o f d i vi ne fro m th e h erd o f sac r e d ani m al s .

T -h o se w h i c h w e re me rel y sac r e d co nta i ne d on l y m o re

m i nute fr o m th e d e i t y ; b u
e fil ux e s t th e d i vi ne app ea r
t o ha ve b ee n regard ed as i nc a rnati o ns o f th e c el estial
go ds l
-

D io do r l ib i
. . . c ap . 1 .

1 J abl o nski m aint ains th at al l th ese s t o rie s o f t he inc ar na

'

t io ns go d s in th e sh ap es
of nim al s w ere fabl es inven
of a t ed by
t h e G reek s at a l at er age . H e c o nsiders th em as foreign t o
t he t h e E gypt ian p h il o so p h y
ch arac t er o f I t wo ul d ap p ear .

t hat J abl o nski was unw il ling t o im p ut e t o his favo urit e nat io n
so gro ss
p a s u erst itio n
, Y e t th e d oc trines o f em a natio n and
metem psych o sis, and t h ese fabul o us t ransform at io ns, are so

i
ev d entl y c annec ted, t hat t he E gyptians see m t o h ave a be tter
cl aim t o t h e o r igin o f th is fi c t io n t han t h e G reek s I t is very .

p ro b ab l e th at t h e earl y Greek s d erived t he s tory of l o, and

all th e i r o t h er m etam orp h o ses, fro m t h e E gyp tians . H o wever
th is m ay h ave h aen, we h ave so many po si ti ve and uno bj ec
tionabl e t estimo nies that such fabl es were current amo ng t he
.
 34 0 un e o ns
'

A PPE A R A N C E S or r

V ari o us s to r ie s w ere r e at e d o f
l p i l
a r t c u ar avatars,

o r i ncarna ti o ns of th is d e sc r i p ti o n; . so m e o f wh i c h
we sh all c o ll e c t ,
as th e y a re im p o rtant fo r th e ill ustra
t i o n o f th e E g y p t io n s upe rs ti t i o n .

I t w as re o r te d t h at O s iris w i s h i ng to i
a s s st H o r us
p ,

in h is w a r i nst T yph o n as s um e d t h e fo r m of a
'

a a
g ,

w o l f, a nd in t h at shap e a sc e nd e d fr o m t h e s h ad e s .

O n th is y s to r ,
ac c o r d i ng to D io d o r us, w as fo und ed
th e w o rsh i p o f t h e w o l f at L y c o p o li s * .

T h e O m b ites a nd A rs ino it e s a s Pl uta rc h ,

a nd
E li an i nfo r m us w h e n q uesti o ne d w h y t h e y wo r ,

sh i
pp e d c ro c o d il e s re p li e d t h at it w as b ecause ,

T yp h o n a s s um e d tha t fo rm w h e n h e at t e m
p te d to
es ca
p e th e p urs ui t o f H o r us t
D i a na o r B ub a stis w a s w o rsh i pp e d at th e ci ty of

th e sa m e na m e und e r t h e fo r m of a cat ; a nd t he
r e a s o n ass i g ned fo r th i s s up ersti ti o n w a s ac c o rd i ng to ,

S teph anus a p re val e nt sto r y th at t h e g o d d ess had

,

assum e d t h e sh a e o f t h at a ni m a l in o rd e r t o el ud e
p
t h e v i g ila nc e o f T yph o n i
T h i s m al evo l e nt b e i ng was i nd eed so p o we rful and
s o c r aft
y th at al l th e g o d s o f b et t erte m p ers w e r e v ery
m uc h a fra i d o f h im O n o ne o c c asi o n h e m ad e so .

v i o l e nt a n a s s a ul t up o n t h e m th at t h e al l t o o k fl
y igh t , ,

and s ud d e n l y ch ang ed th e i r sh ap es i nto th o se o f

v ul
g ar in E gyp t , as w el l as am o ng th e p r ies t s, t h at w e canno t
ref use t o adm it t h e m as
p ro p erl y b el o nging t o t h e E gypt ian
m yt h o l o g y . N o th ing, ind eed, h as b ee n add uc e d t h at t e nds ,

t o inval idat e t h is c o ncl us io n S ee, h o vvev er, J abl o nsk i, Panth

'

. .

nypt . l ib . v. ca
p 2 . .

B io d l ib i . . . c ap . 6 .
‘

1 Pl ut de I sid
‘

. . ca
p . [E l ian de A nim al l ib . . x . c ap.

S t eph Byz ant v oc e Bout a mn;

'
2 8 et 2 1 .
1 . .
 IN TH E S H A PE S or A NI MA LS . 34 1

v ario us a ni mal s y is re la te d c i rc umstanti all y

. T hi s st o r

b y A p o ll o d o r us and H yg inus " a

T h e l att er affi rms .

th at h e rec e i ve d it fro m th e E gypt i a np ri ests L uc i a n .

y it
sa s was p reval e nt fah l e a m o ng th e c ro wd o f
a

sc rib e s and sh o r n p r o ph ets up o n th e b anks o f the

N il e +
. O vi d th o ugh t it a fi t sto r y fo r h is M etam or
p h o s es . H e h as b l e nd e d it w i th th e G reci an fabl e
o f T y ph oeus .

S h e sings fro m E arth s d ark w o m b h o w Typh o n ro se,

’

A nd s tr uck w it h dead l y fe ar h is h eave nl y fo es

H o w th e gods fled t o E g y pt s sl im y s o il ,
’

A nd hid th eir h eads b e neath t h e b ank s o f N il e

H o w Typh o n, fro m t h e c o nq uere d sk ies, p ursued
Th eir routed go d s h ips t o t h e se ve n- m o uth d flo o d
’
.

F o rced every go d, h is fury t o esc ap e,

S o me fo rm o f b east t o ass um e, o r e arthl y shap e .

J o v e, so sh e sung, w as c h an ged int o a ram ;

F ro m wh enc e th e b o t h s of L ib yan A m m o n cam e .

B acc h us a A p o l l o w as a c ro w ;
g o at
Ph oebe a c at ; t h e w ife o f J o v e a c o w
O f s no wy h ue ; C yl l enian M erc ury
A w i nged I b i s 1

D io d o r us sp eaks o f a s im il a r transfo r mat i o nwh i ch

th e g o d s und e rw e nt in o rd er to esc ap e th e p ersec u
t i o ns of w i ck ed m en . B ut p e rhaps th i s is onl y
ano th er co p y o f th e sa m e sto ry § .

T h e g o d o f th e ri ve r N il e w h o was O siri s h imse l f ,

in a p ar ti c ul a r c h ara c ter o r func ti o n a ssume d o n ,

ano th e r o ccasi o n t h e fo rm o f a b ull I nthis sh ape h e .

A p o ll o d o rus inB ib l io th l ib i c ap 6 H yginus, fab 1 52

’

. . . . . . .

1 L uc ian d e S ac rifi c iis, c ircafi n .

I O vid Met l ib v
h

M ay nwaring s transl ati on

’
. . . . .

B io d l ib
. . i . ca
p .
 342 EG Y PTI A N A vA rA ns .

aid his ad d resse s to t h e d a ug h te r of t he fo und er of

p
Me mph i s and b e cam e th e fath er o f [ E gy p t us T he
,

c i t y o f M e m p h i s w as na m e d afte r th i s p ri nc e ss a nd ,

t h i s inc ar nat i o n w as , p e rh a
p s, co nnec te d w i th th e
w o rsh i p of th e M em ph i te B ull .
lt
a

I n th e G ree k m yth o l o gy w e fi nd m a ny fab les of

r i ve r g o d s assum i ng th e fo r m o f a b ull an d th i s
r e nd e rs ity p ro b abl e th at th e r i tes o f A p i s o r the
ver ,

h ull o f M e m p h i s w e re d e ri ve d fro m t h e fi c t i o na b o ve
m ent i o ne d J abl o nski h as o b ser v e d th at t h e i mage
.

o f A p i s w as c o nne c te d w i th t h e N il o m ete r a nd th at ,

t h e fest i val o f th e T h e o p h ani a o r a p p e ara nc e o f the ,

d i v i ne B ull p e rh aps re l ate d t o th e inc reas e o f the

,

N il e f S trab o a s w e m enti o ned b e fo re asser ts that

-
, , ,

A p i s and O si r i s w er e th e s am e g o d ; and th e N il e
w a s i d e nt ifi e d wi th O s i ri s o r w a s c o ns i d ere d as an ,

e m anati o n fro m h im O n t h e w h o l e it app ears p ro

.
,

b able th at A p i s w as an i nc arnati o n o f th e N ilo tic

O si r i s o r t utel ar g eni us o f th e N il e
,
.

A p i s it is ev i d e nt w as w o rs h i p p e d no t a s a sy mb ol
, , ,

m er e l y b ut as a n i nc a rnat i o n o f s o m e d aem o n o r
,

s i r i tual b e i n ; fo r w h en o ne b ull d i e d an d an o th er
p g ,

w as s ub st i t uted t h e p eo p l e fa nc i ed th at t h ey s till
,

a d o red th e sam e b e i n g w h o h ad und e rg o ne a new

-

t ransm i g rat i o n W e are to l d by Pl utarc h t hat the

.
,

E g ypt i an p r i ests d ecl are d A p i s to b e an i m ag e o f the

3“
B io d l ib i
. . . c ap . 4 .

gt J abl o nsk i m ak es no al l usio n t o th e st o ry o f t h e tauriform

inc arnatio n o f th e N il e, whic h app ears t o b e th e fo undatio n o f
th es e rit es ; b ut fro m t he fac t t h at t h e image of a h ul l was
co nnec ted w ith t h e N il o m eter, and fro m th e n at which
s e aso

t h e T heo p hania was c el ebrated, he co nc l ud es t hat A p is was a

symbol of t he N l e i .
-S ee Panth E gypt l ib iv
. . . . c ap . 2 .
 EGYPTIAN A V A TA R S . 343

so u l of O s i ri s, * and D io d o rus y
sa s, th at wh en th e

p eo p l e w ere q uest i o ne d resp ec ti ng th ei r r easo n fo r

p ayi ng d i vi ne ho no urs to th i s ani m al th e y rep li ed , ,

th at th e so u l of O si ri s h ad mi grated i nt o a b ull ,
and th at wh en a new A p i s w as b o rn, th e so ul o f h is
r d e cess o r w as i m m e d i at e ly i nfused i nto h im 1
p e .

I nl ike m anner th e wo rsh i p of I si s in th e fo rm of a

co w w as c o nnec te d w i th a st o r
y o f h er ass um i ng th at
h ap e an d th i s fabl e was th e fo und ati o n o f th e Gr e
x
s

e ani fi c t i o n o f l o th e d augh te r o f I nac h us

, ,
w h o w as
t ransm ut e d i nto a h e i fe r I si s in th e c el e b r ated
.
,

p ro c e ss i o n w h i c h was a nnuall y m ad e to h er h o no ur ,

w as rep r es e nt e d w i th t h e h o r ns o f h er fav o ur i te
a ni m al : a nd sh e is th us m a n ifi c ent ly d escrib ed by
g
O vid i

Ch m m edia no c tis sp atio sub im ag ine so mni

I N A C I—
I I S a nte torum, p omp é c omita to suo rum,

A ut s tetit, a ut v is a es t . Inera nt l unaria fi '

o nti
Co rnua, cum sp icis nitid o fi aventibus aura,

Et reg a l e d ec us c um
qua l atrat o r A nubis,
S anc taque B ub as tis, var iis ue c o l orib us A
q p is
Quiq ue prem it v o c em , d igito que sil ent ia s ua de t
Sis traque erant, quaesit us Osiris,
nunquam que satis

Pl enaque s o m uiferi serpe ns p ereg rina veneni

'

Of the Wors hip of P l ants and S to nes .

We fi nd y li ttl e info rm ati o n c o nc er ning th e

ver

m o t i ves w h i c h i nd uc ed th e E gy pti ans to wo rsh ip

p l ant s ; b ut it is ea sy t o
p erce i ve that th i s prac ti ce

5“
D e I si d . c ap . 29 .
T D io dor l ib i . . . cap . 6 .

1 O vid M et am orp h l ib ix
. . . . v. 6 85 .
Y Y
344 mo r rv s s r o n C O N S E CR A T I N G PL A N TS .

fro m t h e sam e r i nc i p l es as th e a d o r at o n o i f
a ro se p
.

li fe w ell t h at of
am m al s . T he of p l ant s , as as

a n ma s ,i l w as a n e m a na t i o nfro m th e go d s a nd plants
r ece ve d i t ra ns m g r at i i ng so ul s .

We fi nd m o r e i s sup erstiti o n
d i st i nc t trac e s of th

am o n t h e Py th a o re a ns a nd th e J e w i sh R abbi ns
g g
b o th o f wh i c h sec ts a re k no wn to h av e d eri v ed it fr o m
t h e E gyp ti a ns E m p e d o c l e s p ro fes se d t o h av e und er
.

o ne t ra n s m i rat i o n t h ro ug h sh r ub s a n d sa i d t hat o f
g g , ,

a ll l ants h e f r e d t o tra ns m i rat e i nto th e fo rm

p p re er g
o f a l a u r e l * T h e R abbi ns taug h t th at fo r c erta i n
.
,

s in s , a so ul
g o es i nto th e l e a f o f a tr e e T h en .
,

the y c o nt i nue th e w i nd r i ses a nd sh ak es it ab o ut

, , ,

c aus i n re at to r m e nt B ut t h i s u n i sh m e nt c ea s es
g g p .

w h e n t h e l e a f fall s t o th e g r o und A t o th er t i m es .
,

s uc h a s o ul p asse s fro m l ea f t o l e a f .

F ro m th e sam e s o urc e th e R a bbi ns d e r i v e d t h e

d o c tr i ne th at so ul s p as s i nto sto nes t T h e v e ne

j E l ian, H is t A nimal . . l ib . x11 . c ap . 7 . D io g L ae rt . . l ib .

v iii . Vit E m p ed o c l is
. .

’
r R ab bi I saac L urj a w e nt y o f Tibe ona t im e int o t h e c it

r ias, and,
p assing by t h e great sc h o o l o f Rabbi J o c h anan, wh o
w as t h e n l iving, h e sh o wed h is disc ipl es a s t o ne in t he w al l,
and s ai d to th e m, I nt o t h at s to ne h as e nte re d a s o ul t h at
,

c ries E m ek H am m e l ec k
’
t o m e t o p ray fo r h e r . .
- Tra ditio ns
f
o t he J ews, w i th t he E xp ositio ns o
f t he R o bbins . Transl at ed
fro m t h e G er m an . L o ndo n 1 73 ° .

T he id eas of t h e J e w ish Rabb ins,

p ec ting t he t rans m igra re s

t io n, ag ree in o t her respec t s with th o se w h ic h t h e E

gyp t ians
are s aid t o h ave h el d Trans m i grauo n was reg ard ed in m o st
.

c ases as t he c h ast iz e men t o f s ins ; and th e s o ul w as s u

pp o sed
t o p ass into th e b o dy o f so m e anim al , w h o se ro ensities b o re
p p
so m e an
gy, real or fanc i ed , t o its vi c io us habits
‘

al o -
Th e so ul s .
 or TH E WO RSH IP OF MEN . 3 45

rat o n
i i na ni mate o bj ec t s a m o ng th e E gyp tians
paid to

m ay o n th i s pri nc ipl e b e ac c o unte d fo r a nd c o n

, , ,

nected w i th th e l ead i ng t ene ts o f th e ir sup ersti ti o n .

SE CTIO N VIII .

Of t he Wors hip of M en .

A s th ei nfer io r a ni m als w e re s upp o sed to b e e n “

d o w ed w i th So uls w h i c h w ere e manati o n s fro m th e

e sse n c e o f th e o d s a nd a c c o rd i n l
g ,g y re c e i v e d d i vi ne
h o no urs fro m th e E gyp t i ans it w o ul d b estra ng e if we ,

fo und t h e h um an sp e c i e s al o ne e x c l ud e d fro m t h e se
h i g h p r i v il e g e s T h e fa c t is o th e rw i se ; w e l ea rn
.

t h at a s h a re o f d i v i ni t y w as a sc ri b e d to m e n a nd t hat ,

th e y w ere ad o r e d o n th e sam e p r1 11 c 1 pl e as t h e b r ute

an i m al s .

W e a re assure d by Po rph yry and E use bi us th at ,

t h ere w as a d i str i c t i n E gy pt w h e re d i v i ne h o no urs

w e r e p a i d t o a li v i ng m a n Vi c ti m s w e re i m m o l ated
.

b e fo r e h im and b urnt upo n a n al tar

, A fter th is .

c ere m o ny w a s c o nc l ud e d t h e d i vi ni ty w as all o w e d to

o f th e sa c re d K
,

c o m e d o w n a nd e at a h e art
y m e a l
v i and s T h e na me o f t h e t o w n o r v ill ag e w h ere
.

th es er i t es w e re p erfo rm e d w as A n ab is o r A na
, m i s
*
, .

of pro ud and imp ud ent m en, acc o rd ing t o Rabbi I saac L ur

j a,
p asse d into w il d b east s, or unc l ean fo wl s . Tax -gat h erers a nd
rap ac io us m en b ec am e rave no us b irds S o ul s im p ure per
of

—
.

so ns t rans m igrate d into sto rk s . Tr aditzons of the

°

c am e l s o r

J ews, vo l . i .

Po rp hyr . de A bstinentia l ib . . iv . ca
p 9 . . Theo do rg . c .
346 mm ; W H I CH G A VE 03 mm

I t is w ellkno wnthat th e E gypti a np ri ests th e p ro ,

h ets a nd sac red sc rib e s p r e t e nd e d inve ry earl y t i m es

p ,

t o p o ss es s s up ernatural p o w e rs and to h av e an i n s i ht
g ,

into futuri ty T h ese w o nd e rful end o w m ents w ere

.

a ttr ib ut e d no t as am o ng t h e G reek s to t h e t em p o rary

, , ,

im p ul se o f th e d aem o n wh o f o rc e d h is c o nvulse d o r
into xi c ate d pr i estess t o p o ur fo rth i nvo l untary rh ap
so d ies ,
b ut to s o m e nat ural sup er i or i ty W e l e ar n .

fro m Ma ne th o n* that th o s e p e rso ns w h o d i sp l ayed

e x tr ao rd i nary w i sd o m w e re b e li e ved li t erall t o
y p ar
t ake o f th e d i vi ne nature : t h e s o ul o f t h e p r est was
i
s upp o se d t o b e a n em ana t i o n fro m t h a t p ar ti c ul ar

g o d t o w h o se serv i c e h e was esp ec i ally d evo te d S uch .

e rs o ns s e e m t o h ave b ee n re ard ed as i n ca rn a ti o n
p g s

o f th e
g o d s no t i nfe ri o r in d i g ni ty th o ugh o f a
, ,

d i ffe r ent c lass fro m th e d i vi ne ani m al s .

I t is th us th at am o ng th e anc i e nt ki ng s o f E gypt we
fi nd m any wh o b o re the nam es o f th e c e l esti al go ds .

T h ere w as a ki ng Ho rus w h o acco rd i ng to M anetho n , , ,

w as s o h i gh ly favo ur e d b y th e g o d s as t o b e a d m i tted
t o th e h o no ur o f b eh o l d i ng th e m in p erso n A king .

o f M e m ph i s was n am e d T o s o rth r us wh i c h is i nter ,

p ret ed fE sc ul apius W e k no w t h at th e E y ti an
.

g p
{E sc ul ap ius w a s S erap i s w h o a s w e h ave sh o w n in , ,

t h e fi rst b o o i was w o rsh i p e d b efo re t h e

'

ra c ti c e
p p ,

o f d ei fyi n m e n w as i n tro d uc ed I t app ear s that

g .

G raac o s iii
. .E useb Preap E v l ib iii cap 4
. .
I tem c ap x1i
. . . . . . .

M inutia s F el ix giv es a furth er ac c o unt S e e Mia ut F elix . . .

O c tavius, p 28 1 , wh o says h e was c o ns ul ted as an o rac l e

.
.

S ee M aneth o ns ac c o unt A meno phi s th e p ro p h et, in

’
it
of

J o seph us L etter t o A pi o n
’
s .

H el m
 TO TH E w o ns m r or MEN .

T o so rth r us w as a sac erd o ta l ki ng , w h o rec e i ve d a

t i tl e th at p ro p e rly b el o ng e d t o S arap is * o r [ E sc ul a
, ‘

i u s, fro m h is d e vo t i o n t o t h is d e i ty , and h is s kill in

p
t he a rt o f h e ali ng . M any of th e na m es of th e
D io s p o l itan ki ngs in th e ,
i
ser es of E rato sth e ne s, ar e

t i tl e s o r epith ets o f g o d s S o m e ti m es th e na m e o f
.

t h e g o d is g i v e n t o t h e p r i est o r ki ng unc h a nged at

o th ers it is m o d i fi e d b y so m e p re fix i nd i c at i n a ne ar
g ,

r el ati o n t o t h e d e i t y ; a s in t h e ex a mp l e s o f A th o th es ,

wh i c h is i nt e rp r e te d H E R M O G E N E S o r th e so n o f ,

T h o th ; PE N T E A T H Y R I S wh i c h m eans th e h i gh
-
,

p r i e st o f A thyri ; PE N T E PH R E S o r as t h e nam e is , ,

c o r r u tly w ri tte n Po ti h ar th e h i h p r i est o f th e

p p , g ,

S un I n s o m e i ns tanc e s it w o uld app ear th at a nam e

.

t h us m o d ifi e d a nd th e p r ec i se ap p e ll at i o n o f t h e go d
, ,

w ere app li e d i nd i ffe re nt ly t o th e s am e i nd i v i d ual .

T h i s p rac ti c e a c c o unts fo r t h e m ag nific ent t i tl es

i ve n b t h e late r E g y p ti a ns t o t h e i r ki n s o f t h e
g
g y ,

M ac e d o ni an rac e I nth e i nsc ri p ti o ns fo und inE gy p t

.
,

b el o ng i ng to th e Pto l e m a i c p er i o d th ese m o narch s ,

a re c a l l e d o ds an d t h e m o st e x al te d t i tl es are
g ,

l av i sh ed up o n t h e m T h e R o m a n C aesars s e e m
.

a ft er ward s t o h av e e m ul ate d t h e Pto l e m i es in t h e

d eg re e o f ad ul at i o n th ey e x ac te d .

I t is o n th i s p ri nc i p l e th at w e m ust e x p l a i n many
fi c ti o ns and si ngul ar e xp ressi o ns r el ati ng to t h e
E g ypti an go d s w h i ch h ave i nd uc e d s o m e m o d ern
,

w riters to s up p o se t h at th e o r ig i nal o bj ec ts o f
,

J ab l o nsl nc o nj ec t ures th at To sorth ro s is a c o rru t io n o f

p
”
Tuse-th o , w hich m eans inth e Co p tic, H eal er o f th e wo rl d .

1 Th
‘
e R o se t t a i ns crip t io n co nt ai ns several t itl e s o f th is

cl ass.
 34 8 W H I CH
‘

OR I G I N
‘

I DEA S G A VE

w o rs h ip am o n
g th is p eo p e l w e re m o rt al s deifi ed .

Par ti c ul ar g o d s w e r e sa id to h a v e fo und e d ic it ie s
,

inv e nt ed sc i e nc e s a nd ,
e nac t e d l aws : th e s e ac tio ns
c an o nl y h av e b ee n d o ne b y m e n; h e nc e it h a s
b een t ake n fo r c e r tain t h at t h e E gyp ti a n go d s l ike ,

s o m e o f th e G re c i a nh ero e s w ere m e n w h o ga ined th e ,

h o no ur of de ifi cat io n b y th e i r s erv c e s i t o m a nki nd .

B ut t h e s e w e r e t h e sec o nd a ry g o d s ; th a t is to say ,

p e rso ns w h o w e re re
ga rd ed as d i v i ne fo r t h e r e a so ns
w e h a ve j ust sta t e d . T h us A th o th es ,
th e so n o f

T h o th ,
w h o is p erh a p s th e i nd i v i d ua l e l s e wh ere
sa m e

c all e d T h o t h is sa i d t o h av e rac t i s e d
, p p h y s i c a nd to ,

h av e w r i tte n b o o k s o n a nato m y ; o r t h e w o rk s that .

w e re p e r fo r m e d b y th e p ri es t i nt o w h o m a ne m a na ti o n ,

fro m t h e g o d h a d b e e n i nfuse d w e re as c ri b ed to t he ,

fi c t i ti o us d i vi ni ty h i m sel f .

T h i s so l ut i o no f th e pro bl em b e fo re us is s uppo rted

b y th e e x p ress t e s ti m o ny o f D io d o r us H avin g .

r ec o rd e d t h e fa bl es re l a t e d o f t h e c e l e st i al
g o d s Wh o m ,

he p r ese nt s we h a v e p er so n n
ifi c a tio ns o f
‘

re ,
as se e ,
as

th e e l e m e nts d ae m o ns s upp o se d to res id e in t h e

'

or

e l e m e nts, th is h i sto ri a n co nc l ud e s , s uc h are th e

sto r es i l
to d by t h e E g ypti a ns o f th e h eav e nl
y a nd
im m o rtal go d s A nd b esi d e s th ese th e y s ay t h e re
.
,

a r e o th e rs t h at t e rre s tr i a l , wh o w er e be o tten
ar e
g f
o

t h es e fo r m er g o d s, a nd wer e o r ig ina l
y m o r tal m en, l
b ut b y re aso n o f th e r w s d o m a nd b e ne fi c e nc e to
, i i
all m a nki nd , h av e o b ta i ne d i m m o rtali t f w hich
“

y; o

num ber h a ve been k ing s of E g p t ; s ev er a l o

so m e
y f
wh o m by interp r eta tio nh av e h a d th e s a m e na m es w ith
,
.

t he c el es tia l g o d s o th ers h av e k e t t h e i r o w n ro
p p per
na mes ; fo r th e y p retend th at S o l S a turn, Rh ea & c , , .
 TO TH E w o ns m r or MEN . 349

re i gned in I t is ev i d ent t h at D io d o rus

a ll ud es h e r e to s uc h ki ngs as w e fi nd in th e li sts of

E rato sth e nes, a nd Maneth o n l .

-

T h e se d o ubl e na m e s c re ate d co nfusi o n in th e

E gyp ti an trad i t i o ns ,
of w h i c h th e l g i cal c o m c h ro no o

il e rs s uc h as M a ne th o n a va il e d th e m sel v e s ino rd er
p , , ,

to m agni fy th e a nt iq ui t y o f E gyp t a nd fill up th e ,

c h as m s inth e i r h i st o r i c al c y cl e F o r th e g e nui ne ser i e s

.

o f ki n s no t e xt e n d i ng to a suffi c i e ntl y r e m o te e po c h
g ,

a nd a t ra d i t i o n b e i n c urr ent th at th e
g go d s h ad
r e i ne d in E
g gy p t in ea r l
y t i m es n o t hi n
g w a s m o re
,

ea s y t h a n t o p at c h up tw o o r t h r e e a dd i t i o nal

d y na sti e s b y p utti ng d o wnth e na m e s o f t h e g o d s a nd

, ,

t o assi g n to t h e m w h at e ve r vac uum m i gh t re m a i n t o

b e fill ed up in that c yc l e o r i m ag i nary p er i o d o f
c el e s ti a l r evo l ut i o ns w i th w h i c h t h e y h a d reso l ve d to

c o nne c t t h e d ura t i o n o f t h e E t i a n m o narc h

g yp y .

W e are th us e nabl e d t o ac c o unt fo r the c o ntrad ic

t i o ns t h a t o c c ur in th e w o rk s o f a nc i e nt a ut h o rs w h o ,

s o m e t i m e s asse r t t h a t th e E gyp t i an g o d s w ere d e ifi e d

m o r tal s at o th ers th at t h e y w e re p er so nifi c a tio ns o f

,

th e e l e m e nts o r h eave nl y b o d i e s .

B oo th s transl atio n
’
D io d o r Bibl l ib i
. . . .
p 1
ca . . .

1 S ee
‘
b el o w, O rig E gypt .
 A NT I QU I T Y OF TH E WO R S H I P

S E CT I O N I X .

Of t he A ntiquity f
o the Worship of A nima ls in E g yp t .

I t h as b een p retend ed b y so me wri t ers th at the ,

w o rsh i p o f a ni m al s in E g yp t w as co m p ara t i v ely a

“

m o d er n p rac ti c e i ntro d uc e d a sh o rt ti m e b efo re th e

,

i nva si o no f th at c o untry b y Ca mby ses I t is d i ffi c ult to .

c o n e c ture o nw h at ro un
j g d s s uc h a na ssertio nc a nh ave
b een m ad e si nc e al l h i sto ri c al t esti m o ny re fers th i s
,

s up erst i t i o n to th e e arli e st a e s o f th e E
g gyp ti anh i sto ry .

T h e h i sto ry o f th e g o ld en c al f se t up by A aro n in ,

th e w il d er ness p ro ves th a t i m ag es w ere m ad e in

,

th e fo rm o f ani mal s as e arly a s th e t i m e o f th e d epar

t ure o f t h e H e b re w s I nd e e d in t h e p r o h ibi t i o ns o f
.
,

th e M o sa i c l a w th e m o s t r e m a r k a bl e c l asses o f d e ifi ed
,

a ni m al s a re e n um e rate d a s w e ll as t h e m o st striki n
,
I
g
o f t h o se c e l esti a l o b e c ts w h ic h a s w e h a ve sh o wn
.

j , ,

th e E g yp ti ans a d o red w i th all e g o ri c al ri te s a nd fi c t i o ns .

T a k e y e g o o d h eed s ay s th e i nsp i re d l a wg i ver

, ,

w h o se i nj unc ti o ns and w h o l e sy ste m o f th e o l o y

g
d i spl ay s o re m ar k abl e a c o ntras t w i th th o se o f th e
w i ses t p a ga ns ,
fo r y e sa w no m anne r o f s i m i l i t ude
o n th at d a
y w h e n J e h o vah sp ak e unto yo u in H o reb
o ut o f th e m i d st o f fi re — T ak e h e ed l est y e c o rrupt ,

y o urselve s and m ak e yo u a grave n i m ag e t h e si m i

, ,

l it ud e o f any fi g ur e th e lik e ness o f m a l e o r fe m al e

, ,

t h e lik ene ss o f a n bea s t th a t is o n th e ear th the

y ,

lik enes s of a n y wing ed fo wl th a t fi ieth in th e a ir ,

th e lik eness o f an y th i n g t hat cr ee eth o n th e r o un

p d
g ,
 or A NI M A LS 1N EG Y PT . 35 1

th e lik e ness o f an
fi sh tha t is in th e wa ter s b e neath
y
th e earth ; a nd — l est tho u li ft up th i ne e y es un to
h eave n a nd w he n th o u see st th e sun and th e mo o n
, , ,

an d th e stars e ve n al l th e h o st o f h eave n s ho u
, ld st ,

b e d ri v e n to w o rsh i p th e m w h ic h J eh o vah t h G o d
y ,

hath d i vid e d unto al l nati o ns und er th e who l e

h eave n
I t m ay b e c o nj ec tured th at i m ag es m ad e o f
o r st o ne in th e fo r m s o f a ni m al s w ere w o rs h i
, pp ed at ,

this t i m e in E gypt, b ut th a t th e ad o r a t o n o f
i li v i ng
an m a s was
i l no t i ntro d uc e d unt il a l ater ag e . I t app ears
h o w eve r, th a t it w a s unl aw ful fo r th e E gy p ti ans to
kill sh ee p in th e t i m e o f J o sep h L i vi ng ani mal s, .

w ere t h e r e fo re c o ns e c rate d in th i s e ar
g e I nd eed
ly a .
,

if th e nt w h i c h w e h av e i ve n o f th e m o ti ves
“

ac c o u
g
th at i nd uce d th e E gyp ti ans t o w o rsh ip an m a s i l is
c o rre c t, i on o f t h e li vi ng c rea ture m ust have
th e a d o rat

re c e d e d th at o f th e i ma e o r re r e se n t a t i ve
p g p .

I t is a sser te d by M anet ho n int h e frag m ents p re

,

serve d b y E use bi us and A fri c a nus th a t t h e w o rsh ip

,

of A p i s, M nev i s , and M e nd e s w as i ntro d uc e d int h e ,

r ei n o f C a iac h o s o r C h o us, w h o w as th e te n th in
g ,

d e sc e nt fro m M enes
fi rst ki ng ,
th e .

M any auth o rs h ave r e mark ed th e trac es o f ani mal

n h f T h e se m ust have b ee n
-
worsh p m g
i a o t e G re e k s

D eut ero n ch ap iv . . .

1 Th is argum ent is used by D r Sha c k fo rd S ee S huc k fo rd s

’
. .

Co nnectio ns o f S ac red and Pro fane H is to ry, vo l ii p 3 1 0 . . . .

S ee al so , Cl e m ens A l ex and A dm o nit . . ad G ent e s and t he B irds

of A rist o ph anes .

Rh ad amant hus, th e fam o us Cretan l awgiver, o rd ere d t he

Cretans to s w e ar by anim al s . This seem s to be a ve ry anc ie nt

i
rel ck o f anmal i worship S ee Po rp hyr d e A bst l ib iii p 2 85
. . . . . . .

z z
352 W O R S HIP or A N I MA LS

d eri ved fro m th e li

ear est E gyp ti an l nies
co o , w h i ch
were fo und ed by C e c ro p s nd D anaus, am o ng the
,
a
.

b arb aro us Pel asg i . C o nse q ue ntly th e w o r sh i p o f

ani m a ls m ust h ave b e en m o re anc i ent in E gyp t t han
th e era o f th e fi rst c i v iliz a ti o n o f G reec e .

O nth e wh o l e it may b e c o nc lud ed th at th e ad o ra

,

t i o n o f li vi ng a ni ma l s and p l ants is a sup erst i ti o n

wh i c h r efers i tsel f t o th e fi rst age s o f th e E gyp t i an
h i sto ry
.
 N O T E

B O O K I V C H A PTE R I. .

I n any d o ub t re mains with p ec t t o th e m o t ives which

re s

ind uc ed th e E gyp t ians t o p ay d ivine h o no urs t o brut e c reat ures

a nd t o m e n, not w it hstanding th e t estim o nies of th e nc ie nt s
a

w hic h w e h av e add uc ed in t he fo rego ing sec t io nit

, will b e
e ntire l
y rem o ved b y c o m paring t hese sup ers tit io ns wit h t ho se
rite s o f a sim il ar d e s crip t io nw h ich prev ail am o n t h e H indo o s
g .

Th e c ust o m s H ind o o s in th is p artic ul ar, th e wh o l e

of th e

o f t heir s upers t itio n rel at ing t o sac red anim al s, and th e strange
and wil d fab l es of t h eir av at ars or incarnat io ns of go d s in
th e sh ap es of m e n and o th er creat ures, h ear so re m ark abl e

r ese m bl anc e t o th e id eaS and c ust o m s Of th e E gyp tians,

'

t h at t h e co m p ariso n c anno t fail t o affo rd so m e c urio us a nd

int eresting o b se rvat io ns .

Th e w h o l e Of t h e I nd ian ido l atry, incl uding und er this nam e

t h e w o rsh ip j
o f v isibl e O b ec t s o f wh at ev er k ind, anim at e and

inanim at e , t h e p ro d uc t io ns Of nat ure or th e w o rk m ansh ip

on
Of m an, is fo und ed p rinc ipl e t o wh ich w e h ave
t he s am e

referre d o n t h e aut h o rity o f seve ral anc ien t p hil o so ph ers,

'

t he v enerat io n o f m en, anim al s, and pl ant s am o ng t h e Ol d

E gyp tians .

Th e D eity, says Mr . Ward g to

,
b ec o m es, ac c o rdin

th eir id eas, ind iv id uated , a nd t ak es p o ssess io n O f e very fo r m

I t is t h e s am e go d, as K rish na says , w hic h is
”
o f m att e r .

seen int h e re vere n d Brah m an, p erfec t ed in k no wl edge ; in t h e

”
d o g, and in h im w h o eat et h t h e fl esh o f d o gs A m o ng t h e .

reg ul ar H indo o s t h e b eings supp osed t o p o ssess m o s t o f this

en ergy, o r inw ho m t h e p resid in g d eit y em ine nt l y dwel ls, are
3 54 I L L U ST R A T I O N OF TH E M O T I VE S

t h e go d s, t h e giant s, t h e b rah m ans, an d d e vo ut i

ascet cs.

A m o ng t he h etero d o x sec t s, asc et ics are al m o s t ex c l us1v el y

co ns idered as th e fav o ured d ep o sit o ries

“

of t h e divine e nergy .

S o ful l y are H ind o o s p o sses sed w it h t his no t io n t h at

th e

G o d p ervades e v ery t hin nd m n if t reat er p o rt io n o f

g, a a es s a g
h im sel f in o ne fo rm t h an ano t h er, t h at m any, as th e same

aut h o r ass ures us, w and er awa

y a wh o l e l ife in search of a

m an in w ho m Go d pre e mine ntl y d wel l s

”
-
. H enc e, t h e wo r
sh ip o f t h e gra nd L am a o f Tib et , and th e v ario us M o o nis who
t ra ns m it th e ind wel l ing p o rt io n of divinity, t h e d ivinai

partic ul am
”
a ura , by h ere ditary des c ent .

B ut we sh al l c o nfi ne o urselves t o t h e no ti o ns of th e regul ar

Hiri dOOS, and o nly m entio n a few s trik ing p artic ul ars
’ ’

To b egin With th e w o rsh ip o f M en “ A l l th e B rah m ans, .

y
sa s t h e exc el l e nt a ut h o r l atel y q uo ted b ut e sp ec iall y t he
,
“

rel ig iousg uid es or G o oro o s , are O b ec t s o f w o rship am o n

j g th e

Hind o o s , and h ave d ivine h o no urs p aid t h em The sp irit ual .

g uid e, iii t he e s t im at io n o f th e disc i l e, is l it e ral l y a go d

p .

W h e1 eve1 h e appro ac h es , th e discipl e pro strat es h im sel f m th e

d hs t b efo i e him ” .

I n l ik e mnn a er t h e p ro p h e t s o f t h e E gyp tians were s uppo sed

no t merel y t o rec eive c o m m unic at io ns of s up er nat ural w is
d o m fro m t h e g o ds, b ut, as w e l e arn fro m M anet ho n, ac t uall y
t o p art ak e o f t h e d ivine e ss enc e t o h av e ind wel l ing p o rtio ns
‘

or iri ad iat io n o f t h e d ivinit y w ithin t h e m .

Th e S hastras d ec l are , m o reo ver, t h at t h e d augh t ers Of Brah

t il l th ey are e i h t
g years o l d, are O bj ec ts o f w o rship as
fo rms of B h agavati S o m e p erso ns wo rsh ip t h ese girl s d ail y
'

. .

T he d evo t ee, t ak ing th e d augh t er of so m e neigh bo urmg

b rahm an, p l ac ing h er o n a s eat , o ffers fl o w ers, & c and
a nd .

”
a a d o rat io n t o h er A t t h e festival s o f so m e fem al e divi
p y s .

nities, th e d augh t ers o f b rah m ans h ave d ivine h o no urs p aid

to t h e m .

Lik e the m anworsh ipped b y t h e E g ypt ians in t h e r ites o f

A nabis, we h av e sh o w n fro m Po rp hyry in t he precedin
'

as
g
pages , t h e h um an being wh o rec eives t h e adorat io n o f t he
H indo o s, p artak es o f the Offerings Sh e evenh as a share of .
 ro n w o nsnl r r rN G A NI M A LS . 355

i
the sp rituo us l iquo rs ,
and o f th e flesh t ho ugh it sh o ul d b e t h at
”
o f t h e Co w . The refuse is n by th e p erso ns present,
eate

h owever different t h eir c astes ; nor m ust an o n

y e refuse t o

partak e of t hese
Co ws al so are w o rshipped as fo rm s or manatio ns
e of

B h agavati ; a nd th e ex c rem e nt and urine o f t his animal are

su
p p o sed t o h ave t he virt ue o f purifying wh atever th ey to uc h .

E v e n im ages are s up po sed l it eral l y t o co nt ain t h e god ;

and no ima ge is wo rsh ipped in I ndia with o ut a p rep aratory
cere m o n , in wh ic h t h e B rah m an
y ,
b y repeating incant atio ns,

p ersuades th e divinity t o c o m e and d well in th e sh rine o f cl ay,

w o o d , o r st o ne A ft er th is perfo rm ance, th e im age is a go d
.

b efo reh and, no b o d y think s it anObj ec t o f reverence xt

T his m ay s uffi ce fo r il l ustrating t h e p rincipl e O f anim al
w o rs hip am o ng th e H indo o s We sh al l m ak e a f ew furt h er
.

r em ark s o n th e incarnatio ns of t h e go ds, w h ic h t he H indo o s

h ave fo unded o n th is do c trine, and on th e kind s o f vis ib l e

j
o b ec t s t h e y h av e m ad e c h o ice o f. U nd er b o th h eads w e
co nfi ne o ursel ves s tric tl y to s uc h O b se rv at io ns as seem l ik el y
t o ill ust rat e t h e sup erst it io ns of E gyp t .

The id ea is in itsel f singul ar and ab s urd e no ugh , t h at th e

'

divinity sh o ul d fo r any im ag inabl e p urpo se b e und er t h e

necessity ng t h e d isg uise o f brutes o f v ario us d escrip
o f assum i

tio ns, so m e o f t h em t h e m o st no x io us and d isg us ting I t is stil l .

m o re re m ark abl e t hat we s h o ul d t rac e t h is w him sic al do c trine

in t h e rel igio us syst em s o f t h e t wo m o st anc ient nat io ns o f e u

t iquity t his w o ul d b e unac c o unt ab l e, if w e all o w ed no c o mm o n
origin t o b o th sup ers tit io ns, b ut t h at t his l ast pp o sit io n
su

enig m a,
c o nt ains t h e t r ue pl anatio n O f t h e
ex is pro ved b y t h e
co inc id e nc es in partic ul ar fab l es and c us to m s .

1 . Of Sacred Quadrup eds .

A mo n
g uad ru
q p eds , th e H indo o s, as it is w el l -k no wn, ascribe

t he h igh est h o no urs t o the o x k ind, and esp ecial l y t o c o ws .

I n th ese p o ints t h ey c o inc ide with t he E gyptians .

Ward , vo l . i p 24 7
. . .
1 I bid . v ol . ii p 1 8. . .
3 56 I L L U STR A TI O N op TH E M O T I VE S

We need no t rem ind ‘

the read er o f th e c l o se c o inc idenc e to
be trac ed in t h e feel ings of t h ese p eo p l e w it h pec t t o t h e
res

ho rro r th ey ex p ress at t h e id ea o f eating th e fl esh o f t h e c o w .

E venE uro peans are regard e d o n t his ac c o unt b y t h e H indo os

as o n a l evel w it h t h e d egrad e d Parriar s fi< and w ith s im il ar

ab h o rre nce t h e G reek s w ere regard e d by t h e E gyp t ians .

A m o ng t h e c ho s e n veh ic l es fo r m anifest ing t h e go d s t o m en,

t he C at h o l ds a nh o no urabl e rank int h e A siat ic as w el l as inth e

A frican m yt h o l o gy Th e bo o k s o f t h e H ind o o s c o ntain t he

.

hist o ry o f an inc arnat io n o f I ndra in t h e fo r m o f a c at + .

Th e c h as te B ub ast is, go dd ess o f c h il d - birt h, w as , as we

h ave s ee n, a c at Th e H ind o o Sh ash ti, th e p ro t ec t ress o f
.

c hil d re n, is fi g ured ri d ing up o n a c at ; a nd t he H ind o o s, and

e s e c ial l
p y m o t h ers, av o id h urting this anim al , l est t h e go ddess
sh o ul d reve nge h ersel f up o n t h eir c hil d re n 1 .

T he d o g sac red t o K al a Bh airava, a fo r m o f Siva, and t he " _

j ack all o f D urga, rem ind us o f t h e b ark ing A nubis, the

co m
panio no f O siris, and the s h e -w o l f o f D ian or I sis, and the
b it ch of Th e d o gs o f Y am a, o ne o f w h ich was
H e c ate .

t erm ed Cerbar u, o r s po tt ed , and was fe igned t o h av e th ree .

h ead s, c o r res
p o nd s rem ark abl y, as M r Wil fo rd ha s . o b serve , d
with t h e th ree- h ead ed Cerb er us , t h e d o g o f Pl ut o .

T h e d ivine m o nk ey H anum anis, acc o rd ing t o t h e B rah mans,

an inc arnat io n o f Siva . Wh e th er t h e m o nk ey-go d s o f E gypt
w ere so nearl y re l ate d t o t he c el es tial t in
d aem o ns, w e wan
fo rm at io n t o d ec ide .

The e l e ph ant, l io n, b uffal o , rat, d eer, go at, &c receive .

wo rship at t h e fes tival s of th e go ds wh o are fi gured riding

upo n t h em .

2 . Of B irds wo rshipp ed by the H indoos .

O f b irds, t he fabul o us are t he m o s t c el ebrat e d . G arura, the

b ird of Vish nu , h as so me feat ures inhis h istory which approx i

Dr F B uc h anans J o ur ney t h ro ugh M yso re, Canara nd

’
. .
, a

M al ab ar .

f
z Ward , vo l . i p 44
. . .
1 I bid p
. . 1 82 . I bid p 264. . .
 F OR W O R S H I PP I N G A NI M A LS . 3 57

m ate t o t he m arvel s of th e Ph oenix , t o wh o se nam e h is

Pannaga-sana b ears p erh aps an ac c idental resem bl anc e
ep ith et .

A sp ec ies o f k i t e, cal l ed th e Co ro m andel E agl e, a sac red

p eac o ck , and go o se, r ec al t he fi c tio ns wh i ch th e

o wl , c l assical

m yth o l o gy d erived fro m E gypt .

3 . Of F ishes, R ep tiles, and I nanima te O bj ects .

We do no t fi nd so imp o rtant wo r sh ip paid t o rep t il es and

a

fi sh es in I ndia in E gyp t
as . Y et t h e l at t er rec eive inferio r
h o no urs fro m the m o dern H ind o o s, and th e F ish , and t h e To r
t o ise avat ars, are as fam o us in t h e l egends o f the Pauranic s, as
t h e fi sh of Venus , o r an o f th e N il o tic am hibia in t h e t h e o
y p
c rac y o f th e West .

S acred trees and sh rub s in I ndia w ere e qual l y v e nerabl e

with th e d pl ant s in E gypt
s ac re . Th ey are c o nsider ed as

form s o f p art ic ul ar g o ds .

E ac h of the c el est ial b o dies w o rsh ipped in I ndia h as a n

app ro p riate sacred p l ant ; t h e c o unt erp art, it wo ul d seem , o f
th e E gyp t ianh erb s dedicated t o t h e h o rosco pes or genii o f th e
S ig ns .

I t is fo rbidden t o t h e H indo os t o nio ns, th o ugh th ey

eat o

d o no t c o nsid er th em as go d s . The deifi c at io n o f t h is pl ant

h as b ee nim p ut ed t o th e E gyptians o nacco unt of th eir scr up l e

ag ains t eating th em .

L astl y, th e co nsecratio n o f st o nes, as th e S al gram a and

o th er inanimate th ings, wh ich are s u
pp osed t o receive p artic l es
of t h e d iv ine nce, re m ind us o f th e m sti cal sto ne s o f th e
es se y
E gyptians and t he A rab ant al ism an
i s.
 C HA PT E R I I .

S A CR I F I C E S , F E S T I VA L S , A ND R E L I G I OU S CE RE MO N I ES

OF TH E EG Y PT I A N S .

F R O M th e i n w i th wh i c h a nimal s w ere re
ve ne ra t o

gard e d in E g ypt w e m i ght c o nj ec ture th at it was

,

ac co un ted i m p i o us t o s l a u ht er th e m insac r ifi c e and

g ,

M ac ro bi us p o si t i vely asserts t h i s to h a ve b een th e fac t .

N unq ua m fui t fas n

yp tiis p e c ud ib us aut sangui ne ,

se d p rec ib us e t th ure so l o plac a re T h i s tenet

w as p erh ap s m a i ntai ne d b y a p arty o f th e E gyp t i an

p r i e sts o r it m i gh t b e e n
, j o i ne d in so m e o f th e s acred
b o o k s as it is b y se ve ral o f th e m o d ernsec ts in I nd i a ;
,

b ut w e are w e ll assur e d th at a ni mals w e re o ffere d as

,

v i c ti m s in th e te m pl es o f m o st o f th e E gyp t i a n o d s
g .

I n g e ne ral it was unl a wful in e ac h no m e to sl augh ter

,

t h e a ni m al w h i c h rep rese nt e d th e t ut e lar g o d o f th e

d i str i c t .

T h e m o tives wvith w h i c h th e p eo p l e o f d i ffere nt

c o un t r i es h ave o ffere d a ni m al s a s v i c t i m s to th e g o d s ,

h ave no t al way s b ee n t h e sa m e I t w o ul d see m .

,

ind eed th at th e y w ere a t fi rs t s i m il ar b e c ause this

, ,

uni versa l p ra c t i c e m ust h a ve b e e n d e ri v ed fro m o ne

o ri i n b ut th e i d eas w h i c h w er e a t fi rst c o n n e c t ed wi th
g ,

Mac S at . . l ib . i . c. 7 .

A A A
3 60 IDEA S CONNECTED w rr a TH E

th e p e rfo rmanc e o f s ac r ifi c e ,
w e re b y s o m e natio ns
i l
a rt a l o r to t al l y fo r g o t t e n T h e p re v aili ng i d ea o f
p y .

th e G r e ek s in t h e H o m er i c a g e s e e m s t o
, ,
h a ve b e en
t h at t h e g o d s w e re a s o rt o f a er i a l b e i ng s ,
w h o w ere

fatte ne d b y th e sav o ury o d o ur t h at a ro s e fr o m ro ast i ng

a vi c t i m a nd w e re t o b e r e nd e red fav o urabl e t o th e
,

* T
w i sh e s o f m e n b y a ffo r d i ng h e m
t a
g o o d m ea l h e .

s a m e i d ea m ay b e t ra c e d in t h e p rac t i c e s o f m an y
h al f- c i viliz ed nati o ns .

B ut t h e se nti m e nts w i th w h i c h th e E g y pti ans

e r fo r m e d sac r ifi c e w e re v ery d i ffe re nt T h e i dea of
p .

fe ed i ng th e g o d s see ms i nto nev e r t o h ave e ntere d

t h e i r c o nt e m p lat i o n T h e i r sa c r ifi c es w ere;si mply

.
,

o ffe r i ng s o f e x p i at i o n T h e g uil t o f th e p e o pl e w as
.

s upp o s ed to b e t ransfe r red fro m th e o ffe nd ers to

T h is id ea is ridic ul ed b y Po rp h yry, w h o sh o ws th at it was

th e p rev ail ing no tio n t h at t h e g o d s d er ived t h eir s us t enance
fro m t h e ex h al a tio ns o f s ac ri fi c es . H e c ite s t h e fo l l o wing l ines

Ti; (1585 wh o; no d Ma w d rainer o; /

gum a r o; oiv5paiv do m; ék m gez 65 0 6;

' '
'
r
,

02
? xa i Xok fig Wupovft émg
,

010? w
'

00 7 t . ,

05 uv al y
’
wewaio w ‘

xi Cpaim ‘woc,
ou
’‘

x ipew
a ocvra v' m g na l y epa g A a xeiv r ode .

Wh o is s uc h a fo o l , a nd so
p id a ri d c red ul o us,
st u

as t o b el ie v e , t h at al l th e g o ds are d e l i h t ed w it h t h e
g
b are b ones nd w it h t h e b urnt g al l o f a v ic t im , wh ic h
a

w il l sc arc el y affo r d a m e al t o a h ung ry d o g ?"

S ee Po rph yry d e A b st ine ntia, l ib 1 1 s ec 4 2 , 5 8 Th at this . . . .

w as th e id ea w it h w h ich t h e G reek s p erfo rm ed s ac r ifi c e is evi

d e nt fro m t h e st o ry o f Pro m e th e us, wh o o ffended J up it er by
g iv ing h im t h e b o nes ins tead o f t h e b est p iec es o f m eat .

H esio d T h eo g v 5 3 6
. S ee al so C l e m e ns A l ex and S tro m vii
. . .
. . .

p 8 4 6 , ed it O x o n,
. . and th e p assages c o ll e cte d in t he N otes
by th e edito r .
 PE R F O R M A N C E or su m mo n . 36 1

th e anima l sl aught ered ; th e puni s h m e nt o f th eir s ins ,

was inso m e so l e m ni ti e s i m precate d by th e o ffi c i ati ng

, ,

ri e s t o n t h e h e a d o f th e v i c t i m and its d e a th w as
p ,

supp o sed to b e b y t h e g o d s as a n at o ne m ent

vie w ed ,

v i c ar i o us sati sfac t i o n T h i s wil l a

o r as a ppe ar c l earl y
.

in th e se q uel .

Of Human Sacrifi ces .

A th e re was an anc en
s sc a r c e ly y p e o pl e w h o
t i
w ere no t in th e h abi t o f i m m o l at i ng ani mal s o n th e
a ltars o f th e i r g o ds so ,
t h er e w e re fe w w h o se

h i st o ry b et ray s no t rac e s o f h um an sa c rifi c es E ve n .

th e H e b r ew s c anno t b e e nt i re ly v i nd i c at e d fro m t h e
uil t o f h av i ng p er p e t ra te d h um a nsac r ifi c e * no tw ith
g ,

sta n d i ng t h e po si ti ve p ro h ibi ti o n o f th e M o sai c l aw .

S o m e w r i ters h ave v a i nl y e nd eavo ured t o res c ue

th e E g ypt i a ns fro m th e c h arg e o f h av i ng b ee n a d
_

d i c ted to th e s e h orr ibl e p e rp et rati o ns H e ro d o t us is .

v e r y p ere m pt o ry o n th i s s ubj e c t S till h e c o ul d no t .

r e m o ve t h e p rej ud i c e o f h is c o untry m e n a n d t h ey ,

co n t i nue d to re p ea t as a p ro v erbi al e x p ressi o n th e

, ,

fo ll o w i ng li ne o f H o m e r - .

ont én
'
w efi
’
A l y urr r ov 3 i 6d
’ ’
evo u
'
' ‘
oc
py

it I al l ude ph th ah , whic h so m e Co m m ea
t o t h e h ist o ry o f Je

t at o rs h av e s o st rangel y p erverted fro m it s o b v io us m eaning .

M ic h ael is is t h e o nl y auth o r wh o s eem s t o h ave p l ac ed this

’

in th e p o int o f view in wh ic h it o ug h t to be co nsi

j
s ub ec t

S ee t his aut ho r s C o m m e nt aries ont he M o saic L aw ;

’
d ered .

Rand o l p h E rkl arung inE ichh ornns Reper

’
B runs
’
and ub er s q

t o rium , T h . v iii .

1 S trabo n Geog l ib
’

. . . 17 .
3 62 EG Y PTI A N S A C R I F I CE S

V irgil m e nti o ns th e c rue l s ac r ifi c es of B us i ri s, as a

matter uni versal ly k no w n .

Quis a ut E ury sth ea d urum,

A ut ill aud at i nesc it B usiridis

A nd O vi d ,
st ill m o re e x pli c i tl y .

C um T hras ius B us ir in adit m o nstrat que p iari

”
H o s pit is eff uso s anguine p o sse J o ve m 1 .
'

D io d o rus l
a so b e e nth e c usto m
d e c l ar e s, th at it h a d
in anc i e nt t i m e s t o i mm o l ate m e n w i th r e d h ai r at the
t o m b o f O s iris j ; T h at t h e s e sa c r ifi c e s w e re reall y

p e rfor m e d w e a r e al so a ss ure d b
, y M a ne th o n § Pl u ,

tar c h ll ,P o r h
p y yfi
r i a n d M i nu t ius F e l ix “ T o th e se .
e

a uth o r i ti es w e m ay a d d t h o s e o f L o ng us a nd A p ul e i us ,

inth e ro m ance s o f T h e ag e ne s and th e G o l d e n A ss -H

B ut al l d o ub t o n t h i s s ubj ec t h a s b ee n c l e are d up
s i nc e th e l ate r e s earc h e s in t h e E gy p ti an t e m p l e s b y ,

E uro p ean t rave ll ers T h e sc ul p t ures a nd p ai nt i ngs

.

o n th e w all s o f t h e t e m l e s and in t h e i nt eri o r o f t h e

p ,

c atac o m b s o r t o m b s o f t h e ki n s int h e T h e b ai d h ave

g ,

G eo rgic iv . . v . 5 .
t O vid A m o r i
. . . 6 4.

I B io d l ib i c 6 . . . . .

M ane t h o ap ud Po rph yr d e A bst in l ib iv p 94

. . . . . . .

Pl ut d e I sid c 73
. . . .

fil Po rp hyry says t h at t h ese p rac tic es w ere disc o nt inued inthe

t im e of A m o s is . We l earn fro m A t h e naeus, t h at a w ork was

p o sed b y o ne S el euc us, t reating ex pressl y o f th e h um an

—
c om

sac ri fi ces p rac t ised b y t h e E gyp t ians A t h e n l ib iv p 1 72 . . . . . .

”5 M ia ut F e l ix Qc t uo .
p 29 . . .

1 1 A c c o rding t o M aneth o n, it w as in anc ient t im es t he

‘

cust o m t o b urn m enal ive in t he c ity o f

E il y th ia; after w h ich,
the ash es of th e v ic t im s were winno w e d th ro ugh a sieve, and
d isp ersed inth e air .
- Pl ut . ub i s upra.
 or H U MA N v rc 'r xms . 363

affo rd ed m any c ur i o us p ie ce s o f info r mati o nr esp e c t i ng

th e li g i o us cerem o ni es th e sc i enc es and th e pri vat e
re , ,

m anne rs o f th e E g y p ti a n p e o pl e O n th e q uest i o n .

resp e c t i ng h uman s a crifi c e s t h e y l eave us no r o o m

,

fo r h es i tat i o n M D eno n h as fo und th e c erem o ny o f

. .

im m o l a ti ng th e h uman vic t i m d is t i n c tl y po rtray e d

ina t e mp l e at M ed i net A b o u ; and Mr H am il to n h as

.
-
.

g i v e nus a ne x cell ent d es c r i p ti o no f a si mil ar pro ce ed

ing e x h ibi ted o nt he c i eli ng o f an apar tm ent in th e
,

t e mp l e o f I si s at T enty r a T h e fi g ure o f a ma n w i th
.
,

t h e h ead a nd e ars o f a n a ss is s e en k neeli ng o n t h e

,

ro und a nd b o un d t o a t ree T w o kn i e s h ave b ee n

g , v .

s tuc k i n to h is fo reh ead two are inh is sh o ul d e rs o ne

, ,

in h is t h i gh and ano th er in h is b o dy F i v e p r i ests

, .

sta nd in a ro w b e h i n d h av i ng h ead s li k e h aw ks and

,

d o g s and h o l d i ng k ni ve s in the i r hand s T h e go d i s

'

.
,

c l o th ed in l o n g wh i t e ro b es a nd h o l d s inh is h a n
, ds
t h e c ro zi er and th e van o f O s i ri s .

Of t he S acr ifices o f A nimal s .

H ero d o tus i nfo rms us, th at th e E gy p t i ans refused to

o ffe r in sacrifi c e any o th er a n m a s i l t han swi ne, b ull s ,

l
c a ve sw i th o ut sp o t o r bl e m i sh , a nd g ee se I t app ears, .

h o we ver, th at h e all ud es to th e co mmo np rac ti c es o f

t h e wh o l e E gypt i annat i o n; fo r it is c er tai nth at so m e
o th er a ni m al s were im m o l at ed inp ar tic ul ar d i stri c ts .

Of the Sa crifice f
o Swine .

S wine w ere o nly sa crifi ced to O siris and to t he

Moo n . O n tho se o c casi o ns th e E gy pti an
, s ate th e
 mre m - sw rN E
3 64 s ac r u or .

fl e sh i ne
o f sw , wh i c h at al l o th e r ti m es th e y ac co u nted
it unl a w ful to t o uc h . Th ei r p rac ti ce r e a so n fo r th is
H er o d o t us says h e k ne w b ut d id no t th i nk it b ec o mi ng
,

t o d i s c l o se * .

T h e fo ll o w i ng is t h e ac c o u nt g i ve n b y th i s h i sto
i
r a n, of th e sac r ifi c e f h o g s to O s i r i s
o A t the .

su
p p er w h i c h was c e l e b ra t e d o n th e d a
y o f th e festi val
of t h at go d , y E gypt i a n sl a ug h t e re d a h o g b e fo re
e ve r

a nd i m m e d i a tel
th e d o o r o f h is h o use
y a ft erward s
,

g a ve th e c arc a se to th e sw i neh e rd fro m w h o m h e had

p urc h ase d it w h o w as a ll o w e d t o c arry it a w ay

, In .

o th e r res e c t s t h i s so l e m n fe ast o f O s i r i s w a s a n ex ac t
p ,

c o unte r rt o f th e c e l e b rat e d fes ti va l

a of th e G reeks in
p
h o no ur o f B ac c h us ?
T he sac r ifi c e to t h e M o o n is th us d e s c r ib e d . A fter
s a ug h t e r
l i ng th e anm a i l ,
th ey c ut o ff -
th e e nd of th e
t a il , a nd h av i ng e nc o se d
l th e se , to g et h e r wi th t he
s
p l e e n a nd t h e o m e nt um ,
a nd t h e fa t o f t h e b ell ,
y
c o ns um ed t h e m in th e fi re . T he r em a i nd er of the
fl e sh was, on th is
b y t h e p e o pl eo c c as o i n , e a te n .

T h o s e p erso ns wh o w er e i nd i g e nt m a d e th e fi g ure o f ,

a swi ne w i th m e al, and h av i ng ro a ste d it, o ffe re d it as

a sac r ifi c e .

it This r em in s d
p ro h ib it io n against eat ing h og s
us o f th e
’

fl es h am o ng t h e H eb rews ; b ut t h e l atter p eo pl e s ee m t o h ave

av o id e d it fo r a d iffere nt reaso n M any m o t iv e s h ave b een .

assi
gned fo r t h e c o m m and g iv e n by M o ses t o ab s tain fro m the
fl esh o f s wine S p enc er al o ne s eem s to h ave fo rm ed a c o rrec t
.

idea J ud aao s antiquio res o d io s é m aj o re p o rc um h abuisse,

.

q uo d anim al esse t in G e ntil ium feb r uis, s ac rifi c ns, m yst erns
m agic is, fest is, et
p ac tis sanc iendis c um
”
p rim is usurpatum.
- S p e ncer d e L egg H eb r p 1 20, l ib i . . . . .

1 H ero do tus, l ib ii c 4 7 . . . .
 s nc nm rc E s or BUL LS . 36 5

Of the S acrifice of B ulls .

So me ofth e E g yp ti an c usto ms, in th e ir sacrifi c es,

b ear a c ur i o us r ese m bl a nc e t o th e r i tes o f t h e M o saic

l aw wh ic h canno t b e r e fe rre d to ac c id e ntal c o i nc i d e nc e

, .

A ll th e fe m al es of th is sp ec e s i w e re in a p e c uli ar
m anner sa c re d to I s i s , a nd w ere ne ve r use d a s v i c ti m s * .

T h e E gyp ti ans used o nly b ullo c k s in sac rifi c e red ,

and in th i s r e s e c t w ere s o at t e nti ve th a t an a ni m al

p ,

w h i c h h a d o nl y o ne bla c k o r w h i te h ai r w a s d e e m ed
unfi t o r i m p ur e l T h e tail w a s m i nute ly ex a m i ne d
-
,

a nd t h e d i re c t i o n o f e v er h a i r in it o b serv e d T h e
y .

t o ng ue was al so d ra w n o ut a nd t h e p ri e st e x a m i ne d ,

it to s e e if it w er e fre e fro m c e r tai nb l e m i sh es sp e c ifi e d

,

inth e sac re d b o o k s A fte r t h e p r iest h a d c areful l y

.

insp e c t e d th e a ni m al b o t h s ta nd i ng a nd ly i ng o n its
,

b ac k if h e fo und it w i th o ut bl e m i s h h e b o und its

, ,

h o r ns w i th t h e By bl o s a nd p ut a s eal up o n it , ,

c o nta i ni n
g th e i m p re ss i o n o f a m an up o n h is k nees ,

w i th h is h a nd ti e d b eh i nd h im a nd a s w o rd p o i nt e d ,

”
a t h is th ro a t T h e m eani ng o f t h i s see m s to h a v e
1 .

b ee n th at t h e a ni m al was t o b e killed as a v i c ari o us

,

H ero do tus, l ib . 1 1 . c ap . 99 .

t H ero d l ib . . 2, c ap . 38 . Co nfer Pl ut . d e I s id p 31
. ca . .

I t was al so fo rbidde nt o t h e H e brew s t o sac r ifi c e anh eifer t hat

was no t re d, w it h o ut b l e m ish .
—S ee N um bers x ix . 2 . On
wh ic h M aim o nid e s and t h e Tal m udis t s re m ark , t h at if th e

—
h eifer h ad o nl y t w o bl ack or w hit e h airs , it w as rec k o ned
i m p ure S ee B o c h art , H iero z o ico n, p 290 Pl utarc h says . .

t h e E gy pt ians c h o se b ul l s wit h referenc e t o t h e c o mp l ex io no f

Typ ho n .

C t a ud Pl ut l o c c itat .
I a s o r p . .
366 s x c a m rc ns or B U LL S .

sacri c e fi i nstead ofth e p ers o n wh o o ffered it T he .

b ull o c k w as t h e n l e d to t h e al tar, o n w h i c h a fi re w as
ki nd l ed lib at i o n p o ure d ; afte r an i nv o c at i o nto
and a

th e g o d th e v i c t i m w as kill e d a nd it s h e a d w as im
, ,

m ed i ate l y c ut o ff A so l e m n c urse w as p ro no unced

.

U o n t h e h e ad o f th e a ni m al ; th e p r i est i m p re c a ti n g
p
up o n it all th e e vil s th a t th r e at e ne d t h o se w h o h ad

o ffe re d th e v i c ti m or in p ubli c sac rifi c es th e l and

, , ,

i n n l lt
P l ut arc h seem s t o h ave
a
o f E gy p t g e er a .

su o se d th a t th e i m p recat i o n w as p ro no un c ed
pp
re v i o usl y t o t h e sl augh ter i n o f th e v i c t im T he
p g .

h ead wh i c h h ad b een c ur se d was th e n c ut o ff and

th r o w n i nto th e N il e xl S uc h w a s th e a nc i e nt c usto m
'

o f t h e E g y p t i ans ; b ut in l a te r t i m e s th e y s o l d the

h ead s o f th e i r v i c ti m s t o th e G re e k s i nste ad o f ,

t h ro w i ng th e m i nto t h e r i ve r T h ese c ere mo ni es .

w e r e o b served b y a l l t h e E gyp t i ans w i th o ut excep

t i o n ; and o n a c c o unt o f t h e c usto m o f c ur si ng the
h e ad o f th e v i c ti m no p e rso n o f th at nat i o nw o ul d eat
,

o f th e h e ad e i th er o f a b ul l o c k o r a n o th er a ni mal
y .

T h e s ac rifi c e o f a n o x to I si s w h o m H ero d o tus ,

c all s th e g reat e st o f t h e i r
g o d d esses a nd in wh o se ,

*
h o no ur th e m o st c o nsi de rabl e festi va l w as so l e m niz ed ,

is th us d esc rib e d T h e y k eep a fas t p revi o usly

.
,

and after i n vo ki n th e o d d e ss sl a u h t er t h e v i c ti m
g g g , ,

and th en sk i n it a nd t a k e o ut th e e ntrails l eavi n

, g ,

S ee L evitic us x vn. 4; x vi. 21 . S am . i 16. . Psal ms

v1 1. 17 . E zech . xxx iii 4
. . A c ts x viii. 6 . A nd A aro n sh al l

l ay his h and s up o n t h e h ead o f th e l ive go at, and c o nfess o ver

h im all th e ini quities o f th e c h il dren o f I s rael , and al l their
”
t ransgress io ns , p utt ing th em upo n t h e h ead of th e go at .

L evit . x vi. 21 . S ee al so E useb Preap E vang l ib i

. . . . .

1 Pl utarch, ubi supra

‘
.
 S A CR I F I C E or E v L Ls . 3 67

th e fat nd th e re m ai ni ng p arts in th e b o dy
a T h en .

c utti n o ff th e l e s t h e e x tre mi ty o f th e c h ord th e

g g , ,

sho ul d ers a n d th e nec k t hey fi l l th e rest o f th e b o dy

,

w i th pure b read and h o ney ra i s i ns fi gs fran ki nc ense,

, , ,

m yrrh , and o th er a ro m at cs i ; t h ey th en b urn it ,

p o ur i ng up o n it a b unda nce o f o il . Wh il e th e vi cti m

is b urni ng th ey w h ip th e mse lves,
, a nd w hen th e
.

wh i pp i ng sce ne is c o nc l ud ed ,
th e y feast on th e
r es i due of th e c arc ase .

S acrifices f
o S heep .

Strabo ass e rts t h at sh e e p w ere no wh ere o ffered to

th e g o d s in E g y pt, e x ce t in t h e N itrio tic no me,
p
wh ere S arap is w a s w o rsh i pp e d ; b ut H ero d o t us sa s y
th ey were sa c r ifi c e d in t h e M e nd esian d i str i ct , of

whic h Pan, und er th e fo rm of a m al e -g o at, was th e

tutel a r g o d .

E ven th e T heb ans ,

p to b e
wh o h e l d th e sh ee

ar ti c ul arl ys a cred t h e i r fa vo uri te g o d A m m o nb ei n

“

p ,
g
o f th i s sp ec i e s, put a ra m to d e a th o nc e in th e
y ear,
at th e annual fe s t i val o f J up i t er T h ey th enp lac ed .

th e ski n o f t h e ani mal up o nth e i m ag e o f A mmo n, and

intro d uc ed b e fo re it th e fi g ur e o f H erc ul e s A fter .

t h i s ce rem o ny t h e w h o l e c ro w d a ro und th e te mp l e
,

w h i p p e d th e ram , a nd a fterward s i nter red it, en l

c o s ed

ina c
sa re d c h e s t
1 .
”
T h es e w ere t h e o nly o cc as o ns i
o n wh i c h th e T h e b ans s uffer ed a ny c reature o f th i s
sp ec esi to b e kil l ed .

H ero d n 4 0
. . .
t S trabo , l ib x v u . . H ero d n 4 2 . . .

I H ero d ii 4 2 . . .

B B B
 3 68 Y
E G PTI A N S A CR I F I C E S A ND O T H E R. CE R E MO NI E S .

S acrifi ce o f Go a ts .

G o ats w ere th e v cti im s im m o l ate d t o th e T h eb an

J up i ter or A mm o n b ut w i th w hat parti c ul ar
,
r i tes this
sacr ifi c e wa p
s e rfo r m e d we a re no t t o l d * .

Of Ceremo nies re l a tin

g t o Typ hon .

T h ere is no th i ng m o re i in t h e E gyptian
c ur o us

c eremo n es i t h an t h o se w h i c h h a d res pec t t o T y ph on .

S ome of th ese r i t es w ere int e nd e d t o s o o the a nd

m o lli fy h is t e mp er ; b ut th e m o st re m a r a k bl e s eem to
h aveb een d esi g ne d as e xp ress io ns o f resent ment and
i nd i gnati o n fo r th e ev il s w h i c h h e w as supp o sed
t o h ave i nfli c t e d o n th e fa v o uri te d i vi ni ti e s o f the
E g ypti ans O n t h e se o c c a s i o ns th e p eo p l e assail ed
.
,

w i th i ns ul ts and re p r o a c h e s al l w h o h a pp e ned t o have

red h ai r m wh i c h t h e y w e r e s up p o se d t o re sembl e
,

T yph o n T h e p e o p l e o f C o pt o s h ad al so a c usto m
Xo f th row ing an a ss d o w n a p re c ip i ce T he ass was
.

on e o f th e T y ph o ni a n a ni mal s t
-

A t a fe st i val wh i c h fro m th e a c c o unt g i ve no f it by

,

H ero d o tus see m s t o h ave b ee nt h e s a m e t hat Pl utarch

,

d esc rib es as h a p p e ni ng o n t h e s e ve ntee nth o f A thyri

i nc o m m e m o rat i o n o f t h e d e a t h o f O sir i s it w as a ,

c usto m a m o n th e E y t i ans t o b ri n fo rt h t h e d ead

g g p g
bo dy o f a co w w h i c h l ay e mb al med in o ne o f th ei r
,

H ero d .

t Thi s was, acc o rding t o Pl ut arch , o nacc o unt of h is co l o ur.

B o ch art rem ark s t h at in Pal est ine nd E gyp t gene

. asses a are

ral l y red . B oc h art H iero zo ic p 1 8 1

. . . .
 C E RE MON I ES R E LA TI N G To T Y PH O N . 3 69

t empl es o c c as o n
. O n th at ,
i p erso ns p res e nt
th e
wh i pp e d a c er ta i n go d ,
wh o s e nam e H ero d o t us d o es
no t c h o ose to r eveal . J a bl o nsk i h as sh o w n,
by a

r efe re nc e to a p a ss a
g e of D io do rus S ic ul us that th i s ,

go d was T yp h o n
le
a
.

O n a s i m il ar p r i nc i pl e , th e E gypti ans atte m

p te d to
av e rt i m p e nd i ng
i l s b y to rt ur i ng th e i r go d s
ev . When
a ny
g re at d ro ugh t h app ened o c c asi o ne d b y e x tr e m e ,

h e at o r w h e n th ey w e re affl i cted b y p e st il e nc e o r any

,

o th e r u bli c c al a m i t t h ri ests w ere a c c us to m e d to

p y e p ,

s e l e c t s o m e o f t h e s a c re d a nim al s and co n d uc ti ng , ,

t hem w ith g rea t m y st e ry and sil e nc e into so m e d ark

p lac e fi rs t atte m pt ed by t h reats to te rr i fy th e m and

, ,

ind uc e th e m to re m o v e th e ev il s t h ei r c o unt ry suffered

b ut if th i s e nd e avo ur w a s uns uc c e ss ful th e y at l e ngth ,

p ut t h e m to d eat h l T h i s p r o c ee d i ng to o k p l ac e at
-~

no p art i c ul a r t i m e b ut w h e neve r th e o c c a si o nre q ui re d

, .

I t w as al way s d o ne se c re tly by t h e p ri e sts w i tho ut th e ,

k no w l e d g e o f th e p eo p l e .

A nnua l F es tiva ls of the E g yp tians .

O f th e an nual fest i val s of th e E gy p tians, th e

mo st d i sti ng ui sh e d w as that c el e b rate d in h o no ur o f
B ubast is at th e c ity o f B ub asto s
, T h e seco nd .

was t h e fe st i val o f I si s h el d at th e c ity o f Busi r i s , ,

wh i c h w a s i t uat ed in t h e m i dd l e o f th e D el ta and
s ,

c o nt a i ne d t h e l arg e st t e mpl e o f th at g o d d e ss N ex t .

t o t h i s was t h e fest i val o f M i ne rva at S a i s wh ic h was , ,

J abl o nski Panth . E gypt . l ib . v. c. 2 . Co nfer D io do r .

l ib i p 2 3
. . . .

7 Fl a t d e Isid . . c. 73 .
3 70 F ESTI V A L S A T E U R A ST o s, B usI R I s, sA I s,

m o re l b
c e e ra ted th a n th a t of th e S un at I I el io poh s
-

th e l atter w as re c k o ned fo ur th in d i gni ty and

th e
i mpo rtanc e ; th a t o f L a to na o r B uto s w as th e fi fth,
an d th e festi val o f M ars a t Pap r e m is w as th e s ix th .

A t th e festi val o f B ub asto s a vas t c o nco urse o f peopl e

a sse mbl ed n o t fe w e r as it w a s s a i d th a nse v enh un d red
,

th o usand m e na nd w o m e n w i th o ut i nc l ud i ng c hild re n ’

, .

T h e c r o wd reso r te d to th e c i ty in v essel s a nd duri ng ,

th ei r v o y ag e m a d e t h e air reso und o n e very s i d e w i th

t he no i s e o f p i p es a nd ta b o rs w i th s i ng i ng and c l ap
,
a

p g i n o f h and s W h.e n t h ey a p p ro a c h e d a n t o w n o n
‘

y
t h e i r p assag e t o B ub a s to s t h ey b ro ugh t t h ei r v essels
,

t o sh o re ; so m e o f t h e w o m e n t h e n c o nti nue d their

m usi c w h il e o th e r s c all e d al o ud o n t h e fe m al e s o f the
,

p l ac e ,p ro vo ki ng t h e m w i t h i ns ul ts d anc i ng al l the ,

t i m e and usi ng t h e m o st w a nto na nd i nd ec ent g estures

, .

T h i s sc ene was rep eated a t e ve ry to w n o n th e co urse

o f th e r i ver W h e n th ey arri ve d a t B uba sto s they
.
,

sl augh t e red a great m any v i c t i m s a nd o nt h i s o c c asi o n

“

m o re w i ne was c o nsum e d t h a n d ur i ng all th e r e mai n

d er of
th e y ear .

A t th e festival o f I s s at
i B us i ris, th e
ifi c e o f o x en sa c r

t o o k p lac e w h i c h w e h av e ab o v e d e sc rib ed O nth i s .

o c casi o nt h e w h o l e a ss e m bly to t h e num b er o f m an y

th o usand s wh i p p e d th e m s el ves
, T h e C arians who .
,

h appened to b e res i d ent inE gyp t al so c ut th e i r fac es

“

wi th k ni ves .

T he festival o f Minerva at S ai s Was h el d by nigh t

it was c all e d t h e feast o f l a m p s A l l th e p e o p l e : .

suspen d ed l amps b e fo r e th e i r h o use s wh i c h they k ept ,

b urni ng th ro ugh th e w ho le ni g h t N o t o nly Sai s was .

ill um i nated b ut al l E g yp t likew i se ; fo r tho s e wh o

,

d id no t attend th e festi val b ur nt la m ps b efo re th eir

h o uses o nth e eveni ng ded i c ated to th i s go dd e ss .
 P A PR E MI S — TI M E or CE L E B R A T I N G T H E M . 371

T h e fe sti val s o f H el io p o li s and B uto s w e r e di stin

uish e d b y no r em ark a bl e c e re mo n i es : th e y c o ns i ste d
g
s i mpl y in th e er fo rmanc e o f c e rta i n sac rifi ces T he
p .

rites in h o no ur of M ars at Pap re mis w ere ve r y

r em ar a b e
k l . A t th i s festi val ,
a
g reat num b e r of

p r i ests, arm ed w i th c l ub s, p l ace d th emse l ve s in th e

ev e ni n
g a t th e e nt ran c e o f th e te m l e, w h i l e t h e
p
r e ul a r a ttend ant s o n th e o d b e an to d ra w On a
g g g
fo ur -wh e e l ed c arr a i g e th e i m ag e Of M ars p l aced in
,

a c as e of
go l d .i m ag e h a d b ee n p urp o sel y
T h is
r e m o v ed fro m its p l ac e o n t h e
p r ece d i ng d ay T he .

ar m e d r i ests a t t h e e nt ra nc e o f t h e te m l e d i sp ute d
p p
th e p a ssag e ; w h en a c ro w d o f m en, ar m e d lik e w i se
w i th c l ub s, w h o sto o d w i th o ut p repa red fo r th e
co n
‘

fli c t i m med i ately
,
came to th e s ucc o ur o f th e g o d .

A sh ar
p eng a ement t h e n e nsue d , a nd m a ny h ead s
g
w ere b ro k e n in th e fray t h o ugh th e E g yp t i ans p o si
,

t ivel y a ss erte d tha t no li ves w ere l o st .

S o me o th er fe sti val s o f th e E gyp ti ans h ave b een

m ent i o ne d a b o ve ,
as c o nne c t e d w i th t h e r i te s , and

b ear i ng a re fe r e nc e to th e h i sto ry of I si s and O s i ri s .

I t is unnec e ssary t o s ay a ny th i ng furth er re s

p ec t i ng
th em in t hi s p l ac e .

T h e re is o ne co m m o n c rc um sta n
l i ng to th e
i
c e re at

t i m es at w h i c h m o st o f t h e E gyp ti a n festi val s w e re

so l em n iz ed ; th ey w ere h el d at th e N e w M o o n
-

o r th e F ul l M o o n T h i s is p arti cularly no ti c ed in
.
,

s evera l in sta nc es by th e a nc i ent w ri ters wh o h ave

,

i ve n us an a c c o unt o f th ese s o l e m ni ti es *
g .

This c ircum stance h as no t escaped J abl o nsk i, wh o no t ic es

it in th e Pro l ego m ena h is E gyp tianPanth eo n
to .

Th is is ex pressl y m enti o ned b y Pl utarch wi th respec t t o th e

372 TI M E S or H OLD I N G F E ST I VA LS .

festival in th e m o nt h Pham e no th , wh ich h app ened at t he

ful l m o o n, at wh ic h p erio d t h e entranc e o f O siris into the
M o o n, and th e fer til iz ing of t h e s ub l unary w o rl d, w as c el e

brated : ca
p 43. . L ik ewise t h e fes tival rel ating t o th e d eath
of O siris was s ol e m niz ed at t h e ful l m o o n in th e m o nth
“

A th yri c ap . 42 O th er re ferences t o t h e p erio d s o f t he Moo n

.

o c c ur in Pl ut arch s Treat ise

’
S ee c app 4 2, 4 3, 5 2
. . The .

fest ival o f O siris, _and t hat o f I sis, are m ent io ned b H ero dotus.
y
They happened both at th e ful l of th e M oo n .
 C H A PT E R I I I .

OF TH E CI VI L I NST I T U T I O N S OF TH E Y
E G PTI A N S .

SE CTIO N I .

D is tribution of the P eop l e into Cas tes . E numeration of the

Cas tes, and D escrip tio n of them .

A MONG th e I nstitut i o ns of E g ypt , no ne w as m o re

i mp o r tant in its infl ue nc e upo n th e c h a rac ter o f th e
nati o n th an th e d i vi si o n o f th e p eo p l e i nto trib e s o r
,

fam ili e s w h o w ere o bli g e d by th e l a w s a nd s u ersti

,
p
t i o ns o f t h e c o unt r
y t o fo ll o w with o ut d e vi at i o nt h e
'

p ro fessi o ns and h a bi ts o f t h ei r fo re fath ers S uc h an .

ins ti t uti o n c o ul d no t fa il o f i m p re ss i ng th e stam

p
o f a b ec t ser v ili t
j y o n th e l o w e r c l a s se s ; a nd b y r e ,

m o v i ng in a g reat m e as ure t h e m o t i v e o f e m ul at i o n ,

it m ust h av e c reated inall apat hy and i nd i ffere nc e t o

, ,

i mp ro ve m e nt in th e i r p ar ti cular p ro fe ssi o ns W h ere .

ever th e s
y s te m o f c a st e s h asit h as p r o
e x is te d ,

d uc e d a re m a rk ably
p ermane nt a nd uni fo r m c h a ract er
in th e nati o n; in t h e exam
p l e fur ni sh e d by
'

as

th e nat i ves of H ind o o s ta n . T h ese p eo pl e g re e in a

a l mo st every p o i nt w i th th e d escri p t i o n g i ve n o f
th e m b y M e g a sth e ne s, w h o v i s i te d th e c o ur t o f an

I nd i an ki ng so o n afte r th e c o nq uest o f th e E ast by

t h eM ac e d o ni ans .

We h a ve no ve r y ac c urat e and c i rc um sta nt a

i l
acco u nts of th e c aste s into wh i c h th e E gypti an
374 C I VI L I N ST I TUTI ON S .

eo pl e were d i vi d ed, and of th e p a rti cul ar custo ms

p
of eac h It e ars , ind e ed, th at i nnovati o ns
. a
pp
u
co nst o n o f E ypt
o n th e ol d c v i il a nd li gi o us
re i t t i g
b n b in t d u c ed as e ar ly as th e t i m e o f
h a d e g u t o e r o

P s a m m it ic h u s w h,
e n th e a n c i e n t a v e rs i o n o f t h e p eo pl e

i n fi t m T h r i o us c o n fli c ts
t o fo r e
g e rs w a s rs o v e rco e e. v a

i h h n i n n d w n t b t w n t h at era and th e
w h c t e a t o u e r e e e e

t i m e wh e n H ero d o tus v i si t e d E gy p t c o ul d no t fail to ,

b reak d o w n m any o f th e fe nc es w h i ch anc i e nt p ri est

c raft h ad es tabli sh e d fo r m ai n ,
t a i ni ng th e infl uenc e o f

s up erstit i o n Hero do t us is th e e ar li est w r i ter who

.

menti o ns th e c ast e s o r h ered i tary c l asse s o f the

E g y pti ans and h is ac c o unt app ears t o b e t he resul t
,

o f h is p er s o nal o b ser vat i o n o nly H ad th i s h i sto ri an

.

understo o d th e native l ang uag e o f th e p e o pl e ; had

he b eenabl e to read th e b o o k s o f H erm es in whi ch ,

t h e o ld sac er do tal i nst i tutio ns w ere c o nta i ned we ,

m i ght h ave e xp ec te d fro m h im as c o r rec t and ampl e

a d es c ri p t i o n o f th e d i strib ut i o n o f t h e c astes in

E g ypt as th a
,
t w h i c h m o d e rn w ri ters have gai ned in

I nd ia fro m th e c o de o f M e nu resp e cti ng th e o rders ,

an d sub d i vi sio n o f th e c o mm uni ty in H ind o o stan .

D io do rus wh o h ad th e ad vantage o f co ns ul ting

,

E gyptian auth o r s in th e G re e k l ang ua ge and who ,

s ee ms t o h av e m ad e a d ili g e n t use o f t h i s o ppo rtuni ty ,

m ay b e s upp o se d to b e m o re ac c urate, in what refers

t o th e i nternal
p li t y o f th i s nat i o n t ha n H ero d o tus
o , ,

wh o th o ugh a d ili g ent o b serv er w as d e fi c ient inso

man
, ,

y impo rtant qualific ati o ns .

I t has o fte n b ee nc o n j ec tured that th e subdi v i sion

o f p eo p l e i nto c astes m ay h av e t ake n its rise fro m
th e i nt erm ixt ure o f var i o us nat i o ns o r m ay h ave b een ,

th e effec t o f r epeated co nquests th e vanqui sh ed races ,

 Or TH E EG Y PT I A N S . 3 75

b e i ng cont i nually l o wer rank inth e

d egrad e d i nto a

c o m mun i ty I t h as b een suppo sed fo r ex ampl e that

.
, ,

th e abj ec t Pa rriars are t he d esce nd ants o f th e a b o r i

g inal i nh abi tant s o f I nd i a th at th ese p e o pl e were

fi rst c o nq uered a nd red uc ed i nto sub o rd i nati o n b y
S ud ras w h o may h av e b ee n fo r so m e t i m e th e d o m i
,

nee r i ng caste until t h e y in tur n were overc o me b y

,

th e B rah m ans and C s h a t riyas , w h o fo rc ed th e m to

b eco m e l ab o urers and still furth e r d egrad ed th e
,

Par ria rs i nt o th e l o w es t s tat i o n o f servili ty I t is .

po ss ibl e th at th i s co nj ec tur e m ay b e no t wh o lly

w i th o ut fo und at i o n as fa r as it re l a tes to th e p eo p l e
,

of H ind o o stan; b ut w e h av e no cou ntenanc e fr o m

h i sto ry fo r a ttem pt i ng to app l y such a so l uti o n to th e
sa m e
p robl e m in E gypt T h e p eop l e o f E gyp t a re
.

c o nsta n tly d esc rib e d a s o ne unm ix e d and und i v i d ed

nat io n W e h ave no t th e sli g h test h i nt th at t h e re
.

e xi sted a mo ng th em a ny d i v er si ty o f rac e o r o f

l ang uage and we h av e g ro und s fo r c o nc l ud i ng that

,

t h e i d i o ms o f t h e s e ve ral c as te s a s w ell as th o se ,

r e vaili n in th e var i o us d i st r i c t s o f E gy p t w er e no t
p g ,

r e m ar ak bly d ffe rent

i fr o m ea c h o t h e r
t
.
a

S trab o h as m ent i o ne d in a very s umm ary m anne r

, ,

th e d i v i s i o n o f th e E gy p t i an na t i o n i nto c l asse s He .

d i st i ng ui sh e s th e t wo h i gh e r ra nk s na m ely th e , ,

sa ce rd o tal an d th e m ili tar y c l ass e s and i nc l ud es all th e

,

r e m ai n d er o f th e c o m m uni ty und er th e d esig nati o n

The a nal ysis ofgeo graph ic al nam es al o ne affords sufli

e e i nt d ata fo r drawing t h is infere nc e, w h ic h is p l aced b ey o nd
d o ub t by a co m p ariso no f t h e d ial e c t s o f t he E gypt ianl ang uage,
v iz t h e Co p t ic , th e S ahi dic, a n
. .
d B ah iric o r M emph it ic .

C C C
 376 CI VI L I N S TI T U T I O N S or EG Y PT .

of t he l class t o wh o m h e assigns th e
a r c u tura
g i l ,

“
e m lo y men f i
ts o ag r cu ure l t n d t h t )
p a e ar s

D io d o r us s ub d i vi d e s t h i s l a tte r class A fter d is .

t ing uish ing fro m it t h e sac e rd o ta l a nd m ili tar y o rd ers,

h e o b serve s tha t t h e re ma i nd er o f the c o mm uni ty is
d i strib uted i nto th r ee d i vi s i o ns w h i c h h e terms , ,

3 . H e rd sme n .

4 . A g ri c ul t ur i s ts ; a nd
5 . A rtifi c ers, o r m e n w h o l a b o ured at trad es .

H ero do tus v e ry near l y ga in h is e num eratio n

re e s

w i th th at of D io d o rus . H is na m e s fo r th e d i fferent
l
c asses are as fo ll o w :

Pri ests, or th e sac erd o t a l c l ass .

2 .
W i
arr o rs, o r th e m ili ta ry c lass .

3 . C o wh erds .

4 . S w i neh erd s .

5 . T rad ers .
6 . I nte rpreters .

7 . Pil o ts .
1
~

I n th i s c a ta o l ue th e t h i rd nd fo urth l
g a c ass are

l ainly sub d i vi si o ns o f t h e th i r d o f D io d o rus w h o m

p ,

th at w ri t e r i nc l ud e s und e r t he g ene ral t i tl e o f h er d s men .

T he c as te o f i nterpre ters as w ell as t h at o f il o ts , m ust

,
p
h ave co mp r se d a v e ry
i sm a ll num b er of m e n, s i nce
t h e E gypt i ans h a d li t tle i nterc o urs e w i th fo re i ners,
g ,

an d all th e i r navi g at i o n was c o nfi ne d to s aili n u

g p
and do wn th e N il e . T h e p il o t s w e re p r o b ably a
t rib e of th e s am e c a s s l w i th th e a rt ifi c e rs o r l ab o uri n
g
i ns
a r t sa of D io d o rus § . T h e t rad e rs of H er o d o tus

S trabo , l ib . x vn.
“
i I t is rem ark abl e th at M eg asth enes, in his A c co unt o f the
I ndian Cast es, m ent io ns t h e N avigato rs o f rive rs
(N aom i
mmn iiv) as a part o f t h e c l ass o f arti sans,
'
a or Tsxvirm .

B i od Sic l ib i
. . . .
 D I VI S I ON or C A ST E S . 3 77

must b e th e sa m e C as s l wh o are c a ll ed a
g ri c ul tur i sts
b y D io d o rus .

T hus b y , c o m p ar i ng t h e d i fferent a c c o unts , we

ar e e na ng e t h e s ev e ral b ra nc h es
ble d to a rr a of th e
E gypt i anc o m m uni ty inth e fo ll o w i ng c lasse s
l T h e S ac e rd o tal o rd er
. .

2 . T h e M ili tary .

3 . T h e H erd s m en .

4 . T h e A g ri c ul t ural a nd C o mm erc i al c l ass .

5 . T h e A r ti fi c e rS o r l a b o uri ng A rti sans

,
.

T he e mp o l m e nts o f al l th e se l
c as s es w ere h ere d i
y
t ary, and no m an w as
ll o w ed by th e l a w to e ng age in
a
'

an
y o cc up ati o n d iffe r e nt fro m t h at in w h i c h h e h ad
b ee n e d uc ated b y h is pa rents * T h i s pro h ibiti o n .

m us t o b v i o usly h av e e xte nd e d furth er t h a n t h e

li m i tat i o n o f th e a b o v e m e nt i o ne d cl asses e ac h o f ,

w h i c h c o m p re h e nd e d a var ie ty o f d i s t i nc t o c c up at i o ns .

H e nc e it w o ul d ap p ear th at ever y c l ass w a s s ub

d i vi d e d i nto a num b e r o f c astes t h e i nd i vid ua l s c o m ,

ri s e d in eac h b e i n b o und t o fo ll o w a t i ul
p g p ar c ar

p ro fe ssi o n i nh e ri te d fro m th e i r anc estr y

, .

I t w as ac c o unte d an h o no ur abl e d i sti nc ti o n to

b el o ng e i th e r to th e sace rd o tal o r th e m ili tary c l ass .

T h e o th er o rd e rs w e re c o nsi d ered g reatly i nfer i o r in

d ig ni ty an
,
d no E g yp ti an c o ul d m o unt t h e t h ro ne
wh o w as no t d e s c e nd e d fro m th e p rie sth o o d o r t h e
l

T h e p o sse ssi o n o f th e so i l o f E gyp t .

b e lo ng e d e xc l usi vel y t o th e se t wo c asses, a nd

l t o th e
k i ng b y w h o m it was l et
,
o ut at e as y re nts t o th e
h usb and me n .

B io d l ib i . . . c ap . 6 . H ero d l ib iii . . .

1 H ero d l ib ii 1 68
“
. . . .

I H ero d l ib ii Pl ut d e I sid &c

‘

. . . . . .
p 9,
ca .
 3 78 C I VI L I N S T I T U T I ON S OF EG Y PT .

T he l att e r ,
sa ys b e i ng b red up
D io d o rus,
fro m i nfa nc y in th e p rac ti c e o f rura l b us i ness a r e th e ,

m o st s kil ful ag ri c ul turi sts in t h e w o rl d a nd th e y are ,

ac q ua i nt e d w i th m a ny t h i ng s unk no w n e l s e w h e re ,

ar tl b m e a ns o f th e k no wl e d g e ga i n e d fro m t h e i r
p y y
a nc e sto rs a nd p a rtl y fro m t h e i r o w n e xp e ri e nc e
,
If .

an t ra d e s m a n m e dd l e d w i th p ubli c b us i ne ss or
y ,

a tt e m t e d t o e x e rc i s e m o r e t h a n o ne t ra d e
p h e was ,

s e v erel
y p uni sh e d .

T h e p ri vil e g e d o rd er s in E gyp t d o m i neer e d o ver

th e p ro d uc t i v e c l asse s o f so c i e t y W e h ave se e n that .

t h ey sh a re d w i th th e ki ng th e e nt i re p o ssess i o n o f the

s o il t o w h i c h t h o se w h o c ul t i v ate d it l ai d no c la i m
,
.

T o e ac h ind i vi d ual o f t h e m ili ta ry a nd sa c erd o tal

o rd ers a o r ti o n o f ro und w as all o tted e q ual to
p g ,

t w el ve ac r e s e x e m p t fro m al l t a x e s
,
T h e w a rr i o rs .

a l s o e n o e d o th e r p r i v il e e s
j y g T h i s c l a s s w a s d i v i d ed
.

into t wo g reat tr ib e s c all ed th e C al a sirians and ,

H er m o tyb ians O ne t h o usand m e n s el ec t e d a nnual ly

.
,

fro m eac h o f th e se b o d i es c o nsti tute d th e ki ng s g uard ;

,
’

a nd w h il e th ey w e re o n th i s se rv i c e t h e
y o b tai ned ,

b esi d es th e p ro d uc e o f th e i r allo tm e nt in l a nd an ,

al l o w anc e o f b r e a d b e e f a nd w i ne to e ac h m an
, , ,It .

w as unl a w ful fo r a ny i nd i v i d ua l o f th e w a rri o r c a ste -

t o e nga g e in a m e rc antil e o r m ec h ani c al o c c up a ti o nalt .

S e veral o f th e m o s t fert il e a nd p o p ul o us d i s tri c ts o f

E gyp t b el o ng ed to th e se t w o t rib es : th o se w h i ch
w e re o c c up i e d b y th e H e r m Otyb ians furni sh e d at th e ,

h i gh es t c al c ul ati o n o ne h und re d and s ix ty t h o usand

,
.

m en and th e d i str i c t o f th e C al as ir ians t wo h und red

,

d fi ft y th o usa nd d T h e re aso n a ssi g ne d fo r all o tti ng

'

H ero d . II . ca
p 1 65, 1 66
. .
1 I bid
‘
.
 D I V I SI O N OF C A ST E S . 3 79

l arge p o rti o n o f t err i to ry t o th e m ili tary p ro

'

so a

fe ssio n is ,
th at th o se wh o h a d a rm s in th e i r h ands

m ight h ave a co nsid erable stak e inth e c o untry if w e ,

may ve nture t o use a m o d ern p h rase w h i c h ap p e ars

to i nc i d e w i th E gyp t i an i d eas ale I t was lik e wise
co .

b e li e ve d by th e E gy p ti ans as b y th e fo und ers o f ,

th e fe ud a l sy st e m in m o d e r n E uro p e t h at v i rtues are ,

h e red i tary a nd th at fat h ers w h o d i st i ng ui sh ed th e m

,

sel v e s in d e fend i n t h e i r c o un tr w ere li k e ly to be

g y
s uc c ee d e d b
y c h il d re n e q ually v ali ant and p atri o ti c .

E very e nc o urage m e nt was t h erefo re g i ve n t o t he

in c rea se o f t h e m ili tar
y fam ili es and to p ro m o t i ng ,

m arr i ag es in th i s c a st e qL

SE C T I O N II .

D escrip tion of the H ierarchy or H er editary Pr iesthood,

a nd its Subd ivisions .

I n no c o untr y in th e w o rl d d id t h e h i e rarc h y ev er

h o l d mo re p aram o unt sw ay th an in E gyp t We .

l earn, fr o m th e fa i th ful p en o f th e gr eat H e b r ew l aw

i ve r and histo r i an h o w so o n th i s o rd er h ad a d o p t e d
g ,

al l t h e vi c e s t o w h i c h sa c er d o ta l b o d i e s ap p e ar t o b e

artic ul arl x o se d A t t h e sa m e t i m e t h e y d eserve

p y e p .

c o mm e nd at i o n fo r t h e ir c ar e int h e i mp ro v em e nt o f

s c i e nc e s a nd fo r m any w i s e l aw s wh i c h w e re e na c t ed
,

und er t h e i r i nfl uenc e T h e i r greate st c r i m es w ere

. ,

th e p ro p a g at i o n o f a d eb asi ng supersti ti o n and th e ,

"
7 D io d o r S ic l ib i 6 1 Ibid
‘
. . . . c ap . . .
3 80 C I VI L I N S T I TU T I O NS .

fro m th e m as s of th e
"

c onc eal m ent of k no wl edge

c o m m un t y i .

W
e sh a ll c o ns i d er t h e p r i e sth o o d o f E gy p
t in t h eir ’

1 I n t h i li t i l o ffi c e , as th e
th re e c h a rac te rs : e r p o .
c a

nd i v rtual r u ers o f th e ?
l e gal i
ad v s ers o f th e k i ngs , a l
sta t e . 2 . A s th e d epo si to r i es o f l e arni ng and i nce
sc e .

3 . A s th e fi li gi o n
o f c e rs o f re .

1 . T h e p r i e s ts s ay s D io d o r us
,
w e r e free fro m ,

al l p ubli c b ur d en s a nd t a x es a nd w e r e ne x t t o th e ,

ki ng in autho r i ty ”
I t ap p ears h o w e v er fro m the
“

. , ,

evi d e n c e o f t h e sam e w rit er t h at al l p o li ti c a l p o wer

- \

Was inreali ty in th e h and s o f th e p r i ests a nd that the ,

ki ng w as m erely a n i nstrum ent fo r e ffe ct i ng th ei r

u r o se s T h e fi rst p o rt i o n o f th e l an d o f E gypt
p p .

”
w as all o tt ed t o t h e p r i es ts ; th e s ec o nd to th e k ing .

T h e fo r m er w er e h i gh l y r eve re nce d a nd h ad g reat ,

auth o ri ty o ve r th e p e o p l e th r o ugh th e infl uenc e o f th ei r

,

i et t o w ard s t h e g o d s and th e i r g re at w i sd o m a n d
p y ,

l ear ni ng . F ro m th e i r r eve nues th e y p ro vi d ed

sacrifi c es and m a i nta i n
,
e d th e i r fa m ili es T h ey .

w ere al ways at th e ki ng s elb o w as h is p r i vy c o unsell o rs

’

, ,

”
t o i nstruc t and d i rect h im up o n all o c casi o ns It .

a p e ars th a t t h e ki ng w as no t all o w ed t o p er fo rm an y
p
a c t i o n w i th o ut t h e s up er inte n d a nc e o f th es e co nsti
tutio nal d i rec t o r s T h e s o ns o f th e p riests w ere
.

his c o mp a ni o ns fro m th e c rad l e E ve ry art i c l e o f h is .

d i et w as p resc r ib ed fo r h im a s w ell as th e h o urs at ,

wh i ch h e sh o ul d d i sp atc h p ubli c b usi ness a nd ad mi ,

ni st er j ust i ce ; a nd th e ti m es w e re fi x e d w h e n it w as
p ro p er fo r h im to t ak e the a ir t o b ath e a nd ev e nto , ,

p erfo rm ev ery t ri v i al ac ti o no f h is li fe T h e m eans by .

w h i c h th e p ri e sth o o d sec ur ed th e po ssessi o n o f th ei r

p rero gatives was th e o p i ni o n that th e y p o ssesse d th e

 F U N CTI O N S OF TH E PR I E ST H O OD . 38 1

k nowl ed ge of futuri ty ,
a nd th at th e y w e re th e i nte r
p reters o f t h e w il l ofth e g o d s . T h ey fo re to l d
e vents by th e h el o f as tro l o y, a nd by vi e wi ng th e
p g
,

e ntrail s o f v i c ti ms

It ap i nd eed th at inal l t i m es o f th e E gyp tian

p ears, ,

m o narc h y no th i ng w as m o re c o mmo n t h an th e
,

e l e va t i o n o f a r i e st t o t h e th r o ne i t se l f T h e l aws
p .

a d m i tte d it an d w e fi nd a m o ng t h e na m e s o f t h e
,

E gypt i a n ki ng s m any th at are m er el y sac erd o tal

t i tl es *.

N o t o nl y p o li ti c al affai rs w e re und er th e g uid ance

o f th e
pr i e sts b ut th e w h o l e sy ste m o f E gyp ti a n
,

j ur i sp r ud e nc e o r c i vil ad m i ni strati o n w as in th ei r
h a nd s A l l th e l aw s o f th i s p eo pl e h ad b e e n e nac te d
.

by th e g o d s th a t is b y th e p r i e sts w h o p r et end ed to
, ,

b e t h e i nterp re te rs o f th e w il l o f th e g o d s M nevis .

was t h e m o st fa m o us l eg i s l ato r M nevi s was also th e

c el e b ra te d B ull o f H e li o o li s ; a nd t h e se w e re ro b abl
p p y
t h e s a m e p e rso nag e b ut a b ul l w o ul d h av e m ad e a
s o rry l a wg i v e r w i t h o ut t h e a ss i st anc e O f a sag e w h o
,

un d ers to o d h is l ang uag e a nd k new h o w t o ac t th e p a rt

o f a n i nt e rp ret er T h i s b ul l M nev i s se e m s as w e
.
, , ,

h ave h inte d t o h ave b ee n th e pro to typ e o f t h e C re tan

,

M i no taur and p e rh ap s al so o f th e c e l e b rate d M i no s

,
.

B ut th e p ri ests no t o nly m ade l a ws b ut h ad al so th e ,

o ffi c e o f w a tc h in o ver th e i r e x ec ut i o n a nd o f co n
g ,

d uc ti ng th e w h o l e j ud i c i a l go ve r nm e nt [ E l i a ni nfo rm s .

us that th e j ud g es h a d b eenfro m al l a nt iq ui t y c h o se n,

Ps am m itic h us, S e th o n,
'

S h o rtl y b e fo re t h e reig n o f a

p riest o f Vul c an ,
w as king of E gypt . I n th e c at al o g ues of

M anet h o n and E rat o sth enes, we h av e ab unda c e n of names

whic h are e v ide ntl y th e t it l es of
priests .

1 D io do r l ib i
"
. . .
382 S UB D I V I S I O N S o r T HE

in E g y p t ,
fro m am o ng th e p r iest s .
|e
a
T he j ud ges
w o r e, as a b ad g e o f o flic e , a n i m ag e m ad e o f sapphire,
and sus e nd e d by a g o l d c h a i n fro m th e ir ne c ks
p ,

wh i c h re p r ese nted T r uth f T h e i ntenti o n o f th is

-

sym b o l w as to i nd th e m t h at a j ud ge o ugh t o f all

r em

m e n to b e m o st up ri gh t h uma ne a nd im partial i , ,

T h e se i mpo rtant o ffi c e s w e r e to o var i o us and mul

t ip l ie d t o b e e x erc i se d b y t h e sa m e ind i v i d ua l s and it
ap p e ars th at th e sa c e rd o ta l c la s s in E g y p t w as s ub
“

d i vi d e d i nto se veral d i sti nc t o r d ers wh o h ad di fferent ,

E l l en, Vas H ist l ib x iv c ap 3 4

. . . . . .

1 B io do t l ib i E l ian, l o c c it
“
. . . .
.

1 Th e s m ear“, o r im a e o f Truth , h as b e en co n ec tured b

g j y
so m e t o h av e b e en th e m o d el o f t h e U rim an d T h umm im o f
th e M o saic rit ual . Th ere is no o t h er fo und atio n fo r t h is idea
t h an t h e Circ um st ance t h at t h e L XX h ave int erpret ed th e
H ebrew U rim, b y th e G ree k w o rd This , as D r .

Wo o dw ard h as o b served, o nl y pro v es th at t he J ews who

t ransl at ed th e Pent at euc h c o ul d fi nd no t hing m o re anal ogous
in th e ideas ph rases o f th e E gy ptian G reek s
and t h an th is

t erm Th e o nl y anal o gy h o w ever was, th at b o th t he Urim

.

and t h e E gyp t ian im ag e o f T r ut h ere o rn am ent s w o rn o n w

s o l em no ccasio ns S ee D r Wo o d ward o n th e Wi sd o m o f the
. .

A nc ie nt E gyp t i ans, A rc h aeo l o gy , vo l . iv .

T h e U rim nd Th um mim h ave b ee n th e subj ec t o f m uch

a

co nt ro versy . Th e mo st p ro b ab l e o pini o nresp ecting t hem , and

p erh ap s th e best supp or t ed, is t h at O f M ich ael is, wh o s uppo ses
t he m t o h ave beena sac red l o t, b y t h e use o f wh ic h d o ub ts w ere
r es o l ve d, as b y anapp e al to t h e D eity They were used inj udicial .

c ase s t o d is c over th e g uil ty, b ut no t t o co nvic t t h em, fo r in

th e onl y t wo inst ances w hic h o c cur o f th eir use in suc h cases,
v iz . in J o sh . vii. 1 4 , &c . and S am . x iv . 3 7, &c . w e fi nd t he
c o nfe ssio no f th e two del i nq uents annex ed . S ee Mich ael is o n
th e Mo sai c L aw, vol . iv p 35 8
. . of D r S mi th
.
’
s transl at i on.
 EG Y PT I A N a RA nCII r . 3 83

o cc u pat o ns assigned to th e m, and

i h el d d i fferent d egrees
I n h o no ur a i ty S e veral o f th ese o rders are
nd a uth o r .

me nti o ne d in a c el eb rate d p assag e o f Cl e m e ns o f

A l ex a nd ri a wh i ch it w ill b e w o rth w h il e t o c i te in
,

th i s p l ac e * .

T h e E gyp tians h av e a p e c uli ar p h il o so ph y o f

th e i r o w n o f wh i c h th e o rd er o f th ei r reli gi o us p ro
,

c e s si o ns w ill affo rd a n i d e a I n th e se so l e m np o m p s .
,

t h e S i nger usually pre c e d e s b eari n g s o m e musi cal ,

s m bo l
y I t is h is o ffic e t o c ar ry t wo o f th e b o o k s o f
.

H e rm e s ; o ne o f w h i c h c o ntai ns th e h y mns o f th e
o d s and t h e o th e r prec e p ts r eferr i ng to th e d ut i es o f
g , ,

t h e ki ng T h e si nger is fo ll o we d by th e H o ro sc 0 p us
.
,

w h o b ears in his h and th e m eas ure o f t i me a nd

b ranc h es o f pal m th e sy m b o l s o f astro l o g y ; t h i s
,

rs o n o u h t to b e p e rfec tl
p e
g y v erse d in th e H e rm aic
b o o ks t re ati ng o f ast ro l o gy T h ese b o o k s are fo ur in .

num b er : o ne o f th e m t re ats o f th e d i spo si ti o n o f t h e

fi x e d s ta rs ; ano th er o f t h e c o nj unc ti o ns a nd ill um i na
t i o ns o f th e s una nd m o o n; a nd th e r em a i nd er o f th e
r ising s o f th e T h e H ie ro grammate us
‘

s tars . c o m es

ne xt h av i ng feath ers
, o n his h e ad, a nd in h is h and s a

b o o k a nd a rul er w i th ink and a reed wi th wh i c h th e

, ,

E g y p ti a ns w ri te + I t is his p ro vi nc e to und erstand

.

th e h i e ro gly p h i cal b o o k s as t h ey are term e d c o n , ,

ta i ni ng t h e d e sc ri pt i o n o f t h e wo rl d ge o g rap h y t h e , ,

c o urse o f th e s un a nd m o o n a n d fi ve p l ane ts ; b e ,

it Cl em A l ex S tro m l ib
. . . . v i. ca
p 4 . .

1 M ic hael is h as co m p ar ed t h e c o s tum e o f th e H iero gram

m at e us w ith a descript io n in E z echiel . S ee M ic hael i s,
o n t h e Mos aic L aw, vo l . iii .
p . 3 83, E ngl ish transl atio n

by D r S m it h
. .

D D D
3 84 S U B D I VI SI O NS OF TH E

m us t a sol q ua i nte d w i th t h e d e sc ri ptio n o f

be ac

E g yp t a nd th e N il e w i th th e na t ure o f th e instr u ,

m e nts a nd th e p l ac e s ap po i nte d fo r t h e m and w i th

, ,

t h e m e as ur e s a nd a l l o t h e r t h i ng s use d in th e sac red

,

r i t es A fte r t h ese g o es th e S t ol iste s b e ar i ng t h e staff

.
,

o f usti c e a n t h e c up o f lib ati o n w h o p re s id es o ver

j d ,

a l l t h at rel at es t o t h e e d uca t i o n a n d to t h e c h o i c e o f
vi cti m s t h e s e s ubj ec ts a r e d i str ib ute d in t e n b o o ks ,

w h i c h c o m p r e h e nd th e h o no urs p a i d t o t h e g o ds a nd ,

t h e E g yp ti a n w o rsh i p th e ri t e s o f s ac rifi c es ,
fi rst ,

frui ts h y m ns p ra yer s p r o c e ss i o ns fe st i va l s
, , ,
an d , ,

si m il ar t o p i c s
* L as t o f a l l c o m e s fo r th t h e Pr o het
.

p ,

b ear i ng t h e urn o f w a ter in h is b o so m a nd fo llo w ed ,

b y p e r so ns w h o c a rry th e l o a ve s o f b r e a d T h e p ro .

p h et who , p re s i d es o ve r al l s a c r e d t h i ng s is o bli g ed t o
l ea r n t h e c o nte nts o f th e t e n sac e rd o tal b o o ks re
l a ti ng to th e l aw s t h e g o d s a nd t h e w ho l e d i sc i pli ne
, ,

o f the r i e s ts T he p ro p h e t al so a m o ng the
p .
. , ,

E g yp ti a ns o ve rl o o k s th e d i st rib uti o n o f t h e p ublic

,

r e ve nue s T h us it ap t h a t t h e re fo r ty t wo
p ear s ar e
.
-

b o o ks a tt r ib uted to H e rm e s ,
w h i ch a re a c c o unte d

m o s t nec ess a ry : th i r ty
i ni ng the -
s ix o f t h e se ,
c o nta

w h ol e p h ilo s o p hy o f th e E
gyp ti ans a re st ud i e d b y t h e ,

er s o ns a b o v e me ntio ne d ; th e o th e r s ix t reat i ng o f
p ,

m e d i c i ne b e l o ng t o t h e Pa s to h o ri
,
p 1 .

S e ver a l o f t h e se d e p artm e nt s o f th e h i e rarc h are

y
e num erat e d b y Po r p h yr y und e r na m e s b ut li ttl e ,

d i ffer e nt fro m t h o se o f C l e m e ns H e m e nti o ns t h e .

Pro p h e ts t h e I l iero sto l istee t h e H i ero ram m ate s and

'

,
g , ,

T hese b o o k s are t erm ed by C l em ens, M o sc h o s h a ist ica

p g ,
o r, as w e
pro b ab l y sh o ul d read, M o sc h o sph ragist ic a .

1 Cl em A l ex S tro m l ib
'
. . . . vi.
p 6 33 . .
 EG Y PT I A N H I E R A R CH Y . 3 85

e ve n th e H o ro l o g i ,
a mo n
g t h e h i gh e r o rd ers , a nd th e
Pasto p h o ri to ge th er o f N e o c o ri o r
w i th th e c ro w d ,

E d i tui and m i ni ste ri ng p ri ests o f a l o we r ra nk

, He .

s eak s o f th e M o sc h o s h ra is taz in a no th e r
p p g pl a c e
-
.

I n th e fo re go i ng p a ss a
g es w e d i s t i ng ui s h t h e
fo ll o wi ng o rd e rs

1 . T h e Pro p h ets w h o , s ee m t o h av e j
e n o ye d th e

fi rst r a nk in th e h ie rarc h y I t app ears that th ey h eld .

t h e h i gh est auth o ri t in al l d i v i ne and h um a n a ffa i rs

y
th e y p res i d e d o v er th e w o rsh i p o f th e g o d s th e ,

ad m i ni stra t i o n o f l a w s a nd th e p ub l i c re v e nue s
,
.

2 T h e S t o l istm T he s el e c t i o n o f vi c ti m s as w ell
. .
,

a s t h e d i rec t i o n o f al l th at r e l ate d t o sa c rifi c e s see m s ,

t o h av e b e l o ng e d t o t h e m
-
.

I n t h e o r d e r o f S to l is tm w e re p ro b ab l y i ncl ud ed a s ,

a s ub o rd i n at e b r a n ch t h e S ph rag is t aa o r M o sc h o
, ,

s hr
p a
g si t ae m e,
nt i n
o e d b y P l ut a rc h a n d P o r h
p yr I y -
,

w h o s e d ut y it w as t o se l e c t v i c ti m s and i m p re s s up o n
th e m t h e se a l w h i c h m a rk e d t h e i r d e d i cat i o n t o th e

p urpo se o f sac rifi c e .

3 T h e H i e ro g ra m m ate s o r sac re d s c r i b e s w h o
.
, ,

w ere th e d ep o s i to r i es o f a l l t h e l e a rni ng and s c i e nc e o f

anc i e nt E gy p t T h e te n b o o k s w h i c h w e r e ap p ro
.

riat e d t o th i s o rd e r w e re t e rm e d b y d i s ti nc ti o n
p , ,

h i ero gl yph i c al T h e sac red sc r i b es a re fre q ue ntl y

.

m enti o ne d b y J o seph us inh is e x t ra c ts fro m M a ne th o n ,

as w ell a s by o th er w r iters I L uc i a n sp e ak s o f o ne
'

o f th e m wh o ,
th o ugh th e d is c ip li ne o f H e r m es h a d
,

l o ng b ee n o n th e d ec li ne p re te nd e d to b e w ell ,

Pl ut arc h d e I side, 3 1 .

1 Po rp h yr d e A b stinentia, l ib iv
. . . ca
p 7
. .

J seph , E pist ad versus A pio n

I o . .
3 86 S U B D I VI S I O N ; o r T II E

ac qu
ainte d w i thl earni ng o f E gy p t
all th e m y st i c al ,

having s pe nt t wenty th ree y e ar s in sub t e rranean -

d we lli ngs wh e re h e had b e e ni ns truc t e d by I s i s in th e

,

l
o c c u t s c ie nc es
t T h i s a pp ears to h a ve b een t h e
.
a

o rd e r o f m e n w h o a re c all e d A r p e d o na p taa o r
, ,

A rsep e d o na ptm in a passag e o f D e m o c ri tus c o p i ed

, '
,

b y C le mens a nd b y E us eb i I T h e p h il o sop her

us
-
.

b o asts t h at h e w as a matc h fo r th e m o s t l e a r ne d o f th e
E g y p tian A r p ed o nap tm in d raw i ng li nes and c o n ,

s truc ti ng d i ag ram s .

4 T h e H o ro sco pi o r H o ro l o gi w h o e x er cised
. , ,

a st ro l o gy an d p ro b ably m ag i c o f e ve ry d esc ri ptio n

, ,

unl ess we s upp o s e t h at s o rc ery b e l o ng e d to a sep a

rat e bo dy no t m ent i o n e d in th i s
, p l ac e .

5 . S i ngers a re m e nti o ne d as
go i ng fi rs t int h e p r o
c e ss o n; and
i it is p ro b abl e t h at s i ng i ng a nd m usi c

co nst i t uted a b ranc h o f s t ud ar tic u ar

T h ey l
p y .

c h a nte d h y mns t o t h e S un th r i c e in eac h d a y

i
’

6 T h e Pasto p h ori w e re a n o rd er o f p ri es ts fr e
.

quently m entio ne d by th e a nc i e nt writ er s T hei r t i tl e .

s e e m s t o b e d e ri v e d as M r C up er § h as sh o w n fro m, .
,

o r o rn
”
th e a m e nte d c h a m b er tab e rnac l e
“
r um or , , ,

o r sh r i n e in w h i c h th e i m ag es o f th e
, g o d s w e re ei th er
ca rri e d a b o ut a t t h e p ro c e s s i o n s o n t h e sh o ul d e rs O f

th es e p ri ests o r d rawn o n w a gg o ns w i th fo ur wh eel s

, .

”
D io d o r us ll sa y s th at th e o rd e r o f Kn pu eg o r h e r a l ds “
x ,

a t th e E l e us i ni a n m y s te r i e s w as d e r i ved fro m th i s ,

E g ypti a n c ol l eg e F ro m th is c i rc um stanc e a nd fro m

.
,

L uc ianin Phil o pseude .

1 Cl em A l ex
~
. . S tro m . l ib i . . ca
p . 1 5 , it em E useb . Praep .

E vangel .

1 I bid .

C aper s H arpocrat es, p 1 29, qq

’
. et se . L ib i . .
 EG Y PT I A N H I E R A R CH Y .
3 87

t h e nat ure it m i gh t b e sup po se d that

of th e i r o ffice ,

th ey h e l d a l o w ra nk in th e h i e rarc h y ; a nd w e fi nd
th e m m e nti o ned b y C l e m e ns o f A l e xa nd ri a * a mo n
,
g ,

th e o ffi c i at i ng p r i e s ts of th e t e m p l e s . Po rp h yr y l
a so

j o i ns w i th th e m th e N e o c o ri ,
or ZE d itui ,
a nd th e
p r i e sts w h o p er fo r m e d th e l o w e st o ffi ces int h e servi c e
o f th e
g od s sl Y e t th e o rd er o f Pa s to ph o ri is te rm ed
b y A pul e i us, sa c ro sa nc tum c o lleg i um a nd a mem
b e r o f th i s b o d y is d e sc r ib ed by h im as c lo thed
w i th co nsec rat ed li ne n r o b es b earin th e th rs i a nd
g y ,

ivy, a nd so m e o th e r b ad g es w h i c h m us t no t b e ,

nam e d .

It fro m th e p ass a e b efo re c i te d fro m

pp a ears g
C l e m e ns th at th e p ra c ti c e o f m e d i c ine was th e l o t o f
,

th e Pas to p h o r i . I n G r e e ce w e re c o g n
iz e th i s o rd e r o f
sac e rd o ta l p h y si c i ans of E g y pti a n o r i g i n und er th e ,

t i tl e of Tar poaa w eig i

C up e r h a s t re at e d l e ngth o n th e o ffi c e o f th e at

Pasto p h o ri § in h is l ear ne d w o r k o n H a rp o c ra t e s
,
.

7 Bes i d e s t he Pa stO ph o ri it wo ul d ap p ear th at

.
,

th e re w e re s o m e o th e r i nferi o r o rd e rs in th e p ri e s t
h o o d c o rre s p o nd i ng t o th e N eo co ri o f t h e G r e ek s
, ,

an d th e [E d i tui o f th e R o m an t e m p l e s T h ey p er .

fo r m e d th e l o west d uti es in al l t h e sa c re d ri tes a nd

c e re m o ni e s .

I t app e ars t hat th ese d i sti nc ti o ns o f o ffi c e in th e

E gypti an h i erar ch y w ere as a nc i e nt as the t i mes o f

1 Cl em A l ex Paidago g l ib iii
. . . . .

Po rph yr d e A b st inent l ib iv
. . . . c ap . 8 .

1 iE schyl S uppl ic M ul ieres,

. . v. 316 .

S ee Cuper
’
s H arpo crates, p 1 3 2, et . se qq .
388 S uB D I V I s I O N s o f THE

t h e p a tri arc h J o se ph , a nd o f M o se s . F o r in G ene sis

a nd E x o d us w e m ee t w i t h s e v e ra l d e no m i na ti o ns
which ar e d e sc r i p t i ve o f th e d i ffer e nt o rd e r s . T he

p i t
r e s s ar e c a ll e d C o h e nim m nfi ,
t
T h e w i se m e n , or

Ch ac a m im ,
D’D DH ,
wh o a re t e rm e d E mma T a r b y the
-

LXX ,
are th e p e rso ns so ce e l b ra t e d in t h e h i s to ry o f
M o ses a nd A aro n . J a bl o nski su
pp o ses t h e se t o b e th e
sac r ed sc r ib es b ut th i s is unc e r ta i n: th e y are m en
t io ne d t o g e th er w i th th e S o rc e re r s '

, M e c ash p h im ,

amm o, o r ( Da a m m, to b e i nc l ud ed
a nd b o th see m
pp
und e rth e te r m w h i c h o ur t r a nsl a to rs re nd e r Ma g ic ians .

T h i s is C h aret umm im ,
woman T h e L X X t ra nsl a t e it in
.

th i s p l ac e , ér S
a o r or , E nc h a nt e r s ; ino th er p assag es th ey
rend e r th e s am e w o rd éé p y fir a r o r exp o und er s of my s
,

t er ies -
i T h e p e r fo rm anc es o f th e se p e rso ns see m
r a th e r to a re e w it h t h e c h ara c te r o f t h e H o ro sco i
g p
th a n w th t h at
i of th e
ib es T he p h ysi ci ans
sac re d s c r .
,

o r p ast o ph o r i ar e al s o d i s t in ui sh e d ; a nd it was
, g
th e i r d uty a s in la te r t i m e s no t o nl
,
y to h e al th e ,

b o dy wh e n si c k b ut to e m b a l m it afte r
,

G e nesis, x l vi . 20 . Th is w o rd is re nd ered in t h e C o ptic

v er sio n by t h e C o p t ic t er m P houi , a h i h ries t, a w ord
g p
’
—
w h ic h e nt ers int o t h e c o m o sit io n o f m a n a nc ie nt E
p y gyptian
nam es and t itl es . T h us Po t ip h ar, or Pe nt e p h reh , as t his
nam e is writt e n b y A fric anus, m eans Prie s t of th e S un .

1 H ero d l ib ii .
p 37 . . ca . .

I B ish o p War burt o n c o nj ec t ure s t h at t he o ffi c e o f em

b al m ing b o dies w as c o nfi d ed t o t h e ph sic ians w it h t h e int ent
y
o f e nab l in
g t h e m t o m ak e inq ui ri es in m o rbid anat o m y I fear .

t h at t h e c l aim o f t his c raft

y p rie sth o o d t o s uc h e nl igh t ened
v ie ws res t s o n n
, o v er
y sure gro und S ee b o o k iv s ec t 5 o f . . . .

t h e D ivine L egat io n .
 EG Y PT I A N H I E RA R CI Y I . 3 89

It pp ears fur th er th at th ese vari o us d uti e s w ere

a

h e re d i ta ry a nd th at eac h d i vi si o n o f th e h i er ar c hy
,

fo rm e d a d i sti nc t c a ste ; fo r H e ro d o t us i nfo rms us

t h at t h e s e rv c e o f e v er
i yg w a s c o nfi d e d
od t o a c o ll e g e
of
p i
r e sts, wh o w e r e und er th e sup erinte nd anc e o fa
p res id e nt o r po nt i ff and t h at th i s d i gni ty w as h and ed
, ,

d o w n fr o m t h e fa the r t o th e s o n .

S E C T I O N I II .

R e lig io us Obs erva nces of t he S acer d o ta l Class in E gyp t .

M any of th e b serve d b y th e S ac erd o tal

c usto m s o

C lass in E g yp t a re d ese rvi ng o f o ur att e nt i o n no t ,

o nl
y as t h ro w i ng li g h t o n t h e re l i g i o us i d eas p re va
l e nt in t h at c o unt ry b ut o n a c c o unt o f th e relati o n
,

th ey s e e m to b ear e i th e r t o th e i ns t i t ut i o ns o f th e
He b re w s o r o f th e E a stern nat i o ns F o r o ur k no w .

l ed g e o f m o st o f th ese c i rc um stanc es w e a re i nd e bt ed
t o Pl utar c h a nd m o re es p ec i a ll y t o Po rp hy ry ; w h o
, , ,

i nt h e fo urth b o o k o f h is T r e ati se o n A b sti ne nc e h as ,

d e s crib e d fr o m th e w o rk s o f C h aer e m o n th e m anner

, ,

o f li fe fo ll o w e d b y t h e E gy p t i a n p ri e sts .

M o s t o f t h ese ri te s o r p r o h ibi ti o ns m ay b e refe rred

'

to t h e id ea o f p uri ty ne c e ssa ry t o b e o b ser v ed by

t h e m i ni ste rs o f t h e g o d s ; th o ugh it is so m e t i m es
d i ffi c ul t to i m ag i ne w h y th e a r t i c l e s fo rbi d d e n w er e
supp o s e d t o c o mm uni cat e d e fi l e m ent
.
o r h o w th e ,

no t i o n o f any p e c uli ar sanc ti ty o r fi tness fo r r e ligi o us

servi c es c o ul d b e c o n ne c t e d w i t h t h e o rd i nance .
390 R E LI G I O U S O B S E R VA N CE S .

T h er e w er e ce rta i n ti m es o f so l emn p urificatio n ,

w h e n a l l th e r ul e s o f ab st i ne nc e w e re m o re ri g i dly
O b ser ved th an o n o t h er o c c a s i o ns T h ese o c c urred
.

wh en th e p ri e sts w e re p re p ar i ng fo r any o f th e great

fe sti v al s in h o no ur o f th e go d s I t w a s r ec ko ned
.

need ful to p urify th em se l ve s b e fo reh and fo r th e per

fo rmanc e o f c e re m o ni e s b y o b servi ng a p ec uli ar
,

d e gre e o f so l e m ni ty in th e i r m a nne rs a nd b y c areful ly ,

r e m o v i n e ve r s o ur c e o f d e fil e m e n t T h e seaso ns o f
g y .

ur ifi c ati o n c o nti nue d so m e t i m es fo rty -two d ay s but

p ,

nev e r l e ss t h a n s eve n b e fo r e t h e r e li g i o us fest ivals

g|E
.

I A ll ki nd s o f ani m a l fo o d w ere fo rbi dd en d uri ng

.

th ese h o ly d ay s ; a nd t h i s p ro h ibi t i o n e x te nd ed so far

th at e veneg g s w ere i nc l ud e d .

M any o f th e p ri es ts ; p e rh a p s so m e p arti c ular sects ,

o r th o se wh o so ugh t t o o b ta i n t h e c h ara c ter o f su e

p
r i or san c ti ty o r to e x al t t h e m s e l ve s e i th er o n earth or
,

in a fut ure stat e by t h e i r go o d w o rk s ab stai ned at all

,

ti mes fro m eati ng t h e fl e sh o f any li v i ng creature .

O th ers ate ani m al fo o d b ut und e r m any restri c t o ns

,
i
res ec ti n th e
p g p arti c ular k i nds t hat m i gh t b e e aten
and it a
pp ears that th ey o nly ate th o s e ani m al s wh i ch
we re d eemed p ure o r fi t fo r s a c rifi c e .

T he sh eep wa s nev er ea t e n b
y t h e pr iests sf T he
h o g w as a cco unte d p art i c ul a rl unc l e an a nd never
y ,

eat e n ex c ep t at t h e a nnual fest i val o f O s i ris ; wh enit

was sac r ifi c ed to th at g o d a t th e ti m e o f th e full m o o n ,

an d o nt hat o cc a s i o n th e pr i es ts p ar t o o k o f it
i At
o th er ti mes it w as fo rbi d d e n t o al l e xc e t t o o ne
p ,

S ee anac co unt
’

t h es e
’

of y veia t, p urifi c at io ns, in Por

a or

phyt d e A bstinent ia, l ib iv

. . . c ap . 6 et 7 .

1 Pl utarch de I sid et O sir

. . c ap . 8 .
I Pl utarch, 5 .
 OF TH E S A C E R D O TA L C L A SS . 3 91

c ast e, wh o fed h o g s , and w ere c o nse q uently reck o ned

so i mpur e th at t h e y w ere no t p e rm i tte d t o e nte r th e
'

t em p l es o f th e go d s ale .

O f th e i nd th e femal es w ere never eate n b ei ng

o x -k ,

al l sac r ed to I s i s :1 o f m al es suc h a s w e re tw i n b or n ,
-
,

o r sp o t te d o r h a d a n
, y vari e ty o f fo rm o r c o lo ur w ere ,

fo rbi dd e n t o b e eate n o r sac r ifi c e d ; as w e re al so th o se

'

w h i c h h ad b ee n sub m i tte d to th e yo k e a nd w h i c h ,

wa nt e d a ne y e o r w e r e fa nc i e d t o b e a r a re s e m bl a nc e
,

t o th e h um a n c o unte nance T h ese r ul e s a nd a g reat .

,

m a ny o t h ers w e re c o ntai ne d in th e b o o k s t erm ed

,

M o sc h o
A ll q uad r up ed s w h i c h had so li d h o o fs o r h o o fs ,

m a ny c l e ft w e re fo r bi d d e n as w ell as th o se th at w e re
-
, ,

d es titute o f h o rns N
“

A l l c ar ni vo ro us bi rd s w er e unc l ean and al l fi sh es

‘

, ,

b ec a use th e y w ere s up po sed to feed up o n t h e i r o w n

ki nds § .

S e ver al ve g et abl e pro d uc ti o ns w ere i m p ur e a nd ,

w ere c are ful l y ab s ta i ne d fro m e sp ec i a ll y in th e t i m es ,

of
p ur i fi cat i o n A ll ki nd s o f p ul s e w er e at th ese ti m es
.

fo rbi dd e n a nd it w as fro m th e E g yp ti ans th at Pyt ha

e ars to h ave d e ri ve d h is o b ec ti o n to b e ans
g o ras a
p p j .

T h e sa m e res tri c t i o n e x te nd ed to m o st o th er ki nd s o f
g ard e n- h er b s 1l .

A ll e x o ti c s ,
t h e p r o d uc ti o ns o f o th er c o unt ries,
or

and s uc h as c o ul d no t b e r a i se d in E
gypt, w e re fo r
h i dd e n “ M i c h aeli s p o ses th is p ro h ibi ti o n to have
'
6
. sup

or igi nate d in a m o ti ve of
p o li c y , a nd t hat its o bj e c t

H ero d . 2 . Pl ut ibid
. .
1 H ero d
'
. 2 .

I Po rph yrius ub i sup ra Po rp h yrius

'

H ero d 2 . . Pl utarch, c ap .
7 .
1TPo rphy
E E E
3 92 "
R E L I G I O US
‘

O B S E R VA N CE S

w as to prevent th e i m p o r tati o n o f a rti cl es o f l ux ury

i
fro m fo re gn c o un es t i i nt E t * T h i s is no t
r o
gy p .

i mp ro b abl e ; b ut th e p ro h i b i ti o n was m ad e und er a

frad ul e nt pre te nc e a nd c o nfi rm e d b y a re li gi o us sanc
‘

t i o n—a ni ns ta nc e o f p ri est c ra ft e x e rti ng i tsel f fo r the

o o d o f t h e c o m m uni t y
g .

U nde r th i s he a d w i ne a nd o il w e re pro h ib ited .

I n th e t im e o f H e c ataaus a nd H e ro d o tus th e p riests

h ad a c e rta i nall o w a nc e o f w i ne b ut th i s as Pl utarch ,

ass ures us wa s a n i nsta nc e o f th e l axi ty i n

, tro d uc ed
si n c e int erc o urse w i t h t h e G ree ks a nd o the r fo r e ign
e rs h ad b e c o m e fre q ue n t a nd h a d g i venr i s e to v ari o us
,

i nno vati o ns o n t h e r i g id m anners o f a ntiquity i

Previ o usly t o th e re i g n o f Psa m m itich us wi ne had ,

b e e n wh o lly fo rbi d d e n to th e p ri ests ; and th e lo wer

c as t es p ro b a b ly h ad it no t in t h e i r p o we r to ro cure
p
it. C ertai nly it w a s neve r a c o m m o n arti c le o f d i et
in E gyp t II
O il like w i se was ab sta i ne d fr o m o r w as taken ,

und er r es t ri c ti o ns w h i c h i nd ic a t e t hat its use was

,

d eem e d unl a w ful §

M ich ael is, M O S ifi SCl l eS Rec h t '

.
1 H ero d .

1 Pl ut d e Isid c ap 8
. . .

1TI nGenesis w e r e ad o f Pharao h

’
s b ut l er, and fi nd that the
k ing d rank t he j uic e o f th e v ine ; b ut it was m us t, or t h e unfer
m ent ed j uic e, and no t w ine, as M ic hael is h as re m ark ed . S ee
G enesis, c ha
p . xl . v. —1 3
9 .

T he E gypt ians, inst ead o f wine, d rank a kind o f b eer .

S ee H ero d l ib ii fE s chyl us al l udes to t his as t o a v er

y
. . .

s tran ge c usto m , and sh o ws t h at h is c o untrym e n regarded

t h e E gyptians with c o nt e m pt fo r d rink in b eer
g , j ust as t he

E ngl ish d es pise t he F re nch b ec ause t hey wear wo o d enshoes .

Porph yry .
 or TH E .
SA CE R D OT A L CLA SS . 3 93

B read w as fo rbi d d e n d uri ng th e h o ly d ays A t .

o th er t i m es w h e n th e p ri ests a te it th e y b ea t it up
, ,

w i th hy sso p w h i c h w as s upp o se d to p ur i fy it fro m al l

,

its p er ni c i o us or d e fi l ing q uali ti e s * .

S a l t was r ec ko ned i m p ure ,

a nd w as fo r bi dd e n
d uri ng th e ti m e s of
p urifi c a tio n- l
H ai r w o o l , , or th e sp o nta ne o us
g ro wth o f any
a nm a i l c o m m uni c at e d e fi l e m e nt
, w as su
p p o s ed to .

A i ngly th e p ri ests w e re fo rbi dd en to w e ar a ny

c c o rd

woo ll e n g a rme nts T h ey c l o th ed th e msel ve s in li ne n

.

v e st m e nt s a nd w o re s h o es m a d e o f t h e b bl o s
, y ¢
T h e y l a y o n b e d s w o v e n w i t h t h e t w i g s o f t h e p al m
y
.

t re e a nd use d fo r p illo w s p o li sh e d p i e c e s o f w o od o f a
s e m l c yli nd r ic a l fo rm
-
F ro m a s i m il a r no ti o n t h e y
s h ave d e ve r
y th i rd d ay th e wh o l e o f t h e i r b o d i e s § .

T h e E g yp ti a np r i es ts a re al w a ys re p rese nte d inpa i nt

ings a nd s c ul p t ur es w i th sh av e n h e ad s I t ap p ears .
,

h o w e ve r t hat t hi s c us to m w as c o nfi ne d to t h e m a l e
,

sex F e m al e fi g ure s ar e fr e q ue ntl y se e n inth e p o m p s

.

o r re li i o us ro c e s s i o ns d e p i c t e d in th e E g t i an
g p yp
te m p l e s h a v i ng t h e i r h e a d s c o v e r e d w i t h h a ir fi l
,

O n so m e so l e m n o c c as i o ns t h e E gy pt i a ns th o ug ht
it ne c e ssary to ap p e ar w i th b a re fe e t : I n t h i s p art i
c ul ar t h e y w e re i m i tat e d b y th e Py th ag o rea ns T he .

h il o so p h er s ai d P t h ago ras w h o c am e n ak e d
p y \
,

fr o m h is m o th er s w o m b s ho uld a pp ear na ke d that

’
, ,

h d “
is w1 th b a re fe et b e fo i e
,
re s
g o ? ,

Po rph yr 1 Pl utarc h, c ap . 5
‘
. .

H o d l ib 2 Pl ut arc h d e I sid , c ap 4
1 e r . . . . .

Po rp hyr ubi s upra . H ero d o t us, ubi supra. .

fil S e e M o ntfauco n, A nt iq uit é E x pl iq ué e,
. to m pl 2 8 6 , & c
. 11 . . .

D e m o p h il i S e nte ntiae Pyt h ago reae . Mic hael is o n th e

Mo saic L aw, transl ated by D r S mit h, vo l . . i .
\
p 4 85
.
-
.
394: R E L I GI OU S o nse a v a nc e s

T he y affect ed a
p art c u ar i l ly so e l mn ge st ure never ,

l augh ed walk ed w i th a d e m ure ai t and a t c er t a i n

, g ,

i *
i i
t m e s re fra ned fr o m w i nki ng t h e i r e
y e l ds -
.

S o m e o f th e c i rc um s tanc e s s up p o se d t o o c c c as io n
d efil e m e nt r e m i nd us o f t h e l e g a l p o l l utio ns o f th e
M o sa i c
A p e rso n b ecam e d efi l ed by c o nta ct w i th a d ead
b o dy o r b y m erely e nte ri ng a h o use w h ere a d ead
,

b o dy l ay D i o g enes L aie rtius i nfo rm s us th at wh en

'

Py th a go ra s ret urned fro m a fune ral o r fro m th e h o use

o f a w o m a n in l ab o ur h e t o o k c a re t o un d erg o c e rta in
,

r i t es o f p ur ifi c at i o n W e c an scarc ely fi nd ro o m to
.

d o ub t th at Py t hago ras de ri ve d th i s no t i o n fro m his .

E gyp ti an i nstr uc t o rs E uri p i d es a ll ud es t o s i m i lar

.

id eas as p reval e nt am o ng th e w o rsh i p p ers o f D iana

,

i n G re ec e ;i an d 1 11 so m e ve rs e s o f th e [sam e po et ,

p re s e rve d by Po r ph y ry we fi nd se vera l i d eas a nd , . .

c us t o m s o f t h e E g yp ti an p ri e s th o o d asc rib e d to th e .

I d a an C uretes o r p ri e sts o f J up i ter in C ret e

, .

31
'
w7t eux a 3
’ '
7r o a m eip a r a cpgdq/m .

I -I
grey ed w '
as Gpp r w v, xa i vex
p dyix n
o g ,

f xpcp r r dy gimg fi e r ep xll dxaw

o; ,

Gpcbjo w i dea f ai r wedDdA a wxw It

' -
.

I l ead a ch aste l ife, c l o th e

d m wh ite garm ents ;
avo id t he app ro ac h o f a dead b o d y, and t he p o l l u
t io n inc urred by eat in g t he fle sh of a nimal s .

Po rph yr de A bstin ubi s upra

. . .

1 S ee t he 7th c h apter o f t h e fo urth b ook o f Po rt

.

, . . , ry,

where several o f th ese c ause s o f p o l l ution are en

,
umera ted .
.

1 E urip Ip hig inTaurid v

,
. . . . 3 8Q .,

Po rph yr l ib iv c ap 1 9. . . . .
 o n TH E S A CE R D OTA L CLA SS . 3 95

T h e E gypti an p riests m ad e fre q ue nt use o f wat er ,

b y w a y o f l ustrat i o n o r p ur i fi c ati o n E very pri est .

was o b l i ge d to w a sh h i ms e l f w i th c o l d wa ter tw i c e in
th e da y a nd tw i c e b y ni gh t ; o r, a c co rd ing t o Po r
h r , t h re e t i m es in th e d ay— 0 11 ri s in fro m b ed,
p y y g
b e fo re th e p r i nc i p al m e al , a nd o n g o i ng to
T h e last c usto m w h ic h I t h i nk it wo rth w h il e to
no t i c e is th e v ery ce e l b rate d rite o f c i rc um c i si o n T hi s 14 .

r i te t h o ug h so m e h av e a ss e rt e d th e c o ntra r , w as i n
, y
E gypt co n
fi ned to th e sac erd o t al o rd er : it w as no t
p rac t i se d by th e m ass o f th e c o mm uni ty H e ro d o tus .
,

i nd ee d in o ne pas sa ge e x presses h i m se l f e qui vo c all y

, ,

o n th i s s ub e ct ;l b ut in a no th er h e r e str i c ts c i rc um
j
~~

c is io n to th e c h il d r e n o f th e i t i I t pp ears fro m
‘

r es a
. p s ,

J o sep h us s L etter to A p i o n th at it w as no t p erfo r med

’

ind i sc r i m i na te ly o nal l E gy pt i ans b ut o nc o mp arati vely ‘ -

a fe w p e rso ns H o rap o l l o m e nt i o ns it a s t h e
.

e c uli a r c ust o m o f th e s ac r e d o rd e r § a nd O ri e n h as
p g ,

Sp e c ifi e d t h e i nd i vi d ual s w h o w e re re q ui re d t o s ub m i t

t o t h i s r i te H e say s E ve ry E gy p t i a n pri est a ugur

.
, , ,

o r o th er m i ni s t er o f r e li g i o n o r p ro p h e t und er o e s
g ,

ci r c um c i s i o n nei th e r is a ny p erso n a d m i tt ed to .
»

l earn th e sac e rd o tal c h arac ters o f t h e o l d E gyp ti ans;

unl e ss h e sh all p re v i o usly h ave co m pli ed wi th th isa
. . .

o rd i na n ce 1L A c c o rd
. in l
g y w e l e ar n t h at P th a o ra s
y g ,

b e fo re h e c o ul d b e i ni tia te d in th e myst er i ous

'

. .

l earni ng o f E gyp t wa s o blig ed to c o nferm to the

"

3“ C o m pare H ero d . l ib 4 . . and Po rph yr . l ib 4 . .

1 H ero d l ib
‘
. . u .
‘
c ap . 37 .
1 I b id . l ib ii . . ca
p 36
. .

J o seph E p ist ad A pio n . . .

D e Cyno c ephal o H o rapo l l H iero gl yph . . .

{I O rigen Co mment inE p ist ad Ro m ano s, . . cap . 1 1 . 13 .

396 o s snnv auc ns n Pa rnsr s
'
o THE .

e s ta bli sh ed c usto m . L astl y in th e

, ve rse s o f A nax an
drides, ited fro m A th e nae us in th e fo rme r part o f thi s
c

w o rk it is o b serve d t ha t th e p ri es ts und ergo c i rc um

,

c is io n w i th o ut an no t i c e th a t it was e rfo rm ed o n
y p
o th e r caste s
*
p erso ns o f .

T here was ano t h e r c ust o m nearly ki nto

a t h i s rite,

of th e p r ec i s e nat ure o f w h i c h w e a re no t imfo rm ed

S trab o say s it w as a l aw a m o ng th e E gy pti ans,
’
T t d dijh ea éx r sp ws w
‘
.

th e p riesth o o d
‘

A s al l th e sac red O b servanc es of

co u d l b e m ai nta i ned inno o th e r c o untry b ut E gypt,

'

and as by t rave lli ng in fo re i g n

l a nd s an E gypti an
wo ul d nec essar ily e x p o s e h i m se l f to num b erless
o ll ut io ns it w as re c k o ne d o ne o f th e m o st i m i o us
p , p
o f ac ti o n s to e mb a rk a nd g o b y s ea t o any d i stan t
c o un t ry T h i s was o nly p er m i tt e d to th o se wh o were
.

sen t w i t h a ro y al c o m m i ssi o n t o t ransact so me publi c

b usi ness

Vid e supra , p 21. .

1 Po rph yr ub i s up ra
~
. .

T his prej udic e ex is t s in t h e sam e d egree am o ng th e Brah

m ans o f I ndia I ndeed, t h e w h o l e t e no r o f th e system of
.

O b servan ces we h ave b een s urv e in is in stric t co nfo rmit

y g y
wit h the prej udices o f t h e H ind o o s We canno t trace every .

p art icul ar c usto m am o ng th em ; b ut it is evid e nt t h at similar

h abi ts o f th o ugh t, and th e sam e fundam ental
p rincipl es,
m o di fi ed by i i
var o us c rc um st a c es
,
n have displ ayed th eir effect
o nbo th of t hese natio ns .
 N O T E

BO O K IV C H A PTE R I II
. .

IT is c urio us to o b serv e y p erm anent effec t pro duced

th e ver

o n th e s t at e o f h um an so c iet y b y t h e inst it ut io n o f h eredit ar

y
c as tes . We h ave al ready h inted at a fact wh ic h furnish es a
p ro o f and ill ustratio no f t his re m ark ; t h at is, t he agreem ent
b et wee n t h e p resent c ivil c o nd itio n o f th e H indo o s, and t h e
d es crip t io n give n o f t h e s am e nat io n by M egasthenes, w ho
v isite d t heir c o untry nearl y t hree c ent uries b efo re th e C hris tian
era . B ut a s til l m o re s trik ing c irc um s ta nc e is th e co inc id e nce

b et ween t he c us t o m s of th e E gyp t ians as des cribed by

anc ie nt h is to rians, and t h e h ab it s of the H indo o s, as exhib it ed

in th eir present stat e and l aid d o w n i n th e c o de o f th eir l aw '

giver M enu I t will no t b e d ep arti ng t o o wid el y fro m o ur

.

s ubj e c t t o m ak e t h is c o m p ariso n .

M egasth enes ac c o m p anied th e M acedo nian c o nquero r into

I nd ia, in t he co urse o f wh ic h ex
p h e had ano pp o rt u
ed it io n

nity of survey ing t h e Pun

j ab . H e was afterwards sent b y
S el e uc us o n mia ssio n t o t h e king of th e Prasii, and re side d

so m e t im e at t he c o urt of Pal ib o t h ra . H e h ad t h erefo re o n t he

w ho l e a s uffi c ie nt pp o rt unity o f b eco m ing

o ac quaint ed wit h
t he c ust o m s o f t he I n dians H is o riginal
. acc o unt has no t
d es c ended to days ; b ut it is p ro b abl e t hat t h e c hie f p art
o ur

o f t h e info rm atio n it c o nt ained h as b een pres erved by A rrian,

S t rab o, and D io do rus T h e ac co unts ind eed whic h t h es e
.

w rit ers h ave t rans m it t ed of t h e I ndia n t rib es o nt he a ut h o rity

of M egasth enes, agree so c l o sel y am o ng t he msel ves, as t o ia

d ic at e t hat t h ey h ave b e en ex trac t e d with l ittl e al t erat io n fro m
t h e o rigi nal work , A rrian is t h e m o st m inut e a nd c irc um s tan
t ial in h isdescriptio n; b ut S trab o and D io dorus h ave record ed
so m e artic ul ars wh ich h e h as o m itt ed
p .
3 98 C O MPARI S ON o n TH E E GYPTIAN
rrians
transl at io n o f th o s e p assages in A
’
The fo l l o wing is a

I ndic a w h ich co nt ai n his ac c o unt of th e I nd ian c l asses or

t ribes w ith th e ad dit io ns o f s o m e c irc um st anc es wh ic h he h as

o m it t e d, fro m t h e w o rk s o f o th
“

er co m p il ers, w h o deriv ed their

info rm at io n fro m th e sam e so urc e .

”
T h e w ho l e I nd ia n nat io n, s ays A rt ian, 1 5 divided into

seven princ ip al t rib e s O ne of th ese co nsis t s o f th e w is e Men,

.

wh o are inferior to t h e o th er t rib es in num b er, b ut t h e mo st

el ev ated in rank d p ubl ic e s t eem
an F o r t h ey are neither .

p erfo rm any bo dity l ab o ur, no r t o co nt ribute fr

om
‘

o bl iged
'

to
'

t he pro duc e of th e ir e x ert o i ns t o t h e p ub l ic rev e nue . I nsh ort,

th e wis e M enh av e no o t her d ut y i mp o s ed up o n th e m th an
‘
' “

'

sac rific e s to t h e go d s ia b eh al f o f the

'

t hat o f c el eb rating t h e

n
“

Ind ian! c o mmo nw eal th ; it is l ik ewise o rd a ined t h at, if a

y
individual m ak es an o ffering in p riv ate, h e m ust b e assis t ed by
' '

one o f th e Wise M en , as s uper int endant o f th e

‘

sacred rites
’

,
t he s ac rifi c e no t b eing pp o sed, with o ut such a prec aution, to
'

su

b e pl easing t o th e gods
'
Th es e perso ns , o ut o f t h e whol e
.

I ndianp eo pl e, are al o ne skil l e d int he art o f

pro ph ecy, nor is
th e it p erm itted t o an o th er ind ivid ual s They
e xerc ise o f
y .

prop h e c y c o ncerning t he seaso ns , and antic ipate any p u bl ic

c al amit ies t h at are ab o ut to b ef ai t h e nat io n, b ut c annot so
'

ex ert
“

t h eir sk il l resp e c ti n
g t h e privat e affairs o f i ndi v idual s,
wh et h er b e cause t h ey im agine t h at th e p o wer o f a ug ur
y does
‘

not ex t e nm inute p art icul ars , or d ee m s uch m atters

d to
”
unwo r t h y o t h ir m e and l ab o ur
f e ~
t i v
.

A rrian furth er o b serves, t h at th e Wise Me n o nak ed and

g
l iv e in th e o pen air ; tak i ng sh el ter fro m th e heat of t h e sun in
’
.

t he '
summ er; u nd e r a k ind of
r
l arge t rees, o ne of wh ic h see nby ’

N earch us, was so e x te nsiv e t h at its sh ad o w c o vered fi ve acres

o f?gro und, and was ffi cient s pace t o p ro tect t en t h o usand

of su
’

p ersons fro m th e so l ar r ays} H e ad ds, t hat t hei r sus tena ce n

c onsists o f fruits and vegetabl e m att ers .

D io do rus t erm s this tribe Ph il o so ph ers . H e says they

preside o ver funeral s, as b eing ac quainted wit h th e affa irs of

if Th ese ar e doub tl ess th e Banya

nt rees .
4 00 CO MPARI S ON or THE EGYPTIAN
u e till
c o nsid ere d as
of ig no bl e b irt h, and t h e fam il y is no t t p
d n d m t rfi c at ro n
s, d e vo t e d t t r
eratio n u o
aft er s e veral g e n y a .
o s

h i h n d n t h l e s fro m A rman
T h e d e s crip t io n o f t e s x t a s e ve c a s s

d i i i n f t h L k ik a B rah m an s
p ro v e s t h a t t h w s o e o
‘

ese e r e v s o .

m k bl w it h t h f l l w in g ac c o un t of a
T h e l att e r a
g re es r e ar a y e o o

s e t o f o ffi c er s k no w n in S o uth e rn I n d ia, under t h e nam e of

T ah sil d ars .

Th e d ut y of t h e T ah sil d ar, s ays D r B uc hanan,

. is to
t ravel t h ro ugh t h e d ist ric t s, inspec t ing t h e c o nd uc t o f the

v il l ag e o f i c ers, so as t o p rev e nt t h e m fro m o pp ressing the

farm ers, and fro m c ul t ivat i ng any gro und ex c ep t t hat which
p ays rent H e sup erint e nds t h e
. re airs o f t an
p k s and c anal s,
r ec eives t h e re nts fro m v il l age o ffi cers, and t ransm it s them

with c are t o t h e ge neral t re as ury . He ac t s as c ivil magistrate

in t h e fi rst ins tanc e, d eciding al l c aus es ; b ut in ever case
y
t h ere is ppeal t o t h e co l l ec to r A s o ffi c er o f th e po l ice he
an a .

tak es up al l c rim inal s, a nd, h av ing ex am ined wit nesses, sends

an ac co un t o f t h e p ro ceedin gs to t h e c o l l ec t o r, who either
o rd ers
punish m ent, o r, if no t sat is fi ed, p e rs o nal l y inv estigates
”
t h e m att er .

The acc o u nt of t h e B rah m ans of M al abar by M r F o rbes .

so s t rik ingl y agrees w it h t h e desc ript io n of A rrian,

th at I
c anno t fo rb ear c iting t h e fo l l o wing p assag e
Th e M al ab ar B rahm ans, l ik e th o se in o t h er part s of I ndia,
fo rm t wo d is tinc t c l as s es, e n a ed
g g in different p ursuits Bo th .

are h el d sac red by t h e o t her c as t e s O ne has t h e abso l ute an

. d
ent ire m anagem e nt o f e ve ry th ing re l at ing to re l igio n; o cen

p c d by no se c ul ar c o nc er ns, t hey s p end t h eir d ays under the

i-

s ac red g ro v e s o f t h eir t em pl es, in s up ers t it io us c ere m o nies or

l is t l ess ind o l ence, o r st ud
.

y t he sac red vo l um es, treatis es o n

as tro l o g ,
y m e dic ine, fab ul o us l eg ends
or Th ey incul cate .

b e nevo l e nc e to m an, and k ind ness to t h e animal c reat io n; and

are re vere nc ed by t h e inferio r t ribes wh o s wear by t h eir heads,
and treat t he m w it h fi l ial affec tio n .

T h e B rah m ans w h o l ive in l arge t o w ns, and h o l d sit uatio ns

und er t heir res ec t ive
p princ es as o ffi c ers o f go vernm e nt, col
l ec t o rs o f th e revenues, and in o t h er o l itical d e ar t m en s do
p p t ,
402 CO MP A RI S ON OF THE EG Y PT I A N
Th e M il itary C l ass, wh ic h M egast h e nes t erm ed th e fi fth
t ribe o f I ndians, w ere, ac c o rd ing t o t h at writ er, nex t in num b er
t o t he agric ul t ural c l ass Th ey e nj o y th e greates t s h are o f
.

l ibert y, a nd are t h e m o s t l ivel y and e nerg et ic Of 1 t h e w ho l e

natio n . A rm s are
p p re ared h o rses
fo r t h em , and a s uppl y o f [

pro c ured b y o th ers ; and t h ey ar e s e rv e d in al l t h e d r udgery of

t h e c am p by p erso ns w h o t ak e c are o f t h eir h o rses , c l ean t heir
ar m s , l o ad
—
t h eir el e ph ant s , and h arnes s and drive t h e ir ch ario t s
.
.

B ut th e m en of
'
t his trib e
-
c arry o n w ar as l o ng as
'

it is
ne c essary, and, w h en p eace is co ncl uded , sp e nd t he ir l ives in
x

”
p eac e and affl uenc e .

'

Th e A gricul tural Trib e, m ent io ne d b y M egast h enes in

t h e sec o nd p l ac e, is t h e m o st num ero us o f al l t h e I ndianc ast es .

Th ey neith er po ssess any m il it ary im p l em ent s , no r h ave a ny .

co nc ern wit h t h e affa irs o f w ar ; b ut c ul t ivat e t he s o il , and p ay

t rib ut e t o th e k ings or t o th e m agis trat es of ind ep end e nt com

m unities I f any int es t ine wars b reak o ut am o ng t h e I nd i ans,

.

it is unl awful fo r any p erso n t o int erfere w it h t he o p eratio ns

.

of t h e h us bandm an, or l ay w ast e t h e l and ; b ut t h e o t hers

to

figh t and sl ay th eir ene m ies as t h ey fi n d o pp o rt unit y, whil e

t h e r ust ics, und ist urb ed, pl o ugh t h e l and int heir pr e se nc e, and
c o ll e c t t h eir vi nt age, and w o o d, and t h eir h arv es t s . H ence,
’

say s D io do rus, ‘
th e so il b rings fort h ab u nd ant cro p s, never
s uffer in fro m th e ravages o f war The r us tics d we l l in t he
g .

y w it h t h eir w ive s and c hil dre n, and e nt irel y ab stain

co unt r

fro m int erco urse w ith c it ies ; and th ey pay a rent t o t h e kin s
g
fo r t h eir est at es, al l I nd ia b eing yal p ro p ert y, and no private
ro

ind ivid ual h av ing t h e rig ht to po ssess l and The ren

. t is a
fo urt h part of t h e pro d uce, wh ich is paid into th e ro al
y
’
tr easury .

A no th er t rib e c o ns s t s o f art sa
i i ns and
p et ty t rad ers, and of
p erso ns w h o l ive b y b o dil y l ab o ur . O f t hese so m e p ay t ribute
a nd
p erfor m s t at ed wo rk s, m ak e arm s and buil d sh ips ; fo r
w h ic h t hey rec e ive st ip en d s ” 5‘ O f t his t ribe are t he shi
p
.

buil d ers and t h e sail o rs wh o navigat e t he rivers

Th e t wo l ast -m e nt io ned t rib es incl ude t h e v ario us d i visio ns
o f t h e Vais a an d S udra c l asses ; th o ugh no t ac c uratel
y y
d isting uished ,
 A ND INDIAN c u sse s . 4 03

A se enth v tribeis m ent io ned , co ns isting o f mo unt ainee rs

wh o we re wandering h erdsm en and hunt ers .

I ntermarriages b et wee ndiffere nt trib es are forbidd en, exc e p t

ween the agricul t urist s and the art isans ” These d ivi io ns
b et . s
,

we ma rem ark
y bel o ng in th e p o l itical c o d e o f I ndia t o o ne
, , ,

great c l as s. N eith er is it l aw ful t o pass fro m o ne pro fessio n

to ano t h er, nor fo r t h e sam e ind ivid ual t o fo l l o w m o re t h an
o ne, unl essne o f t h e s ac erd o tal cl ass, wh o are p e rm it t ed
fo r o

t o d o so o n acco unt o f t h eir su erio r m ental endo wm e nt s

‘

p .

I s hall co ncl ude th ese re m ark s o n t he H indo o c astes with

t h e fo ll o wing p assage fro m M e nu s I nst it utes, w hic h d isc ri
’

m inat es th e d uties of th e fo ur great d ivisio ns o f th e p eo pl e,

a nd b ears near rel at io n t o t h e eco n
as a om
y o f t he E g yptians
as t o t he c usto m s o f t he H ind o o s th e ms el ves .

Fo r t he sak e of
preserving t his universe, t he Be ing
s u re m el
p y gl o rio us al l o t t e d s e arat e d uties t o th o s e w ho
p
s pran res ec t ivel
g p y fro m h is m o uth , his arm, h is t h igh, and
h is fo o t .

T o t he Brah m ans b e gned th e d ut ies o f read ing th e

assi

Ved a , of t eac hing it, o f s ac rifi c in , o f assist in

g g o t h ers t o
sac rifi c e,
giving al m s, if t h ey be ric h 3 and, if indigent, o f
of

re c eiv in
g gifts .

To defe nd th e peo pl e, t o g iv e al ms, to sacrifi c e, to re ad

t he Ved a , to sh u n t he al l ur e me nt s o f se ns ual
g rat ifi c at io n,

are, in a few wo rds, t he d ut ies of a C s hat riya .

T o k eep h erds o f catt l e, t o b est o w l argesses, t o sac rifi c e,

to r ea d th e S c ripture, t o c arry o n t rade, to lend at interes t,
and to p resc rib ed o r permit t ed t o a Vaisya
c ul t vat ei l and, ar e .

O ne p rinci al d uty t he S up rem e Rah e assigned t o a

p
Sudra, namel y, to serve the b efo re-m entio ned cl asses, witho ut
d eprec iating th eir wo rth .

I sh al l no t enter int o any furt her detail s respec t ing t he c us

partic ul ar cast es E no ugh has been s aid t o sho w t he

'

t o ms oi
'

, .

rel at io n th ey b ear in t he c hief p o ints t o t ho se o f E gyp t .

Th e same abs tinences, t h e s am e att e nt io n to ab l ut io ns, and

s im il ar ideas respec t in g the i nt ail ing p o l l ut io n,
n
c rc um s t a c es e

or l egal d efil em ent, are fo und inth e h isto ries o f bo t h nat io ns .

404 E G YPTIAN AND INDIAN C L A SSE S .

A nd th e B rah m ans, lik e th e ol d E gypt ianpriest s, are fo rb idden

fro m q uit ting t h eir nat ive c o untr
y, and exp o sing t h e m s el ves in
foreignl ands t o unavo idabl e irregul ar it ies E ve n t ho se indivi
.

d ual s o f t his ex al ted c as t e, w h o h av e v isit ed t h e c o urt s o f fo reign

p rinc es as am b assado rs fro m t h eir native so v ereig n, h ave b een

c o m p el l ed t o go th ro ugh a c erem o ny, t ypical o f r egenerat io n,
b efo re th ey c o ul d b e l o o ked upo n as ab so l ved fro m t h e p o l l u
t io ns c o ntrac ted in p assing t h ro ug h imp ure regio ns, and be
r es to red t o t h e rivil e es o f t h eir c ast e *
p g .

S ee F o rb es’s O rient al M emo irs, vo l i p . . . 3 79 ; W h ere there

are so m e c urio us rem ark s o nth is s ubj ect .
 C HA PT E R I V .

C O M PA R I SON OF TH E M O SA I C O R D I N A N CE S W I TH TH E

WS Y PT I A
'
LA A ND C U ST O M S OF TH E EG NS .

S E CT I O N I .

I ntro d uctio n .

I T h as o fte nb een r e m arke d that vari o us p arts o f th e

,

M o sa i c l a w b ear a c er tai n r e sem blanc e to so m e o f

th e o rd i na nc es o b ser ved by th e E gyp ti an pri e stho o d .

T h i s a nalo g y h as b e e nac c o unte d fo r invery o p p o si te

wa y s . S o m e wr i te rs h ave p er e m p to rily a sserte d th at
M o ses w as a m ere i m i tato r o f p a gan i nsti tuti o ns :
o th ers h av e d e te r m i ne d w i t h o ut suffi c i e nt s u o rt
,
pp
fro m h i sto r i c al t es ti m o ny a nd w i th very li ttl e p ro
,

ha bili ty th at th e E gypti a ns co p i e d th e o rd i na nc es o f
,

th e He b re w l a wg i v e r .

T h i s s ubj ec t h as b ee n a m ply d i sc ussed by wel l

k no wn a uth o rs a nd m o st o f t he fac ts wh i ch b ear
,

an r e l at i o n to it h av e b ee n c i te d a n d c o m p a red I
y .

s ho ul d t h e re fo r e w illi ngl y a vo i d e nt e ri ng i nto it .

S o m e o b servatio ns ho we ver h ave o ccas i o nally sug

, ,

ge ste d th e m sel ve s in th e fo re go i ng p ag es th e te n ,

de ney o f w h ic h m ig h t be m i sa pp re h e nd e d if th ey W ere ,

s uffere d to a e a r wi th o ut a n furthe r c o m m e nt I
pp y .

a m ind uc e d b y th i s and partly by so m e o th er mo t i ves

, ,
4 06
4 CO MPARI S ON OF THE M O S AIC RI TES .

to offe r th e fo ll o wi ng g e ne ral re mar ks on th o se

r el a ti o ns b e t w e e n th e H e b re w a nd E gy p t i a n o rd i
na nc es w h ic h h a ve
,
SO o fte n e x c i te d th e a tt e nt i o n o f
d i vi ne s a nd a nt iq uari a ns . I sh all co n fi ne m y sel f,

fo r b vi o us re as o ns to a neral s ur ve a nd re fer
o ,
ge y ,

fo r p a rt i c ul a r i ll ustrat i o ns to th e a uth o rs w h o h ave

e x pr e s sl y tre a t e d o n t h e s e vera l d i v i si o ns of th is
j
s ub ec t .

I p ur p o se to c o mp are th e M o sa i c i ns ti tut i o ns wi th
th o se o f E g y p t, und e r t h ree d i ffe re nt re l ati o ns : fi rst,
wi th re s ec t to th eo l o gy
li g i o us d o c tr i ne ;
or re
p ,

s e c o nd l y w i th re fe re nc e t o s o c i al a nd p o li t i c al r eg u
,

l a tio ns ; and th i r d ly w ith r e sp ec t to r i tes a nd

,

c e re m o ni es an d al l th e e x ter na l p erfo rmances o f

,

reli i o us a n d sacerd o ta l d i sc i p li ne
g .

S E CT IO N I I .

Theo logica l D o c tr ine of M oses co mp ared wit h tha t o

f the
E gyp tians .

W ith res
p ec t to th eo l o g y, no t w o s
ys t e m s c a n b e
mo re d ire c tl y pp o se d to e ac h o th er
O t ha n th e M o sai c
d oc tr i ne w as to th at o f th e E gy p ti a ns T h e l atter, .

as w e h av e see n,
p erso ni fi e d t h e e l e m ents and the ,

h y sic a l o w e rs wh o se a enc is th e m o s t s t riki n in

p p g , y g
th e O p eratio ns o f na ture ; and th e i r t h e o l o g i ca l fabl es,
w h e n Cl o s ely x ami ned a m o unted to l i ttl e m o re than
e ,

fig urati ve o r fanc i ful d escrip ti o ns o f th e p h aeno me na

o f th e m ater i al wo rld o r th e c a uses th at w ere s up osed
, p
t o g i ve r i se to th e m Wo rship was paid by the m in
. ,
 W I TH TH E EGYPTIAN . 4 07

its t urn, to al m o st e ve r y o bj ec t th at l
r evo v es in
th e h e a v e ns, a nd to e v er
y c r e at ur e w h i c h is p o s
s e sse d of l o c o m o ti ve on th e e arth T he
p o wers .

M o sa i c l aw ,
as we w ell k no w ,
d i re c ted th e s e v e rest

d e nunc i ati o ns a
g ai nst ev ery sp e c i es o f i d o l atry and ,

or d a i ne d th e wo rsh i p o f th e O ne I nvi s ibl e G o d I t is .

tr ue th a t th e E gy pti a ns r ec o
g ni sed ,
am o n
g thei r
i
eso ter c o r
p h il o so p h i c al d o c tri ne s th e , e x i s te nc e of a

s i ri tual a nd e ter n al b e i n ; b ut th i s t e net w as

p g
c are fully c o nc ea ed l fro m i nstead o f
th e eo
p p e, l
b ec o m i ng th e fo und a ti o n and m o s t c o nsp i c uo us p ar t
o f th e p o p ul ar r eli g i o n it w as al s o d i sfi g ure d in t h e ,

r e p r e se ntati o ns o f t h e E yp ti a ns b y fa nc i ful c o nc e i ts
g , ,

w h i c h d e s t ro y ed its S i m p li c i ty a nd s ubli m e e ffe c t ;

an d it w a s c o m bi ne d w i th sup e rsti ti o us no ti o ns w h i c h ,

in a g re at m e as ure d e p r i ve d it o f its fo r c e as a s a ne
,

t i o n o f m o rali ty .

I t m ay i nd e ed b e o bj e c te d th a t th e E g y p ti a n
. ,

r eli i o n e rh ap s a c q ui re d m o s t o f its c o rrup ti o ns a t

g p
a n e ra s ub se q ue nt to th a t o f M o s e s I t m ay th e re fo re .

h a v e p r ese nt e d a v e ry d i ffe r e nt as p ec t in th e d ay s ,

o f th e H e b re w l aw g i ver fr o m th at w h i c h w e h a ve
,

c o ll e c t e d fro m th e t e s ti m o ny o f m uc h l a te r t i m e s .

B ut if th e E gy pt i a ns retai ne d in any g reat m e as ure , ,

t h e si m p l e fa i t h o f t h e p at ri a rc h s a t th e epo c h to ,

w h i c h we r e fe r w e h a v e s till stro ng e r reaso ns fo r b e

,

li ev i ng that it w as p rese rve d ina state no t l ess g enui ne

a mo n th o s e p ast o ra l nat i o ns t h e si mp l e a nd nu
g ,

v a ri ed t e no ur o f w h o s e e xi ste nc e p r e c l ud e s al l g re a t

i nno vati o ns in m a nne rs a nd senti m e nts .

We m ust th e refo re c o nc l ud e that in p ro m ul g ati ng

th at g re at a nd c o nsp i cuo us t e net w h i c h M o ses c o n
tinua l l y d i sp l ay s as th e e nd a nd p ri nc i pal a im o f al l
G e G
408 C I VI L O RDIN A NCE S or TH E
h is re
g ulati o ns h e was nei t he r g ui d ed b y th e l esso ns
,

no r i nfl ue nc ed b y th e e xam p l es o f h is E gyptia n
instruc to rs .

S E CTI O N I II .

P o litica l and Civil I ns titutio ns of M o ses, co mp ared with those

of t he E gyp tians .

I n th e p o li tic al and c i v il c o nst i tutio n fo und ed by

M o ses w e fi nd so m e i nstanc es o f agree m e nt w ith
,

th e E gyp t ian p o li ty , and o th ers o f r e m ar kabl e contra

di st i nct i o n .

I n t h e m o st striki ng fe at ur e inth e w h o l e sy stem o f

c i v il r eg ul a ti o ns th e p lan a d o p te d b y t h e H e b rew
,

law g i ve r stands ind i r ec t o ppo si ti o n to th e p o li ty o f th e

E gypti ans T h e fo und ers o f t h e l atte r h a d m a d e it th ei r
.

c h i e f e nd ea vo ur t o d e r e ss t h e m ass o f t he c o m m un ity
p ,

ino rd e r to p a mp er th e l ux ury a nd p r i d e o f th e dis

ting uish e d o rd e rs H e nc e t h e c o mpli c ated sy ste m o f
.

s ub o r d i na te ra nks w h i c h c o n si n
, g e d t h e l o w er castes ,

w i th th e i r p o ste ri ty to a state o f p e rp e t ua l se r vili ty

,

a nd a b ec t d e rad at i o n
j g .

T h e sy ste m o f so c i ety establi sh e d by M o ses was ,

o n th e c o nt ra ry o ne o f e rfe c t e q u li t * no t t h e
, p a
y ,

is
I n the
pp o int m e nt o f th e G ib eo nit es t o b e
a h ew ers o f
”
w o o d and draw ers o f wat er, t h ere is so m e t h in l ik e t h e
g
fo rm at io n of a l ow degrad ed to p erp et ual servil ity
c as t e, .

B ut this w as t h e resul t o f an ac c id e nt al c o m b inat io n o f c ir

c um st anc es, w h ic h t o o k pl ace d uring t h e q

c o n ues t o f Pal est ine
b y J o shua ; and no pro visio nfo r it, o r ant ic ipatio n o f it , is to be
fo und int he l aw M o ses is in no way answerab l e fo r it
.
.
 unc nnws A N D EG Y PTI A N S . 409

c asua l res u l t o f c i rc um stanc e s b ut th e o bj ec t whic h

,

th e fo unde r p urp o s ely c o nt r i ve d a g reat p a rt o f h is

c i vil i nst i t ut i o n s to u h o ld H e nc e th e re g ul ati o ns
p .
,

fo r m a i ntai ni ng e q ual po ssess i o ns as far as thi s w as

,

p o ss i b l e b y ap p o rti o ni ng to eac h fa mil y a c e rta i n

,

e x te n t o f l a nd a nd p rec l ud i ng by e xp re ss l aw s t h e
,

rm a n e nt a li e n at i o n o f e stat es
p e .

I n o ne re m arkabl e c i rc um sta nc e t h e c o nsti t ut i o n

fo und e d by M o ses re se mbl es th e E g y pti a n: th i s
is th e c o ns e crati o n o f a p arti c ular r ac e o r fa m il y
t o t h e o ffi c es o f rel ig i o n and t o s o m e c i v il d uti e s th at
,

w e re m o re o r l e s s c l o s e ly a sso c i a te d w i th t h e m .

T h e L eviti c al p r i esth o o d c o rresp o nd s in m any p ar ti

c ul ars w i t h t h e h ere d i t a ry h i era rc h y o f th e E gy pt i a ns ;

e t th ere is o ne c h ara c te ri s t i c tra i t w h i c h d i sti n

y
g uish e s th e d e sig ns th at sev e rally d i re c te d th e
fo und e r s o f th ese o rd e rs . I n E gyp t th e p r i es ts ,

b esi d es i nnum erable p ri vilege s and i m m uni ti e s ,

c l a i m e d a r e a l p ro p erty in o ne t h i rd p a rt o f t h e wh o l e

t e rri to ry : t h e t e m p o ral s pl e nd o ur and o pul e nc e o f

t h i s b o d y w a s t h e o bj e c t c h i e fl y a i m ed a t T he .

M o sai c p ri esth o o d t ho ug h e quall y e l e vat e d ind i g ni t y

,

a nd o ffi c e ,
was e x pre s sly e x c l ud e d fro m t e rri to r i al
o s se ss i o ns an d w as re nd ere d d e p e nd a nt fo r s up po r t
p ,

o n c e rta i n re v e nues c o n nec te d w i th its c i vil and

r eli i o us d ut i e s
g .

T h e var i o us o ffi c es b o th c i v il and reli g i o us

, ,

a ll o tte d b y M o s es to th e L e vi te s w er e si m il a r to t h o se
,

w h i c h b e l o ng e d to t h e h i e rarc h y in E g yp t .

T h ere is o nly o ne striki ng e x c ep ti o n tha t c an b e

m ad e t o th is re mark . T h e p ro p h e ts o f th e E g yp ti ans
w e r e an o rd e r in th e h e re d i tary p ri e s tho o d ; t h e p r o
h e ts o f th e Heb re ws w e re m e n rai s e d up fro m an y
p
4 10 C I VI L ORD I N A N CE S or TH E

t rib e, w i th o ut d i st i nc t i o n, a nd th e m o st ill ustrio us

w ere no t d esce nd ed fro m L e v i
“

l T h e h i gh -p ri esth o o d i tse l f w as h e re d i tar y in a

.
»

art i c ul ar h o us e ; so w a s t h e p o nt ifi c at e o f e ac h p ar
p
tic ul ar g o d in E gy p t .

2 T h e j ud i c i al o ffi c e
.
b e lo ng e d to t h e L ev i t es , as

it d id in E gy p t t o th e p r i e s ts T h e c h i e f m ag i st rate s, .

c al l e d S o p h tim , o r S utfe te s wh o s uc c ee d e d J o sh ua , ,

w e re i fl y m i l i tary c o m m and e rs a nd sp rang fro m

ch e ,

v ari o us t rib es ; b ut t h e d e tail s o f j usti c e a nd th e ,

s e ttl i ng o f c o nt ro ver si e s are e x p re ssly s e t a p art b y

, ,

M o s e s a s func ti o ns b elo ng i ng t o th e L evi tes and w e

,

e v es e d inth e s
*
fi nd th at th e y c o nt i nue d t o b t a m e b o d y .

T h us in th e rei g n o f D av i d six t h o usand L ev i t es

, ,

w e re e m pl o yed as j udg e s a nd sc r i b es .

3 T h e S h o t erim o r S c r i b e s w e re g e nerall y o f the

.

t rib e o f L evi l -
T h ei r o flic e c orrespo nd s exac tly
w i th th a t o f t h e H i e ro g ra m m at e s in E gyp t T hey .

w e re p ubli c a c co unt a nts m a na g e d rec o rd s kept , ,

re g is te rs a n d w ere th e d ep o s i to r i es o f al l t h e li tera
,

t ure and sc i enc e o f t h e H e b re w s i

4 M e d i c i ne lik e o th e r p arts o f k no w led g e se e ms
.
, ,

t o h a ve b el o ng ed to t h e p r i e sts in Pal est i ne as in ,

E gy p t at l e as t th e d i ag no s i s o f l epro sy w as a ssi gned

t o th e m a s well a s th e re g ul ati o ns o f m e d ic al p o li c e
, .

T h e c o nc ess i o n th at th i s p a rt o f th e M o sa i c c o n
s tit utio n w as fo rm e d o n t h e m o d e l o f a n E y ti an
g p

D eutero n . x x i. 5 . S ee M ic h ael is o nth e Mo saic L aw, D r

Sm ith
’
s i
t ransl at o n, vo l . i p 2 5 8,
. . e t se qq ,

1 M ic h ael is , ibid .

I When D avid distrib ut ed to e ac h L evi te his o ffi c , e be

s u erint end
a
p p o int ed so m e t o p weigh ts and m eas ure s .
1,
Chronx x iii
. .
 H E BRE WS A ND EG Y PT I A NS . 41 1

or d i nance m ay b e th o ugh t d e ro gato r y to t h e sa c r ed

c h arac ter o f t h e H eb r e w l a w i v e r Y e t w he n w e
g .
,

c o ns i d e r h o w po w erful an i nstr um e nt th e E gy p ti a n
h i erarc h y h as p ro ve d i tse lf t o b e in p re se r v i ng and ,

m a i nta i ni ng th e s up e rst i t i o n c o nfi d e d t o it h o w w e ll
a da te d s uc h a n h ere d i tar
p y pr i e sth o o d e v i d e ntly w as
t o t h e c o nd i t i o n o f so c i ety in t h e t i me s t o w h i c h w e
,
-

a re re ferri n ; it se e m s t o b e a p r o o f o f th e hi h es t
g g
w i s d o m a nd o f a t r ul y e nli gh t e ned p ol i cy t o e m pl o y
, ,

t h e p o w er o f s uc h an a
g e nt fo r th e d efe nc e of t r ue

re l ig i o n.

an
ar t o f t h e
I f th er e is y p p bli c o rd i nanc es o f
u

E g yp t o f w h i c h w e m igh t e x p ec t to fi nd M o se s a m e re
,

co py i st o r se rvil e i m i ta to r it is t h e s yst e m o f c r i m i na l
,

a nd c v i il l a w s a nd t h e reg ul ati o ns th at refer to m o ral s

,

a nd so c ia l li fe I t is inth e se rel at i o ns t h at th e l aw s o f
.

t h e E gy pti a ns h a ve b ee n m o s t a ppl a ud e d T hei r .

t h e o l o g y a s w e h a ve s e e n c o nta i ne d a vari e ty o f
, ,

e x tra v a g a nt c o nc e i ts a n d p rese rve d in a v er y i m p e r

,

fee t sta te eve n t h e fi rst p r i nc i pl e s o f nat ural re l i g i o n

t h e i r p o li t i c a l c o nst i t uti o n d e g rad e d th e m a ss o f t h e
e o l e i nto a m o s t s e rvi l e c o nd it i o n a nd s ac r ifi c e d
p p ,

th e m to t h e i nte res ts o f th e p ri vile g e d o rd ers ; t h e i r

ri t e s and c usto m s w e re in m any i nstanc e s d e te st a bl e
, , .

B ut th e ci v il reg ul at i o ns a nd t h e m o ral c o d e o f th i s
nat i o n h ave beenth e th e m e o f l o ud ap pl ause a m
,

on
, g
t h e gre a tes t w ri t ers o f ant iq ui ty a nd t h e i r fa m e h as ,

o fte n b e e n r e e c h o e d in m o d e rn ti m es
- I t is o n th i s .

si de th e n t h at w e m i gh t e x p ec t w i th th e gre a test
, , ,

ro b a bili t t o fin d a n a ree me n t b etw e e n th e l aw s

p y , g
o f Mo se s a nd th e Eg ypt i a ns A l e gi sl a to r who h ad
.
-

it S ee M ich ael is o n t h e M o saic L aw .

4 12 CI VI L O R D I N A N CE S OF TH E

b e e n taugh t by t he p ri ests o f He li o po li s m ay b e
s u p ose d lik e l t o d i spl ay in h is w o rk t h e l esso n s of
p y
h is i nstr uc to rs a nd e sp ec i ally to ha ve c o pi ed th o se
,

arts o f th e i r sy st e m w h i c h t h e w i s e m e n o f o ld t i mes
p
w e re s o p r o ne t o a d m i re a nd c e l eb ra te W e lo o k .
,

h o w eve r in v a i n fo r a ny m a rk o f c o nse nt b etwe e n

,

th e m o ra l i ty o f M o ses a nd th at O f h is p re d e c e sso rs .

I n t h e fi rst p l ac e w e m ay o b ser ve th at th e re w as a
,

w i d e d i ffe re nc e in th e sp i ri t o f th e H e b re w a nd E gyp
t i a n l a w s if w e reg ard th e s a nc t i o ns b y w h ic h th ei r
,

a uth o r i t y w as c o nfi r m ed T h e E gy p ti an p ri ests
.

d e no unc e d th e m i seri es o f a futur e li fe a nd o f penal

t ra ns m i g rati o ns a ai n s t th o s e w h o vi o l a te d th ei r
g ,

o rd i n a nc e s M o s es h ad d e c lare d int h e o utset that

'

.
, ,

G o d h ad p ro m i s e d t o g o v er n I sra e l as its i mm e d i ate

s ov e re i n w i th t e m o ral r e w ar d s a nd
g , p p uni sh m ents .

A c c o r d i ngl y h e has m a d e no re fe re nc e in h is l aws to

,

th ed i sp e ns ati o ns o f th e i nv i sibl e w o rl d T h e e xa m .

p l es w h i c h th e p rese nt li fe a ffo rd s ar e far m o re

i m p re ss i ve th an fut ure e xp e c tati o ns e spe c i ally in a ,

s e m i b arb aro us a nd un
-
re fl e c tin a e a nd t h e d o c tri n e
g g ,

o f t h e s o ul h a s o fte n b e e n in t h e E ast a s o urce o f , ,

en d l e ss sup e rsti ti o ns W e k no w th at th e Ra bbi ns in

.

l ater t i m es a d o pte d t he psy c h o l o gy o f th e E g yp ti ans ,

a nd w i th it all th e a b s urd t e ne ts w i th w h i c h it w as

c o nnec t e d M o ses in th us app eali ng to th e ge neral

.
,

e x p er i e n c e o f t h e d i vi ne
j ust i c e h a s g i ve na stro ng
,

p ro o f o f h is si nc e ri ty a nd c o nfid e nc e ; at th e sa me
t i m e h e h as d i spl aye d true w i s d o m in re fus i n s uc h
g ,

m e th o d s o f i nfl ue nc i ng t h e m i nd s o f m e n as w e re
m o st po pul a r inh is ag e b ut h ave p ro ve d t h e m sel ves
,

t o b e und er th e e xi s ti n c i rc umsta nc e s una vailabl e

,
g , ,

a nd th e so urce s o f ro ss a nd
g p er ni c i o us d e l us i o ns .
 nE B nE w s A ND EG Y PT I A N S . 4 13

I n th e penal inflic tio ns w i th w h i ch b o th p arti es

fo und it nec essar y to a id th e imp ressi o ns o f reli g i o n,
we o b serve a w i d e d i ffe re nc e
.
b etween th em . T he
p enal co d e o f th e E g y p t i a ns, a cc o rd ing to D io d o rus,
co ns st ed
i fo r th e m o st part in a var i e ty o f m ntil at io ns :
th e me mb er o f th e b o d y s upp o sed to b e ch i efly
in faul t was c ut O ff, as t h e p uni sh ment o f m o st
o ffe nc es * S eve re t o rt ures w ere bad reco urse to in
.

o th er ca ses , a nd so m e h o rr ibl e and d i sg usti ng

sufferings w ere i nfli c ted ,
as in th e i nstanc es o f c h il d
m urde r p and n
arric id e s
I t h e
p enal co d e o f
t M o ses ,

we fi nd no m e nti o n o f b o d ily m util ati o ns, or of

to rt ures, xc epti ng a li m i ted num b e r o f strip es

e

an d c ap i tal p uni sh m e nts th o ug h n um ero us w ere , ,

summar y a n d i mm e d i ate .

3 I n t h e c ri m i nal c o d e o f M o s es a var i e ty o f
.

ac ti o ns ar e en um e ra ted a s O ffe nc e s and eve no rd ere d ,

Perso ns c o nvic ted o f treas o nabl e co m municatio n with an

enem y h ad th eir t o ng ues ; p ers o ns g uil ty Of fo rgery,
’
c ut o ut

o r sim il ar Offe nc es, h ad b o t h th e ir h and s c ut o ff. Qui fosm ime

l ib erae v im o b t ul e rant m e m b ri cu
j usdam i nem p assi
am put at o

”
sunt . D io do r H ist l ib i c ap 6
. . . . . .

I nf n i id w nish e d b y O bl igin t h e p are nts to h ug

1 a t c e as p u ‘
g
t h eir d ead ch il drenint h eir arm s fo r t h ree s ucc essiv e days and
nigh ts This if t rue, gives c o untenanc e t o t he idea sug
.

est ed b y Warb urt o n t h at infantic id e w as c o m m o nl y prac t ised

g ,

inE gy pt, in t h e t im e o f M o ses T h e ac c o unt o f th e E gyp tian

.

i i n E d i n d i t s th e B ish o p O b serv es, t h at

m id w ve s x o us ca es,
a

th e O ffi c e t h ey w ere e mpl o yed in w as no t al t o geth er fo reign

t o th e r at i o nal custo m s S o strange a p unishm ent as t hat
.

ab o ve m ent io ned wo ul d sc arc el y h ave b een ap po inted, if t h e

crime had no t b een freq uentl y p rac tised and t o l erated in t he

p reced ing ti mes .

 N H L O R D I NA N C E S OF TH E

to b e p uni sh e d w ith d eath w h i c h in E gypt were ,

e nc o ura e d by re li g i o us ri te s a nd th e e x a mp l e o f th e
g
o d s a nd a d o pt e d in c o m m o n p ra c t i c e S e ns uali ty
g
.
,

of t h e m o st fl a g it io us d esc r p t o n, w as to erate d a nd i i l
e nc o ur a e d in E gyp t ; a nd it w o u d a p p e ar as if no l
g
i d e b a uc h er y e nte red i nto th e l Of
“

s e c es of c a ta o
g ue
p
cr i mes in th a t c o untr y . O ffe nc e s of th i s c lass w ere,
as we w el l k no w , i ly
s tr c t fo rbi dd e n by M o se s und er ,

t h e s e ve re st li e na t es
*
p .

I n th e re ula ti o ns
g i mo nial co n
th a t refe r t o m at r

ne c tio ns a nd the d o m e s ti c rel a ti o ns o f li fe m e n are ,

w o nt m o r e t h an in a ny o th e r m a tte rs t o fo ll o w
e s tabli s h e d c us to m s and p rej ud i c e s : if th erefore , ,

M o ses h a d b ee n i ncli ne d to fo r m t h e m anne rs o f h is

p eo p l e o n th o s e o f t h e na ti o n am o ng W h o m h e h ad
b ee ne d uc ate d h e c e rtai nly w o ul d no t h av e i nno vated
,

i n t h at resp ec t I t is w e l l k no w n th at in al l th ese
.

p o i nts his l a ws a re d i re c tl y o pp o se d t o t h e E gypti an

c us t o m s r f
T h e fo ll o w i ng is th e p r e fac e to th e l aw s re sp ecti n
g
m arri ag e s in th e M o sa c c o d e ter t h e d o i ngs o f
i A f .

th e l a nd o f E g yp t w h e re i ny e d w ell
, ,
sh a ll y e no t do .

Ye sh a ll do m y j ud g m e nts ,
a nd o b serv e m i ne

i nanc es
o rd to w alk t h e re i n: I am J e h o vah, yo ur
”
Go d 1 .

M o s es w as o b l i e d so
g far t o c o n esc e
d nd to t h e c us to m s o f

a barb aro us a e,
g as t o t o l erat e po l ygam y . H is re
gul atio ns
t e nd e d, ho w e v e r, in a v er
y im p o rt ant manner, as M ichael is
h as s h o w n, t o d isco urag e it inprac t ic e .

1 M arriages b et w ee n p erso ns ne ar o f k in w ere in frequent

p rac t ic e inE gy pt, and w ere sanc tioned by t he ex am pl e o f th e
go ds .

1 L evitic us, c h ap . x vm .
 H E B RE W S A ND Ee r p r u
'
ns . 4 15

T h ere is a no th e r t rai t wh i c h h as b een re m ark ed as

d i sti ng ui sh i ng th e m o rali ty of th e M o sa i c i nsti tuti o ns
fro m th at t h e E gypti a ns
of I n th e c o d e o f t h es e
.

l earned pagans, th ere w ere m any sal utary reg ulati o ns,
b ut th e b est ofth em w e re d i sg rac e d b y i m p o s tures,
and th o s e d ec epti o ns w h i c h are term e d p i o us fraud s
prie stc ra ft d i spl ays i tsel f o n every s id e . I nth e l a w o f
M o s es w e d i sc o ver a str c t iad h e re nc e to go o d fai th
no fal se p ret ence s a re m ad e use o f as m o ti ves tol e ad
t o us e ful c o urs e s o f ac ti o n .

T he fo ndne ss fo r s ec rec y ,
a nd fo r e nvel o p ing truths
or o
p i ni o ns i n a cl o a k of mystery ,
is a no th er i
t ra t of

E g ypt ianp ri est-c ra

ft . H e nc e th e
l b rated d i s tino ce e

t i o no f E so ter i c a nd Ex o te ri c p h il o so p hy i nve nted b y ,

th e E gyp t i ans a nd afte rwa rds i m itate d b y m a ny o f

,

t h e G ree k s I t w as p e r h ap s w i th a Vi e w to se c rec y
, ,

t hat t he E gyp t i ans r e ta i ne d the use o f h i ero g ly ph i c

o r s m b o li c c h a rac ters a fte r th e al h ab e ti c m o d e o f
y , p
w r i t i ng had b ec o m e w el l k no w n I t a nswered t h e i r
.

u r o se it co n ce al e d fr o m v ul g ar c uri o s i ty t h e
p p
wo n d ers o f th e i r l e arni ng an d s up e rst i ti o n as it has ,

e rh a s fo r e ve r v e il e d th ei r ig no ra nc e fro m t he
p p
i rrevere nt sc rut i ny o f p o ste r i ty .

M o s es rep ud iate d every th i ng th at favo ured

my s te r y and c o nc e al m e nt ; and h e l a i d a si d e th e
h i e ro g ly h i c wr i ti ntg w i th w hi c h h e must h ave b ee n
p ,

ac q u ai nted fo r t h e il p h ab e tic c ha rac te rs o f wh i c h it

y
f
, ,

is easy fo r th e co mm o np eo pl e to avail th emsel ves .

II H H
dl 6 CE R E M O N I A L LA WS or TH E

S E CT I ON I V .

Comp aris onof the Cer emo nia l L aw of Moses with that
of the E gyp tia ns .

It rem a i ns fo r us t o c o m p are th e i nsti tutio ns of

Mo ses and th o se of th e E gypt ians, w i th re ere f nce to

th e xternal c ere m o ni es o f relig i o n a nd sacerdo tal
e

d i sci pli ne I t c anno t b e d eni e d t h at th ere w ere

.

s ever al fe at ures o f re se m bl anc e b e tw een th e M o sai c

“

an d E gy pti an ri tual s w h i c h must h ave o r i gi nated in

,

s o m e o t h e r so urc e t h a n ac c i d en t al c o i nc i d e nce Y et .

a very s uperfi c i al s urvey o f t h e s ubj e ct w i l l s u ffi ce to

ro ve th a t th e H eb rew l eg i sl ato r w as n o t inth is part
p , ,

o f h is co d e a m ere c o pyi st o f E gy t i an o rd i n an c es
,
p .

But b efo re we e nt er o n th i s c o nsi d erati o n it may b e

, ,

r
p p o er t o pause and i nq uire wh et h e r it is n
, o t certain ,

fro m th e nature o f c i rc um sta nc es th at a system o f ,

ri tes a n d c eremo ni es i nst i tute d a t a ny p erio d o f the

, ,

wo rl d must d i splay t ra c es o f suc h m o d e s o f thi nki ng

,

an d ac ti ng as p revi o usly preva il e d A s al l c ere mo nies .

d e ri ve th e i r p o w er and ut ili ty fro m th e i d eas and

s en t i me nts wh i c h t h ey e x c i te in th e b eho l d ers and as ,

th ese i d eas and s enti m ents d ep end up o nt h e i nfl uence

Of revi o us h a bi ts and re ud i c es t h e
p p j p ro m ulgator
o f a ri t ual l aw w h e th er h e b e g ui d ed b
, y d ivi ne o r
by h uma n i ntelli ge nc e m ust ne cessarily rai se his
,

superstructure o n t h e fo un d a ti o ns th at are prepared

fo r him A wi se l awg i ver w o ul d b e l ed to ado pt a nd
.
 H E B R E WS A ND EG Y PT I A NS . 4 17

e sta bli sh by a new sancti o n s uc h p r ac ti c es as w ere

, ,

a ssoc iated ei th er by a natura l all us i o n or by h abi t

, ,

wi th feeli ngs o f reverence o r wh i c h ex pressed in a, ,

strik i n a n d i m s iv e m a nn t r ii e i d eas r es ec t i n
g p res er p g ,

th e rel atio ns O f man to a h i g h e r p o we r and t end ed to ,

e xc i te senti me nts O f p i e ty h um ani ty a nd moral p uri ty

, , ,

inth e m i nd s o f th e be h o ld e rs T o rej ect such unex .

ce
ptio na b l e ins trum e nts and to atte mp t to go vern
,

th e O p i ni o ns and se nt i m e nts o f m e n by a syst em o f

mach i nery wh ic h h ad no h o ld o n th e h a bi ts and
the p e o p l e w h o m it w a s d e signed to
c h ar ac t ers O f

contro ul and ed i fy, w o uld b e t ra y a to ta l i g no ranc e o f

th e co nst i tuti o n o f th e h um an m i nd T he proj ec t .

w o uld b e utterly ab s urd .

T h ese refl ecti o ns m ay s uffi c e t o sh o w th at we must

no t ex pe c t to fi nd in th e cere m o ni a l l aw s o f M o ses a ,

s ste m o f r i tes en
y t i r ely ne w a nd b eari n , g n o trac e s o f

c usto m s a n d o rd i nanc e s p rev i o usly exi sti ng .

I n p ro c eed i ng to th i s c o mp ari so n w e m ay fi rst ,

o b se rve th at all t h o se r i te s and c usto m s o f th e E g yp

t i ans wh i c h w ere a n o ffenc e aga i nst nat ure o r go o d .

m o ral s w ere e xp ressl y p ro s c r ib ed by M o ses A m o ng .

t h ese w e m ay r ec ko n h um an sac rifi c es th e ab o m i ,

nati o ns O f th e t em p l e o f M e nd es and m any o ther ,

e x c e sses c o nn ec te d w i th th e i d o l at ro us wo rsh i p o f t hi s

eo p l e
p .

B y s o me o th e r p ro h i b i ti o ns M o s es s ee ms t o have ,

a i med at d i st i n u i sh i n h is p ri e s t h o o d an d t h e p e o pl e
g g
b d h i i n fl n f m t h E t i an S u ch
j
s
s u e c te t o t e r u e c e r o e g y p .

l
w o u d pp a e a r t o h av e b e e n t h e in t e n t o f t h e l aw w h i ch

b i h i f i t * an d o f that
fo r a d e t h e c u t t n g O ff t h e a r o a
p r e s ,

E z ech iel , xl iv
. 20 . S penc er d e L egg H eb rwo r . . cap . x xv.

s ect . 2 .
418 C E R E MO N I A L LA WS OF TH E

w h ic h p ro h ibi te d th e p la nt i ng o f t re e s ne ar t h e al tar
o f J ehov ah o f th e i nj un c t i o n t o s ac r i fi c e h e ifer s

i nstea d o f b ull s a nd m al e c al v e s fi I n all t h e se p ar

‘
'
‘
' '
e

t ic ul a rs a nd inmany o th e rs t h e O b s er vanc e s o rd a i ned

, ,

b y M o se s w e re in d i re c t c o ntra d i st i nctio n t o th e
c us to m s o f E gypt .

I sh all no w p ro c ee d to e num erat e th e m o s t re m ar k

l
ab e e x a m p e s o f r es embl a nc e and a gr eem ent be twe en
l '

t he H e b re w rites a nd th e c usto ms o f t h e E gypt ian s

and o th e r Pa gan nat io ns .

1 I nth e r i te s
. l ustra ti o n o r purifi cat i o n b y wate r
of , ,

th ere is a n i nsta nc e o f suc h ag r e e m e nt But th i s may .

b e th o ugh t an ac c i d en tal c o i nci de nc e T h e ce re m o n y .

o f c l e a ns i ng th e p e rso n b y abl ut i o n a ffo rd s so natural

-

an d o b v i o us a typ e o f inwa rd o r me nta l p ur ifi c atio n ,

th at no th ing is m o re prob ab le tha n th at d iffer ent

nat i o ns m ay h av e a d o pte d it w i th o ut i nterc h ange
o f i d eas .

B ut alth o ugh t he u se o f abl utio ns in th e c e re m o ni al

N um b ers xix . 5 . S penc er d e L egg . l ib . 11. c ap . 1 5;

se ct . 2 .

1 I t is o b vio us that a c er em o ny of t his d es c rip tio n, at fi rst

‘

m erel y ty pic al , m us t h av e pre c ede d and give n o rigin t o t h e

p o pul ar no t io n, t h at abl ut io n in c o nsec rat ed s t ream s o r foun

t ains h ad t h e p o w er o f ac t ual l y rem o v ing g uil t , o r m ental
d efil e m ent, t o g eth er w it h e x ternal im p urity S uc h a no t io n .

c an o nly h ave b een t h e re s ul t o f a c ere m o n

y previo usl y esta
bl ish ed it c anno t b e imagine d to h ave fur nish ed in t h e fi rst

p l ac e th e m o t ive for inst ituting th e rit e, o r t h e d es ig nw ith

which it w as c o nt rived T he h eat h e n w rit ers h ad a cl ear c o n
.

“
ce
p t io n o f th e ineflicac y o f abl ut io n in th e l att er se nse .

A h nim ium fac il es, qui t rist ia c rim ina c aadl e

To l l i fl uminea posse p utat is a ua " q .

 nE nnE w s Y PTI A N S 419
'

A ND EG .

o f relig io n is no t of i tsel f s uff c e i i nt to pr ove i nter

c o urse b et ween th e natio ns wh o h ave p rac t is e d it ,

th e m a nner o f p erfo r m i ng it may d e t erm i ne w h eth er

it h as b ee n a do pt e d lly a s a nat ural a nd o b vi o us
c as ua ,

e m bl em o r w a s d e ri ve d by o ne nat i o nfro m an
,
oth er ,

b y i mi tati o n S pe nc er h as p o i nt e d o ut so m any
.

c irc um st a nc e s in t h e abl ut i o ns o rd ai ne d in th e L ev i t i

c al l aw w h i c h re se m b l e t h e r i t es o f se ver a l n
, ati o ns

w h o h a d t h e i r rel i g i ous c er e mo ni es in c o mm o n w i th
th e Egypt ia ns t h at w e c an sc a rc ely refuse o ur ass e nt
'

t o th e i nfe re nc e h e d e d uc e s H is c o nc l usi o n is t hat .

,

M o ses ad o p t ed th i s rit e fro m th e usage s o f anti quity .

W e sh all b ri efl y no t i c e so m e c i rc umsta nc es inth e

h e ath en l ustrat i o ns w h i c h b e ar a stro ng a nal o gy t o
th e M o sa i c o rd i na nc e s
'

B efo r e p ray ers w e re a d d re sse d to th e g o ds it was ,

ne c e s s ary fo r t h e s up pli c ant t o p ur i fy h i m sel f b y

'

'

w a sh i ng h is h and s .

Made1 m? £5 1 3055 A d méiéew cal der a oivov

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-
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2 r ape;v, 7rpl v 7
’

7 0 01 7 eu

mar psedpoc
' ’

5
56 51 , 5 29 xa .

”
X p ss a g wsiza ft er/0 9 7r o7xu n
pa no ‘
0 3our t M um 0

Pur ifi c at i o n fro m d e fi l e me nts was p erfor m e d l e ga l

in m a ny i ns tanc es b y asp e rsi o n T h e instr ument .

us ed in th e L ev i ti c al c e re m o ny w a s a b ranc h o f

h y sso p ; inth e Paganr i tes, a b ranc h o f l aurel o r p al m .

S pargit ips e s uo s l auro ro rante c ap il l o s

et

I nc ip it e t so l ita fundere v o ce prec es 1 .

'

H esio d O p .
‘
. et D ies . v . 3 55 .
1 O vid F astor l ib . . . v.
420 cannno uu r. L A WS o n TH E

H e sprink l es his h air with th e branch o f l aurel,

‘

dro pping dew , and begins to ut ter his acc ustomed

o riso ns.

I no th er i
c rc um s ta nc es c o nnec te d wi th th e l ustral '

c ere mo ni e s S pe nc er h as p o i nted o ut c o i nc i d e nc es
,

b e wee
t n th e M o s a i c a nd E t i a n l a w s *
gyp .

2 T h e c usto m o f o ffer i ng a ni m al s in sac rific e

.

h as b een co nsi d ere d as an e x a m p le o f c o i nc i d enc e in

the prac ti c es o f th ese tw o na t i o ns N o i nferenc e .

h o wever can b e d rawn fro m fi nd i ng a rite o f th i s

d escrip ti on establ ish e d in tw o p art i cul ar c o untri es .

T h e uni versal p reval enc e o f sa cr ifi ces o ver th e

an c i ent w o rl d p ro v es t h at t h i s r i te h ad its o ri gi nat

a n e ra an te ce d e nt t o th e d i vi s i o n o f m anki n d into
se arate fam ili e s
p .

T he s ac r ifi c es o f th e E gypt i ans were e x p i ato ry o r

i
v c ar o us i o fferi n s
g . S uc h w e re th e o ffer i ng s o f the
H eb rews . B ut we n
c an o t c o nc l ud e fro m t h i s i
c rc um

sta nce th at one p eo pl e d e ri ve d th e p racti c e fro m the

o th er,b ecause al l t h e east ern na ti o n amo n
s
g wh o m ,

w e m ust l o o k fo r th e c us to m s and
i deas o f remote
an th i s c ere mo ny w i th
t iq ui ty p e rfo r me d
, si milar

mo ti ves and id eas -l

Sp encer d e L eg H eb raao r D issert iii

g . . . .

1 Th at th e sac rifi c e s of m o st anc ie nt nat io ns were rites o f

ex piat io n, and no t m erel y contrivanc es fo r co nc il iating t he
favo ur of t h e go ds , b y b rib ing t h e m w it h th e s avo ury s m ok e

of th e ro ast ed v ic t im, w e l earn fro m t h e wide extensio n

of , p rac ti c e o f imm o l ating h um an v ic tims as v icarious

t he

s ufferers Th e sam e idea is freq ue ntl y ex p ressed in t he

.
,

Puranas and o t her anc ie nt bo o k s of th e H indo o s . F ro m

ying anmal s as o fferin
i
sl a
gs, o n w hich th e g uil t o f t he o ffender
was su
pposed t o be transferred, m o st nat io ns pro c eeded t o
 unannws A ND ne r r r u us .
421

I t m ust b e c o nfessed ,
h o weve r, th at th e manner in
wh i c h th e gove rni ng i dea was exp ressed inthe Mo sa i c
o rd i nanc e resembl es in a re m arkabl e d egree the
E g ypt i an r i te and it wo ul d se e m as if M o ses ad op ted
,

th i s a s t h e mo st striki ng and imp ress i ve fo r m T he .

s i ns o f th e p eo p l e w ere i mpre c a ted b t h e ffi i t i ng

y o c a

r i e st o n t h e h ead o f th e d e vo ted v i c ti m T he
p
c i rc um sta n
.

ces o f th i s c ere mo n as it was

y p erfo rm e d
,

ac c o rd i n to th e E y ti a n r i tual
g g p have b eenall ud ed ,

in a fo r e go i ng c h apt er .

T h ere is al so a co inc id enc e in the ki nd s o f ani mal s

_

s el ec t ed fo r sac rifi ce M o ses fo r b ad e indeed t o o ffer

m
.
, ,

h um an v ictim nd o f th e sp ec ie s o f b rute a ni mal s

used b y th e E gy pti ans fo r t h i s p ur os e h e s e l ec t ed
p ,

o nly th re e v iz , o xe n sh eep and g o ats

.
, O f th e o x
, .

ki nd th e Heb rews were o rd ered to slaug hte r th e

,

fe mal e s wh ereas th e E g y p ti a ns c ho se o nly th e m al es .

B ut th e p ar ti c ul ar c o l o ur o f th e vi c tim as set d o wnin ,

th e L e v i ti cal o rd i nanc es was exactly the sam e a s

,

th at w h i c h t h e E gyp ti a n r i t ua l sp ec ifi ed T h i s h as .

b ee n d esc rib ed inth e se c ti o n t o wh i c h we have j ust

re ferr ed .

S pe nc er h as re mar k ed t h at Mo se s o rd er ed s uc h
a ni m als o nly to b e o ffer ed in sacrifi ce as had ne v e r
b ee n subj ec ted to th e y o k e and that the sam e r eg u ,

l ati o n e xi sted a m o ng th e G reeks and o ther H eath en

n atio nsfi‘

im mo l ate h uman vic tims o n c ertain o ccasio n m o re

great s, as

no bl e sufferers .

I t is im po ssibl e to as c ert ain wh e n this c usto m o riginated .

Vedas in a fi c t io n, which
.

T he co nta st range co nne c ts t he

al l eg oric al immo l atio n o f N arayan with th e fo rmatio n o f th e

“

wo rl d .

Tho se writers who h ave maintai ned t his O inio n h ave

p
422 GER E M O-N A L L AWS or T HE

I t wo ul d ap p ear th e n th at M o s e s c o nse crate d suc h,

anim al s fo r s ac ri fi c e as w ere g en e ra ll y h e l d to b e p ure

-

and un ble m i sh ed o ffe ring s H is m o ti ve in this p ro .

c e ed in is evi d e nt : a n O pp o s i t e m o d e o f c o n d uct
g
w o ul d h a ve ev i nc ed a w a nt o f t h at atte ntio n to
revai li ng no ti o ns whi ch is ne c e ssary fo r ever y
p
l eg isl ato r .

3 I n th e i
c r c um stanc es b y wh i c h l o ll utio n
l
.
g pe a

w as c o ntrac te d , t h e re w a s a c o i nc i d e nc e b e tw een the

i d e as o f th e E gypti ans and th o se wh ic h M o ses ado pted

as t h e fo un d ati o n o f m any o f h is c e r e mo ni es and
“

h ibi t i o ns M any o f th e E gy p t i a nc ust o m s of thi s

‘

p ro .

d es c rip ti o n h ave b ee n e num e rate d in th e fo regoing

c hap te r .

I n th e. o i ned by M ose s o f c o rn wi ne
bl ati o ns ,
o rd a , , ,

an d o il inth e c o nse cr ati o no f t enths and o f fi rs t fruits

,
-
,

i n th e c e l e b rat i o n o f fest i val s at t h e ne w mo o ns ,

in th e vestme nts o f t h e p r i e sts a nd th e p ec uliar ,

-

O b ser van c es re q ui re d o f th ei r o rd er th ere are man

y ,

b ee nunj ust l y acc us ed o f d enying th e t yp ical refere nces o f th e

M o saic rites to t h e great ev e nt s o f t h e C hr is tiand isp ensatio n .

Y et bo t h S p enc er and M ic h ael is h ave p o sitivel y d iscl aimed any

‘

such in t ent io n T he l at t er says,

. That I c o nsider th e sacri
fi c es presc rib ed b y M o ses as typ ical o f C hris t, and that I
b el ieve t h em no t o nl y j ustl y a pplied to him by t h e A po st l es in
t h e N e w T e s t am e nt, b ut t o h av e b ee n ac t ual l y app o inted by

G o d with t h at ex p r es s d esig n, and

previo usl y ex pl ained inth e
b oo k of Ps al m s in t h at as th e ir genuine m eanin g , canno t b e
unk no w n t o any read er m y D o gm at ics, o r o f m y E x po s ition
of

of the E pistl e t o t h e H ebre w s , o r o f m y Crit ical L ec t ure o nthe

”
4 ot h Ps al m . M ich ael is on t he M o saic L aw, t ransl at ed by
D r S m ith ,
. iii p 5 7 D r S p enc er m ak es a simil ar asser
vo l . . . . .

”
t io nin s everal parts o f h is w ork , D e L egg H ebraeo rum. .
 u na nnw s A ND E G Y PT l A N S . 4 23

p i nts
o w h i ch b ear a rela ti o n e i th er o f nea r re se m
b lance o r o f d i re c t c o ntrad i c ti o n to t h e l aws o f th e
E gypti ans a nd o th er c el eb ra ted nati o ns .

When i nd eed w e take al l th ese c i rc um sta nc e s i nto

,

co n si d e rat i o n it no
,
l o ng e r r e m ai ns d o ub tful that
M o s es inc o m pili ng t h e c e re m o ni al o rd i na nc es o f h is
,

c o d e h ad inhis v i e w th e r i tes a nd c us to ms o f a nt iq ui ty
,
.

His p eo pl e w ere th o ro ugh ly i m b ue d w i t h th e p re

d a nd d evo te d t o t h e p rac ti c e s o f t h e E g yp
j u i -
ces

t i ans. H e h a s re ta i ne d th o se c ere m o ni es w h i c h w e re
in t h e m sel v e s p er fec tl y har ml ess a nd w h i c h te nd e d t o
,

insp i re p ure and p i o us th o ug ht s H e h as c o p i e d s o m e

.

E p g y t i an ri te s , s uc h fo r exa m l e a s w e re fo un
p d ed o n

nat ura l asso c i at i o ns o f i dea s a nd e x pr esse d ina m o re

,

s triki n
g m anne r th a n a ny o t h e r c er ta i n re li gi o us ,

t r uth s w h i c h ,
fro m th e i r uni ve rsa l ho ld up o n th e
m inds o f m e n are s ho w n e ith e r to b e t he r e s ul ts o f a
,

en eral c o n v i c ti o n o r t h e l e sso n s o f t h e fi rs t fa th e rs
g ,

o f th e h um a n ra c e h and e d d o w n b
y i m m e m o ri a l
t rad i ti o n H e h as rep udi at e d w ha t e ve r w a s i mp i o us o r
.

i mp ure o r ini tsel f ab surd and ri d i c ul o us o f w h i c h w e

, ,

h av e see n th at t he re was a g reat ab und a nc e in th e

ra c t i es o f t h e w i se E t i ans H e h as o rd a i ned
p c gyp .

m any r i te s e vi d e ntly w i th no o th e r p ur p o se t h a n t o
,

re v e nt h is p e o p l e fro m re v e rti ng i n to t he s e a b o m i
p
v

nati o ns . O n th e w h o l e h e h a s e vi nc ed t h o ug h b o r n
,

in a sem i -b arb a ro us age and ed uca te d am o ng a

,

p eo p l e w h o c o m m e nd e d t h e m se l ve s to G o d b y b ur n
ing red h a i red m en a nd j o i ni ng w o m e n to hc g o ats
-
,
-
,

an d fe e d i ng c ro c o d i l e s w i th th ei r li vi ng c h i ld re n s o ,

unbl e m i s h e d a c o nc ep ti o n o f m o ral ex c ell e nc e s o ,

ro fo und a k no wl ed ge o f th e law s o f t h e h um an m i nd
p ,

so c l e ar a d isc ri m i n ati o n o f t h e esse n ti als o f re li gi o

1 r
424 C E R E M ON I A L LA WS .

th a t, in s ur ve y i nanc e s
i ng t h e o rd o f th e H eb re w l aw,
‘

a n atte n ti ve a nd ca nd i d i nq ui re r c anno t fail t o rec o g

ni se unq ue st i o nab l e p ro o fs o f w i sd o ma nd i nte ll ig ence ,

w h i c h e x c e e d th e p o s si b l e a t ta i nm e nt s o f t h e h uman
fac ul t i e s .

SE CTIO N V .

O rig in of Circumcision
'

T h e re is no o th e r
p o i nt c o nne c te d w i th t h i s i nq ui ry
“

wh i c h h as o c c as i o ne d s o m uc h d i s ute as t h e o ri i n
‘

p g
of C i rc um c i s i o n . T his h o we ve r , is a q uesti o n qui te
nt f
,

d i s ti c ro m th ei d erat i o no f th o se
c o ns r i t e s and o rd i

na nc e s w h i c h th e H e b re ws fi rs t re c e i ve d fro m M o ses ,

o r b e c am e a c q uai n te d w i th s ub s e q ue ntl y to t h eir

d e sc e nt i nto E gyp t a nd esta bli sh m ent in G o sh en .

W e are c erta i n th at th e d esc end ants o f A b rah am

p racti s e d c i rc um c i si o nb e fo re th at e v e nt T h ey eve n .

c o ns i d ere d it a d i s rac e t o b e c o n ne c te d w ith an nu

“

g
a s w e l e a rn fro m th e c o n
'

c i rc um c i s ed ra c e , d uc t o f
J ud a h and his b re th re n in th e m assac r e o f th e S i ch e
,

m i te s . W e k no w al so that th i s c usto m p reva ile d no t

on l y a m o ng th e I sraeli te s w h o c a m e o ut o f E gypt
,

w ith M o ses b ut a m o ng t h e E d o m i t es * a nd I sh m ae l
‘

itish A rab s 1 A ll th e se nati o ns o b tai ned it fro m their

co mm o na nc esto r .

B ut o th er nati o ns, b esi d es th e A b r ah ami d ae ,

p rac t s e d
i c rc umc s o n,
i i i wh o n
ca n o t, w i th so m uch

p ro b abili ty ,
be su
pp o s ed to h av e d e ri ve d it fro m

Genesis, xx v . 25 1 Ibid . x vi . 25 .
 o arc m or cr nc umc rs ro u . 425

th e pat riarch of th at s te m T h e E g ypti ans, a s w e

.

h ave s ee n, made it a ne c e ssar y c o nd i t i o n, in o rd er to

ad m i t a ny perso nt o i n reli gi o us so le m ni ti es o r
certa ,

at l e ast to th e o ffi ce
o f th e
p ri e sth o o d S o m e o th er .

an c i en t nat i o ns co nnec te d b y a ffi ni ty w i th t h e E gyp

,

tia ns h a d t h e sam e c ust o m as th e C o l c h i ans w h o a re

, ,

sup p o se d b y H er o d o t us t o b e a c o l o n y fro m E gypt ,

a nd in A fri c a th e E t h i o p i ans art i c ul arl y t h e

, p ,

T ro glo dytes 1 I t ex te nd ed fur th er to wards th e so uth

.
'

a nd see m s to h ave b ee n p ro a ate d fro m E

p g gy pt
a m o n th e N eg ro rac e s in t h e i n teri o r ; fo r w e l ear n
g
fr o m r e c e nt v o y ag er s th at it still p re vail s in Co ng o
and G ui nea :

W e are i gno ra nt at wh at perio d c i rc um c i s i o n w a s

ad o pt e d b y t h e E gy pt i a ns I t ap p e ars to h ave b e en
.

a n e sta bli sh ed ri te am o ng th e m inth e t i me of M o s es §

'

I t h as b e en mai ntai ne d b y so m e that A b rah am o r , ,

h is d e sc endants i ntrod uced th i s r i te a mo ng th e E gyp

,

tia ns ; b ut th i s is an e x tre m ely i mpro babl e c o n j e c ture .

I t m ust b e o b serv e d th at th e fi rst m enti o n o f c i rc um

c isio n in G en esi s oc c urs s ub s e q ue ntly to th e o urne y
j
o f A br ah am an d h is h o rd e i nto E gypt T h ere se e ms .
‘

al so at th i s p eri o d t o h ave b e en a free a nd unre

strained i n terc o urse b et w ee n t h e E gy pti a ns a nd th e i r

l ess c i v iliz ed o r l ess artifi c i al ne i ghb o urs s o that ,

th e infl uenc e o f E gypti an c usto m s and m o d e s o f

th i nki ng may b e s up p o sed t o h av e exte nd ed o v er t h e
s urro un d i ng nati o ns .

5‘ B io d l ib i
. . .
1 Ib id l ib iii p . . . . 1 65 .

A uth o rit ies inWoo d ward, p 2 90 7 g, A w

“ 3

I . . .

This appears fro m J o sh v w h ere th e renewal . . o f c irc u m

c isid a is ord ained ; and it is o b serve , d th at the re
p ro ac h o f
E gyp t is no w removed from Israel .
426 C E RE MO NI A L LA W5 .

A k o f M i c h ae li s t h ro w s so m e li ght upo nth i s

re m ar
“

o b sc ure s ub e c t T h i s w ri t e r h as o b se rve d t h a t th e
j .

m a nne r in w h i c h t h e o rd i na nc e o f c i rc um c i s i o n is .

m e nt i o ne d in G e nes is a nd t h e t e rm s in w h ic h t he ,

c o m m a nd is a nno u nc ed to A b ra h a m ,
are s uc h as to .

a ffo rd g ro und fo r b el i e vi ng th at the p ra c ti c e had

l i re va ile d a nd w a s fa m ili ar
us to th e i d eas o f
p re v o y p ,

t h a t Pa tri a rc h t
a
.

W ha t fo rbi d s us t h e n fro m ad o p ti ng th e c o ncl u

, ,

s i o n o b vi o us l t h e m o s t p ro b ab l e o ne t h a t c i rc um
,
y ,

c is io n o ri g i na ted a t a ve r
y re m o te e ra in so me
“

, ,

e ast e r nc o un tr y p o ss i b l y in E gyp t ; a nd t ha t it was

,

t h e nc e c o m m uni c a te d to t h e ne i g h b o uri ng na t i o ns ;
t h at it w as c o nnec te d w i th s o m e i d ea o f p uri ty a n d
fi tne ss fo r re li g i o us se rv i ce a s we ha ve se e n t hat ,

s h av i n t h e b od y a n d f r e q ue nt a b lut i o ns w e re and
g ,

h ad b ec o m e t h e g e ne rall y r ec e i ve d c e re m o ny fo r
d e d i c a ti ng m e nto t h e se rv i c e o f G o d a nd l a s tly that , ,

it w a s e n j o i ned by a d ivi ne c o m m a nd t o A b raham ,

to a do pt t h is r i te in h is o w n ho use ?
B ut t h i s w as a d i v i ne not a h um a n o rd i nance , .

A b rah a m re c e iv e d th e c o mm a nd to c i rc um c i se h is
h o use i m m e d ia te l y fro m G o d Ho w is t h i s to be .

rec o nc il e d w i t h t h e h
ypo the s i s a b o v e p ro po se d
T h is d i ffic ul ty w il l b e r e m o ved by c o m par i ng the
o r i i n o f birc um c is io n w i th t h a t o f b a t i s m B a tism
g p p .

is to b e c o nsid e re d as a d ivi ne inst i t utio n no t l ess ,

a s s ured l
y ha n c i rc um c i s i o n s i nc e it is c e rta i nly
t ,

if
S ec M ic hael is nt h e Mo saic L aw, D r S mit h transl atio n,
’
o . s

vo l . iii b o o k iv
. .
4c hap . 3, a n ex c el l e nt d isq uisit io no n t h is s ub
j c et . S ee al so S pe ncer d e L e gg H e b raeo rum Th ese t wo
. .

a ut h o rs h ave c o l l ec t e d al l t h at is k no w n o n t he sub ec t of
j
i
c rc u m c isio n .
 u ru ui l m o r c m c v mc rs ro n . 427

k no wn to h ave b ee n o rda i ned by t he d i vi ne fo und er

of t h e C h ri st i a n c h urc h Y e t it is
k no wn th at
. as we ll
bapt i s m o r l ustrati o n by w ater h ad b e e n p rac ti s ed
m any ag es b e fo re t h e C h rtst ian era and that i m m e r
si o ns , an d a bl ut i o ns a nd asp e rs io ns h ad b e e n use d
fro m t i m es i m m em o ri al in Pag a n t e mp l e s th at th ese
r i te s w ere r e ard e d a s ne c e ssa r r e arati o n s fo r
g y p p
t h o se w h o w e re t o b e ad m i tted t o c erta i n reli i o us
g
pr i v il e ge s I f suc h i d e as h ad no t p re e xi ste d in the
.
-

O in
p i o ns o f m en th e o rd i nanc e o f b ap tis m b y J o h n
,

t h e B a p t i s t a nd by o ur L o rd w o ul d have b e e n d e
, ,

v o i d o f al l m ea ni n a nd e ffe c t o nt h o s e w h o w i tness ed
g
or und e rw e nt the p e r fo rm a nc e o f it T h e fa c t is, as .

we w e l l k no w , th at l ust ra t i o n b y water w a s al rea d y

c o nnec te d w ith th e i d ea of i nw ard u
p r ific at i o n .

H e nc e it w as a fit i nstrum ent fo r p ro d uc i ng a m o ral

e ffe c t

w
.

T he c as e is s i m il ar i th re sp e c t to c rc um c is o n
i i
o nth e hy po th e si s th a t it w a s a p re vaili ng c us to m
p re

A b ra h a m r e ar
vio usl y to th e t i m e of . I t w as g d ed
w i th fe eli ngs of l
so e m ni ty , a nd as t h e ty p e of a

re li gi o us en a
g g e m e nt . N o ne w r i te cou ld th e n be
so i
e ffi c ac o us a s th e s ea l o f a so em n l
p ro pe r o r so

c o ve na nt .
 OF TH E

O F TH E L ATE

D I S PL A Y I N G P ROO F S TH AT TH E EGYPTI A N S HA D NO I
C ONT N U O U S R E COR D S
FB O K TB S EA RL I ES T PE RIOD S O F TH E I R M ON -
A RC HY .

P A T E RNOSTE R -
BO W .
 PRE L I MI NA RY OB SE RVA TI O N S
O N TH E

E GYPTIA N HISTO RIA NS ,

A
A ND P RTI CU LA R L Y O N THE C RE D I BI L I TY O F M A NE THO .

E x tr act s f r om Pr qfessor Rask’s

’

G amle A egyp t iske Tidsr eg mng

'

A N .o p i ni on h as ofl ate b ec o m e p revalent that the hi sto

ric al r ec o rd s o f anc i en t E gyp t are j us tl y e nt i tl e d to
m uc h g re ater c re d i t th a n w as fo rm erly g i ven to them .

S i nc e t h e d i sco very o f th e t abl e o f A b y d o s w h i c h is ,

su p o se d t o c o nta i n a s e r i e s o f n am e s c o rres o nd i n
p p g
w i th t h o se o f t h e ki ngs o f the e i gh te e nth dy nas ty o f
Maneth o th at w r i ter h as b een regard ed by m any as a
,

fai th ful c o mp il er o f auth e nt i c d o c um ents reach i ng d own

fro m t he fo und ati o n o f th e E gyp t i an m o narc hy By .

tho se w h o h o l d h im in suc h e s ti mati o n th e t i tl e p re fixed

to th e p resent w o rk w ill app e ar to re qui re so m e e xpl a
nat i o n and apo l o gy .

The c o nc l us i o n w h i c h it is th e o bj e ct o f the fo ll o w i ng
t reat i s e to establi sh is tha t w h atever c re d i t m ay be d ue
. ,

to th e c h ro no l o g i c al sy stem o f Manetho up to th e p er i o d
o f th e ac cess i o n o f th e e i gh te enth dy na s ty o r t o th at
,

o f th e E x o d e o f t h e I s raeli te s all t hat p art o f h is w o rk

,

wh i c h re l ates to e arli er t i m es is a m ere c ento o f frag

m ents w h i c h h a d o r i g i nall y no c o nnec ti o n and b e l o nged
,

no t to any o ne seri es T hi s co nc l us i o n h as b een d e

.

d uc ed from i nternal ev i d enc e I t has no t b een in the

.

A 2
l eas t i mpai red by the d i sc o v eri es w h i ch M C h ampo lli on .

and h is fo ll o w ers are s u o s e d t o h ave m ad e in the

pp
*
e l uc i d at i o n o f h i ero l h i c a l i nsc r i p t i o ns
g yp
.

S i nce t he p ubli c at i o n o f th i s w o rk m any E ngli sh

, ,

F re nch and G erm an w ri ters h av e d i rec ted th e i r atten

,

t i o n to th e subj ec t o f E gy p t i an ant iq ui ti e s Th ei r en
.

d eav o urs have b een c h i efl y d e v o te d to th e el uc i dati o n

o f i nsc ri t i o n
p s and o ther re m a i ns o f anc i ent art B ut .

Pro fe sso r Rask w h o se l earned re s e arc h es in vari o us

,

s ub e c ts c o n n ec ted w i th th e p h il o l o gy and th e an c i e nt
j
h i s to ry b o th o f th e E ast and o f t he N o rth are w ell k no wn
t h ro ugho ut E uro pe h as set b efo r e th e p ubli c a new
,

a nal s i s o f th e h i s to ri c a l d o c um e nts p re s erv ed by an

y
c i en t wr i ters and o f all t he e x tant re m ai ns o f t he
,

anc i e n t E gyp ti ans He m ay b e sa i d to h ave s urveyed

.

c a t i o n o f Cha m o l l io ns d i sco
’
ane w s i nc e th e ubli p
, p
ve ries ,th e w h o l e fi el d o f th e E gyp t i an h i s to ri c al
ant iq ui t A s h is w o rk ap p eare d fi rst in th e D an ish
y .

l anguage and as ev en t he G erman ed i t i on h as b een

,

li ttl e read in th i s c o unt ry th e fo ll o w i ng acc o unt o f its

,

c o nt en t s m ay b e sat i sfac to ry to s o m e p erso ns who are

i nt erested in s i m il ar i nq ui ri es .

Pro fesso r Ras k b eg i ns b y e xp ress i ng ve ry d ec i d ed ly

his assent to th e general v i ew tak en o f M anetho s
’

E gy pti an h i sto ry in th e w o rk to wh i c h these intro duc

t o ry o b servati o ns are prefi x e d t ho ugh in m any parti,

e ul ers h e d i ssen ts fro m th e o p i ni o n o f t he autho r His .

as s e n t to the p ri nc i p al c o nc l us i o ns is exp ress ed in t he

fo ll o wi ng passage wh i c h is h ere extrac ted fro m the
,

German ed i ti o n1
‘

I t is al l owed by M Champo l lio n t hat no monuments ill ustrative o f

.

th e ch ronol ogy o r h is to ry o f E gypt h ave beendisco vered anterio r to th e

eigh teen dynasty
th .

1 Den Gaml e A egyptisk e Tids regning, after Kil derne paa ny bear
bej det
. D ie al to A egyptisc he Z eit rec hnung , nac h d en Quell en neu
 D er ers te h i s to ri sc h e Z e i tra um is t vo n Pri c h ard
m it se hr i l
v e em S c h arfs i nn und Gl ii c k gauf e h e ll t .

D i eser fasst , nach d er a l te n C hro nik , fu nfze h n G e

gl ie d e r in s i ch , s tatt d eren M aneth o fiinfzeh n
s c hl e c h ts

D y nast ieen ges et zt hat : ab e r Pri c h ar d h a t d e utli c h

b e w i ese n , d ass m eh rere vo n d i esen z u e i ne r Z e i t in ve r
sc h ie d e ne n The il en d es Land e s w e l c h es h
re
gi e rten ,
auc

G at terer und Vi erth al er an eno mm en

g h ab e n . M an
k onnte M ane th o
'

v e rm ut hen, d ass se lbs t d i e ses e in e

g
s e h en h a t , und bl o s s s ie all e i nen Les e rn
an fii hr t , um s e

d ie G esc h i c h te d e s ganzen Land es vo l l s tand ig z u geb en:

ab e r d a Pr i c h ard z ei gt d ass e r d i eselb e Dy nas ti e
, ,

w e ni gs te ns th e il w e is e z w e im al in V erl auf se i ne r Ge
,

s c h i c h t e anfi ih rt so is t e s h oc h s t w ah rsc h e i n li c h d as s
'

, ,

e r s elb s t in d e r Z e i t v o r M o ses i rre e wo rd en ist

g .

H i e rz u k o m m t d er m erkli c he Um s tand d ass m anc he ,

s e i ne r D nas t ieen w ie d ie z eh nte e il ft e d re ize h nt e

y ( , , ,

v i erze h nt e s ec h s z e hnte) w e ni s te ns b e i A fr ik a nus und

, g
E usebi us an Kbnigsnam en ganz l eer and ere w ie
'

, , ,

b er e i ts b e merk t m it gl e i c h ze i t i gen F urs te nnam en aus

,

ge fi i l l t o d er auf and ere w e i se fe hl e rh aft angegeb en

,

s i nd ; w o h e r es s c h e i n t d ass er selb s t in V e rl e genhe i t

,

g e w esen ist, s ie a usz u fii ll en , d a d ie er s t en fii nfzehn

G es c h l e c h te r, w e il s ie sta t t e i nzel ner Regentenfii r gauze
D y nast iee n geno mm en w o rd en so , zu sa
gen, g ar zu

v i el e N a m en v ers c h l an en s o d ass s ch
i zu etl z t k e i ne
g ,

m eh r an e fi i h r e n fand D ie Hau t q ue ll e all er s e i ner

g p .

F eh l e r l eigt al s o o h ne z w e i fe l d ari n, d ass e r die e rsten

fii nfzeh n G li e d er zu D y nas t ie eng em ac h t h at, ve rm uth l ic h
d ad urc h , d as s er ein al t er agy p tis c h es w o r t m i s sv ers tand
d as w ie d as d anisc h e Sl aeg t (d as d eutsc h e Gesc hl e c h t)
so w o h l vo n gl e i c h z e i t i gen al s v o n e i ner Re i he Pe rso nen

bearbeitet , vo n R . Rask , Pro fesso r der Liter ar gesch ic h te , u . s. w .

A us dem Danisch en ii bersetz t , m it Z usatzen des Verfas sers , A l to na,

1 8 30
 k n h i nan d e r fo l g ten Pri
g esa
g werd en
t o nn t e d ie ac e .

c h ard hat (s 1 03) m it Hii l fe d e r Konigre ih e d es

.

E rato sthenes auf e i nm al e i nen Z ei t l auf v o n 22 Ge

s c hl e chte rn vo n M enes b is zu K oni i nn N it o c ris d ar
'
-
g
gel egt .

The fo ll o w i ng p as sage ex trac te d fro m an abl e c ri

,
.

t ique in th e N o rth A m e r i c an Re v i e w w ill s erve t o ,

ex l a i n th e v i e w s o f Pro fes s o r Ra sk and to p o i nt o ut

p ,

in w h at res p e c ts h e ac c o rd s and in w h at h e d i s agrees

, ,

w i th th e wr i ter o f th e fo ll o w i ng anal ys i s .

A m o re s ucc essful and i ngeni o us end e av o ur to

est i m ate t h e c h ro n o l o gy o f E gy p t is t h at c o ntai ne d in

t h e rec e nt treat i se o f D r Pr i c h ard o n E gyp t i an M y tho

.

l o gy The hy po thes i s ass umed by h im s uppo ses that

.

M aneth o d eri ved h is i nfo rm at i o n fro m th e sac re d regi s

t ers k ep t in th e E gypt i an te m p l e s in th e d i ffere nt n omes

ro v i nc es so m e at M e m h i s s o m e at D i o s o li s an
p d
or
p ,
p ,

e l se wh ere Here is an o b v i o us so urc e o f d i sc repancy

.

in d o c um ents c o m p il ed by d i fferent h i s to r i ans o r anna

li sts wh o se m ater i al s were thus d raw n fro m d i fferent
,

s o urc es M emp h i s w as fo r so me t i m e s ubj ec t to the

.

y o k e o f th e Hy ksos w h il st D i o sp o l is o r E l ephanti ne
,

w as o cc asi o nall y und er th e s way o f th e E t h i o p i ans .

Hence great vari at i o ns m i gh t ar i se in the suc c ess i o n o f

ki ngs at s uch d iffe rent p l ac es w h ils t as it o ften , ,

h app ens in th e h i sto ry o f th e E ast usurp ers fro m , ,

be i ng m ere go verno rs o f pro vi nc es nomar chs o r satraps , ,

w o ul d ass um e the ens i gns and s ubs ta nt i al p rer o g at i ve s

o f ro al ty Thei r nam es m i gh t b e i nterp o l ated i nto
y .

th e regul ar li st s ; and even in t he nam es o f l egiti

m at e m o narc hs great d i screpanc i es wo ul d o c c ur fro m
the v ari e ty o f s urnam es and h i gh -s o und i ng t i t l es g i ven
to th e sam e so v ere i g n I n s ho rt th e so urc es o f c o n
.
,

fus i o n w ere ab und ant so that al th o ugh Mem ph i s and

,

D i o sp o li s were in general s ubj ec t to th e Pharao hs ,

 who se sc e
ptre ex te nd e d o ve r the res t o f E gy pt, ye t the
i
s er es o f ki n s, as e x h ibi t e d in the sac red reg i sters
g
of Th eb es, m i ght d i ffer materi ally fro m that
, of
-
the
Memph i te re co rd s . Sy nc ell us re mar k s that Manetho
m ust h ave had b efo re him th e O l d Ch r onicle when he
un d erto o k to c o mp il e h is chro nol o gi c al tabl e w h i ch be ,

mo d ell ed up o n th e p l an o f th at do c um en t The Ol d
.

C hroni c l e p ro fessedl y c o nt ains th i rty d y nasti es ; but the

fi rst hal f o f that numb er c o ns i sts a s we h ave seen, o f
,

fi fteen generat i o ns o f t he Cyni c C i rc l e Wi th the v i e w

.

of su l i n th i s a ar e n t c h as m o r i m erfec t i o n in the
pp y g pp p
s er i es Man
, etho p ro b abl
y fill e d up the fi rst fi ftee npl aces
w i th d y nas t i es und e r s i m il ar t i tl es t o th o s e whi c h are
c o m ri s e d in the rem a i n d er o f th e tabl e F o r th e p ur
p .

po s e o f o b tai ni ng mater i al s t o suppl y these fi fteen li sts ,

h e c o ll ecte d th e o l d r ec o r d s fro m th e d i fferent no m es ,

and thus fo r me d dy nas ties o f Mem ph i te ki n g s fro m

t he reg i ste rs o f Mem p h i s and o f D io s p o l itan fro m th os e

,

o f Theb es . That the firs t fifte en d ynasti es o f M anetho

we re c o nstruc ted in th i s manne r is s up po sed to b e
ro ve d b y i ntern al ev i d e nc e d rawn fro m a m in ute co m
p
ari so n w h i c h D r Pr i c h ard h as i n s t i tut ed o f th ese li s ts
p .

w i th th o s e o f th e O l d C h ro ni cl e and E rato s thenes ,

w h i c h d i s c l o s es th e m o s t rem ark abl e c o i nc i d enc es o f

names and repe t i ti o ns o f h i sto r i c al fac ts i nexpl i c abl e o n
,

an o ther hy p o th e s i s T h us the nam e Sesostr is is

y .

fo und as the thi rd ki ng o f th e twel fth d y nasty in the

extrac ts fro m M aneth o b y E us ebi us ,
w i th t he s ame

h i stor i c al el uc i d at i o ns wh i c h are c o ntai ned in th e frag

m ent o f Maneth o p re served by J o s eph us , an d the
sa me c i rc um stances t h at are a ttrib ute d to th at c o nque ro r

b y H ero d o tus and D io d o rus . But he is generally sup

o sed to b e th e s am e w i th th e rem ark abl e ki ng Sel k as
p
o r Setkosis th e so n o f A me n o h i s th e Th i rd and th e
, p ,

fo und er o f the ni neteenth d y nasty ; and D r Pri chard .

i nfers that h e h as thus b een transpo se d and th ro w n b ac k
to an e ra far m o re rem o t e th an t h at in w h ich th e Greek
a uth o r i t i es see m to p l ac e h im .

The w o rk of Pro fes s o r R ask , th e t i tl e of w h i c h is

quo te d at th e h ead o f th i s A rt i c l e, is p r i nc i pall y
fo und ed Pri c h ard ; b ut th e
up o n th at o f l earne d D ane
h as c o rrec te d m any o f the erro rs and i nc o ns i stenc i es o f
th a t aut ho r, wh o o ften w and ers fro m o ne a uth o r i ty to
ano t h er , so m et i m es fo ll o w i ng E use bi us , so m et i mes A fri
ca nns, and at o th ers E rat o s th enes, w i th o ut s uffi c i ent
r eas o ns fo r p referri ng o ne to ano th er . Pro fesso r Rask ,
o n the c o nt rary , h as e nd ea v o ure d to rec o nc il e th e O ld
Chr onicl e to E usebi us , b ec ause th e O l d C h ro ni cl e
a
p p ears to h im to b e ent i tl e d to th e h i gh es t c re d i t, and
S ync ell us to ly any ; so th at h e h as l ai d that Chro
s c arc e

ni c l e at th e fo und ati o n as to th e e x te nt and numb er o f

r ei ns in eve r
g y d y nasty and p e ri o d and app li e d to o ther ,

so urc es m erel l h e na m es and

y t o su
p py t y ears o f the
p art i c ul ar ki ngs Henc e t ho ugh th e d i fferenc e b etween
.
,

h is c o m p utat i o ns and th o se o f Pri c har d is b ut s m all at

th e o utse t d i fferi ng o nl y a s i ngl e y ear in th e c o m
,

m enc e m e nt o f th e re i gn o f Ps am m e tic us th e F i rs t he ,

h ard ly agrees w i th th at w ri te r in any num b er th ro ugh

and at l ast arri v es at a v e r
o ut , y d i ffere nt re s ul t in
res ec t to s o m e o f th e r i nc i al e o c hs o f t he m o st
p p p p
anc i ent E
gy pti an h is to ry He h as al so m ad e great use
.

o f th e P ar ia n Ch r on icl e o r th e A rund e l M arbl es wh i c h ,

Pri ch ard h as ent i rel y negl ec ted b ut wh i c h c arri es b ack ,

t he Grec i an c h r o no l o gy w i th c erta i nty al m o st as far as

t he Heb re w a nd o f c o urs e is o f t he g re ates t ut ili t and
,
y
i mp o rtanc e in d etermi ni ng its sy nc hro ni sm s w i th that o f
”
E gy p t .

O ne o f th e c ens ure s b ro ugh t by Pro fesso r Rask

a ai nst th e auth o r is th e negl e c t w i th w h i c h h e h as
g
t rea te d th e reco rd con tai ne d in th e i nsc ri pt i o ns o f th e
Pari an M arbl e s and th i s is c er tai nl y
, a well - fo und e d
c e ns ure if th e d o c um ent in q ue s ti o n is rea lly d e serv i ng
of the h i gh c re d it b y Pro fesso r Rask
it at t ac h ed to .

But th o ugh d efend ed b y Fré ret and h el d in h i gh ,

es teem b
y Larc h er and s o m e o th er l earne d m e n th e ,

c h ro n c e
i l of Par i an M arbl es h as no t been gene
th e
rall
y re gard e d as an a uthe nt i c rec o rd If it b e t rue , .

a s F al c o ne r, C li nto n, a nd o th e r abl e w ri ter s h ave m ai n

taine d , t h at t h e m o s t d i s t ant p eri o d to wh i c h the c o m

putat i o n o f t i m e go es b ac k w i t h c erta i nty in G re c i an
h i sto ry is t h e ac c ess i o n o f Pi s i s tratus , 5 6 0 years b e fo re
th e C h ri s t i an era, w h a t are w e t o t h i nk o f a d o c um e nt
e of th e
P o l em i es, w h i c h
com
p il e d in th e a
g t p ro fes s es t o

o f ac c urat e d ates d ur i n th i rteen e arli er

c arr
y up a seri e s g
c e nt ur i e s , and w h i c h m e nt i o ns , no t l y the ye ar
on , b ut th e
d in h m on t h Th ar el i o n w h en Tro
v er
y a
y t e g y w as
tak e n, and th e p re c i se y ear in w h i c h t h e G o d o f War
c o nte nd e d w i t h N ep t une in t h e c o urt o f A re o a us ?
p g
E v en th e p r o fessed d efenders o f t h i s sy s te m o f c h ro
no l o gy a d m i t th at it is d efe c ti ve in ac c urac y d uri ng th e
l ater per i o d s , in o th er w o rd s , that it is a fall ac i o us —
g u i d e d uri ng ti m e s inre spec t to w hi c h it s verac i ty is w i th i n
th e r eac h o f sc ruti ny and I t is no t a
li ttl e rem arkabl e th at no tw i th stand i ng t he enti re absenc e
of al l auth e nt i c reso urc es fo r c o m p uti ng t h e d at es o f

e arl y G r ec i an h i s to ry w h i c h is ad m i tte d by t h e anc i ent

w r i t e rs t h e l a ter G reek s h ave l e ft us t wo sy s te m s o f

,

c h ro no l o gy ,
b o th o f w h i c h go b ac k to very remo te ages ,

w h il e th ey d i ffer fro m e ac h o th er as to the ti me o f

e ver ar t i c ul ar eve nt O n e o f th e se is th e c hr o ni c l e
y p .

al rea d m e nt i o ne d i nsc r ib e d o n th e A r und el ian M arbl e s

y .

The o th er is a sy ste m o f d ates and o f G rec i and y nas t i es

o n t he Parian Ch ro nic l e in Mitfo rd s History

’

S ee th e o bservat io ns
of Greec e , vo l . i .
 ’

p reserve d in th e A rmeni an c o py o f E uSebius s C h ro ui

*
co ,n w h ere it is g i ve n e nt i re a s an ex c erp t fro m the
c h ro no ra h o f C s to o f R h o d e s, w h o li ve d in the
g p y a r

t i m e o f J uli us Ga sar T Th i s l a st s y stem w as gene

.

ra ll y re c e ved i a m o ng th e l ate r w ri ters ia G reec e . It

h as b een ad o
pted b y Us h e r an d Petavius, and is the
bas i s o f the tabl es o f c hro no l o gy to b e fo und in m o d ern
b o o ks Tho ugh fo und ed in great p art o n the tec hni c al
.

m eth o d s o f E rato sth enes and A p o ll o d o rus and by no ,

m ea ns e nt i tl ed to i mpli c i t c o nfi d e nc e it is p re ferabl e o n
,

t h e wh o l e to a sy stem w h i c h li k e th at o f t h e Marbl es
, ,

c an b e d e d uce d fro m n o a nc i e nt auth o ri t w h ateve r

y .

Th i s c h ro no graphy o f C as t o r c arri es b ac k w i th p re
te nd e d ac c urac y th e c o nt i nuo us t hread o f G rec i an
c h ro no l o
gy 1 566 y ears b ey o nd th e earli est auth enti c
d ate d:
A no th e r d efect wh i c h Pro fes so r Rask h as p o i nte d out
in th e m e th o d ad o pted in th e fo ll o w i ng anal y s i s is th at ,

t h e auth o r h as m ad e use i nd i fferentl y o f th e c o p i es o f

M ane th o g i ven by A fri c anus and by E us ebi us The .

all e at i o n is w ell fo un d ed a nd th e a o l o ff re d b
g p , gy o e
y
th e wr i t er fo r h av i ng fo ll o w e d a p l an o f s o m e wh at

q uest i o nabl e pro pri ety is th at b o th A fri c anus and

,

E use bi us p ro fess ed t o h ave c o p i ed fro m o ne o r i gi nal .

Wh ere o ne d o c um ent w as in a to l erably p erfec t state it

h as b een p referred ; w h en it w as d efect i ve th e o ther
transc r i pt h as b een c o p i e d Th i s is the reaso n o n
.

w h i c h t h e p ro ceed i ng h as b e e n j ust ifi ed ; th e r e sul t has

b een to b ri ng o ut an ex ac t sy nchroni sm b etween the
d ates o f the E xo d e o f I srael and the ac cess i o n o f th e

I t is lik ewise in S t Jerome s t ransl ation o f the

’
. E us ebian Ch roui
co n.

1 Vo ss Hist Grace
. . .

1 Viz , up to the foundatio no f th e k ingdom of Sicyo n in Pel o pon

.

mesne, B C 2 1 5 6
. . .
ei ghteenth dy nas ty Pro fess o r Rask h as ad o pted a
.

d i ffere nt m et ho d th e w ho l e resul ts o f w h i c h w ill ap

,

e ar fro m the fo ll o w i n t abl e

p g .

Th e 9 D em igo ds rei
gned began 270 1 B Chr
. .

21 7 A dam

D er Cy nisc h e Kr eis .

re
gier te began
l M enes 62 248 4
2 A t h oth és 59 2422
3 A th bth es I I . 32 236 3
4 D iabiés 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .
19 2 33 1
5 S em pho s 18 231 2
6 TQigar 0 0 0 0 0
79 2 294
7 S t OiCh 0 5 0 0 0 0
6 22 1 5
8 Gos o r m iés ( S iph uris ) 30 2 209
9 M ar és ( Ker ph eres) 26 2 1 79
1 0 A no y ph is 20 2 153
l l S irio s ( A b as k a nt ) 18 2 1 33
1 2 Ch ubo s G neo ros 22 2 1 15
1 3 Rh av - é s is 13 209 3
—
1 4 Bi y r is ( Bus iris 10 2 080
1 5 S ao ph is I , 29 2070

D ie 1 6 te D y na s t ie .

re
gierte
S ao ph is II .
(O sy m and yo s) 27
31
33
Pam mo s A rc h o nd és 35
O thoes (1)
Phios (Phio ps ) 53
Meth usuph i5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 7
N ito k ris 3

D ie 1 7 t e D y na st ic .

re
gierte began
C ho ires (Uc h o reos ) 17 1 85 1
N eph erc h er és 2O l 8 34 A brah am
S es o c hr is ( S esost r is) 48 1 8 14 S al atis
Chere s ( Lach arés) o
18 1 766
 D ie 1 8 te D y na s t ic .

A m O S l S (Teth mOS iS ) t o 0 0 0 0 0 . 25 1 74 8 J o se ph
C h e bl O n
'
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
13 1 72 3 A po ph is
A m enbph is I .
21 1710
A m e rs is 22 1 6 89
M eph res 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 1 66 7
Misph ragm uth os is 26 1 6 5 4 ( A ss is )
Tut h m os is 9 1 6 28 Mo ses
A m enbphis I ] , 31 1 6 1 9 E x o de
H o ros 16 1 5 8 8 C ec ro ps
A k e nch er és ( A c h erres ) 12 1 5 72
Rh at o l is ( A t h o ris) 6 1 56 0
C h enc h ai es ( Gh ebres ) 12 1 554
A c h errés 12 1 542
C herres 14 1 5 30
A rm ais ( D anaus ) 5 1 5 1 6 S th enel us
R am es ses ( A egy pt ) 5 15 1 1
A r m esses ( Ram esses l I 63 1 5 06
A m enbph is ( Maris ) 43 1443

A i
c rc um s t anc e w h i ch m us t g re atl y w eak en o ur co nfi

d enc e in th e e ar
p rec ed i ng c o mputat i o n,
ly p ar t of th e

a nd i nd ee d in any c o m p utat i o n w h ateve r o f the fi rst

e r i o d s o f E gy pt i a n c h ro no l o gy , is th e fac t t h at th ere
p
a
pp ea rs to h av e b een o ri g i nall y no c o nt i nui ty
in any
ds i t o th e e ra o f t he
anter o r e i ht ee nth d nast
r ec o r g y y .

Th i s is in i ts el f o ne o f the m o s t i m po rtant c o ns i d erati o ns

c o nnec t e d w i th th e w h o l e s e r i es o f t h e s e i nq ui r i es an d ,

it is th e l e ad i ng and b es t es tabli s h e d i nfe renc e w h i c h h as

re s ul te d fro m t he fo ll o w i n a nal s i s The full assent o f
g y .

Pro fes so r R ask t o th i s p o s i t i o n has b een c l earl y ex

re s se d in th e assa e ab o ve c i t e d fro m h is w o rk N w
p p g o .

if th i s c o nc l us i o n is all o we d it b ec o m es qui te unim po rt ,

an t wh at p r ec i s e m e t ho d is a d o p ted in arrangi ng the

earli e r m at e r i al s c o nt ai ne d in M aneth o s c o m il at i o n
’

p ,

nam el y th e d y nas ti es p rec ed i ng th e e i gh tee nth s i nc e in

, ,

fac t th ey h ave no p ro p er o rd er o r arrange m e nt but are ,

m ere l y a c o ll ec ti o n o f d o c um e nts p artl y c o nte m po rary,

an d p artl y b el o ng i ng to vari o us and unasc ertai ned
p eri o d s . Wi th res
pec t to t h e so und ne s s o f th i s p r inc i q

p al co nc l us i o n, or th e suffi c i enc y o f th e d ata o n w h i c h

it is fo und ed , th e read er b eco me sati sfi e d b y i nspec t
m ay
ing th e l ate r s ec t i o ns and e sp ec i all y th e c o mp arati ve
,

t abl es in t h e fo ll o w i ng anal y s i s I t th ere app e ars as a

.

h i ghl y p ro b abl e re s ul t fro m i nternal ev i d enc e o r as d e,

d uc e d fro m a c o m p a ri so n o f th e d o c um e nts th e m s el ves

and t h i s r es ul t w ill b e c o n fi rm e d b y s o m e c o ns i d erat i o ns
w h i c h h e re s ugge s t the m sel ves .

I t m us t b e o b ser ved th a t th e m o s t pr o b abl e m e tho d s o f

c o m ut i n t he E
p g gy p t i an c h ro no l o gy ag ree in c o nnec t
ing th e E x o d e o f th e I s raeli tes w i th th e earl y p o rti o n if ,

no t w i th th e c o m m e nc em e nt o f th e e i ghte e nth dy nasty

o f M ane th o .A q ues t i o n o f great i nte rest in m any
o i nts o f v i e w h ere ar i se s nam el w h e th e r th e h i s to r i ans
p , y ,

o f E y t h a d r e all y any auth e nt i c re c o r d o f th i s e ve nt

g p ,

and if s o h o w far it c o i nc i d es w i th th a t c o n
, tai ne d in t h e
b o o k o f E x o d us N o w w e fi nd that th e re w ere c urrent
.

am o n t h e E
g gy p t i ans o f th e Pto l e m a i c p er i o d no t o nl y
,

o ne b ut a v ar i et o f narrati ves rel at i n t o t h e d e arture

, y g p
o f th e Heb re w s fro m t h e i r c o untry We are no t s ur
.

r i s ed in o b ser vi n th at th ey d i ffe r m uc h fro m t h e M o

p g
s a i c r ec o r d ,b ut w e are sav e d th e p ai ns o f l o o ki ng fo r
a r um e n t s w h i c h m i gh t s at i s fy al l d o ub t a s to th e s u e
g p
r i o r c red ibili t o f o ur s c r i p t ural a c c o unt b y d i s c o ve ri n
y ,
g
th a t th ese E gyp ti an s t o ri es t h o ugh c i rc um s tanti all y narr a
,

te d ,
and b ri ngi ng fo rw ar d th e na m es and c harac
t ers o f th e agents in th e t ransac t i o ns rec o rd ed , y et
d i ffer am o ng th e m sel ve s in the s e resp ec ts and in al m o st
,

ever p art i c ul ar T h e m ere o utli ne o f th e E gy t i an s to r

y .
p y ,

th a t th e J e w s w e re ex p ell e d fr o m E gy pt in c o nse q uenc e

o f p l ag ues w h i c h t h e go d s h a d i n fli c ted o n that c o untry ,

is th e s am e ; b ut the re is th e gre ates t d i sc rep ancy b e

t w ee n d i ffe rent w ri ters as to t i m e s and c i r c um s tanc e s ,

an d the c h arac ters and name s o f p ers ons The fo ll o wi ng .

re ferenc es w ill s uffi c e to p ro ve th e truth o f th i s re m ark
I f any o ne c o m p ares t he t wo ac c o unts g i ve n b y J o se
p h us fro m M aneth o , o f th e E x o d e o f th e S heph erd s o r
Hy kso s fro m E gy p t o r o f the t wo d i fferent d e partures
,

w h i c h t h ey are sai d t o h ave tak e n, and o f th e i r t wo

o urne s th r o u h th e w il d ernes s fro m A vari s o r G o sh en
j y g
to J er usal e m , h e c an h ard ly fail to b e c o nv i nc ed th at
b o th re fer t o th e s am e eve nt C o m p are p p
. . in
*7 2 * 3
the fo ll o w i ng A naly s i s , w i th pp , 7. .

Wi th th es e sto r i es fro m Mane th o , th e re ad e r m ay co m

p a re the p o nd i ng narrat i ve fro m C h aere m o n, in pp

c o rre s .

* *
74 , 75 . It m ay b e pe rc e i v ed at o nc e th at the e vent
r efe rre d to w as th e sam e b ut th e d e tail s o f th e narrati ve,
th e nam es of c o nce rne d in th e t ransac t i o ns,
and p e rs o ns
are d i fferent .

A s i m il ar r em ar k pp li es to th e
a l ins gi ven by
r e at o

Ly s i m ach us , by Mo l o , by Tac i t us , and b

y D io do rus .

S ee pp *7 5 , *76 , *77
. .

A no th er h i sto ry o f th e s a m e e ve nts, in w h i c h th e c ir

c um s tanc es a r e d i fferentl y rel a te d , and th e

p erso ns c o n
c e rne d h ave d i fferent nam es, w as c o nt a i ne d inan h i s to ri cal

w o rk w ri ttenb y A rtab anus , i te d b y

and c E usebi us an d
b y C l em ens . S o m e p art i c ul ars rel ati ng to th i s d o c ument
*
m ay b e fo und in p a ge 82 .

Wi th al l the prec e d i ng p assages it w ill b e w o rth

w h il e to co m p a re several auth o ri t i es r el ati ng to the
E x o d e wh i ch h av e b een c i te d b y E usebi us fro m th e
,

C h ro no graph ia o f J uli us A fr i c anus * in p ro o f o f the ,

o i ni o n m ai ntai ne d b
p y th at w ri ter th at M o se s w as c o n
t em p o rary w i th Tethm o s is the fi rst pr i nc e o f th e
,

e i h teen
g t h d y nasty o f Maneth o S o m e o f th ese c i ta
.

t i o ns c o ntai n a c o ns i d erabl e p o rt i o n o f h i s to r w i th th e
y ,

nam es o f pr inc es sai d to h ave re i gne d in d i fferent p arts

Praep E vans
. . Lib 1 0,
. c. 11 .
of E gy pt, th e w h o le ac c o u nt b e i ng e nt re
i ly d i sc repant
fro m th e narrat i ve s of M ane th o and o f C h aaremo n.

It c anno t be i m agi ne d th at so m any acco unts r el at i ng

t o th e sam e t i m es and th e sam e e vents , b ut d i fferi ng s o
strange ly no t o nly in part i c ul ar d etail s b ut in t he w ho l e ,

c on nec t i o n o f th e t ransac ti o ns re c o rd ed sh o ul d have ,

b een p ro mul gate d in a c o untry and d uri ng a p eri o d in

wh i c h li terat ure w as c ul t i vated a nd e s pe c i al l y w he n ,

so m e atte n t i o n w a s d i rec t e d to m atters o f h i s to r i c al

researc h if any gener all y ac c re d i te d and auth e nt i c
,

nat i o nal annal s h ad re all y exi sted F ro m th i s c o ns i d era

.

t i o n al o ne w e m i gh t v enture to i nfer th at th ere w e re

ex tant in th e Pto l em ai c age no auth ent i c r e c o rd s o r d o

, ,

c um e nt s o f re c e i v e d o r e stabli s h e d auth o ri t
y w h i c h c ar
r ied u
p the h i s to ry o f E gy p t in o ne c o nti nuo us thre ad
to th e earl y a ge s o f th e m o narc h y N o th i ng w as kno wn .

w ith c e rtainty ev e n a s far b ac k a s th e a ge o f M o s es ;

’

and e ver
y w r i te r i nv ente d w h e n at te m p t i ng th e transac
,

ti o ns o f th at p er i o d w h atever so rt o f re l at i o npl eased h im

,

b est .

A s i m il ar i nferenc e m i gh t b e d raw nfro m a c o m pari so n

o f t h e d i fferen t c o m p ut at i o ns d e d uc ibl e fro m d i ffere nt

w r i te rs o f th e p e r i o d w h i c h e l apse d fro m th e c o mm enc e

,

ment o f th e E gy pt i an m o narc hy to th e Pe rs i an eo n
q uest I n th i s respec t it is i m p o ss ibl e to rec o nc il e Hero
.

d o tus D io d o rus M aneth o o r th e O l d Chro ni c l e p rese rved

, , ,

by Sy nc ell us e i th er w i th e ac h o t her o r w i th th e Heb re w

, ,

C h ro no l o gy Tho se wh o ad vo c ate the c o rrec tness o f

.

o ne o f th e se E gy pt i an d o c um ents m us t a ll o w al l th e ,

o th ers to b e in er ro r and t h e y w ill fi nd it v ery d ifli c ul t to

,

es tabli s h a fai r gro und fo r preference These c o ns i d e .

t i o ns fo rc e up o n us th e c o nv i c t i o nth at no m a te r i al s w ere
ex tant d ur i ng th e t i m e wh e n t h e w o rk s ab o ve m e nt i o ne d

w e re c o m po se d w h ic h e nabl e d the w r i ters to attai neven

,

an a ro xi m at i o n to th e t ruth
pp .

It is h i g hl y p ro b abl e t hat there w e re ex tant in E gy p t ,

d uri ng the age o f Maneth o , as w el l as at th e ear li er
i
per o d wh en the O l d Ch ro ni c l e w as c o m p o se d, m any d o
c uments s i mil ar to th e Tabl e o f A by do s c o ntai ni ng frag ,

m ents o f h i s to ry o r m erel y s e ri e s o f k i ngs b el o ngi ng to

,

art i ul ar fa m ili es o r o f th e r ul e rs o f no m es o r
p ro v i nc es
p c , .

The e arli est a tte m p t to fo rm a nat i o nal arch i ve was ,

erh a s th at o f w h i c h t h e re s ul t is gi v en b y Sy nc ell us
p p , ,

und er th e d e s i gna ti o n o f th e O l d C h ro ni c l e Th i s was .

co mp o sed d ur i ng th e Pe rs i an p er i o d an d p ro b abl y at a
,

t i me wh e n the E gyp ti ans h ad fo r an i nterval s hak en o ff

th e Pe rs i an y o k e I t w as b ut an o utli ne ; and in the
.

attem p t to fill it up w h i c h see ms to h ave b een i mposed

upo n Mane th o w e m ay e as ily c o nc e i v e inwh at m ann

, er

h e p ro c ee d ed h av i ng no o th er m ater i al s than s cattered

,

fragm ents fo r th e e arl y p o rt i o n o f h is w o rk A s far as .

th e ei gh teenth d ynas ty d o c um ents w ere t o b e fo und whi ch

,

b o re and st ill b ear in th e transc r i pt an appearance o f

, ,

o rd er an d seq uence th o ugh c o ntai ni ng b ut a meagre

,

o utli n e and m e rel y a tab ul ar s uc c ess i o n o f nam es

, But .

th e fo urteen earli er ter m s in th e t abl e o f t hi rty dyn as

ti es s ty l ed ia th e O l d C hro ni c l e fo urte en generati ons o f

,

th e C yni c C i rc l e ap p e ar to h ave b ee n fill ed up wi th

,

d i fferent ser i es wh i c h w ere co eval w i th eac h o th er o r

, ,

w i th so m e o f th e l ater d ynas t i es I n o ne i nstanc e that

.
,

o f th e Memph i ti c s uc c es s i o n ext end i n g to three dynas

t i es Maneth o has g i ve n o nly ano th er t ransc ri pt o f the
,

seri e s o f Th eb an ki ng s c o ll ec te d b
y E rato s thenes This .

resul t a ars suffi c i e ntl y m ani fes t fro m a co ll ati o n o f

pp e

the tw o s uc c ess i o ns wh i c h th e rea d er w ill fi nd inpage

“
1 03 o f th e fo ll o w i ng analy s i s I n th at and the suc
.

cee d in g p ages h e w ill d i sc o ver s uffi c i ent e v i d ence to

,

el uc i d ate th e c o ns tr uc t i o n o f th e c e l eb rated tabl e o f

th i rty d y nasti es and to es tabli sh the c o nc l us i o n that

,

th ere exi ste d in th e t i m e o f Maneth o no c o nt i nuo us re

c o rd re ac h i n up to th e first ages o f th e E y ti an mo
g g p
narc hy.
 PA R T I .

S U RVE Y OF TH E S OU R CE S OF I N F O R MA TI O N .

CO M PI L A TI O N OF M A TE RI A LS .

S E CTI O N I .

Origt nof H i s tory .

Pro babl eA ntiquity f
o the O ld es t R eco rd s .

T H E p ri m i t i ve h i sto r y o f th e h um an rac e , th e or i gi n
of nati o ns ,
t h e i r d i strib ut i o n o ver t h e gl o b e, a nd
th e ir ad ve ntures d ur i ng m any a e s o f th e w o rl d ,
'

g
occ upy w i de fi eld inth e m o st r e m o te re io no f ant i
’

a
g
quity, th e g reatest p art o f w h i c h is enve l o p e d in an
n
im p e e trabl e m i st T h e age o f M o se s is th e fi rst g reat
.

ep o c h o f h i sto ry as re c o rd e d b y co nte mp o rar y

,

an a n li sts ,
and hand e d d o w n to us in a s uc c es s o i n of
d o c uments at tes te d by c re d i tabl e nam es . A t th i s

po i nt w e t ak e o ur stand as o n a h i gh watc h to wer

,
-
,

t h e l a s t o f a l o ng c h ai n o f p o sts a nd d i rec t o ur ,

v iew o ve r th e o b sc ure reg i o n b ey o nd wh ere w e

'

d i sc ern in t h e d i stanc e m any re mark abl e sp o ts so m e ,

b righ ter th an o th ers t o w h i c h w e c an scarc ely h o p e

,

t o ga i n a m o re i m m e d i ate acce ss .

L et us no w i nq ui re fro m wh at so urc e fl ow th o se
’

l m s o f li h t w h i c h ar e d i sp erse d o ver t h i s d istant

“

g ea g '

fiel d o r ino ther word s to what a uthori ty are we in

, ,

b
*2 om en
s or H I ST O R Y .

th e fi rst i nstanc e to refer th o se no ti c es o f prec ed i ng

e v e nts w h i c h h ave c o m e d o w n to us fro m anc i en t

t i m es ? I s it p ro b ab l e th at a ny w ri tt en m e m o i rs o f
th e p rev i o us h i sto ry o f t h e w o rl d e x i ste d in th e t i me
o f M < se s o r a re w e t o s up p o se th at no th i n
, g surv i ved ,

fro m th e ag es w h i c h h ad a l read y elap sed e x c ept ,

unc e r ta i n t rad i ti o ns t o o v ague a nd o b sc ure t o fo rm

h
t e g ro u n d w o r k -
o f a u t h e nt i c r ec o rd s ? T h i s is an
i nq ui ry w h i c h c a nno t b e b ro ugh t to a sati sfac tory
iss ue w i th o ut a c are ful i nve st igat i o n; and w e sh al l
fi nd th at it is o ne o n th e so l uti o n o f wh i c h th e c red it
o f a g r ea t part o f an c i e nt h i s to ry d ep e n ds .

Pe rh a p s t h e re is no o th e r m e th o d o f r esearc h so

ca
p bl
a e l ead i ng us to a so l uti o n o f th i s i m p ortant
o f
a s a n e x a m i nat i o n o f t h e h i s to r i c al
p ro bl e m p arts o f
th e Pe nta te uc h I f a ny r ec o rd s o f th e p revi o u
. s
h i sto r y o f t h e h um an race w e re e x tant at th e p eri o d
wh en t h e b o o k o f G e nes i s w a s wr i tte n it se ems ,

e x tre m e l y p ro b abl e that so m e p ro o fs o f t h e i r ex isten ce

m i ght b e trac ed by m eans o f an acc urate e x a m i na

,

ti o n o f t h i s wo rk and th e c o mp o s i t i o n o f its d i fferent

,

a rts
p .

T h e g eneal o gi c a l t abl e s a nd fa m i l y rec o r ds o f

vari o us t r ib e s wh i c h a re fo und e mb o d i e d in the
,

b o o k s o f M o ses b ear th e app ear anc e o f d o c ume nts

,

c op i ed fro m w r i tt e n arc h i v es T h e y d i spl a y no t rai t

.

t ha t m i gh t l ead us t o a sc rib e t h e i r p ro d uc ti o n to t he
d i c t ates o f i mm ed iate r evel a ti o n no r are we a ny wh ere
,

i nfo r m ed that suc h w as in reali ty th e i r o r ig i n We .

are aw are th at si m il ar d o c um e n ts w ere c o nstruc ted

b y th e i nsp i r ed w r i ters o f th e G o sp el s fro m nat i o nal ,

a rc h i ve s o r fa m ily m e m o ri al s T he o b vi o us pre sum p

.

t i o n is tha t th e auth o r o f th e Pe ntateuc h o b tai n

, ed
 D A TE or mun nA nnrnsr na c o nns
'
.
*3

th ese r ec o rd s of a l i k e d esc rip ti o n fro m a s i m il ar

nless it n be sh o w nthat no m ea ns
'

so urc e, u ca s uc h of

info rmati on w ere in exi stenc e in h is time . T hi s

n
c an ot be p rov e d : on th e co ntrar y we h ave m any
,

reas o ns to b eli eve th at t h e use of l etters and th e ,

p ra cti c e o f prese rvi ng c hro ni cl es a nd g eneal o gi es was ,

m uch mo re a n c ient th an th i s e po ch .

I f th is s up po sit i o n is all o wed it b eco mes easy ,

t o ac c o unt fo r a ph aeno m eno n w h ic h can sc arc ely

b e e x pl ai ned in any o th er way I all ud e to t he
.

re mark abl e co n ne cti o n d i sc o vered b et ween m any

frag me nts o f p ro fane h i sto ry sc atte re d o ver va ri o us
,

arts o f th e w o rl d a n d se ve ral r e l at i o ns c o ntai ne d in

p ,

G e nes i s . M a ny o f the se h i sto ri cal frag m ents are o f

s uc h a d escri pt i o n o r h ave b e enfo und a mo n
, g nat i o ns
so re m o te fro m J ud ma th at th ey c anno t b e i mag i ned
,

to h av e d eri ve d t h e i r o ri g i nfro m th e w ri ti ngs o f th e

insp i re d l awgi ver T hei r c o i nc i d e nc e w i th the narra
.

t i ve wh i ch h e h as tra ns m i tte d seems to p ro ve th at

m e mo r i al s o f th e same eve nts b ut co mpo se d ind i ffere nt
,

styl e s o f rep rese n tati o n h ad b ee np re se rved b y se ve ral

, l

nat i o ns. I sh all o n ly ment i o n as an exampl e th e , ,

ema i n s o f Be ro s us w h o se C hal de a n h i sto ry o f th e

r ,

ten a nted il uvran ge nera ti o ns d i ffers b ut li ttl e fr o m

the H eb re w rec o rd and w h o ex pr essl y affirms t hat
,

X is uth rus afte r the i nti m ati o n g i ve n h im o f the fl o o d

,

t hat was app ro a ch i ng d ili g e ntly c o m p il ed me mo i rs

,

o f th e p revi o us h i sto ry o f th e wo rl d fr o m wh ich a l l ,

exi st i ng ac c o unts are sai d to h av e b ee n d eri ve d .

B ut a m o re sati sfac to ry res ul t app e ars to m e to

hav e b e en o b ta i ned fro m i nte rnal ev i d e nc e F or it .

h as b een pro ve d if I a m no t gr eatl y m i stak e n by

, ,

a criti c al exa m ina ti o n o f th e b o o k o f G en esi s that ,

*4 O RIG IN or H I ST O R Y .

t hi s wo rk conta i ns i g i nal rec o rd s each

sev era l or ,

b eari ng o n i tsel f t h e stro nge st mar ks o f a uth e nti c i ty

an d o f h ig h a ntiq ui ty wh i c h h ave b e e n b ro ugh t
,

t o g e th er b y M o s es a rrang e d and c o p i e d w i th th e
,

m o s t sc rup ul o us fi d eli ty so as to prese nt a seri es o f

,

a uth e n t i c a rc h i ve s in w h i c h th e c h a i n o f histo ry is
,

t r ac e d up t o th e v ery c rad l e o f th e h um a n rac e t -

a
.

I t is sc arc el y ne c e ssary t o p o i nt o ut t h e i nfere nc e

w h ic h re sul t s fro m t h i s c o nc l usi o n in favo ur o f th e ,

antiq ui ty o f o th e r h i sto r i c al re ma i ns .

S E CT I O N II .

A ntiquity f
o t he E g yp tian R eco rds . H is tor ica l B oo ks .

I ns crip tio ns . Sy ring es .

T h e m o st a nc i e nt com
p il e rs of
p ro fa ne h isto ry ,

w h o se w o rk s h av e s ur v v e di to o ur t i m e s, w ere later
th an M o se s b y m o re th ana t h o us and y ears H e nc e it .

is e vi d e nt th at no Pag annati o nc an e nte r i nto c o m e p

i i o n w i th the H eb re ws respec ti ng th e a uth e nti c i ty o f
t t
th e i r a nc i e nt re c o rd s .

I n th i s c o mp ari so n th e E gy p ti a ns stand next ,

th o ugh a t a ve ry g r eat d i stanc e fro m th e H e b re ws .

F o r the fi r st c o m pil ers o f E gyp tian ant iq ui ti e s wh o ,

h ad ac c es s to th e so urc e s o f l earni ng and w h o are ,

k no wn to us l i ve d s ub seq ue ntl y to th e fo und ati o no f

,

th e A le x and ri an lib rary Y et th ere is s o m e reaso n

.

r esume th at t h e do c um e n ts fro m wh i c h the

t o
p y
1“ S ee N o te A
"
.
 A N T I QU I T Y or EG Y PT I A N R E CO R D S .
*5

co m
p il ed th e i r w o rks h ad b een pr es e rved fro m ve r
y
re mo t e p eri o ds .

A s th e E gyp tians w a s inti m atel y

th e h isto ry of

connecte d w i th that o f th e H e b re ws in ea rl y t i m e s, it
b ec o m e s th e m o re i nte res ti ng to i nvest i gate th ei r
-

anc i e n t re c o rd s W e h ave t h us an O p po rtunity o f

.

c o m ari n t h m e m o r i al s o f t w o n at i o n w h o se
p g e s ,

h i sto ri a ns c o nd uc t us furth e r t h a n th o se o f a l m o s t
a n o th er
y p eo p l e i nto th e re gi o ns o f a ntiq ui ty .

W e shall no w pro c ee d t o e x a m i ne t h e re m ai ns o f
E gyp tian c h ro no l o gy and t o est i m ate in th e fi rs t
, ,

l t h e e x te r n a l e v i d en c e o f th e i r a uth e nt i c i t
p ac e ,
y .

W e sh al l the n c o m p are th ese d o c um e nts a m o ng

t h e m se l ves a nd d ed uc e th e c o nc l usi o ns t h a t res ul t
, l
.

I t is i m p o s sibl e t o a sc e rtai n fr o m w h at t i m e t h e
E gyp ti ans b eg an t o p re se r ve h i sto ri cal re c o rd s b ut it ,

is e x tr e m el y p ro b a bl e t h at s o m e m e m o r i als o f th e m o st
re mar k abl e e ve nts a nd s o m e so r ts o f c h ro ni c l e s o r
,

d o c um e nts ser vi ng to m ark th e pr o gre ss o f t i m e ,

b egan to b e fo rm e d as s o o n as t h e us e o f l ette rs w as
k no w n T he ea rl y i nve nti o n o f as tro no my and th e
.
,

c us to m o f c o nn ec ti ng th e l a p se o f s e c ul ar p e r i o d s
w i th t h e da tes o f c i v il h i sto ry a ffo r d a b e tte r s up p o rt
,

t h e n m e re c o n j e c tural
p ro b abi l i ty t o t h i s o p i ni on .

B ut w e are una bl e to d e te rm i ne in w h at age t h e us e

o f l e tte rs w as i n ve nted .

I n t h e t i m e o f M o se s it ap p ears that two ki nds o f

l ette rs w er e k no wn t o t h e H e b re ws o ne o f w h i c h ,

w as a l ph a b e ti c ; t h e o th e r se e ms to h a ve b e e na so r t;
o f sy m b o li c a l c h a rac te r an d p e r ha ps re se m bl e d t h e
,

y i anh i e ro ly hics B t th e H eb re ws were n

Eg p t
g p u H
ot

e in cri t io no nt h e E p h o d is said t o h ave bee nwritten

Th s p
a
s A N TI QU I T Y or TH E

th e o nly p eo pl e wh o a p p e ar b eenab o ut the

to h ave
s a m e p er i o d in p o ss e ssi o n o f th is a rt I t was d i ffused .

th ro ugh th e neigh b o ur i ng c o untri e s I t w as p ro b ably .

k no w n to th e Phoeni c i ans o r C anaanites at th e ti me

w h e n t h at nati o n wa s c o nq uer e d by t h e I sraeli tes ,

o nt h e i r re turnfro m E gy p t T h i s is at leas t a pro b abl e

-
.

c o n ec t ure , fro m th e na m e of t o w n in C a naan

j a

m e nt i o ned m t h e bo o k of J o sh ua T he c i ty we
al l ud e to is c all e d Ki rj ath S ep h e r ,
w h ic h m eans
“
th e C i t y o f th e B o o k : it is re nd ere d , b y th e
”
S eve nty I nterp rete rs th e , C i ty of L etters .

E gypt w as in t h e se ag e s t h e g reat c e ntr e o f arts .

and i nd us try it se e ms to h ave e nj o y ed , at an e arli er

p er o di t h an o th e r cou blessi ng s o f r egul ar
ntri es th e ,

o v e rnm e nt : I t p o ssess ed th o se ve g etabl e p ro d uc t i o n s

g
fro m w h i c h t h e o ld est m ate ria l s fo r w r i ti ng w e re
fo r me d and th e art o f pre p ar i ng t h ese m ate r i al s the ,

m anufac ture o f c o tto n a nd p ap y rus w a s kno wn in ,

E gypt in ve ry e a rl y t i m e s T h e p eo p l e o f th i s
c o un try w e re fa m o us fo r th e inve nt i o n o f th e h iero gl y
h i es wh i c h s ee m s t o h ave b e en t h e in t e r m e d i ate
p ,

step b e t w e e n th e r ud e p i c tur e w ri ti n g o f b arbaro us

-

a es a n
g d a m o re
p er fe c t m e th o d o f rep re se nti ng
id eas in p erm a ne nt fo r m s ’
A l l t h e se c i rc umstances
.

c o nsi d ere d it c a n sc arc el y b e d o ub te d that the

,

E gyp t i ans w e re o ne o f t h e nati o ns w h o fi rst po s

s e sse d w r i tt e n m e m ori al s .

W e kno w i nd ee d th a t th e i r l earni ng w as pro

, ,

verb ial in th e t i m e o f M o s es S e ve ral g e nera ti o ns

.

”
inc harac ters resem bl in
g th e l etters f
o a Si
g n
et . I t w o ul d
ap pear t hat t h ese w ere ym b o l ic al c h aract ers : th ey
a so rt of s

are p l ainl y d is t ing uis h ed fro m t h e al ph ab etic l e t t ers used by

Mo ses, in writ ing t he Pentateuch .
 nrsr o nrc s n nnc o a ns or EG Y PT .

b efo re th i s l egi sl ator in t he a ge o f J o seph th e, ,

E gy pti an h i erarch y al re ad y exi ste d and it see ms at ,

th i s t i m e to h a ve b eend i vi d ed i nto th o se depar tm ents ,

o r vari o us c o ll e ges wh i c h w e h ave tra c ed inth e fo re

,

g o i n p a es
g g W e fi nd th e
.
p r i es ts th e ma i c i an
g s th e , ,

w i se m e n a nd t h e ph y si c i ans e num e rated in t h e

-
, ,

h i sto ry o f th i s patr iarc h I t is pro b abl e th at th e .

severa l b ra n c h e s o f l earni n
g o f wh i ch th e se o rde rs ,

w e re th e d ep o s i to r i es h a d al rea d y ane xi stenc e *

, .

F urth e r t han t h i s p eri o d w e c a n o nl y trac e th e ,

h i stor y o f E gypti an le arni n g in th e m o re d ubi o us

t e sti m o nie s o f nat i ve a uth o rs T h e p ri ests o f th i s .

nati o n w ere una nim o us in referr i ng th e o ri g i n o f

letters a nd o f b o o k s to T h o th o r T ho y th th e g o d o f , ,

l earni ng o r p e rh ap s a p ri est w h o assum ed th e nam e

,

o f h is t utel a r d i vi ni ty I t w o ul d b e ver y d i ffi c ul t

.

t o d e ter m i ne th e a ge o f T h o th b ut ac c o rd i ng to ,

the h i sto r i a ns o f E g y p t h e m ust h a ve fl o uri sh e d as ,

early as th e r e i g n o f t h e s eco nd ki n o f T h eb es t h e
g ,

so n a nd
i
suc c ess o r of M e nes A th o th es w a s t he
.

pat ro n o f li terat ure . E rato s the nes inte rp re ts h is

nam e H erm o g enes , th e
,
so n o f H e rm es . I t is m o re
c o rre c t ly re nd ere d M erc uri ali s , l
re a t e d o r d e vo te d
t o t h e go d of l earni ng 1 . A c c o rd i ng to M ane th o n ,

bo o ks We re co m
p o se d b y h is o rd e r . W e l earn fro m
o th er auth o r t es, th at th e
ii M e m p h i te [E sc ulap ius wa s
th e c o m a ni o n an d s ec r etary of T aauto s, or th e
p
th ri ce- gre at T h o th .

Warburto ns D ivine L egat io no f M o ses

’
.

1 The E gyptian name, presented in a G reek w hic h is re

'

fo rm by A t h o t hes, is evidentl y H a tho t h Th e m eaning is .

m o re ac curatel y ex pre ssed abo ve t han by t h e gl o ss given by

E ratosth enes, which has a m o re l imit ed sens e.
 A N T I QU I T Y or TH E

T he r e c o rd s th at w e re p re se rve d inth e i nsc ri ptio n s

o f t h e fi rs t T h o th , a nd o nt h e w al l s o f th e
'

onth e pi l lars .

S yri ng es o r b ter ra nean re c ess e s in t h e E gy pti an

su
“

t e m pl e s w e re p e rh aps m o re a nc i e nt t h a n th e o ld est
,

bo oks T h e se as w e are i nfo rm ed by several

.
,

w r i te rs} c o nta i ne d no t i c e s o f th e ea rly h i sto r y o f

e
'

A m m ianus M arc el l inus th us d escribes th e S yringes, o r

w ind ing c aver ns in t h e rec esse s o f t h e E gyp t ian t em pl es .

S unt et S yring es sub t erranei quid am et fi e x uo si sec essus,

quo s ,
fer tur, p erit i rit uum vet us t o r um adv entare d il uvium
ut

p res c ii, m e tuentesque ne c aerim o niarum o bl it eraretur m emo ria,

p e nit us o pe ro sis d igest o s fo dinis p er l o c a d iv ersa s truxerunt ;
e t ex c is is p ariet ib us vo l ucrum ferarum ue
q ge nera m ul t a sc ul p
sc runt et auim al ium s
pecies innum eras, q uas hiero graphicas
”
l iteras app el l ar unt . A m . M arcel l l ib . . x xu . ca
p 15
. .

L uc an refers t o th ese insc riptio ns .

S ax is t ant um v o l uc res
q ue fe ra que
S c ul p t aque ser va bant m ag ic as anim al ia l in uas
g .

M arc ianus C ap el l a m ent io ns th e m as c o nt aining geneal o gies

of th e go ds . E rantque q uida m l ibri s acra nigredine c o l o rati,
quor um l it erae anim ant ium cred eb ant ur effi gies quas l ibro rum
no t as A t h anasia c o ns pic iens, q uibusd am e mine ntib us saxis
j ussit ad s c rib i : eade m
que sax a s t el as appel l ans, D eo rum
”
s tem m at a p raec e p it c o ntinere M arc Cap el l l ib ii
. . . . .

A sim il ar d esc ript io n o f th ese s c ul pt ured va ul t s is givenby

t h e pro ph e t E z e c h ie l , ch ap . v iii.

These insc rip tio ns are m entio ned b y M a neth o n, th e E gyp

t ian h is t o rian, w ho p ro fes se d t o h ave p artl y d eriv ed th e
m aterial s of h is w o rk s fro m t he m . T heir cont ent s s ee m to
h av e b ee n s im il ar to th o se of the H erm et ic b oo k s at

l east s o it w o ul d app ear fro m M aneth o n’s s tate m ent , as we h ave

‘

it ex t ract e d b y S ync el l us T h ey w ere inscrib ed o n c o l um ns

.

inth e S eriadic l and, whi c h was d o ub tl ess so m e of E

p art gypt,
 H S I T OR I CA L R E CO R D S or E G PT Y .
*9

E gypt, th e suc c essi o no f th e th i r ty d ynasti es and h er e ,

as lo ng as th e sense o f th e h i eroglyph i cs was kno wn ,

the s tud e nts of E g y pti an learni ng fo und d o c um e nts

wh i c h we re d esti ned l o ng to s urvi ve the nati o nwh ose
h i sto r y th ey r eco rd ed .

T he s cu l ptured vau ts o f a nc ient

l b een
E gy pt h av e
e x p l o re d b ut n o d i sc i l e o f T h o th s urvi ves to e x l a i n
,
p p
th e i nnumerabl e ri d d l es th e p r esent T he H erm e ti c
y .

b o o ks have l o ng ago c ease d to exi st and if w e sh o ul d ,

h app e n to d isc o ver th e w h o l e th i rty six th ousa nd fi v e

h und re d and twenty fo ur wh i c h I ambl ic h us e nume
-
,

rates , t h e y w o ul d pro b a bly b e as uni ntell igi bl e to us

a s th e h isto r i c a l i n sc r i p t i o ns in t h e s yri ng es We .

h ave o nly n o w to m e nt i o n th e c h an nel s t h ro ug h

w h i c h w e fl att er o urs el ves th at a few m emo ra nd ums ,

c o i ed
p fr o m t h ese anc i e nt arc h i ves have b ee n ,

transm i tted to o ur t i m es .

th o ugh w e k no w no t wh at p artic ul ar distric t 1 8 distinguish ed

by th at name . Maneth o nattributes them t o th e el der Tho th
and h e says th at t h ey were sub sequentl y t ransl at ed fro m t h e
sac red l ang uage and hiero graph ic ch arac ter by A gath o daem o n,
th e of th e sec o nd H ermes, and depos ited inthe
so n recesses o f
th e E gy tiantempl es
p .
”O E o n-
r u n m sr o a rs ns; '
su m m on .

SECTI ON I II .

have o btained formation respecting

In
—M
A utho rs f rom whom we
t he Egyp tian History ane tho n. UnknownA utho r f o

t he O l d Chronic le. E r atos thenes . Syncellus . Pto lemy

and o thers .

O ne of th e m o st irnp orta nt writ ers » on th e h i story

a nd c h ro no l ogy
th e E g yptians is
of M aneth on , a

ma n o f disti ngui shed le arning, a nat ive of th e S ch en

n
y ti c no m e, wh o h el d th e o f ce of
fi high -pr i est and
sacre d scrib e in th e temp l e o f H eli o o li s d ur i n
p g th e

reig no f Pto l e my Ph il ad el p h us . He was th e author of

Sev eral wo rk s o nh i sto ry, p h y s i c s, a n
’

d as tro l o gy T he .

m o st val uabl e o f th ese w as h is E y ti an H i sto r ,

g p y
conta i ned inthree b o o ks w h i ch g ave an ac c o unt of
th e suc c e ssi o no f E gypt i a n ki ngs fro m th e be gi nning
o f th e m o n arc hy un der M e nes th e fi rst ruler d o w
, n to ,

th e bli shment o f th e M ac ed o ni an emp ire T h e

esta .

h i sto ry o f th i s p eri o d w as c o m p ri sed b y M ane th o n in

t h i rty o ne d ynasti es t h e fi rst t h i rty o f w h i c h w e re
-
,

supp o s ed t o co n tai n o ne h und red and th irt eeh ene

g
rati o n s ; an d th e to tal num b e rs o f th e i r re i gns w ere ,

as S ync ell us i n fo r ms us th re e tho usand fi ve h und red

,

an d fi fty fi ve years
-
T h e th i rty o ne dy nast i e s w ere
.
-

rec ed e d by a d y n asty o f o ds an d d m i - od s
p g e
g .

Manetho ns E gyptianHi sto ry h as long ago b eenthe

’
 EG Y PTI A N H i st o g rams . M A N ETH O N . fl l

s p i l
o of t i m e, and we h a ve no th i ng mo re of it than
a fragm ent p rese rved by J osep h us, in his L etter to
A pio n wh ic h se em s t o h ave b e enc o p i e d verb at i m fro m
,

th e o rig i nal ; a nd an ab strac t c o ntai ni ng t h e suc c es

sio n o f th e king s ,
and a few histor i c al fac ts, in th e
C hro no g rap h y of S ync el lus . T he frag m e nt g iv e n by
J o sephus c o mp ri s es b ut a small
p o rti o no f the suc c e s
si o n but is ve r y val uabl e
,
. T h e ab stract o f S ync el lus is
inale ss perfe c t stat e The o rig i nal w o rk o f Mane th on .

ms t o
“

se e h ave b ee n l o st b e fo re th e
g e o f th e las t a

menti o ned c h ro no l og er ; and al l that h e c o ul d o b tain

of it w ere e xtra c ts wh i c h h ad b ee n e m b o die d by fo r
m er l lec tors viz J uli us A fri canus and E usebi us in
co ,
.
,

th e i r c o m p ilat i o ns T h ese wr i ters d i ffered so much

.

i n s e veral p ar ts o f th eir e x trac ts t h at it was evi d ent ,

e i th e r th at g rea t e rro rs ha d c r ep t i n to t h e c o p i e s o f
Maneth o ns wo rk o r that o ne o f th em m us t h ave
’

c o rrup te d it b y d es ig n .

T h i s w ork o f M aneth o n w as undertake n as it ,

app ears a t the req uest o f Pt o l e my Ph il ad el p h us T he

, .

s o urc es w h e nc e t h e a utho r p r o fe ssed to have d er i v ed

h is i nfo rmati o n w ere th e sacred insc ri p ti o ns o n the

,

c o l um n s o f H e rm es and i n t h e S eriad ic c o un
,
try a nd ,

th e b o o k s a t trib uted to H e rm es T r i s m e g i st us .

W i th th e m ater ials o b tai ned fro m th ese so urces it

.

a p ears th at s o m e s t ate me n ts w ere i nt er wo ven w h ic h

p ,

th e c o mp il e r a d m i tted to b e o f e q ui vo c al and unc erta i n

l
au h o r i y ae
t t .

W e have fro m S y ncell us a no th e r E gy pt ianeb ro

ni c le wh i ch as w e are info r me d by th at c o mp il er and
, ,

as it app ears fro m i nte rnal evi d e n ce is mo re anc i ent ,

J o sephus, E pist . d A pio n

a .
H2 EG Y PTI A N H I S TO R I A N S .

t h an th e a e of M an e th o n T h is -
“

E gyp ti an
ol d
g .

i
c h ro n c l e, S y nc ell us t e rm s it t e r m i na te s W i th the
’

as ,

re i g n o f N e c t aneb o ,
th a t nd y ear o f
is , w i t h th e se c o

th e o ne h und r e d a nd s e v e nt h O l ym pi a d an d that
e r i o d is th e m o s t p r o b abl e d a te th at c a n b e assig n ed
p ,

fo r its c o m p o s i ti o n S y nc ell us c o n e c t ur es th at Man

.
j e

t h o n w as l e d in b y it b ut it d i ffers in many
to e rro r -

i m p o rta nt p arti c ul ars fro m th e ch ro no l o gy o f that

, .

w r i te r W e sh all i nsert th e wh o l e o f it ina following

.

a e a nd sh all th erefo re sa n o m o re a t pre se n t than

p g , y ,

t h a t t h e re is no reaso n fo r s usp ec ti ng th i s d oc um ent ,

as s o m e h ave d o ne to b e t h e p ro d uc t i o n o f a l ater
,

e ri o d th a n th e d a te t o w h i c h it is re fer re d by its
p
-

c o ns t r uc t i o n I t is c o m p o s ed o nth e pl an o f th e co m
.

p o ta ti o ns kno w n to b e co ntai ne d in th e anc i ent Her

m e ti c b o o ks I f it h ad b ee n w r i tte n s ub seq uently to
.

M an e th o n s t i m e
’
w e s h o uld sc arc el y h ave fo und so
,

m a ny c o ntrad i c ti o ns b et wee n t h ese t w o c h ro ni cl es ;

an d th e c l a i m s t o a ntiq ui ty in th e m ore recent wo rk
'

w o ul d sc arc e ly h ave e xc ee d ed b y so m any my riads of

y e ar s t h ose o f th e h i gh p ri est o f H e li o p o li s I f it had .

b ee n a fo rg ery o f a l ate age th at is o f C hri sti an , ,

t i m es it w o ul d no t h ave c o ntrad i c te d t h e d ate s o f the

,

H e b re w S c ri p t ures b y ass um i ng so vast a p er i o d for

,

t h e d urati o n o f th e E gy pt i a n m o narc h y .

T h ere is no w ri ter o n th e E g yp ti an h i sto ry wh o has

h i g h e r p rete nsi o ns to o ur r e g a rd t ha n E rato sth enes .

N 0 G re e k a uth o r h as surpasse d him in learni ng o r ,

h as e n j oy ed g reate r o pp o rtuni ti es o f i nfo r m at i o n and ,

fe w have m a i n ai ned a n e q ua l r e uta ti o n fo r

”

v er
y t
p
i nte g r i ty E rato sth enes was a na ti ve o f C y re ne He
.
.

w a s b o r n in t h e o ne h und red and t we nt six th O ly m -

y .

p ad t wo hundred and seve nty six y e a rs b efo re C hri st

i -
,
,
 ow C H R ON I C L E . E R A T O ST H E N E S .
*I 3

a nd in th e fi ft i eth y ear
,
of his
g e w as a ,
a
pp o i nte d
super i ntend ant o f th e A l ex a nd r i an lib rary . H e li ved
to c o m pl ete h is ei gh ti eth y ear ; a nd at l e ngth fi nd i ng
.
, ,

h is si ght t o fail is sai d to h ave s tar ve d h i msel f to d e a th

, .

He w as th e a uth o r o f th at w o rk o n g eo graph y w h i c h
is fre q ue ntl y re fe rre d to by S tra b o H e w as likew i se .

a c e l e b rat e d a st ro n o m e and m a h e m a t ic ian

r t "E
.

E rato sth e ne s w as e q uall y d i s ti ng ui sh e d as a eb ro

nol o g er By o rd e r o f Pto l e my h e fo rm e d a c atal o gue
.

o f th e suc c e s s i o n o f E
gy p ti an ki ngs fo r w h i c h h e ,

c o ll ec te d m at eri a l s fro m rec o rd s in th e E g yp ti a n

l ang uage and fro m i nfo rm ati o nc o m m uni c ated b y th e
,

sac re d sc r ib e s o f D i o sp o li s l T o th i s h e a d d e d int er re
-
.
p
tatio ns i n G r ee k o f t h e E gy p t i a nna m es T h e w o rk .

itsel f h as l o ng ag o pe ri sh e d w i t h th e e xc epti o no f a ,

frag m e nt e xtrac ted b y th e d ili ge nt c om

, p il e r S y nc ell us ,

fro m th e c h ro no l o g y o f A p o l l o do r us f T h e o ri g i nal
wo rk s o f E ra to sth ene s s e e m t o h av e b ee n no l o nge r
extant in th e t i m e o f S y n c e ll us .

T o S y nc e ll us h i m s e l f w e are und e r th e m os t
i mpo rtant o bli gat i o ns fo r h avi ng p re se rved m o st o f
,

t h e fra gm e nts a b o ve m e nti o ne d .

T h e l e arned c o mpil er who is kno w n und e r th i s,

a p e ll at i o n w as a C o n s ta n t i no p o li t a n m o nk na m e d
p , ,

G eo rg e w h o in t h e t i m e o f C o nsta nti ne Po rp h y
, ,

ro g e nnetes w as S y n
,
c ell us to t h e p artriarc h T arasius ,

th at is ne x t to h im in d i g ni ty a nd d e sti ne d t o b e h is
, ,

H e is sai d t o h ave c o m p il e d h is w o r k
-

t we nty o ne y ear s b e fo re t h e d ea th o f C h a rl e m ain

-
,

e mp e ro r o f th e West .

F ab ric B ib l io th G rasc
. . . to m . iv .
p 1 23
. et s e
q .

1 S ync el l i Ch ro no graph p . .

_
91 et
p 1 47 . .

I V o ss . d e H is to r Grae c . . F abric . Bib l o th G raze , .

 ”4 E GYPTI A N nu m e ra l s . sr uc nnw s .

I t appears th at Sy nc ell us c hi efly ob tain ed the ma

teria l s fo r c h ro no l o g y wh i c h h e h as l eft us fro m t he

r e vi o us c o mp il atio n s o f A fr i c anus and E us eb ius
p .

T h ese wo rks h ave l ong ag o p eri shed , w i th the excep

tio n o f frag me nts o f th e former, e xt ra cte d by h
o t er

w r ite rs, h as Sy n
s uc c e l l us and a v ery imp erfe c t an d
,

s cant y L ati n t ran s l ati o n o f th e l atter, e xec ut ed b

y
J e ro m e wh i ch J o seph S c a li g e r has pub li shed w i th
,

t h e a d d i t i o n o f all the re ma i ns o f th e o rig i nal wh i ch

he c o uld co ll ec t fro m l ate r c o m pil at i o ns T h e c o l l ec

,
.

tio n t h us fo rmed i ssue d fro m th e p re ss und er t he titl e

.

of E useb ius C h ro n i cle and h as b een q uo ted as such

’
s ,

b y m a ny mo dernaut hors .

B e si d es the t ab l es th e O l d C hro nic l e , the d ynas

of

t i es o f Manethon , and th e l aterc ul us o f E rato sthen es,

S ync el l us h as g ive n us a c o nti nued seri es o f Egyptian

ki ngs fro m Menes d o wn to th e Persian c o nquest,
,

which have be e n d e d uc ed by h i m sel f from

see ms to
v a ri o us d oc um en ts W e t rac e a g reat po rti o n o f it
.

in t he li s ts o f M aneth o n; b ut t he fo rm er p art c o n ,

t a i ni ng a k i ngs fro m M enes to T eth

succ ess o n o f i
m o s i s wh o e x pelled the S heph erd d y nasty fr
, om

E gypt has ei th er b ee nfo rm e d p urely fro m co n

,
j ec ture ,

an d is th erefo re an ab so l ut e fo rgery , o r was d e d uced

fro m m ateri al s wh i ch w e c an no l o nger trac e . A s we
h ave no reaso n fo r s usp e c t i ng a w ri ter so i nd ustri o us
a nd l earned as S y ncell us ofa fraud o
_ f th i s nature, it
see m s m o st p ro b abl e t h at h e c o ll ec ted th e earli er part
o f h is s e ri e s fro m th e w o rk s o f so m e o l d h i s to ri ans,

wh i c h lo st W e h ave reaso n to b eli eve that

a re no w .

m ea ns o f i nfo rmati o n e xi s te d in h is age wh i c h h ave

si nc e b e en d estro y ed b y th e r uin o us han d o f ti me ;
fo r w e k n o w t hat se ver al a utho rs o f r ep utati o n h ad -
 Pr o nnmv mannns w s . ame n. ”5
writte nwo rk s onth e E gyptian annals a nd antiqui t i es .

O f th ese S y nc ellus m ay b e suppose d t o h ave ava il e d

himsel f e i th er d i rectly , o r ind i rec tly thro ug h th e
,

co ll ec t i o n
'

s o f p rev i o us c o mp il ers .

O ne of th e old writers ,
of wh o s e w o rk s we ha ve
to regret the l o ss , is Pt o l e m y , p ri e st of M e nd es,
a

wh o s e ge is unc ertai n
a . I t app ears that h e li ved
befo re t h e ti me o f T i b erius i gn b f the
,
and th e re

Pto l em i es s ee m s to h e th e m o st p ro bab l e p er i od th at
can b e a ss igned to h inifl“
Pto l eniy wro te , as it se e m s, a wo r k in th ree b oo k s,
o nth e h isto ry ki ng s o f E g ypt w h i c h is quo ted
o f th e ,

by A pio n f I t is un
-
c ertai n w h eth er t h i s is th e sa me
.

b o o k t h at is c i te d b y Tat i an und e r th e t i tl e o f X poy ox ,

or C h ro ni cl es T h e auth o r is m e nti o n
. ed al so b
y
T ert ul l ian a nd C yril and it is unk no wn a t w h at ,

e rio d his w o r k s w e re l o s t
p .

A p i o nth e gra mmar i an; li v ed inth e ti me o f T ibe

,
e

ri us and ac q ui red so muc h fam e t ha t h e Was c al l ed

, ,

b y th at e mp ero r C y m ba l um m und i : H is l ea rni ng

“”

is c o m m end ed by A fri ca nus a nd by T ati a n His prin .

cipal w o rk was a n E y p tia n H i sto ry

g w h i ch is m e n ,

tione d w i th re sp e c t by A ul n s G el l ius : the fo urth

b o o k o f it h as b eenc i te d b y Cl em ent o f A l exand ria § . .

He was al so t h e autho r o f a wo rk aga i nst th e J ews

'

a S ee Vossius d e H ist . Grac e .

1 A p ud Cl em e nt S tro m l ib i E d sel) E vang Prze p l ib

‘
‘
. . . . . . . .

x . cap . 12 .

I Vo ss . ubi s up ra .

C l e m ens, St rum . i. Enseb . Prmp E vang iii . . . c ap . 3 .

A ul us G el l ius l ib . v . c ap . 14 . e t vii. ca p . 8 . H e is al so m en
t io ned by Pl i ny, l ib . xxxv ii . c . 55 and by J us ti n O rat . . ad

G entes .
 *1 6 EGYPTIAN nrsr o nm ns .

to w h i c h J o sep h us rep li ed ,
in h is w e ll -k no w n E p i stl e
to A pio n .

A tho ug h A p i o n b o aste d th at h e c o nfe rre d im mo r

'

t ali ty o n th o se wh o W e re m e nti o ne d in h is b o o k s,
h is w o rk s a re no w i ly l o st w i th th e e x c eptio n o f
e nt re ,
'

s o m e p as s ag es c i te d b y l a te r a uth o rs W e d o no t .

k no w at wh at p er i o d th e y c eased to e xi st ; and it is
o ss i b l e th at S y nc e ll us m ay h ave h ad a c c e ss t o th e m
p ,

o r t o o th er w r i ters w h o h ad c o p i e d fro m t h e m .

Ch aere m o n al s o w ro t e a w o r k o n E g y p t i a n h i sto r
y ,

o f wh i c h w e h a ve a fra g m e nt c i ted by J o sep hus .

T h i s is pro b abl y th e sa m e wr i te r to w h o m Po rp hyry

al s as a n a uth o r o f at c re d i t o n th e h il oso h y
a
pp e g re p p
n i n E i n * P o rp hy ry c a ll s h im an
of t h e a c e t gy p t a s .

e m i ne n t p h il o s o p h er a m o ng t h e S to i c s a m an stu ,

d i o ns o f truth an d a c c urac y and S t J e ro m e re fers to .

h is ac c o unt o f th e E gypti a np r i ests w i th a n e nc o mi um ,

up o n h is el o q ue nc e - f W e h ave al ready c i ted a pas

sa g e of C h aere m o n p re s erved b y Po r ph yry in the
w ri tte n by h im und e r t h e nam e o f A nneb o n, to
l e tt e r
w h i ch I a mbl ic h us r epli ed in h is w o r k o n t h e Mys
t erie s jt C hmr e mo n w as th e i nst ruc to r o f D io nySius ,

w h o p res i d ed o v er t h e A l e xand ri an lib rary fro m the ,

ti m e o f N ero to that o f T raj a n§ .

I t is unc e rtai n wh eth e r th e aut ho r a b o ve m en

t io ne d is th e s a m e C haere mo n o f wh o m S t rab o s eaks
p
in th e seve nteenth b o o k o f h is G eo g raph T h e
y .

latter p ro fesse d to b e a hiero gammat eus o r sac red ,

Po rphyr d e A bst inent ia, l ib iv

. . . c ap . 6 et 8 .

t H iero n ad v J o vin ii 1 3
. . . . .

I I am b l ich d e M ys t E gypt
. . .

Vo ssius d e H istor Grte c F abric Bibl Gra c

. . . . ,
 CH E RE M ON . na no no r us . D I O D O RU S .
*l 7

scr ib e ; and p rete nd ed t o b e a c q uai nte d wi t h t h e

h i ero glyph i c s a nd m y sti c al p h il o so ph y o f th e E gy p
t i ans . H e sail ed w i th fE l ius Gall us, inh is vo y ag e up
th e N il e ; and was m uc h d eri d e d, as S trab o sa
ys ,

o n acc o u nt of h is co nce it an
d va i n p retensi o ns to
l ear ni ng .

C haeremo ns wo rk s xtant ; b ut
no l o nger
’
are e

th ey e xi s te d in th e t i m e o f A fr i ca nus E usebi us a nd , ,

o th e r c h ro no l o ers wh o s e c o m il at i o ns w e re e x ta nt
g , p
inth e ti m e o f Sy nc ell us C h ee r e mo n is i nd eed c i t e d
.

by T z e tz es at a m uch l ater p eri o d th an t h e ag e o f

,

S y nc ell us .

T h e o nly a utho rs wh o r e ma i n to b e menti o ne d a re

H ero d o t us a nd D io d o r us Sicul us .

T h e former h as b e en s usp ec te d o f pl agi ar i s m a nd ,

has b ee nac c used o f h av i ng c o p i e d a grea t p art o f h is

E gypti an h i sto r y fro m th e w o rks o f h is p re d ec esso r ,

H ec ataeus H ero d o tus h i m self i nfo rms us th at h e

.
,

o b ta i ne d h is i nfo r m at i o n fro m s o me E gypti an p ri es t s ,

an d w e h ave no re as o n t o d o ub t h is a sserti o n .

D ur i ng th e l atter p eri o d fro m th e re ign o f Psam

,

mitic h us w h en th e G r e e ks h ad b ec o me ac q ua i nte d
,

w i th th e manners and h i sto r y o f th e E gyp t i ans He r o ,

d o tus h as g i ven us an ex act a c c o unt o f th e succ essi o n

o f ki n I n t h i s ar t o f his n arra ti ve w e ma full r el
g s.
p y y y
up o n h is c o rrec t ne ss T h e fo rm er p art c o ntai ns m a ny
.

u e ril e ab surd i ti es T h e u i d e s w ho h ad l e d h im
p .
g ,

th ro ugh th e te mpl es sh o wed ro ws o f w o o d en stat ues

, ,

l ac e d o n e afte r a no th er a nd r ep resent i ng ki ng s o
p ,

ri es ts fo r th ree h un d red a nd fo rty o ne g enerat i o ns ; -

p
and h e in fo rm s us t hat a p r i est read to h im o ut o f a
b o o k th e names of th r ee h und red and th i rty ki ngs w h o
h ad r ei gned successively I t is very po ssibl e th at
.

d
 *1 8 nano no r v s '
. nro no nv s .

H ero d o tus mi gh t m i sund erstand h is gui d e e sp ec i ally ,

as it c a nno t b e sup p o sed t h at th e G re c i a n traveller

und ersto o d th e E gyp ti a n l ang a ug e A t a ny r ate a .

,

na mel es s p e rso n i nte nt o n m agni fy i ng the w o nd ers

,

o f h is nat i ve te m p l es and m aki n g a d i sp lay o f t h e i r

,

a nt iq ui t t a n adm i r i n s tra n er c a n sc arc ely

y o
g g ,

be r e gard ed as a n a uth o r i ty w o rth y of i mpl i c it

co n fi d e nc e .

D io d o r us se e m s to h ave tak e n H er o d o tus as his

g ui d e in h is anna s l th e E gyp t i a n m o narc h y
of He .

o nl y d ev i ate s o c c asi o nall , to i n tro d uc e p ar tic ul ars

y
d eri ve d fro m o th e r so urc e s .

Some i nc i d ental no ti c es th e E gypti an

resp ec t i ng
h i sto ry ar e to b e fo und in sc attere d frag m ents fro m
th e w o rk s of A r ta
p nus
a , A l e x and er Po l y h i sto r , and
Po l e m o . T h e t w o fo r m er w r o te o n th e a nt iq ui ties
of t h e J e ws ,
a nd th e l atter o n th e a nc ent c h roi no l o gy
of t h e G re eks 16 .
9

W e sh all no w p ro c e ed to i nvesti gate th e antiquity

o f th e E t i a n m o narc h ava ili n urs e l v e s in th e
gy p y g o ,

b est m a nner w e c a no f th e r es o urc e ab o ve m e nt io ned .

T h e fo ll o w i ng is th e p assage s o f S y nc el l us to wh i ch ,

w e fi nd t h e O l d E g y p ti an C h ro ni c l e .

F ragm ents of th ese wr it ers ar e scatt ered th ro ugh t he

S tro m ata o f Cl em ens, t h e E vangel ical Praaparatio no f E useb ius,

and th e Chro no graphy o f S ync el l us .
 Y
E G PTI A N R E CO R D S . OLD C H RO N I C L E .

S E CT I O N I V .

Cop y of the O ld Chro nic le and t he Chro nic le f M anethon

o .

T h ere is ng th e E gyp ti ans a c e r tai n anc i ent

a mo

Ch ro ni c l e, b y wh i c h I app reh end t h at M ane th o nw a s

l ed i nto e r ro r I t e mb rac es th e p ro d ig i o us p eri o d
.

o f t h i rt -
s ix t h o us and fi v e h und re d a nd t we nt
y y
fi ve y e ar s w h ic h are c o m p ri s e d in t h e h i sto ry o f
,

th i rty d y nasti e s a nd o ne h und re d and th irte e n e ne

, g
rat i o ns. I t b e g ins w i th the A urit ae w h o a re succ e e d ed ,

b y th e M astree i ; t h ese are fo ll o wed by t h e nati ve

E gyp t i ans . I t is as fo llo ws :

Y ears.

Vul can
N o t im e is g ned t o Vul can, b ec ause h e
a ss i sh i nes
b o t h b y d ay and b y nigh t .

Th e S un, t h e o ffsp ring o f Vul c an, r eig ne d

A ft erw ar d s Sat urn, nd t h e rest o f t h e t w el v e g o d s,
‘

reig ned
A ft erward s t h e e ig h t d em i-g o ds

F ift e en generat io ns of t h e C ynic c ircl e r eig ned

Th e l 6 th d ynas ty o f Tanit es, c o ns is ting of eigh t

g enerat io ns r eig ne d,

1 7t h M e m ph ites
of 4 gener at io ns

1 8 t h o f M e m ph it es 14

1 9th of D io s p o l it es 5

20 th of D io spo l it es 8
 EG Y PTI A N R E CORD S . om C H R O N I CL E .

2 1 3t of Tanites 6 g ene rat io ns

22 d of T anites
23 d of D io spo l it es
24 th of S ait es
2 5t h of E t hio p ians
2 6 th of M em ph ites
27 t h of Persians

29 t h
3 0 th of Tanites

T h e s um i g ns o f th e 30 d y nast i es is 36525
o f t h e re

w h i ch d i vi d e d b 2 5 i v e s th e p er i o d o f th e
y ears , , y g ,

fab ul o us a po ca tast a si s o r re no vat i o n o f th e z o d i ac so ,

c e l e b ra te d am o n th e E gy p ti ans and G ree k s A t th i s

g .

e o c h th e s i ns o f th e z o d i a c a r e s up p o s ed t o re t ur nto
p g
t h e e xa c t pl a c e s w h i c h th ey o c c up i e d in th e h eave ns ,

w he n t h e S un was in th e fi rst d eg re e o f A ri es a s it is ,

e x l a i ne d in t h e G e ni ca o f H e r m es a nd th e C yran ni c
p ,

Th e t w o per io ds to w hic h S ync el l us al l udes w ere c el e

b rat ed c y c l es in t h e E gyp tian system o f c o m put ing tim e .

T he c
y cl e of t w enty - fi v e years w as used fo r adj us ting
t h e l unar and so l ar m o t io ns, and w as ac c o m m o dat ed t o t h e

E gyp tian c ivil year o f th ree h und red and s ix t y- fi v e days .

T we nty - fi ve E gyp t ian y ears, c o nt ained nine t h o us and o ne

h undred and t w e nty - fi v e days, wh ic h ex c ee d t he t o t al num b er
c o nt ai ned in t hree h undred nd nine l unatio ns, b y
a o nl y o ne

h o ur nine m inut es and t e n se c o nds .

Th e o t her c
yc l e w as th e c el ebrat ed S o t h iac al p erio d o f o ne
t h o usand fo ur h undred and s ix ty so l ar y ears, whic h are

e qual to one th o usand fo ur h undred and six t y - o ne E gyptian

y ear s .F o r as the E gyp t ianyear o f t hree h und red and six ty- fi ve
d ays w as d efi c ie nt b y a q uart er o f a d ay, a day w as l o st in every
fo ur y ears This defi ciency wo ul d, in 4 x 3 6 5 : 1 4 6 0 years,
.
 O LD CH R O N I CL E . M A N E T HO N .

T h e twenty-e i gh th d y nasty c o nsi sti ng o f o ne S ai te , ,

may b e is i nse rted in t h e O ld C hro ni c l e fro m Mane

tho n, b ei ng evi d entl y a n acc i d ental o mi ssi o n S ti ll .

1 78 y ears are w ant i ng in o rd er to fill up the sum

to tal . We shall h ave o c casi o n to co nsi d er fro m wh at
r t O f th e seri es it is
p a
p ro b abl e that th i s numb er h as
b een d ropped .

W e no w p ro c e ed to Maneth o n and b egi nwi th his ,

d y nasty o f go d s and d e m i g o d s T he fo ll o wi ng is th e
-
.

ass age o f S nc e ll us in w h i c h it is c o ntai ned

p y .

Maneth o n th e S eb enny te a h i gh p r i est’"o f the

, ,
-

pro fane reli g i o n in th e t i m e o f Pto le m y Ph il ad el ph us ,

wri ti ng to th e ki ng c o nce rni ng th e fi rst s ix te en E gyp

ti and ynasti es b e g i nni ng w i t h th e sevengo ds r ec ko ns
, ,

1 985 y e ars fo r th e p er i o d o f th e i r rei gn th e fi rst o f ,

wh o m V ul c a n re i g ne d 9000 y e ars
, T h ese 9000 .

y ears co nti nues S y nc ell us h av e b eenrec ko ned by

, ,

so me o f o ur h i s to ri a n s a s s o m an l un ar m o nth s ; an d
y
th e wh o l e numb er o f d ay s c o ntai ne d in 9000 l unar
revo l uti o n s b e i ng re d uc e d i nto so l ar y e ars o f 365 day s
, ,

e r i o d o f 724 e ars an d a h al f w i th fo ur d a s h as
a
p y y
b een b ro ugh t o ut a s th e re i gn o f V ul can Thi s .

h yp o th esi s is treated by S y nc ell us w i th th e co nte mpt it

am o unt to anentire y ear, and th ere fo re th e b eginning Of th e c ivil

wo ul d, in th at sp ac e o f t im e, b e re sto re d to its o rigi nal
year
p l ace t h e fi rst day of th e m o nt h T h o t h h aving sh ifted its pl ace
S ee M ayer Chro no l o gical
’
b ack wards t h ro ugh al l t h e seas o ns. s

an i p 141
Chro no l oo
’
Tabl es, d H al es s vo l . . . .

y
B m ul tipl ying th ese t wo c ycl es into eac h o t her, th e E gyp
tians fancied, as it ap p ears, t h at th ey p ro d uced t he p erio d
cal l edth e great year, at t he end o f wh ic h all th e pl anets
ret urned t o t h e same pl ace in t h e zo diac .

S ync ell us, Chro n p 1 8 . . .

*22 Y
E G PT I A N R E CO RD S .

m e ri ts Ho wever h e has
. se t d o w n th e fo ll o w i ng t abl e
of o d s and
d em i g o d s w i th th e i r rei g ns, c o mp uted o n
g
-
,

th i s system I t is a s fo ll o ws
. .

F i rs t D ynasty .

Vul can reig ne d 724 - ears and 4 d ays

1 .
3 y
2 Th e S un, t h e so n o f Vul c an
.
86 years
3 . A g at h o d aam o n 5 25 and 1 0 days

4 . S at ur n o . 40 %

nd I ris 30
y

5 . O siris a

1t
« at
6

7 Typh o n
.

To t al . 2 4-7

8 . H o rus , t h e d e m i-go d
9 . M ars , t h e d em i - go d

10 . A nub is t h e d em i-g o d
1 1 . H erc ul es , t h e d em i -go d
12 . A p o l l o , t h e d em i-g o d
13 . A mm o n, t h e d em i- go d
14 . Tith o e s , t h e d em i-g o d
15 S o sus, t h e d em i-g o d
—
.

16 . J up it er, th e d emi go d

To tal . 21 4

T h ere i d ently so m e m i stak e in the numb ers

is ev

i nserte d in t hi s tabl e T h e sum to tal b ears no

r el ati o n t o t h e t o tal
p e ri o d b e fo r e m ent i o ne d b y
S y nc ell us v iz 1 985 , I t w o ul d s e e m th a t t h e re igns
. .

inth e tabl e are al l re d uc e d fro m s o m e l ar er num b e rs

g ,

b y th e s a me m eth od wh i c h p ro d uc es 724 and fo ur

%
 C H R ON I CL E or M A N E TH O N .

d ay s o ut o f 9000 N o w if w e r ev e rse th i s co m
pu
.
,

t atio n, w h i c h is fo und e d n an i d l e c o n e c t ure ,

o
j and

r esto re th e o r i gi nal numb ers w e shal l have th e

, sum
t o tal as fo ll o ws :

T h e s ix s ucc eed i ng go d s
T h e ni ne d e m i go ds
'
o o o o o o cc

1 4 726%

T hi s nearl y to th e large numb ers

sum appro ac h es

m enti o ne d b y H ero d o tus, and D io d Or us w h o h o w , ,

eve r c o nt rad i c t eac h o th er a nd th e m s el ve s a s o fte n

, ,

as th ey a llud e to th e fab ul o us c h ro no l o gy of th e

go ds .

We i nsert th e c atal o gue o f th e th i rty o ne

no w -

d y nast i es o f m o r tal ki ngs .

T h i s b ei ng a n i mp o rtant seri es in ch ro no l o gy ,

Sync ell us say s th at h e h as c o p i ed tw o o f th e m o st

c el eb rate d e d i ti o n o f M aneth o ns s uc c e ssi o n o f
’
s

d ynasti e s a s h e fo und th e m resp e c ti ve l y in th e w o rks

,

o f A fri can us and E use bi us T h ese tabl es are as

.

fol l o ws .
 *24 Y
E G PTI A N R E COR D S .

T HE T H I RT Y D Y N A ST I E S T HE T H I RTY D Y N A STI E S

A C CO RD I N G TO A F RI C A N US . A C C O RD I N G T O E U SE BI U S .

Y ears. Y ears.

A fter th e D em igo ds b ega n M enes Th enite

s, fro m
t h e fi rs t series o f Kings , w h o m th e series begins,
of wh o m t h e fi rs t, v iz . is t h e Menes o f H ero d o
M e nes T h eeinites, reig n t us . He r ei
gned
62
2 . A tho th is, so nb f M enes 57 A th o sth is, so no f Menes
8 . Kenk enes, h is so n 31 Ke nk enes
O ueneph es, h is so n 21 O ue nep h es
5 . O usaph aido s 20 O usaph aes
6 . M ieb idos 26
7 S em empsis
. 18
8 Bienaches
. 26

S um , 25 3

H istorica l N o tices conta i ed n in the Chr onicl e .

Menes is said t o h av e b een g reat general : b e mad e w arlik e

a

ex ped itio ns into fo reig n co untries H e was k il l ed b y a hippo

.

po tamus
A tho this fo unded th e pal ac e o f t h e k ings at M emph is He .

practised ph ysio, and co m pil ed b o o k s o f anat o m y .

I n t h e reig n o f O ue neph es t h ere w as a g reat famine inE

gypt .

The pyram ids o f Co c h o m e w ere fo und ed at t h is t im e .

I n th e reig no f S em em psis m any p ro d igies h ap ened inE

p gypt,
and a great pl ague infested th e cou ntry .
 C H R O N I CL E OF M A N E TH O N .
*25

II . D ynasty, o
f N ine Kings . II . D ynas ty , f
o N ine Thinite
Kings .

Y ears.

1 . B o eth o s
2 . K aiac ho s
3 . Bino th ris
4 . Tl as
5 . S et h enes
6 . Ch o ires
7 N eph er ch eres
.

8 S eso c h ris
.

a t
9 .
a a

Th es e nine k ing s r ei
g ned ,
S um of t h is D ynast y, 30 2 t o g eth er

I II D yna sty, of N ine III D ynasty,

. .
f
o E ig ht
M emp hi te Kings . M emp hite Kings .

1 . N ech ero ph es 1 . N ach ero c h is .

2 To so rth ro s
. 2 . S eso rth o s .

H istorica l N o tices .

I n th e gn o f Bo c h us at gr eat ear th quak e at B ub asto s

r ei

d est ro ye d m any p eo pl e .

A pis , M nevis, and t h e M end esian g o at , w ere d eifi e d in t h e

r ei
g no f C h o o s .

I n t h e r eig n of B io p h is, w o m en w ere all o w ed a sh are in t h e

a dm inist rat io n .

N o t h ing im p o r t ant is rel ated of t h e t h ree k ing s w h o s ucc eed ed

Bio p h is .

I n th e reig n o f th e s ev enth k ing , t h e N il e fl o w e d w it h h o ney

el even d a ys —A f r ica nus .

I n th e r ei gn of N ac h ero c h is , t h e L yb ians rev o l t ed fro m

th e E g yp t ians ; b ut , t errifi ed b y a p o rt ent o us inc rease of th e
M o o n, s ur re nd ered .

S eso rt h o s ex c el l ed in th e ar t o f h eal ing , and w as c al l ed the

E g ypt ian E sc ul ap ius . H e t augh t m en t o b uil d w ith h ew n

s to nes, and t o eng rave c h aracters sk il ful l y —E usebius .

8
*26 EG Y PTI A N R E CO R D S .

Yu m .

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Th e rem ai ning six w ere in

o o o o o o o o o o no w ay d istinguish ed .

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

O O O O O O O O O O

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

S um t o tal , 2 1 4 S um to t al of t h ese reig ns, 1 98

I V D y nasty, E ig ht
. Memp hite I V D ynasty, S eventeenM em
.

Kings of a no ther race .

f ano ther f amily
p hite Kings o .

O O O O O O O O O O O O

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

O O O O O O O O O O

S um t o t al , 274 T hese k ings g ned

re i

V D ynasty
.
f
o E l ep hantinites . V D ynas ty of Thir ty-one
.

E l ep hantinite Kings .

1 . O userch eris
2 . S e ph res
3 . N eph erc h eres

H is to r ica l N o tices .

T h e t hird of k ings, nam ed So up h is , b uil t t h e g reat p yra

t h ese
‘

m id , w h ic h H ero d o tus a tt rib uted t o Ch eo ps H e d es pised t h e .

go d s , pe a t ing , w ro t e a b oo k o n sac red

b ut, re rites, which w as
v er
y c el eb rat ed in E gyp t
—
.

O th o es was k il l ed b y h is g uards E usebius .

*28 Y
E G PTI A N R E CO R D S .

IX . D ynas ty, N ineteen IX . D ynasty, F o ur Heracl eo

H eracl eo tic Kings, p o l i te Kings,

X . D ynasty of N ineteen X . D ynas ty of N ineteen

H er acleo tic Kings, H em e-l eap o l ite Kings .

Wh o reigned R eigned

XI . D ynasty f
o S ix teen IX . D ynas ty f
o S ixteen
D iosp o l ite Kings , D iosp o l ite Kings .

R eigned 43

A f t er w h o m A fter wh o m
A m menem es g ned
r ei A mmene mes g ned
r ei

T h us far M aneth o n p ro ceed s Th us far th e fi rst t o m e of

in h is fi rst t o m e . T h e num b er M aneth o n inc l ud ing 1 92

,

of k ings h ith e rto is 1 92, w h o se k ings , 23 00 years, and 79 d ays .

g ns amo unt t o 23 50 years

r ei

and 70 days .

H isto rica l N o tices .

A ch th oes w as m o re c ruel t h an a ny o f h is p red ec esso rs ; and,

after perpet rat ing m any atro c it ies th ro ug h al l E y t , h e w as
g p
afliicted w ith m ad ness and k il l ed b y a c roco d il e .
 C H R O N I CL E OF M A N E TH O N .

’
S E C ON D TOM E or M A N E THO N S CH R ON I CL E .

XI I D ynasty of S even X II D ynasty

.
. o
f S even
D iosp o l ite Ki ngs . D zosp o lite Ki ngs .

Y ears. Y ears.

1 . G eso u G o ses , or S eso n 1 . S es ync h o r is, so n of

c h o ris, so n o f A m m ene A m m enem es
m es
2 . A m m enem es 38 2 . A m m ene m es
3 . S eso s t ris 48 3 . S es o st ris
4 . L ac h ares 8 4 . L ab ar is
5 . A m m ere s 8 H is t h ree s uc ces so rs

A m m e ne m es
g ned
6 .
8 r ei

7 S k em iO p h ris, h is sis t er
.
4

S um t o t al , 1 6 0 Sum to t al , 2 4 5

XI I I . D ynasty of D iosp o l itans . XI I I . D y nas ty o

f D iop o l itans .

Six ty k ing s rei

g ned S ix t y k ing s r ei
g ned .

a
s t
fi

X I V D y nasty. . X IV . D ynasty q eventy -sia:

X o ite King s,

R eig ned

H is to rica l N o tices .

A mm enem es w as k il l ed by h is e unuc h s A f rica nus .

— .

S eso s tris w as fo ur c ub it s , th ree p al m s , and t w o inc h es i nst ature .

H e c o nq uere d al l A sia , and al l t h e c o unt ry as far as T h race : h e

erec ted m o num ent s ev e ry w h e re of h is v ic t o r ies insc ul piq ue
v o l uit int e r fo r tes, v iro r um
p ro p r ia m o num ent is int e r im b el l es,
m ul ier um . H e w as r eck o ned t h e
g reates t k ing after O siris .

L ab ar is b uil t t he l abyrint h in t h e A rse no itic no me, fo r a

se ul ch re -E usebius
p . .
*3 0 EG Y PTI A N R E CO RD S .

X V D ynasty of Shep herds

. . X V D ynas ty of D iopol ite
.

Kings,
Y ears.

1 . Saites, w ho gave na m e
to th e Sait e no m e 19

2 B ee n,
. or B yo n 44

3 . Pach nan, or A p ach nas 61

4 . S taa n 50
5 . A rc h l es 49
6 . A p ho bis, or A ph o Phis 61

S um to tal , 28 4

X VI D ynasty of Greek
. X VI D ynasty of F ms Theban
.

S hep her ds . Kings,

Thirty-t wo K ings reigned 5 1 8

n
a:

XVI I . D ynas ty o
f o ther XVI I . D ynasty consi
s ted of
S hep her ds, a nd Thebans .
f o reign S hep herds f rom
Pha mice .

F orty-th ree Sh eph erds 8c

fo rty -th ree T h eb ans o f
D io spol is 1 . S ait es, w h o r ei
g ned
2 B eo n
.

3 . A ph o ph is
4 . A rchl es

S um t o t al , 1 06

H is tor ical N o tices .

The F ifteent h D ynast y w ere six fo reign Kings fro m Ph cnnice,

w h o m ade t h em sel v es m ast ers o f M em phis Th ey al so buil t a .

in th e Seth ro it ic no me, w h enc e t h ey m ade

c ity a n inc urs io n, and
—
gained po ssessio n o f E g ypt
—
A f ricanus .

I nthe reig no f A ph o Ph is, J o seph c am e to E gypt . E usebius .

Prob abl y O th er Sh eph erds.

 C H R ON I C L E OF MA N E TH O N .

XVI I I D ynasty of S ix teen

. XVI I I . D ynasty f
o S ix teen
D iosp o l ite Kings . D iosp ol ite Kings .

Years
.

1 . A m os 1 . A m osrs
2 . C h eb ro s 2 . Ch eh ro n
3 . A m e nO ph t h is 3 . A m m eno ph is
4 . A m ersis 4M iph ris
. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

5 . M isaph ris 5 M is ph rag m o uth o s rs

.

6 . M is ph rag m o uth o srs 6 . To ut h m o s is 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

7 To uth m o s is
.
7 A m eno p h is,
. or M em
8 A m eno p h is,
. or M em no n 31
no n 8 . O rus 36 or 38
9 . H o r us 9 . A ch e nc h erses 0 0 0 0 0 0 12
10 . A c h erres 10 . A t h o ris 39
11 . Rh o s 1 1 . C h enc h eres 16
12 . Gh eb res 12 . Ch er res 15
13 . A c h erres 13 . A r m es or D a naus 5
14 . A r m eses 14 . A m m eses , or E gypt us 6 8
15 . R am m eses . 15 . M enO p his 40
16 . A m enoph at 9K

S um to t al , 29 3 S um t o tal , 3 4 8

XIX . D ynas ty f
o S eve n XIX . D y nasty o
f Five
D iosp o l i tan Kings . D iosp ol i tanKings .

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

H istor ica l N o tices .

I n th e r ei
gn o f A mos, M o ses l ed th e I srael it es o ut o f E gyp t .

A f r icanus . S ync el l us says, I n h is t im e Mo ses w as ed uc at ed in

”
E gyp t .

D euc ah o n
g n o f MiS ph ragm o uth o sis t h e d el uge
I n th e r ei of

h ap pe ned .

A m eno ph is, w as cal l ed Mem no n ,

of w h o m w as t h e vo cal st atue .

i ca nus .

I n th e re ig no f Ch ench eres, E useb ius co nect ures

j th at th e E xo de
h appened .
*32 EG Y PT I A N RE COR D S .

Y ears.

A m m e neph t h es 3 . A m m e ne ph t h es
4 . R am m ese s 4 . A m m e nem m es
5 . A m m e ne m ne s 5 . Th o uo r is
6 . T h o uo r is

S um t o tal , 20 9 S um t o t al ,

’
TH I RD TOM E OF M A N E T H ON S C H R O N I CL E .

XX . D ynasty o
f D iosp o l ite D ynas ty o
f D iosp o l ite
Kings .

T wel ve k ings rei

g ned Tw el ve k ings r ei
g ned

XX I . D y nas ty f
o S even Tanite XXI . D ynasty o
f S even Tanite
K ings . K ings .

S m ed es H S m end i s
Pso use nes , o r Pso usenes Pso usennes
D
N

N eph el c h eres N ep h e rch e res

O
O

A m eneno ph th is A A m e n0 p h th is
O so c h o r O so c h o r
‘

Pinac h es Q Psinac h es
So usennes 7 Ps o usennes
.

S um t o t al , 1 3 0 S um t o t al , 1 3 0

H istor ica l N o tices .

Th o uo ris, c al l ed Po l yb us b y Ho mer , was th e h usb and of A l eand ra

wh o e ntertained Menel aus .
 C H R O N I CL E or M A N E TH O N .
*33

XXI I . D ynas ty, N ine XX II .D ynas ty, Thr ee

B ubastite K ings . B ubas ti te Kings .

Y ears

S esenc h o sis .

2 . O so r th o n
3 . Tak el l o t h is

is To geth er, 4 9

6 . Tak el l o th is
7 .

8
9

S um t o tal ,

XXII I . . D ynas ty , F our XXIII D ynasty, Three

.

Ta nite K ings . Tanite K ings .

1 . Pe t o ub at es l . Peto ub astes .

2 . O so rch o 2 . O so rth o n
3 . Psam m o us 3 . Psam mo us
4 . Z et

S um t o t al , 8 9 S um t o t al , 4 4

XX I V . D ynasty . XXI V . D y nasty .

B occh o ris t h e S ait e B o cch o ris t h e S ait e

H isto rical N otices .

I nt h e g n o f Pet o ub at es w as t h e fi r st O l ym p iad
r ei ,
_
—f A r icanus .

O sorth o n w as by t h e E g ypt ians c al l ed H erc ul es

I n th e reig no f Bocch oris a l am b w as h eard t o speak .

f
*34 EG Y PTI A N R E COR D S .

XX V Dynasty, Th ree
. XX V . D ynasty , Thr ee
E th iop ian Kings E thiop ians .

o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
o o o

S um t o t al , 4 0 S um t o t al , 4 4

XXVI . D y nasty, N ine S a ite XXVI . D ynasty, N ine S aite

Kings .

1
'
. S teph inat es 1 . A mm eris t h e E t h io pian
2 . N ere psOs 2 . S teph anat h is
3 . N ec h ao 3 . N ek ep so s
4 . Ps am m it ic us 4 . N e c h ao
5 . N ec h ao 2, 5 . Psam m itich us
6 . Ps am m o ut h is 6 . N e c h ao 2 ,
7 . O uaph ris 7 Psam mo ut h is,
. or Psam
m itic h us 2
8 . A m o s is 8 . O ua ph r is
9 . Psam m ac h erit es 6 m o nt h s 9 . A m o sis

S um t o t al , 1 50 ; S um t o tal . 1 68

XXVI I . D ynasty , E ight XXVII .D ynasty, E ig ht

Persians . Pers ians .

1 . C am b yses 1 . Cam b yses

H is tor ical N o tices .

S ab b ac o n c arried B o cch o ris into c ap t iv it y and b urnt h im al iv e .

N e ch ao 2 b esieg ed J erusal em , and c arr ied k ing J o nc h as into

ca
p t iv it y
—A f r ica nus .

U nd er O uaph ris , th e rem ai nd e r of t h e J ew s sough t r efu e,

wh en J erusal em was t ak enb y t h e A ssy rians —A f i r canus .

g

C am b yses, inth e fifth year of h is r ei

gn o ver Persia, co nquered
E gypt
 C H RO N I CL E or M A N E T HO N .
*3 5

Y ears.

D arius H yst aSpis 2 . T h e M ag i . 7 m o nth s

Xe x r es th e G reat 3 . D arius
A rt ab anus 7 m o nth s 4 . Xe x es
r , so no f D arius 21
A rt ax erx es 5 A . rt ax erx es L o ngim anus 4 0
X erx es 2 m o nt h s 6 . X e rxes 2 7 m nt h
o s

S o g d ianus . 7 m o nt h s 7 . S o g dianus 7 m o nt h s
D arius, so n o f Xe rx es 8 . D arius, so n o f Xerx es 19

S um t o tal , 1 24 r' S um t o t al , 1 20

XXVI I I . D ynasty . XXVI I I . D ynas ty .

A m yrteOs of S ais A myrt aeus th e S ait e

XXI X . D ynasty, Fo ur Men XXI X . D ynasty , Fi ve M en

desta n Kings . d est a n Kings .

1 . N eph ereit es 1 N eph erit es

2 A . c h o r is 2 . A c h o ris

3 . Psam m o uth is 3 . Psam m o uth is

4 . N eph o ro t es . 4 m o nth s 4 . N eph erites . 4 m o nt h s
5 . M o uthis 1

S um to t al , 20 ; S um to t al , 2 L} ,

XXX . D ynasty , Thre X XX . D ynas ty , Thr ee

S ebenny te Kings . S ebenny te Kings .

1 . N ec t aneb es 1 . N ec t aneb es

2 . T eo s 2 . T eo s

3 . N ect aneb es 3 . N ec tanebes

S um to t al , 3 8 Sum to tal , 20
*3 6 EG Y PTI A N R E CO R D S .

XXXI D ynasty s Three XXXI . D ynasty, Three

Persi a nK ings . Persia nKing s .

Ya m
. Y ears
.

1 . O c h us , i n th e t w ent ie t h 1 . O c h us, in t h e t w ent iet h

n
‘

year o f h is n
r eig o v er y ear o f h i s r ei g

Pe rsia 2 A r ses
.

2 . A rs es 3 . D arius , w h o w as co n
3 . D arius . quered b y A l ex and er
‘

S um to t al , 9 S um t o tal , 1 2

S E CTI O N V .

Co mp arison of the two f oreg oing Chr onic les .

I t w ill no t b e a m s s, i b efo r e w e p ro c e e d fur th er, to

ause and com
p a re t h e O l d C h ro ni c l e with t h at o f
p
M a neth o n . By t hi s com
p ar i so n so m e li gh t will be
th ro wn o n t h e nature o f b o th .

L D YNA ST Y OF GO D S .

Ol d Chro nic l e . Chr onic l e o

f M anethon .

Yu m . Ya m
Vul can reig ned an i n V ul c an
d efi nite num b e r o f years Th e S un, a nd th e rest
”
2 . H el io s t h e S un
, of
go d s, in
t he six

3 T h e t w el ve go d s, i n el ud in S at urn
.
g
c l ud ing Saturn Th e nine d emigo ds
4 . The eigh t d emigo ds 217
 C O M PA R I S ON O F TH E r wo
r
C H RO N I C L E S .
*37

II . D Y N A ST I E S OF M O R TA L K I NG S .

M anethon, acccord i ng to
Old Chronicl e . A f ricanus . E usebius
Y ear s. Years .

l st g eneratio n of th e l st D ynasty o f Th I m t es D ynasty of

l st Th im t e
C yni c Circl e 2 55 K ng
i s 2 52
2d ge nerat io n 2d of Tl nm t es . 5 02 2d of Th init es . 297
3 d g eneratio n M em p h i t e s
3d of 214 5d of M em ph i t es 1 98
4th ge neratio n 4 th o f M em p h i tes 274 4th o f M em ph it es 448
sth of E l ep h ant m es 24 8 sth of E l eph anties 248
6 th of M em p h i t es . 505 6 th of M emp hi tes . 20 5
o o o o o o o o
7th M e m ph it es 70
of d a ys 7th o f M em p h it es 75 d ays
8 t h o f M e m p hit es s th Of M emp h ites
l

9 th o f H éracl e o ts . 40 9 s
9th of I-
l eracl eo ts 1 00
o o o o o oo oo l ot h of H erac l c o ts o o o o o o 1 85 l oth o f H eracl eo ts 1 85
1 1 th of D io sp o l it e s 45 1 1 th of D io spo lit es 45
1 2t h
l
o f D i o sp o l ites 1 60 1 2 th of D io spo l ites . 245
1 5th ge nerat io n 1 5 th of
'
Di o sp o l it es 1 84 1 5 th of D i osp o lit es . 4 55
1 4t h ge nerat io n 1 4t h ‘
4 1 4 th of X OIt es 1 84
1 5 th geheratio n 1 5t h of Sh ep h erd s 1 sth o f D io spol ites . 2 50
S um t o ta l o f t he 1 5

ge neratio ns

1 6 th D ynasty of Tanit es 1 6 th of Sh ep h erd s 558 1 6 th Of Th eb ans

1 90
1 7th o f M emp h it es 1 7t h of S h ep h er d s a nd 1 7th of Sheph erd s
Th eb ans
1 8 th of M emphites 1 8t h of D io sp o l i t es 1 s th of D io sp ol ites
19 l gt h of D io sp o l it es 1 9t h of D io sp o l it es
so 2ot h of D io sp o h t es 2oth o f D io sp o lit e s .

21 O O O O OO O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 2 1 81: o f Ta nit es O O O O O O O O O zl st o f Tani t es 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

22 22d of B ub as t it es 2 2d of B ub ast it es
23 23 d of Tani t e s 25 d of Tanit es
of Sai t e 2 ath of Sai t es
’

24 24 th
25 25 t h of E t hio p ians 2sth of E t h iopians
26 2 6 th of S ait es 26 t h of Sai t es 0 0 0

27 27t h of Persians 2 7th o f Persians

28 28 t h of Sai t es J
2st h of Sai t es
29 29t h of M end esrans 29t h o f M end eSIaD s
50 3ot h of S eb enny tes 5 oth o f Sebennyte s

This c o m p ar so na ffo rd s s o m e ver

i y i mp o rtant h i nts ,

and m ay ena bl e us t o unr ave l the e

p pr l e xi ti es wh i c h

3? The k i ngs o f t h e eigh t eenth dynas ty m t he O l d Chro ni c l e

*38 C O MPA R I SO N o r TH E C H R O N I CLE S .

fo r ms a n i mporta nt e o ch i n h i sto ry , of wh i c h we
p
t h ese c h ro no o l g i c al fragm e nts p rese nt t o o ur fi rst
i
V ew .

It s h o w s, in t h e fi rst p l ac e , th at th e fi rst fi fteen

d y nast i es o f M aneth o n c orr e sp o nd t o th e fi ft eeng ene
r a t i o ns o f th e C y ni c C i r c l e in t h e O ld C h ro ni c l e A .

m o re m i nute e xam i nati o n o f M a neth o ns C h ro ni cl e

’

w ill a ffo rd us r easo n t o b eli ev e th at th e c o ll e c ti ve

r e i g ns o f th ese fi fte e n d y na s t i e s o ugh t to b e c o m

r i se d in a p eri o d ne ar l y e q ual to t h e y ears o f th e

p
C ynic C i rc l e .

S ec o nd ly it app ears t h at a l th o ug h th e W h o le
, ,

p er i o d o f t i me c o m p r i se d b y t h e O ld Ch ro ni c l e is so
ro d i i o us e t t h at if w e w i th d raw th e re i ns o f
p g y , g
V ul c a n t h e S un and th e o th er go ds wh i c h seem
, , ,

rat h er t o b e t h e suppl e me nt s o f a n as tro no m i c a l c c l e

y
t h an h i s to ri c al d ate s t h e r e m a i ni ng num b e r o f y ears
,

is re d uc e d m o d era t e s p ac e
to a T h e co m m e nc e m ent .

Of th e fi rst dy nasty o f m o rtal ki ngs, th at is, o f t h e fi rst

g e nera t oi n o f t h e C ni c c i rcl e w ill th enfall w i th i nth e
y ,

li m i t o f a uth enti c h i s to ry o r at least w ill no t go far ,

b ey o nd it .

T h i rd ly th e acc essi o n O f th e ei gh teenth dynasty

,

are t erm ed M emp hi tes, and in th at o f M aneth o n, D io sp o l ites .

T h ere is, h o wever, no c o nt radic t io nb et weent h e two Ch ro nicl es

int h is ins t ance ; for M anet h o nh im s el f info rms us, ina p assage
t h at w il l b e c ited h ereafter, t h at t h e rin ces o f t his rac e were
p
k ings o f t h e Theb aid, wh o h ad d riven o ut t h e She h erds fro m
p
L o w er E gyp t, and establ ish ed th eir d o m inio n O ver th e wh o l e

co unt ry T hey are c al l ed D io spo l ites, in referenc e t o t h e fi rst

.

p rinc es o f t he dynasty ; and M em phit es, with res p ec t to th e

suc ceedin n
g umber .
 SE RI E S OF S Y N C E L LU S .
*39

hav e an O n
p p o r t u t i y o f fixi ng th e d ate fr o m o th e r
so urc es . We are t h us e na bl e d t o c o nnec t t h e w h o l e
ser e s i w i th a uth e nt c c i h ro no logy and a m i nute e xa

mi nati o n o f th e i gh teenth and t h e t w el ve suc c eed ing

e

d y nasti es w h i c h fall w i th i n th e p e r i o d w h e n t h e
,

E g yp t i an h i sto r y b ec o m es r el ate d t o th at o f o th e r
nat i o ns e nabl es us to e sti m ate wh at d eg ree o f regard
,

th e W h o l e o f t h e s e C h r o ni c l e s d e serv es T h ese .

re m a rk s a re h o w e ver th ro wn o ut m e rely b y a nti c i

, ,

pati o u ; a nd w e r e q ui re so m e furth e r p ro o f b efo re ,

we are a t lib e rt y t o a d o p t t h e m T hi s p ro o f .

will d ev el o p e i tse l f in t h e c o urs e o f th e fo ll o w i ng

i nvesti gat i o n .

W e S h all no w e x trac t th e s eri es o f E g ypti an ki ng s

wh i c h S y nc ell us h as g i ve n W i th o ut assi gni ng h is ,

auth o r i t i es .

S E C T I O N VI .

S eries f
o Sy ncell us .

Y ears.

1 . M estraim , or M ines , or

M enes
e
t K o uro ud es
o
c A ris t arc h us
-
e Sp anius
a
g
9k
a
g S erap is
n
e S eso nc h o sis O usé
 SE RI E S OF S Y N CE L L U S .

Years .

18 . R am eses
19 . R am esso m ene s 53 . K ert us
20 . Th ys im are s 54 . Rh am psis
55 A m enses, c al l ed al so
21 . R am ss e se o s .

22 .
-
R am e sse m eno A m ene mes 26

I n h is r eig n A b ra h a m 56 . O ch yras 14

v is it e d E g yp t , says 57 . A m e d ee 27

S yncel l us .
58 . T h o uo ris, or Pol yb us 50

23 . R am ess e, so n o f 59 . A t h o th es , or Ph o usa

Baetcs
'

nus
24 . R am esse, so n o f 60 . K enk enes
O uaph res 29 61 . O ue nnep h es

25 K o nch aris . 6 62 . S o ussak e i m w h o o ver

26 . S il it es 19 c am e th e L yb i a ns, E th i

27 . B aio n 43 o p ia ns , and T ro gl yd ytes ,

28 . A p ac h nas 36 a nd al l t h e co unt ry fro m

29 . A p h o ph is 41 E g ypt to J erusal em ,

30 . S eth o s 50 w h ic h h e p l und ered O .

31 . Keri ns 29 63 . Pso ue no s
32 . A s et h 24 64 . A m m e nO p h es
33 . A m o s is or T et h m o s is 22 65 . N ep h e ch eres
34 . C h e h ro n 13 66 . S ait es
35 . A m ep h es 15 67 . Ps inac h es
36 . A m ens es 11 68 . Pet o ub ast es
37 M iSph rag m o ut h OS I s 16 69 . O so r th o n
33 . M isph res 23 Ps am m o s
39 . To ut h m o s is 39 71 . K o nc h ar is
40 . A m enoph th is 34 72 . O so rt h o n
41 . H o rus 48 73 . T ak el o ph es
42 . A ch e nch eres 25 74 . Bo c ch o ris
43 . A t h o r is 29 75 . S ah ak o n
44 . C h enc h eres 26 76 . S e b ec h o n
45 . A c h e res 77 T arak es
46 . A r m aio s, or D anaus 9 7S . A m iie s
47 . R am es ses , or
n ypt us 6 8 7 9 S t ep h inat h e
.

48 . A m eno ph is 8 80 . N ak e pso s
49 . Th o uo ris 17 81 . N e ch aab l
50 . N ec h epso s 19 82 . Psam m it ic h us
51 . Psam mo ut his 13 8 3 . N echaab 2
 Y
S N CE L L U S, H E R OD OTU S, A ND D I O D O R us . Ml
Y ears.

84 Psamm o uthis, o r Psam

.
88 . N eph erit es 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

m itic h us 2 89 . A c ho ris
85 O uaph res
.
90 . Psam m o uth is
86 . A masis 91 M enas
.

9 2 N ec t anebes
.

87 A myrt aius
.
93 . T eo s

Th is s eries o f k ings reig ned, acco rd in S yncel l us, fro m A

g to . M .

2900 to 5 1 4 8, th at I s. i nt h e co mputatio nof th is ch ro no l o er, fro m

g
2GOO B C . . to 3 02 B C . .

SE C T I O N VI I .

Egyp tian Chronology, acco r din

g to H erodotus and D iodorus

T he ser es o f
i E g yp tian ki ngs g i ve nb y H e ro do tus
agrees in th e ma i n wi th th at o f D io d o rus th o ugh ,

t h e y d i ffer fr o m e ac h Oth er I n s o m e p ar ti c ulars T h i s .

will b e b est ill ustrated by setti ng d o wn th e succ es

s i o nacc o r d i n o eac h h i s tor i an ino
g t p p osi t e c o l um ns , .

We sh all fi rst m enti o nth e g reat numb ers as we have ,

th em fro m b o th .

H ero d o tus e num erates th ree g enerati o ns o r d y nasti es

o f g o ds wh o rei g ned b e fo r e M e n
,
es T h e fi rst w e re .

th e E i gh t o r th e el d er g o d s
,
H e has no t m e nt i o ne d
.

th e p e ri o d o f th ei r rei gns I t ap pe ars th at th e y

.

resi ned th e S c eptre o f E gypt ab o ut

g y ea rs
b efo re A masis th at is b efo re th e Persi an c o nq uest
, , ,

inB C 525 T h ey w ere suc c eed ed by th e d y nasty o f

. . .

the twel ve y o unger g o ds o ne o f wh o m was Herc ul es , .

i 91
2 Y
E G PTI A N CHR ONO L O G Y
T h e twelve were fo llo wed by Os i ri s and the other
d f t h t h i d en t i o n; fro m w h o se r ei n
g o s o e r
g era g ,

to A masi e th e E g y p ti a ns a c c o rd i ng to Hero dotus

, , ,

rec ko ned y ears .

D io d o rus agre e s w i th H ero d o tus prett y exactly

in th i s pi ec e o f ch ro n o lo y H e say s the god s
'

g .

and d e mi o d s re i gne d in E y p t al m o st y ears

g g .

O rus was th e l ast o f th em ; and after

h im mo rtal ki ng s re i gne d

T h e to tal num b er is
T h i s p er io d te rm ina tes at th e one h undred and
e i gh t i eth O ly mp i ad, d ur i ng wh i ch D io dorus vis tedi
E gyp t.
”
e

W e no w pro ceed t o th e m o rta l k i ng s .

A ccordi ng to H erod o tus . A ccordi ng to D iodorus .

1 . Menes . 1 . M enis , or Mueves .

M any generat io ns aft er Wham,

Gneph ach th us, fath er o f Boc
ch o ris th e Wise , wh o l ed n
a

arm y int o A rab ia.

s
a
a
A fter Menes rei
gned suc ces fi ft y-t wo k ings, wh o reigned
sivel y th ree h und red and A fter which
years .

t h irty m o narch s, of wh om B ousiris

eigh teen were E thio p ians, it

and ne an E gyp tianwo

o S ev enr eigns .

m an, and t h e o nl y q ueem

'

named B o usiris 2d
N ito cris A c h asm inD io dorus s
'
series.

O sym and yas

a n
i

S evenr eigns .

B io d l ib i
. . . ca
p 4 . .
 A CCO RDI NG To B E R O D QT U S A N D m o no nv s . MS

O uch o reus
a: v
a:

Twel ve rei
gns .

a
s a
re It

Mo it is th e
, 332d k ing at

S eso st ris, th e 3 33 d S eso o sis

Phero u, h is so n, S eso o sis 2 d, h is so n
w ho was succ eed ed by a
4» it

Mem phite citiz enwh o m the M any generations .

Greek s cal l
A m o sis, a t yrant

A c t isanes , a nE th io p ian
Menes , or M arus

A n int erregnum of five gene

rat io ns .

Pro teus Ketes , or Pro te us

Rh am psinitus, R em p h is
succeed ed by t
a

S ix gns
r ei .

w e a
N il us
Ch eops, reig ned C h em m is, or C hemb es
Keph renes K e ph res
Mycerinus M yc h erinus, or Ch erinus
A sych is B o c c h o ris, a v ery w ise p rince
A nysis
Sabaco , an E th io p ian S ab ach , or S ab aco
A nysis again
A nar ch y fo r t wo years .

S eth o s, a p riest of Vul can

Twel ve k ings T w el ve k ings
Psam m etich us al o ne } Psam m et ich us al o ne
f
N ec us , h is so n
F iv e g eneratio ns .

Psammis
A pries A p ries 22
A m asis A m asie 55

T he end of th e re i g n o f A m as is is th e epo ch o f th e
d estruc ti o n of th e i nd ep end enc e o f E gypt b y the
 Y
E G PTI A N c na os o noe r

co nq ue st o f Camby ses, and is a w ell -ascertained d at e

i nh i sto ry .

We sh a ll no w e xt ra c t th e p
re li c rese rved by
S yncel l us, of th e L at e rc ul us o f E ratosth e nes .

M any names in th i s i a re th e same as th o se

s er e s

w h i c h o c c ur in th e s uc cess i o n d e tailed b y H ero d o tus

a nd D io d o rus and th ey w ill a ssi s t us ina ver y im ,

o rta nt m an n in co nnec tin t h e c h ro no lo y o f

g
p er , g
t h e se wr i ters wi th t h at o f Maneth o n and th e O l d
Ch ro ni c l e .

S ECTI O N VI II .

R emains f
o t he L a ter culus f
o E ratosthenes .

K I N GS OF TH E T H E BA NI .

A p o ll o dorus, th e c h r o no l o ge r, sa sy S y nc ell us,

h as r ec o rd ed ano th er d y nasty
.
of E gy pti an or

T h eb a n ki ngs ,
as th ey are t erm e d, co n i i ng
s st o f
th i r ty e i ght p ri nc es wh o re i g ned 1 076 y ears T h i s
-
, .
.

c ata l o ue w as c o ll ec t e d b y E ra to sth en es fr o m E
g gyp
t i an auth o r it i es by o rd e r o f th e ki ngs and wr i t ten o ut ,

b y h im in th e G reek l anguag e .

S y ncel l us sa y s th at t h i s se ri es c o mm enc es in th e
ear o f th e wo rl d 2900 a nd t erm i n at es in3 976 th at
y , ,

is ac co rd i ng to his c o mp utati o n from 2600 to 1 524

, , .

b e fo re C h ri st .

1 . M i nes Th ebinites, int erpret ed D io nius

2 . A th o th es H erm o genes
3 A th o th es H ermogenes
 A CCO R D I N G T O E R A T O STH E N E S .

4 . D iabies, interp ret ed Phil estero s, or Phil et aerus

5 . Pem ph o s, w h ic h sh o ul d b e w ritten S em ph o s, so n of

A th o t h es H eracl eides .

6 . To igar A m ach o s M o m c h eiri, a M emph ite, i nterp ret ed

A m an w it h s u er num erar
p y l im b s, or Tisand ro s Peris
”
so m el es

7 Sto ic ho s ,
. so n o f To igar, —
M '
ars I nsensat e
8 . G o so rm ies (ev id entl y a c o rr up t

r ead i ng S c al ig er reads A mécn ; m wr wy )

9 . M ares so n o f Go so rm ies , —H el io d o rus , g ift of th e S un

10 A noyph es F il ius Co m m unis

—
. .

11 Sirio s (Siro es, S c al ig ) G enae fi l ius , o r ac c o rd ing t o

. o th ers

A b asc ant us, i e inv idia c are ns

—A i
. .

12 . Ch no ub o s G neuro s, 1 reae v el A urei fi l ius

13 . R auosis A rc h ic rat er , o r R o b ust o rum p rinc ep s
B I y ris
''

14 .

15 . Sao p h is C o m at us v el N eg o ciato r
16 . S e ns aO ph is, th at is, S ao p h is, 2
17 .

18 . M o ust h is .

1 9 Pam m o s A rc h o nd es
.

20 A a o us*
.
p pp M ax im us , rei
g ned o ne h o ur l ess th an
21 . A c h esco s O c aras
22 . N it o c ris, a queen M iner va Vict rix
23 . Myrt aio s A m m o no d o t us
'

m 2m
24 Th yo s im ares ( fi wa re; 0 m» 7
770 05, or p ro b abl y
—id
.
r
6 ear l y
aN o; x
p a r a mg
‘
em so nat quo d So l inv ic t us
.

25 . Thinil l us Qui aux it p at r ium imp erium

26 . S em p h ro ucrat is . . H erc ul e s A r p o c rates
27 . Ch o uth er T aurus t yrannus
28 . M eures Phil o sco rus , i e p h il o so p h us P
. .

29 . Ch o m aep h t h a M und us Ph il ep h aastus

A p ap po us is int erpret ed M ey w r og, referring, p erh aps, t o th e

stat ure o f th is k ing A po ph is w as an E gyp tiang iant, ac c o rd
.

ing t o Pl ut arc h . Th is s ee ms to b e t he nam e of wh ic h th e

Greek s m ade E paph us .

MG Y
E G PTI A N CHR ON OL O G Y

30 . A nco unio s O chy, interp ret ed Tyrannus

3 1" o c t a n e -o n o o o o o o o o o o o o o 0 . 0 0 0 0

32 . S t amenem es 2
33 . S ist o sic herm e s H ercul is ro b ur

34 . M aris
35 . Siph oasfi H er m es Vul cani fi l ius
a
s It 915
36 .

37 Ph ro uro n N il us
38 . A m o ut h ant ai o s

T h e fo re go i ng li st w as o b tai ne d b y E rato sth enes ,

fro m t h e s acre d s c rib es o f T h eb es o r D io spol is . .

S y nc el l us sup p o ses th e last ki ng t o h av e asc e nded “

th e th ro ne in A M 3 91 3 th at is 1 58 7 y e ars b efo re
. .
,

C h ri s t F i fty th re e o th e r nam es w e re i nserted in

.
-

t h e c atal o g ue o f A po ll o do rus w h o s uc c ee d e d him , .

T h ese Sy nc e ll us has o m i tte d .

I t is p ro b abl e th a t E ra to sth enes h ad c o ntinue d his

c h r o ni c l e d o wn to h is o w n t i m e fo r th i s w as th e ,

c o m mo n
p ra c t i c e o f c h ro no l o g ers in th at a g e I t is .

furth er t o b e p p o sed, unl ess w e m ean to im p ute a

su

fraud to S y nc e llus a s usp i c i o nfo r w h i c h th e r e I S no

,

g ro u nd th at th i s c o m p il er ob ta i ne d th e d ate h e h as
,

i v e n fo r th e t e rm i nat i o n o f th i s s er i e s o f ki n s, by
g g
co m
p ut n u
g p w ard s
i fro m th e t i m e of th e Pto l e m i es

Pente ath yris is ev id e n P o nt A th ri, t h e h i h - riest

’
tly h y g p
of A th yr i . So m e of th e k ings w ere nam ed sim pl y aft er t h e

go d s, as several in t h is cat al o gue S o T ho uo ris, . se em s to b e

T ho ueris;wh o was anE gyp tian go dd es s .

1 S ipho as, H erm es, V ul cani fi l ius . J abl o nski pro ves
t h at w e gh t t o read S ipht h as, o r rath er
ou S aph tha, and t hat

p
H erm e s w as th e E g y t ian nam e, w ith a Greek t erm inatio n,
and no t a
part o f t h e Greek int erpret ati o n o f th e name
S ip h th a .
 A CCO R D I NG TO E R A TOSTH E N E S . M7
the reigns of
th e l as t fi fty-th re e p r i nc e s as o rigi nal ly
s et d ownb y E rato sth enes T his b ei ng th e c ase, if,
.

to 1 524, th e p erio d wh i ch interv ene d b etw een th e

d emi se of ki ng in th e ser i es and th e Chri sti an
th e l ast
era w e ad d 1 075 th e sum t o tal o f al l t h e re i g n
, , s fro m
,

Menes to A mo uth antaio s (ac cord i ng to S y nc ell us s way ’

o f co mp ut i ng it for th e num b ers in r e ali ty am o un

,
t
on ly to 1 055 ) we sh all o b tai n 2662 y e ars b efo re
C hri st fo r t h e d ate o f th e acc essi o n o f M enes th e
, ,

first ki ng o f E gy pt acc o r d i ng to E rato sth enes T h i s

,
.

cal c ul at i o n h o wev er p r o c eed s o nth e supp os i tio nt h at

, ,

S y nc el l us h as g ivenus a fai thful transc ript and h as

,

acc urately rec ko n ed th e total n umb ers.

 PA R T I I .

A NA L YSI S OF TH E F O RE GO I NG D O CU M E NT S .

S E CTI O N I .

Preliminary Observa tio ns .

W E sh a ll no w e nt e r up o n th e p t to e li c i t o rd e r
at t e m

fro m th i s asse m bl ag e o f c o nfuse d and c o n tra d i c to ry

d o c um ents . N o th i ng c an b e m o r e d is c o ura g i ng th a n
th e fi rst s ur ve y of th e frag m e nts w e h ave ex tr a c t e d fi
‘i

A ne ar er s c rut iny w ill h o w ever d i sc o ver m a ny m ark s

, ,

c o n rm a t o n; and
of a
g re e m e nt a nd m ut ua l fi i as th e
di scre p a nc y is to o g re at t o a ll o w us t o re
g a rd th ese

c o i nc i d enc es as t h e e ffe c t o f d esi gn w e ,

sha ll th us
ob tai n a p ro o f th at th e a ntiq ui ty of E g yp t rests o n

fo und ati o n o f a uth e nt i c m e m o r i al s .

Wh en I fi rst ex am ined th ese fragm e nt s, wit h a v ie w o f

com
p uting fro m th em th e E gyptian c h ro no l o gy, th ey appeare d
to m e to be an inex tric abl e t issue of erro r and c o ntradic t io n.
I re
p eat ed my at t e m pt s ev e ral t im e s, at int erval s, b efo re I
ob tained th e s m al l e s t hop e of s ucc ess, or a ray o f l igh t t o

guid e m e t h ro ugh t h e l ab yrint h . A t l engt h I t h o ugh t I

disc o vered a cl ue, wh ich I h av e fo l l o wed , and h ave p ersuaded
'

m ysel f t hat it h as e nabl ed me t o unrav el t he m ystery .

h
50* A NA L Y SI S or THE F R A G ME NT S

T h e m eth o d w e sh all fo ll o w in t h e i nvesti gatio no f

th i s s ubj ec t is t o b e g i n w i th th e l ate r dy nasti es,
,

wh i c h fall w i th i n t h e e ra o f g e ne ral h i sto ry A fter .

th e erec ti o n o f th e Pe rs i a n m o nar c h y , and e ven fo r

so me ages b e fo re th a t fro m th e p eri o d wh enth e
era,

G reek s b ecam e a p o we rful m ari t i m e p eo p le, th e

affa i rs o f d i fferent nat i o ns a r e m o re w ith i nth e sph ere
o f o ur ac q ua i nt a nc e th an d uri ng th e earli er t i mes .

Th e annal s o f Gr eec e b ec o m e no w p re tty w ell fix ed ,

b y m e ans o f t h e O l y m p i c re g i s ter ; a nd th o se o f the

E a st by th e s uc c ess i o n o f A s sy ri an ki ng s in Pto
, ,

l e my s C ano n By c o m p ari ng th o s e frag m ents o f

’
.

h i sto ry wh i c h r e fer t o th ese l at e r ag e s w e o b tai n

, ,

an i nsigh t in to t h e m eth o ds o f th e E gyp t i an c h r o no

l o gers a nd l earn h o w far th ey c a n b e trusted inthe
,

darker regi o ns o f ant iq ui ty .

O ur c h i ef d ep e nd anc e m ust b e th ro ugh o ut this ,

analy si s o n h i st o ri c al sy nc h ro ni s m s
,
I t is no t by .

taki ng up e i th er o f t h e s uc c ess i o ns a s ab o v e c o p i ed
‘

fro m th e o l d a uth o rs and b y a d d i ng up al l th e y ears

,

fro m th e b egi nni ng t o th e e nd th at w e sh all mak e o ut ,

an a ree m en t b et ween th e m T h e i r ac c urac y wi ll

y g .

no t b ear s uc h a t es t as th i s I n each h o wever .

, , \

w e sh all fi nd so m e p arti c ul ar na m es a nd d a tes wh i ch

c o i nc i d e w i th so m e o f t h e na m e s and d at es in o th er

t abl es .T h ese w e m ust t ak e as fix ed p o i nts o n wh i ch ,

t he wh o l e o f o ur m ac h ih er y m ust h i nge ; fro m th e se we

co m
p ute up wa rd s a nd d o w nw ard s, a nd if w e fi nd t oo
l o ng s uccess o n o f r eig n in
a i s
y li st i nt erveni ng
an

b e t wee n tw o e ras w ell asc er ta i ned th ey m ust b e

,

co nsi dered as i nterp o lated ,

if it ap p ears that th e d ates
or i gi nally co r re s
p o nde d .

I t has b een thro ugh the want o f attent o nto i th i s

 or EG Y PT I A N C H R O NO L O G Y .
*5 1

of
ru e l p ro ce ed i ng t hat so m any auth ors h ave b e en
l ed i nto e rro r and h ave fail ed to el uc i date th ese
,

frag ment s o f c hro no l o

gy .

S E CT I O N I I .

D ates f the E g yp tian Chrono log y comp uted u ward s, ro m

o
p f
t he Pe rsia n co n ues t to the a c cessio n o P sammitichus
q f .

T he tw e nty - s ix th d na st
y y b o th in th e O l d C hro ,

nic le a nd in t h at o f M a ne th o n t er m i na tes w i th t h e ,

c o n ue s t o f
q E g y p t b y C a m b ys e s . T h i s e p o c h w e sh all
re
g ar d as th e c o nc l usi o n o f th e E gy p ti a n c h ro no l o gy .

I t is a fix e d p o i nt in h i sto r y ,
co nc e r ni ng w h i c h a ll

c h ro no l o er s
g g ree d A c co rd i ng l y we sh all tak e
are a .
,

no c o nc e rn ab o ut th e s uc c ee d i ng p art o f a ny o f th e s e
rec o rd s . We h ave o ny l to d i sp o se of the fi rst
t we nty - six d nas ti e s
y .

T h e Persi a n c o nq uest h ap p e ne d inth e y e ar b efo r e

C h ri st F ro m th i s p e ri o d w e c o m m e nc e o ur
r ec ko ni ng ,
and co m p ute up wa rd s to war ds th e mo re
o b sc ure a
ges .

A m asis died, g t o D io do rus, in th e t h ird y ear o f

ac c o rd in

th e s ix t -t hird O l m iad , w h il e Camb ses was m ak in

y y p y g p r epa
rat io nfo r invading E gyp t, and was suc c eeded by his so n
s

Psam m enit us, wh o reig ned o nl y six m o nt hs D io do r l ib i . . . .

A ll c h ro n in th is d ate S ee Prid eaux Co n

’
o l o gers agree . s .

ne c tio n o f t he O l d and N e w T estam ent, vo l . i. U sher s

’

Chro no l o gie Vet eris Testamenti .

it
52 EG Y PTI A N C H R ON O L O G Y
T he l o ngestn i n t h e tw enty -s ix th d y nast y is
rei
g
t h at o f Psam m itic h us w h o w a s o ne o f t h e e a rli est
,

ri nc es H e ro d o tus s a y s t h a t h e re i g ne d in E gypt
p .

fi fty fo ur y e ars
-
and w i th th i s num b e r A fr i c anus
,

a r ee s . F ro m th e t mei of Psam m itic h us th e

g ,

G r ee ks h ad c o nsta nt i nterc o urse w i th E gy pt and ,

fro m th i s to th at -
o f th e Pe r si an c o n ue st t he
era,
q ,

s uc c es s o n o f
i re i gns is se t d o w n w i th a n e x act
r ec ko ni n
g of
y e ars b y H e ro d o tus .

S ever a l f t h e i nterm e d i ate p r i nc es ar e a lso m en

o

t io ne d in o ur sa c re d S c ri pture s and th e d at e s o f th ei r ,

re i gns a re asc e rta i ne d b y e vents r eco rd e d in o th er

h i sto ri es O n t h ese ac c o unts w e m ay c o nsi d er th e
.

E gypti an ch ro no l o gy o f t h e i nt e rv eni ng p eri o d as

settl e d b a uth e nt i c m em o r i al s
y .

T h e fo ll o w i ng is a t ab ul ar vi e w o f th i s s uc c essi on:

A ccor ding to A c cor d ing to

J ul A f ricanus
. .

Y ears. Y ear s. Y ear s. Y ear s.

Psamm it ich us Psam m i tich us Psam m itich us Psamm i t ic h us
gned
r ei
gned
r ei 54 gned
re i rei
gned
N ek us N echao I I 6 N e chao I I . 6 N e chaab
Psam m is 6 17 Psam o ut is
A p ri es O uaphris 19 O uap hr i s 25 O uap h ris
A m as is A m OSI s 44 A m OS I s 42 A m asis

H ero d o tus ys t h at N ec us wh o m M aneth o n c al l s

sa , ,

N ech ao , d e feate d t h e S ri a ns a t M a d o l um and

y g ,

it“
There is so m e nfusio n in th e num b ers g ive n b y
co

Maneth o n s ’
t ransc rib e rs, wh ic h
ppears t o h av e
a arise n fro m

carel ess ness in co

pying I n s o m e inst anc es t he l en t h s of
g
.

s uc c ee din
g reigns are rev erse d It . see m s t o l e rabl y e vi e nd
t
th at in th is s ucces s io n the c o pies of Mane tho n o ri
ginall y
a
greed exac tl
y with H ero do tus .
 F RO M CA MB YSE S U PW A nD s .
*53

ga i ned p o ssessi o n o f th e t o wn o f C ady tis wh i ch h e ,

d esc rib es as a c i ty in th e m o untains o f Pal e sti ne ,

eq ual in e xten t t o S a rd i s T h i s c i ty is d o ub tless

.

J erusal e m and th e b a ttl e o f M agd o l um is th e b attl e

,

o f M e idd o a t wh i c h Ph arao h N ec h o ki l l ed J o si ah
W ,

,
g , ,

the k ing o f J ud ah afte r w h i c h h e gai ne d p o ssessi o n

,
-

o f J erusal e m an d ra i se d J e h o i aki m to th e vacant

,

t hro ne T h e d ea th o f ki ng J o s i ah is fix ed inth e
.

scri tural c h ro n o lo g y a b o ut t h e y e ar 60 7 B C
p , . .

wh i c h fall s w i th i n th e r e i gn o f N ec o s as d ate d by ,

H ero d o t us and M aneth o n a nd th i s ag ree m ent co nfi rms ,

th e c r ed i t o f th e se h i st o r i a ns .

S eco nd ly A p rie s o r O uaph ris acco rd i ng to H ero

, , ,

d o tus m ad e w ar a gai nst T y r e a nd S i d o n H e w as

,
.

enga g ed in th e a ffai rs o f S y r i a A cc o rd i ngly w e h ear .

o f h im in S cr i p ture und e r th e nam e o f H o ph ra

,
.

Z ed eki ah th e l ast ki ng o f J ud ah rel yi ng o n th e

, ,

assistanc e o f Pharao h H o ph ra revo l ted fro m N eb u ,

c h ad n e z z ar ki n o f B ab yl o n T h i s w as th e sa m e
g ,
.

E gy pt i an p r i nc e wh o w as th reate ne d by t h e p ro p h et
E z ec h i e l .

T h e d e str uc t i o no f J e rus al em b y th e ki ng o f Baby

l o n which a cc o rd i ng to th e sac re d h i sto ri ans
, , ,

H ero do t us s ays igned fi ft een years

th at Psam m itic h us re

in i h el ev en o th er c h ie ft ains, a nd afterward s acquired

j o t l y w t
t he so l e c o m m and S o m e w rit ers h ave im agined t h at t he
.

fi fty-fo ur years o f h is r eig n c o m p rise d only th e p erio d of his

sin l e ad minist ratio n fi ft een y ears t o co m p ute th e

and ad d
g ,

dat e o f h is acc essio nj o intl y with th e el eveno th er ch iefs B ut .

th e m o st o b v io us m eanin ogf H e ro d o t us is against this s up po si

n d i d b t h e c irc um s t anc es o f t h e histo ry,

t io n, and it is c o t ra c t e y
b l f M n e th n w e sh all o bserve o n
an d b t
y h e t a es o a o ,
as

n -sixth d n
i i
ex am nn g t h e prec ed ing p ar t o f t h e t w e t y y asty .
*54 EG Y PTI A N CH R O N O L O G Y

h app e ne d d uri ng th e re i gn o f H o ph ra , is fix ed b y the

i ptural c hro no l o gy in th e y e ar B C 5 86 an d th is
sc r . .
,

d at e fall s w i th i n th e re i gn o f O uap h ris, as c o m

p ut ed
H e ro d o tus and M aneth o n .

T h ese c o i nc i d enc e s p ro ve th at w e m ay d ep end o n

th e a c c urac y o f o ur c h ro ni c l e s in t h i s p ar t o f th e i r
r e c o rd . We sh a ll th ere fo r e regard th e d eath of

Psa m mitic h us in B C 6 1 7 and t h e c o m m e nc e ment

. .
,

o f h is re i ninB C 6 7 1 a s d at es w ell asc erta i ned

g . .
,
.

SECTION III .

D ates o f E gyp tia n Chrono l og y ted

comp u up war ds , fi om

Ps ammitic hus, to the p eriod w henE gyp t became j

sub ect to

E thiop ian kings .

I t app ears fr o m th e ag ree m e nt o f severa l h i stori ans,

,

t h at atp a er o d i no t v er
y l o ng
p re c e d i n
g t h e r e i gn
o f Ps a m m itic h us, th e t h ro ne o f E t h ad fall eni n t o
gyp
t h e p o s se ssi o n o f t h e E th i o p i ans H e ro d o tus . a ss i g ns
t o S a bb ac o , t h e E th i o p i a n m o narc h o f E gyp t, a reig n
of fi fty ye ars ; b ut th e ac c o unt o f th i s p ri nc e in t he ,

narrat i v e o f th e G re e k h i sto ri an is a c co m pani e d by ,

c rc um stances
i wh i c h p ro v e th at th ere is s o m e m i st a k e
inth i s num b e r M aneth o ns c h ro nicl e , as p re served
.
’

b y E use bi us , a ss i
g ns t o h im on
ly t w e l ve y ears ,
a nd
i ves fo r ty fo ur to~
co n
t h e wh o l e E th i o i an d y nast y
g p ,

s i stin o f t h r ee ki n s
g g .

T hat th e E thi o p i ans h ad at th i s t i me p o ssessi o n o f

Eg ypt we mi gh t l earnfro m the rec ord o f the h i story
,
 F R O M PS A M M I T I CH U S U PW A R D S .
*55

of I srael . F o r we r ea d in it t h at S ennach erib ,

th e
A ss r a
y i n , c a rr e d i on w ar wi th t h e E th i o p i an ki ng
ca ll ed T i rh akah ; a nd th ere is no pro b abl e w ay in
wh i c h th e a rms o f th e E th i o p i ans c o ul d c o m e i nto
co n t es t w i th t h o s e o f t h e A ssyri ans unl ess w e ,

su
ppo se t h at th e E th i o p i ans h ad g ai ned p o ssessi o n
o f E g y t a nd h ad th enc e a tt em t e d to add Pa l est i n
p , p e

t o th e i r p o ssess i o ns a c o untry w h i c h w a s a l w ay s a n
,

o bj e c t o f s trife b etwe e n th e r ul ers o f E y t an d

g p
Sy r i a .

S trab o m e nt i o ns an E th i o p i anp ri nc e wh o m h e c all s ,

T earc h o n a nd rep o r ts to h ave b e en a great c o nq ue ro r

, .

I t h as b e e n c o n j e c t ured b
y U sh er w i t h g rea t p ro b a ,

b il ity th at th i s T e arc h o n w as th e T i rh a k ah ab o ve
,

m enti o ne d .

T h e l ast pr i nc e o f th e E th i o p i and ynasty ac c o rd i ng ,

t o M a ne th o n w a s T arak o s and h is r ei gn if w e c o m
, , ,

u t e u w ard s fro m t h e a c c e s s i o n o f Psa m m it ic h us

p p ,

c o in ci d es w i th th e ag e a ssi gned to T i rh aka h by th e

H e b re w sc r ipture s T h ere c an sc arc ely b e a d o ub t
.

th at th ese a re t wo na m e s fo r th e sa m e p ri nc e : in fa c t ,

t h ey o nl y d i ffe r in t h e m e th o d o f e xp re ss i ng o r i e nt al
w o rd s in E ur o p e a n o rt h o g rap hy .

We ll b ri ng th i s s uc c essi o n into a tab ul ar fo r m

sh a ,

b e gi nni ng w i th th e twenty fo urth dy nasty -

.

A ccor din to A ccor d i ng to

g
E usebius .

Y e ar s . Y e ars . Y eaI s .

B occho ris th e Bocch o r is th e A nysis, a b lind man

Sait e reigned 44 Saite reigned 6
*56 EG Y PT I A N e na o uo noev

X X V D y nasty qf
. XXV . D y nasty qf
E thiop ia ns . i ns
E thiop a .

c c c c c c
12 S ah ak on t h e
c c c c c c

E t hI o p
A ny sis restored
o o o o o o
o o o o o o o o o
o o o o o o o o o
.

18 T ar ak o s 20 S eth o n, ’ a p riest
of Vul can .

XX VI . D y nasty XX V I . D y nasty

qf S ait es .
f Sai tes
o .

12 St eph inat es 7
7 N ech epso s 6 S t ep h mathis
6 N ec h ao 8 N ac h ep so s
9 Psam m I t I ch us N ech aa b 1
Psam m I tich us

Th at t h e S et h o no f H e ro d o t us was c o nt em p o rary wit h th e

Tarak o s o f M anet h o n, m ay easil y b e pro v ed S e t ho n was .

re ig ning at t h e t im e w h e n S p erie nc ed his c el e

e nnac h e rib ex

b rat e d d efeat . The re ig n o f Se nnach erib w as very sh o r t ; it

b egan in t h e t wel fth , and e nd ed in t h e fi fteenth year o f

w ithin th e perio d o f S et h o ns
’
H ez ek iah . I t was, t h erefo re,
r eig n .

N o w S ennach erib w as g ged in a war wit h an E t hio pian

en a

k ing . B ut t he l ast o f t h e E t hio p ian kings i n E ypt w as g

T arak o s aft er h im t h e d ynast y w as re m o v ed T he reigno f .

T arak o s is , t h erefo re, t h e l as t ep o c h t o wh ich w e c an assig n

ex p ed itio n o f S e nnac h erib , an

t he d the num b er of
years l aid
d o w n by M anet h o n, b et w een th e reign o f N ech ao , o r Ph arao h

N echo , a nd t h e E t hio p ian d y nas t y, wil l no t al l o w us to

re m o ve t h e d at e of t h is eve nt fur t h er b ack . T arak o s t he '

E t h io pian was, t h erefo re, r ul e r of E gypt in t h e t im e of

S ennac h erib ;t ho ugh th e E gypt ian priests seem t o h ave l ed

H ero d o t us t o s up
po se th at t h e c ro wn was t h e n o n t h e h ead o f
one of t h eir o w n o rde r Perh aps t h e h igh p riest o f V ul c an
.

w as no m inal ly king, w h il e t h e r o yal po w er and t h e c o m m and

o f th e arm ies were v e s ted in t h e E t hio ian c hie f, w h o is,
p
t h erefo re, reck o ne d amo n
g t h e k ings, in t he m o st accurat e

t ab l e of this suc cessio n .

 F R O M PS A M M I T I CH U S U PWA R D S .
*57

N o w, s ine e 33 + 67 1 : 70 1 th e e nd o f th e re i gn o f ,

T arak o s and o f th e E th i o p i an d y nast y happe ne d in

, ,

the y e ar B C 70 1
. . and th e i r a c c ess o n i in 72 1 . T he
-

w ar of S ennach eri b th e A ss
y r i an aga i ns t T i r h a k ah
t o o k p lac e in th e 1 4th or 1 5 th y ear o f th e re i gn o f
H e z eki ah , v iz . B C . . 7 10 ; a nd th us w e fi nd th at
th e iptural d ate f T irhak ah x p ed i t i o n fall s
’
sc r o s e

w i th i n th e p e ri o d set d o wn by M anetho n fo r the 1

re i gn o f T arak o s .

T h is w ar of T irh ak ah gai nst S e nnach er ib isa

re m ar kabl e fo r a c e l e b rat e d eve nt w h i c h is re co rd e d ,

b y th e sacrednd p ro fane w r i ters in d i ffe rent w ay s

a ,

b ut b y b o th is m enti o ne d a s m i racul o us S enna c h e rib .

,

in h is m a rc h ag a i nst th e E th i o p i an ki ng m e d i tate d ,

an a tta ck u o nJ er usal em t h en o ver n ed b t h e i o us

p g y p ,

H e z eki ah I t w as o n th i s o c c a si o nth at th e a rm y o f
.

th e A ssy r i an ki ng w as d e s tro y e d in th e ni g ht b y a n
an e l f th L rd and J er us al e m m ir a c ul o usl y sav ed
g o e o ,
.

H er o d o tus al so relates th e e xp e d i t i o n o f S e nnac h er i b

a a i nst E y t w h i c h was at t ha t t i m e g o ver ne d b y a
g g p ,
.

r i nc e all ed by th e h i sto r i an S eth o n w h o w as a

p , c ,

r i est o f V ul c a n an d w as h at e d b y t h e E g yp t i a n
p ,

arm y . T he p ri est b e i ng d es erted b y h is s o l di ery

, ,

y d t h i o d and w a s ans w ere d b y a d r eam in

‘

p ra e o s
g , ,

wh i c h h e w as c o mma nd e d t o m arc h b o l dl y a nd a ttac k

th e A ssy r i an a rm y H e p r o c e e d e d a t t h e h e ad o f a
.

fe w lab o ure rs and m e c h ani c s and o b tai ned an e asy ,

vi c t o r y fo r inth e d ept h o f th e ni gh t a swarm o f rats

, ,

h ad b ee n se nt by V ul c an to g naw th e b o w stri ng s o f -

th e A ssyr i an so l d i ers T h ere is sc arc el y a d o ub t .

th a t th e s e rel ati o ns b elo ng t o th e sam e eve nt .

A no th er ki ng o f E gy pt is m e nti o ne d in th e S c r i p
t ure s by th e nam e o f S o w i th wh o m Ho sh ea ki ng , ,

i
it
58 EG Y PT I A N CH R O N O LO G Y
of I srael , i nto a s ec ret a l li anc e against
ent ere d
S ha l m aneser th e A ssyri a n th e p re d e c e sso r o f S e nna
, ,

c h e rib I n c o nse q ue nc e o f t h i s tr e aty th e A ssy ri ans

.
,

l ai d s i eg e t o S a m a ri a a nd c arri e d t h e t e n tr ib es o f ,

I srael i nt o c ap t i vity T h i s alli anc e b etween H o sh ea

.

a nd S o wa s m a d e a b o ut 725 B C a d a t e w h i c h fall s . .

w i th i n t h e re i g n o f S e ve c h us a nd it h e nc e appears
t h a t S o w a s t h e s ec o nd p ri nc e o f t h e E th i o p i an
d yna sty .

T he r es u bj ug at i o n o f E g yp t b y the
l t is t h a t th e su

E thio p ia ns o r th e uni o n o f t h e E gypti an a nd E th i

,

O i an c ro wn s m ust b e d at e d in th e y ear 74 5 B C
p ,
. .

SE C T I O N I V .

Of the F our D ynas ties w hich p receded t he E thiop ia nCo nquest,

v iz t he 2 1 s t, 22 d , 2 3 d , and 2 4 th. .

T h e fo ll o w i ng is a
par at i ve t abl e o f th e s uc
com

c ess oi n of th e s e d ynast i e s, acco r d i ng t o E use bi us,

A fri canus , a nd S y nc e ll us .

A C CO RD I N G TO A CCO R D I N G TO A C CO RD I NG TO
E U SE BI U S . A F R I CA N US . SY N C E LL US .

Twenty -fi rs t D y na sty of irst D y nasty o

Twenty T/ f
Ta m tes . Tanti es .

o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o oo o o

o o oo o o o o o o o o
o o o o o o o o o o o o

o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o oo o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o oo

o oo o o o o o o o o o o oo o o o o o o o o o o o o
 F RO M S A B B A CON U PW A R D S .
*59

Twenty -second D ynasty qf Twenty -seco nd D y nasty cf

B oubastites . B oubas ti tes .

Y ears. Y ear s

S eso nc l us
'

21 21 Po t o ub ast es
O so r o t h O sort hon
Thre e ano n
ym o us k ings 2 5
T ak ell o th i s 15
T hre e ano nym o us k i ng s 4 2

Tummy -t hird D y nasty gf Tammy -t hir d Dy nasty qf

Tanites .

o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o oo o o o o o o o o o o o o oo

o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

o ne Sait e .

B o c ch oris . 44 B o cch ori s

To tal of 25d and 24 t h

D ynasties

In co mp ut i ng th e re i g ns o f t h ese d y nasti es , we
shal l fo ll o w E use bi us ,
Wh ose py co of M aneth o n
agr ees b est wi th th e tabl e of S n
y c ell us, and is
wi tho ut th o se c h as m s wh ic h i nt err up t th e co nt i nui ty

o f s uc c ess o n in t h at o f
i A fr i c anus .

The el s t d ynast y
22d d y nas ty
23 d d ynast y
24 th d ynast y

To tal . . 267

We sh a ll th us p l a c e th e c o mm e ncem e nt o f th e
t went y -fi rst dy na sty , 267 y ears b efo re Sabb aco n, wh o
*60 E G YPTIAN CH R O N O L OG Y
b eg anto rei g nin B C 74 5 N o w . . .
,

an d the c o mm enc e m e nt o f t h e t we nty -fi rst d y nasty

w ill t herefore b e fix e d in t h e y ear 1 0 1 2 B C and
’

th e fi rst ki ng S m ed es o r S o ussak e im as h e is call ed

, , ,

by S y nc ell us re ig ned unt il 986 B C

,
. .

I t th us b eco m e s p ro b abl e t h at S y nc ell us w as c o r

r ec t in h is c o n ec t ur e t h at t h i s S o us s ak eim w as th e
j
S h i s h a k o f t h e H eb r e w s T h e i nvas i o no f J ud aea by
.

S h i sh ak m ay b e d at e d ac c o r d i ng to a c o m p utatio n
,

w h i c h fo ll o w s t h e c h ro no l o g y o f th e S cr i p t ures} in
th e y ear B C 98 5 ; wh i c h is o ne y ear aft er t h e d eath
. .

o f S m ed e s ac co rd i n to A fr i c a nus a nd an e rro r o f
, g
a si n gl e y e ar m ay in th i s c ase b e regarded as a
, ,

r emark ab l e i n stan c e o f ac c urac y f

-

SE CTI O N . V .

W e no w p ro ceed t o t h e ninet e enth and t went i eth

dynasti es, c o ns i der i ng th e acc ess o i n of th e twent y
fi rst in B C 1 01 2
. . as an e sta blish ed date .

it S ee N o te B .

1 Th e nam e o f th e nex t king, Pso usennes, al so bears so me

resembl ance to So ussak eim, or S isak .
 F RO M S OU SS A KE I M U PW A R D S .
*6 1

A F RI CA NUS . E U SE BI U S . SY N CE LL US
Y ears .
Y ear s.
Twenti eth D ynasty, Twent ieth D ynasty ,
co nsisti ng o f t w el ve co nsi s ti n o f t w e l ve
g
D io spo h te k i ngs D i o sp o l l t e k ing s,
re igned rei
gned

E ntir el y l os t E ntir el y l o st
.
.
Ph o usano s 28
K enk e nes, or A th o th es 3 9
O uennep h es 42

T h i s d y nasty b e i ng wh o ll y lo s t in th e co i
p es of

A fr i c a nus a nd E use bi us , we c a nno t d ep e nd on t he

sum s t o ta l i g ned t o t h e
a ss co ll ec ti ve re i g ns . I
fo ll o w th e num b e r g i ve n b y A fr i c a nus, w h o s e tab l es
m o st a nd
ac c ura te co m
p l e te in th e ly
are ear

d y nas t i e s , a nd d at e th e a c c ess o n o f i th i s d y nasty

at 1 01 2 + 1 3 5 z l l 4 7 B C . .

N I N E TE E N T H D YN A S'I ‘ Y .

1 Setho s 55 Seth o s 51 K et t o s 20

R hap ses 66 R h ap sak es 61 R h am p s1 s 45

A mm enep h t h es 40 A m m enep h th es 20 A m ene m es 26
A m m enemm es 26 Ra m m eses 60 O c h yras 14

Th o uo ris, t h e Po l yb us o f A m m enem nes 5 A m e d es 27

H om er 7 Th ouori s, or Po l ybus 7 Th o uo ri s, or Po l yb us

I nth i s i ns tanc e th e ta bl e o f A fr i c a nus is m o re com

l et e t h a nt h at o f E use b ius wh o s ee m s to h av e om i t ted

p ,

o ne r e i g n v iz
,
. t h at of R a m m ese s . T h i s ki ng is m en
t io ne d b y J o s eph us as th e so n o f A m e ne p h th es ,
or

A menoph i s, a nd th ere fo re h is nam e o r ig i nally sto o d

 EGYPTIAN C H RON O L O G Y C O M PU T E D

in th e se r es i . 204 g i v e 1 3 5 ] B C as th e
1 14 7 . .

d a te o f th e a c c e ssi o n o f S e th o s I f w e fo l l o w E use .

bi ns ,
i s d ate m ust b e r e d uc e d t e n ye ars
th .

T he l ast ki ng o f t h i s dy nas ty is T h o uo ris w h o , ,

ac c o r d i n t o M an e t h o n w a s th e ki n g o f D i o s o li s
p
g , ,

s ai d by H o m er t o h ave e nte r tai ne d M e nel aus ;

h e is b y t h at p o et na m e d Po lyb us
, , C o nse q ue ntl y .
,

w e a r e h e r e near t o t h e e r a o f t h e T roj a n w ar w h i c h , ,

a c c o rd i n
g to t h e c o m put at i o n o f E rat o sth e ne s and ,

o th e r o l d c h ro no l o ers
g h ap p e ne d in th e y ear 1 1 83
,

B C T h a t d ate fall s in th e rei g no f R am m eses ,

t h e fo urth D io sp o l ita n ki ng in th e a b o v e li st o f A fr i
c an us N o w it is re m ar k abl e t h at Pli ny w h o c an
.
, ,

s c a rc e l b e s upp o s e d t o h a ve m ad e r e fe r e nc e in t h i s
y
o i nt to t h e t ab l e s o f M a ne th o n h as r e c o r d e d th at
p ,

T ro y w as ta ke n in th e r eig n o f an E gypt i a n ki ng ,

na m e d Ra m ise s W e h ave th us o b tai ne d an uncx

.

p e c t e d c o nfi rm ati o n o f th e a uth e nti c i ty o f these

m e m o rial s .

T h e a c c e ss i o n o f th e ni ne t e e nth d ynasty w h i ch ,

m us t b e fix e d in th e y e a r 1 3 53 if w e fo ll o w A fr i c a
nus and te n y ear s l ate r if w e fo ll o w th e tabl es o f
.

E us ebi us is o ne o f th e m o st i mp o rtant ep o c h s in th e
,

E g y p ti an h i s to r y T h e fi rs t ki ng nam e d S eth o s
.
, ,

o r S e th o sis is th e S e so stri s o f H e ro d o t us and the

, ,

S eso o s is o f D io d o rus S ic ul us T h i s w e learn fro m .

t h e a c c o unt g i ve n o f h is e x p l o i ts by J o se h us
p .

T h i s d ate o f th e re ig n o f S eso stri s c o rr esp o nd s

very ne ar l i h h
y w t t e
p eri o d assi g ne d t o h im by
L ar c h e r w h o h a s
, p ute d fro m th e d ata a ffo rd e d
co m

b y H e ro d o t us ,
w ith o ut m a ki ng any referenc e to th e
d yna st i es o f M ane tho n .

Refer to N o te C .
 U PWA R D S T o TH E E I G H T E E NTH D Y N A ST Y .

We may o b serve th at th i s is th e m o st
p r o b a bl e

p er o d
i inh i sto ry fo r th e e xi s te nc e o f s uc h a c o nq uero r
,

v iz .b o ut t wo c entur i es b efore th e T roj a n w ar I f

a .

h e h ad li v ed in l ater ti m es th e h i sto ri a ns o f G re e c e
,

c o ul d sc arc e ly h ave fail e d t o r ec e i ve s o m e n o ti c e

o f h im am o n t h e n at i o ns h e sub d ue d
g .

S E CT I O N V .

The E ig h teenth D ynasty , and th e Per io d o f t he E mod e .

T he e i ghte enth d y nast y is a v er

y l o ng a nd a ver
y
impo r ta nt o ne . T h e t er m i nati o n o f its re i g n i mm e
d iat el y p rec e d e s th e c o nq ue r o r S e so stri s, t h e date o f
Wh o se ac c e ss i o n w e h ave fi x e d a t 1 3 50 y e a r s B C . .

I ts c o m m e nce m ent is c o nne c te d w i th t h e d ep ar t ure

of th e S h ep h e r dki ng s fro m E gypt T h e s uc c ess i o n .

o f ki n s b el o n i n t o t h i s d y na st y is fo und in a
g g g
t o l era bl y c o mpl ete c atal o g ue i n t h e e x t rac ts fro m
,

th e w o r k s o f M a net ho n g i ve n b y J o se p h us a nd in ,

th e c h ro no l o g i c al c o mp il ati o ns o f J uli us A fri c anus ,

E useb ius and S y ncell us

,
I t i s as fo ll o ws
. .
 EG Y PTI A N CH R O N O L O G Y

A F RI CA NUS E U SE B I U S J O SE PH US
Ys Mo
. .

A m o s is T et h m osis 25 4

C h eb r o s 15 0

A m enO p h t h i s A m eno p his 20 7

A m ersxs A m esses
s 21 9

M i sap h ns M iphr is M ep hres 12 9

M i sp h ragm ut h o sw M i sph rag m ut h o sw M isp hragm uth o sis 21 1 0

To ut h m o s1s To ut h m o srs Th m o sis 9 8

A m eno ph i s, or M em A m eno p h i s A m eno p h is 50 1 0

no n
H o rus 56

A ch ench er ses 12

A t h o ns 59
Ch enc h eres 16

A c h erre s 8
C h err es 15 A ch ench eres 12
A rm e s, o r D anaus 5 A rmais, or D anaus 4
A m m eses, or E gyp tus 6 8 Ha rne sses, or ZE gyp
t us l
H aim e sses M iam un 66
M eno ph is A m eno p his 19

528 1 1

C o rrect ed sum , 2 5 9

T h e ta bl e o f re
i g ns in th e e x trac t by J o sep h us is
e vi d e ntly th e m o st e x a c t a nd w e s h all fo ll o w h im in
,

h is c o m p ut a t i o n a s far as it e x te nd s T h e num b er o f .

y e ars ass i g ned to th i s dy nas ty b y J o sep h us is 328 ,

a nd e l e v e n m o n t h s w h i c h w e sh al l c all 329 ears

,
y .

N o w if w e ad d th i s p er i o d t o th e d ate ab o ve m en
,

tio ne d o f 1 3 50 w e o b tai n 16 5 9 fo r th e c o m m e nc e
, ,

m e nt o f th e e i g h te e nth d nast T h i s is v e ry ne ar
y y .

th e S c ri p tural d ate o f th e e xo d e o f th e I sra eli t e s fr o m

E gy pt ; a nd th e s ync h ro ni sm o f th i s ev e nt w ith th e
d e par tur e o f t h e S he h e rd ki n s l e a d s us to s o me
p g
i nteresti ng i nq ui ri es and c o nc l usi o ns .
 TH E E I GH T E E N T H D Y N A ST Y A ND T HE li c os .
*65

J o s ep h us co nsi d e re d t h e S h eph e rd s w h o p o sse ssed

E gyp t as the I sraeli te s a nd h e d o e s no t b etr ay th e
,

l east p i c i o n th at M ane th o n i nte nd e d t o d esc rib e

s us

a n o th e r
y p e o p l e by th at nam e M o st o f t h e m o d e m s
.
,

exc e p t Pe r iz o nius, h av e b e e n o f a d i ffere nt o i ni o n

p .

A s th i s is a q ue sti o n of
g re ati mpo rtance in t he
E gypti a n h i sto ry , we s h all t ak e so m e p ai ns t o
d ete r m i ne it .

I n th e L ett er J o s eph us t o A pio n w e fi nd a c o n

of

s id e r ab l e fr a m e nt o f th e s ec o nd b o o k o f M a neth o n
g ,

c on ta i ni ng a h i sto ry o f th e S h e p h erd ki ng s w h i c h s ee m s

t o h av e b een e x t rac ted near l y in its e nt i re state fro m ,

t h e E gyp t i an C h ro ni c l es o f t h at h i s to ri an T h ese .

C hr o ni c l e s ap p e ar to h ave b e en a c o m p i l ati o n fro m

d i ffe re nt s o urc e s l T h e a uth o r p ro fe s se d t o h av e
.
ae

t ak e n t h i s p a rt o f it as J o sep h us i nfo r m s us fro m

, ,

th e s a c re d a nd a uth e nt i c re c o r d s o f h is c o unt ry T h e .

fo llo w i ng is a t ra ns l at i o n o f th o s e p assag es w h i c h are

mo st i m p o rta nt t o o ur p rese nt p urpo se .

H is tory of the I nvasio n of E gyp t by t he S hep herds, f ro m

M a netho n .

T h e re w as a ki ng o f E gypt w h o se nam e w as ,

T imaus in w h o se
,
ti m e it p l eas ed G o d I k no w no t o n ,

wh a t ac c o unt to affl i c t us w i t h c al a m i t i es ; a nd a

t rib e o f p e o pl e o f m ea n ori gin e n

,

,
tere d o ur c o unt ry,

from t h e E ast w i th une x p e c te d b o l d ne ss a nd ea sil y ,

ai ned o s se s si o n o f it wi th o ut fig h t i n g a b attl e
g p .

T his ap pears even fro m i

th e t tl e of th e O l d C hro ni cl e in
E usebius s Cano n
’
.
 *6 6 H I S TO R Y o n TH E nc os

H avi ng b ro ught the pri nc e s o f th e c o untry i nto sub

ec tio n to t h e i r h b arb aro usl b ur nt t he
j p o w er t e
y y ,

to wns, and go d s
d es tro ye d t h e te m p l e s T hey o f o ur
'
.

e x erc is e d th e ut m o st at ro c i t y to ward s t h e nati v e inh a

b itants p utt-ing t h e m al e s to th e s w o rd, a nd re d uc i ng

,

t h e i r w i ves ild re n to sl aver y A t l e ngth th ey

a nd ch .

c h o s e a k in fro m th e i r o w n p eo p l e w h o s e na m e w as
g ,

S al atis a nd w h o resi d i ng at M e m ph i s h e ld al l th e
, ,

upp er a nd l o w e r E gy pt t ri b utary a nd pl ac e d g arri ,

so n s in al l t h e i m o rta n
p t p l ac e s H e p r o vi d e d c h i e fl
y
.

fo r t h e sec urit y o f the e a ste r n fro nti e r ap p re h e nding ,

t h a t t h e A ssy ri ans w h o w e re t h e n v er y p o w erful a nd

,

a m bi t i o us m i h t ma k e an a tte m p t to g et p o ss e ss i o n o f
g ,

t h e ki ng d o m ; a nd h a v i ng fo und a c i ty c o nve ni e ntl y

,

s i t ua t e d fo r h is
p urp o se in t h e S ai ti c no m e o n th e ,

ea s ter ns i d e o f th e r i v e r o f B ub a sto s w h i c h fro m s o m e , ,

th e o lo gic a l fabl e h ad th e na m e o f A ua r i s h e ma d e a
, ,

set tl e m e nt th ere ; and h avi ng s tro ngl y fo rt ifi e d it ,

p l ac e d in it a g arri so n o f t w o h und red a nd fo rt y

t h o usa nd m e n T h e re h e h eld h is resi d e nc e in th e
.

s umm er p artly th at h e m i gh t h ave a n o p po r tuni ty o f

,

m ea s ur ing o ut co r n a nd p ay i ng h is p eo p l e t h e i r w a es
g ,

and
p ar tly th at by fre q ue ntly e x e rc i s i ng h is tro o p s h e
, ,

m i g h t ke e p s tra ng e r s in a w e o f h is T hi s
p o wer .

c h i e f r e i ned ni n e t een
y ears a nd w as suc c e e d ed by
“

g ,

ano th er w h o se nam e wa s B a io n a nd w h o re i ned

,
g ,

fo r ty fo ur
-

y e ars . A fte r w ard s

A pach nas r e ig ned
th i rt y- six and s ev e n m o nth s ; his s uc c esso r
y ea rs ,

A p o ph i s s ix ty o ne y e ars ; J ani as fi fty y ears and o ne

,
-
,

m o nth ; a nd l astl y A ss i s fo rty ni ne y ears a nd t wo

, ,
-

m o nt h s . T h e se six
pr i nc es , wh o w ere t he fi rst l
r u e rs

of t h e S hep h e rd s, c arri e d o n co nt i nua l w ar , and

end eavo ured to d e stro y th e name and nati o no f E gyp t .
 o n S H E PH E R D K I N GS .

T h eir wh o l e Hp cs os w h i ch m e a ns
rac e w as ca ll e d ,

S h ep h e rd Ki ngs ; fo r Hy e, in th e sac re d l a n ua e
g g ,

si nifi e s a k in ; a nd 8 6 3 in th e v ul ar i d i o m m ea ns
'

g g g , ,

a s h ep h er d o r sh ep h er d s and t h us t h e na m e H y c sos
is co m p o s e d . S o me
y t h at th ey w ere a t rib e o f
sa
”
A ra bs . B ut in a no th e r c o p y o f M ane th o n adds ,

J o se ph us , I fi nd t h at Hy c d o e s no t g ni fy k ing s
si ,

b ut t hat th e S h e ph e rd s are d i st i ng ui sh e d b y th i s ap

p e llati o nas c ap ti ves fo r Hy e ,

or H ac, w i th a nasp i rate,
is th e t er m fo r in th e E gy p ti a n l a ng uag e ;
i
c a pt v e ,

and th i s i nt e rp retat i o n h e a dds ,

is th e m o st p ro ,

b ab le ,
a nd th e m o s t c o ns s te nt i w th i anc e nti h i sto ry .

T h es e kings b o ve m e nt i o ne d c o nti nues M ane

a -
,

tho n ,
o f the
p e o pl e c al l e d S h ep h er ds a nd t h e i r ,

o ste r i ty e l d E y p t und er th e i r s w a
p h g, y a b o ut fi v e
h und re d a nd e l e v e n y e ars A fte r th i s p e r i o d th e .

E gyp ti an ki ng s int h e T h eb ai d a nd o t h er p ar ts o f t h e
c o untry re v o l te d fro m th e y o k e o f t h e S h e p h er d s a nd ,

a s eve re a nd o b s t inate c o nt es t w a s c arri e d o n be t we e n

“

und e r a ki ng w h o s e na m e
”
th e m .I t is a d d e d th at ,

w as A lisp h rag m uth o s is, th e S h e p h e rd s w e re re d uc e d ,

d efeate d , a nd d r i ve n o ut o f th e re st o f E gyp t, a nd
sh ut up in a p l ac e c o nta i ni ng t e n t h o us and ac r e s o f

l and ; t h e nam e of w h i c h w a s A v a ri s .
“
T his
l
p ac e ,
y s M a net h o n
sa t h e S h e p h erd s fo rtifi e d
,

w i th a stro n a nd l o fty w all fo r t h e se c uri ty o f t he i r

g .

o ss e ss i o ns a nd sp o il ; b ut T h o uth m o s is t h e so n o f
p ,

A l isp h ra g m uth o s is l ai d s i e ge to th e fo r tre ss wi th a n

,

ar m o f fo ur h und re d a n d e i h ty t ho usa n d m e n a nd
y g ,

at te m t e d to ta k e i t b y fo rc e ; b ut a t l e ng t h g i vi ng
p
up t h i s h o p e e nt ere d i nto a c o mp a c t w i th t h e b e
,

si e ge d th a t th e y s h o ul d l e ave E g yp t a nd de p a rt
,

w i th o ut m o l e sta ti o nw h i th e rso eve r t h e y c h o se T h es e .

ti
68 H I ST O R Y or TH E Hc os

l
e o p e a c c o rd i ngly in c o nse q uenc e of th e ir en
p , ga ge
m e nt d e par te d fro m E g yp t w i th t h e i r w h o l e fa m ili es
,

a nd all t h e i r p o s s es si o ns innum b e r no t l ess th an tw o

,

h und red a nd fo rty t h o usand m e n, a nd trav ell ed

t h r o ug h t h e w i ld e r ne ss t o w a r d s S y r i a ; b ut, fear i ng
t h e A ssy r ians, w h o w ere th e n p o w erful in A s i a, b uil t
a c i ty in t he c o unt ry w h i c h is no w c al led J ud ma
, ,

s uffi c i e ntly a m p l e t o c o nta i n th i s m ul ti t ud e o f p eo p l e ,

”
an d gav e t o th e i r c i ty th e na m e o f J er usal e m .

J o s ep h us m e nt i o ns in a no th e r p lac e th at M a neth o n
, ,

h a d re c o rd e d the c o nq uest o f J ud aaa b y t h ese e xil es ,

a nd a d d e d t h at t h e s e t tl e d in J e rusal e m a nd b uil t
y ,

t h e t e m p l e : al l w hic h i nfo r m a t i o n h e d re w fro m t h e

s ac re d re c o rd s o f E gy p t .

I n a no t h e r w o r k n th e E gyptian a ffai r s
“

o ,
say s

J o s eph us, M ane th o n i nfo rm s us that th e se s am e

S h ep h e r d s ar e c a lle d C ap ti ve s i n t h e i r o w n s a c red

b o o ks ; in w h i c h a s s e rt o n i h e is c o r re c t ; fo r ,
as th e

fee d i ng o f sh e e w a s th e e m l o m e n t o f o ur fo re
p p y
fa t h er s ih re m o t e ti m e s, a nd t h ey a re r i g ht l y c all e d
S h e p h erd s , l e ad i ng a no m ad i c li fe so th ey w ere
as ,

al so no t un a tl
p y t e rm e d C ap ti v e s si nc e o ur a n
’

c e s t o r J o s e p h d e c l are d to th e E g y t i a n ki n th a t h e
p g
w a s h is c a p t i ve a nd aft e r wa rd s s e nt fo r h is b r e th re n
,

t o him i nt o E gypt b y t h e p e r m i ss i o n o f t h e
,

s o ve re i n
g .

F r o m th i s relat i o n w h i c h J o s eph us pr o fesse s to c ite

,

v er ba t im fro m t h e w o rk s o f M ane t ho n it is e v i d e nt ,

th a t t h e E g yp t i anh i st o r ia nc o nsi d e re d th e S h ep h erd s as

t h e I srae li t es ; a nd t h o ug h so m e o f th e c i rc um s ta nc e s

be rel ates r esp e c ti ng th e m a re fi c ti ti o us y e t it m ay ,

b e s upp o sed th at o th ers are fo und e d o n fa ct s w h i c h

Moses h as passed o ve r in sil enc e I f we c o nsi der .

 E X PE L L E D BY T E T H MO S I S .
*69

the num b e rs of th e T w e l ve T ri b e s w h e n t h ey q ui t ted

E gyp t ,
a fte r s uffe r i ng so l o ng fro m th e c r ue l
p e rse
c ut io n o f Ph aro a h , wh o c a use d all t h e i r m al e c h l d re n i

t o b e d ro w ne d ,
a nd e st i m a te th e ir p ro b abl e num b e r
b efo r e t h ese l
i t i es it c a n sc a rc ely b e S up po se d
c a am ,

th at so g re at a m ul ti t ud e w o ul d s ub m i t t o b e e nsl av e d .

w i th o ut r es i sta nc e ; a nd if th e y m e t w i t h a t e m p o ra r y
s uc c ess t h e y p ro b a b ly t re ate d t h e E y ti a ns a nd t h e i r
,
g p
sup e rs ti t i o ns w i t h no
g reat d e g ree o f l e ni t y
.
We .

h ave i nd e e d no r e a so n to s upp o s e t h at t h e I srae li tes

, ,

e ver ra i s ed o ne o f t h e i r o w n na ti o n to th e t h ro ne o f

E gyp t ; b ut w h il e t h e y li ve d ap ar t in G o sh e n w h i c h , ,

as it w ill
.

p re se ntl y ap p ear w a s t h e d i st ri c t th at is c a l le d
,

A uari s t h e y p ro b ably h ad r ul e rs o f th e i r o w n a nd th ese

,
'

r ul e rs w o ul d nat ur al l y b e c o ns id e r e d b y t h e E
g yp
t i a ns w h o w e re i g no ra nt o f th e i r m a nners a s k i ng s
, , .

T he ki ngs o f t h e S h e p h e rd s a re no t r e p rese nted b y

Mane th o n as re g ul a r so v ere i g ns o f E gyp t b ut as ,

e x e rc i s i ng a t y ra nni c al g o v e rnm e nt o ve r t h e c o un tr y ;

wh il e t h e nat i ve p ri nc e s c o nt i nue d to r e i g n in t h e
T h eb a i d and o th e r d i st ri c t s a nd a t l e ng th w ere able ,

to c o m bi ne t h e i r fo rc e s w i th s uffic i e nt s tr e ng t h t o
r e ai n t h e i r a uth o r i ty a n d t o re d uc e th e S h e p h e rd s to
g ,

sl av e r o r e xil e T h e e m p l o y m ent o f t h e S he ph e r d
y .

ki ngs inA ua ri s o r G o sh e n v iz th e d i str ib ut i o n o f c o rn

‘

,
.
,

is a c uri o us c i rc um s ta nc e ; b ut th e c o nc l ud i ng p art o f
t h e nar r at i ve t h e c o m p a c t fo r t h e d e pa rture fro m
,

E gy pt t h e i r m arc h t h ro ugh t h e w il d e rness th e vast

,
,

num b e r o f th e e m i gra nt h o rd e a nd th e fo undat i o n o f ,

t h e t e m pl e a nd c i ty o f J e rusa l e m s ee m t o p r o v e ,

b eyo nd d o ub t th at t h e I s rae li te s a re h e re d esc rib ed .

B e si d e s th e h is to r v o f th inv asi o n o f t h e S h e p h e rd s
e

n i n f T im nd h i r e x p ul s i o n inthat o f
i t h e re g o a u s a t e ,
 H I ST O R Y OF THE nc os

T eth mosis, M a neth o nh a d i nterwov e n in h is wo rk an

ac c o unt o f a s eco nd c o n uest o f q E gy p t b y th e same
l wh i c h h e d at e s in th e r eig n o f A m e n o his
p
p eo p e , .

T h i s l atter sto r
y is in m a ny re sp ec ts a r ep e t i ti o n o f
t h e fo rm e r . J o s eph us a ss e r ts, as if fro m M anc th o ns ’

o wn c o nfe ss o n, i th at th e fi rst is g e nui ne p i ec e o f

a

h i sto ry , d e ri v e d fro m th e anc i ent re c o rd s, a nd that

th e s eco nd w as ad o
p t ed b y th e h i s to ri an fro m
so m e w o rk of i n auth o ri ty W e shall fi nd
uncerta .

r e a so n t o b e li eve th at t h i s asse r ti o n is n o t w ith o ut

fo und ati o n I n th e fi rst p l a ce we sh all fi nd th at this

.

l ast sto ry c o nnec ted b y M aneth o n w i th th e ti m e o f

,

A m e no ph i s is r e ferred b y s eve ra l o th e r h i sto ri ans of

,

t h e Pto l ema i c a ge t o t h e r e i gns o f d i ffe rent ki ngs

.
,

an d th a t it is rel ated w i th a great va ri ety o f c i rc um

s ta nc e s . S e c o nd ly th e l atter na rat iv e so nearly
,

c o rr es o nd s w i th th e fo r m e r in a l l th e r emar k abl e
p
a rti c ul ars t h at it is ea s t o d i sc o v er t h e tw o s to ri es
p , y
to b e o nly d i ffe re nt re pres e ntati o ns o f th e sam e o c
c urr e nce . E very p r i nc i p al fa c t in t h e fi rst acc o unt
is r e p e ated in th e s eco nd w i th th e ad d i ti o no f so me
,

i nc i d e nts ev i d e ntly fab ul o us A s it is o f g reat im po r .

t anc e to el uc i d ate t h i s p o r ti o no f E gyp t i anh i sto ry I ,

sh all t ran sl at e fr o m J o s e h us t h i s se c o nd fra ment o f

p g
Ma ne th o n .

T h i s ki ng A me no ph i s say s Ma neth o n , was ,

d e s1ro us o f b e i ng ad mi tte d to b eh o l d th e go ds as Ho rus , ,

o ne o f h is
p red ec e s so rs h a d b ee n; a nd h e c o mm uni
,

c a t e d t h i s d e si re to th e so n o f Pa i s nam ed al so
p ,

A rne no ph is w h o w as su
p p o sed , o n ac c o unt o f h is
w i sd o m a nd k no wled ge o f fut uri t
y t o p a rtak e o f
,

t h e d i v i ne nat ur e By t h e l atte r h e was assured th at

.

his d e si re w o ul d b e g ra nte d if h e w o ul d ca us e th e
 E X PE L L E D BY A M E N O PH I S .
*7 l

who l e co uny t o b e p ur ifi ed fro m l ep ers and p o ll uted

tr

p ers o ns T h e ki ng p l eased w i th t h i s i nfo rm at i o n

.
, ,

c ause d al l th o se w h o h a d a n b o d ily i nfi rm i t
y y o be
t
c o ll e c te d fro m al l ar ts o f E
p g ypt to th e num b er o f ,

ei gh ty th o usand m e n a n d s e nt the m to l ab o ur in th e
,

q uarries w h i c h are si tuated t o t h e e ast war d o f t h e

,

N il e in o r d er th at th e y m i gh t b e se p arat e d fro m th e
,

remai n d er o f the E gypti a n p eo pl e I t h ap pe ned .

,

ho wever t h at am o ng th e e xil es th ere w er e s o m e o f

,

th e sa c e rdo ta l sc rib e s w h o w ere i nfe c t ed w i th t h e

,

l epro sy ; and th e p ro p h et A m eno p h i s fe ar i ng l est ,

th e w rath o f th e go d s m i g ht o n th i s a c c o unt fall up o n

hi ms el f and t h e ki ng utte re d a p red i c ti o n t hat c erta i n
, ,

stra n e r s sh o ul d c o m e t o th e a id o f th e p o ll ute d
g
eo p l e a nd sh o ul d c o nq uer E y t and k ee it in
p , g p p ,

sub e c t io n t h i r t ee n N o t h avi n
j y ea rs
g c o ura e t o
g
f
.

an no unc e th e se c al a m i ti e s t o th e ki ng A m eno p h i s ,

sl ew h i m se l f a fte r c o m m i tt i n
, g h is
p r o h ec
p y t o wr i t

ing .
”
M aneth o n c o nti nue s t o relate th at after t h e ,

infe cte d p e o p l e h ad s ub m itte d a l o ng ti m e t o th e

l ab o ri o us wo r k s allo t te d to th e m in t h e q uar ri es th e y ,

en t reate d th e ki ng to r eli e ve th e m T h e la tte r g ra nte d .

th e m p e r m i ss i o n t o re s i d e int h e c i ty o f A uari s w h i c h ,

wa s t h e n va c a nt h av i ng b e e n a b and o ned by th e
,

S h eph er d s T h i s to wn ac c o rd i ng t o t h e anc i e nt
.
,

myth o lo gy o f E g yp t w as o ne o f th e Typ h o ni an ,

c i ti es . T h e l e p ers h avi ng e nte re d th e p l ac e and fi nd ,

ing t hat it affo rd ed th e m fac ili ti es fo r a r evo l t c h o se a ,

i t f H li o o li s na m e d O sars ip h t o b e th e i r r ul e r
p r es o e p , , ,

and b o un d th e m sel ve s by o ath to o b ey a l l his c o m

mand s H e o rd a i ne d in t he fi rst p lac e that th ey
. , ,

sho ul d ne i t h er w o rsh i p t h e g o d s no r ab sta i n fro m

an o f th e a ni m al s w h i c h w e re reg ard ed a s s ac red by

y
 *72 H STI O RY or THE uv c s o s

'
t h e E gy pti ans , kill a nd e at al l o f th em indifler
b ut a

en tl y ; a nd t hat t h e y sh o ul d fo r m no c o nnexi o ns o ut

th e i r o w nc o m m uni ty H av i ng e nac t e d t h es e l aws a nd

.
,

m any o th e rs a l to g eth e r c o nt rar y to th e i nst i t uti o ns o f

,

E g yp t h e o rd ere d th e m t o fo r ti fy th ei r c i ty a nd p re
, ,

p are fo r w a r aga i ns t A m e no p h i s w h il e h e r ec e i ved ,

i nto h is p a rty so m e o th e r p r i ests and p o l l ute d p erso ns ,

a nd s e nt t h e m as a m b a ssad o rs t o J e rusal e m t o th e ,

S h eph erd s w h o h ad b e e n e x p e ll e d b y T eth m o sis

, .

H e i nfo r m e d th ese p eo p l e o f t he c ir c um stanc e s o f

h i m s el f a nd his fell o w s uffe rers and i nvi te d th e m to
-
,

j o i n a nd m ak e a c o m mo n i nvas i o n o f E g ypt He .

und erto o k t o c o nd uc t th e m i nto A ua r i s t h e l and o f ,

t h e i r fo re fa t h ers a nd t o p r o v i d e s ust e na nc e fo r t h e
,

wh o l e m ul ti t ud e o f t h e i r p e o p l e a nd p ro m i se d to ,

fig h t fo r th e m if it sh o ul d b e nee d ful and sp e edily to ,

i v e th e m
g p o ss essi o n o f t h e c o untry T h e S h e p h erd s .

a c c e t e d h is
p p ro p o sal a nd th e w h o l e nat i o n j o yfully
,

se t o ut o n t h e e x p e d i ti o n b e in in num b e r t wo h un
g ,

d r e d t h o us a nd m e n a nd in a s h o rt ti m e ar ri v ed at
,

A ua ri s A m e no p h i s th e ki ng o f E y t w h e n h e -

g p
.
, ,
O

h e a r d o f th i s i nvasi o n w as no t a l i ttl e al arm ed

,
,

r e m e m b e ri n
g h e p red i c t i o n o f A m e no p h i s th e so n
t
,

Pap is T h e h i sto r i a n th e n o es o n to re l ate in

g
.

d e tail th at the i ng fl ed w i th his a rm o f E

,
k y gyp ansti ,

ta ki ng w i th him A p i s a nd t h e o t h e r sac re d a ni mals

,

into E t h i o p i a ; a nd t h a t th e S h e h erd s a a in a ined

p g g
p o sse ss i o n o f al l E gy pt witho ut fi g h ting a ba ttl e .

T h ey are sa id to hav e agai n b e h a ve d w i th th e utm o st

c r ue l t
y to w ard s t h e nati ve p eo p l e b ur ni ng th ei r v il ,

l ag es spo ili ng th e i r t e m pl es and r o asti ng t he sacred

, ,

a ni m al s ; fo r w h ic h i m i o us
p p urp o s e th ey ki nd l e d fi res
w i th the imag e s o f the o d s a nd e ve nfo rc ed th e ri ests
g ,
p
 E X PE L L E D BY A M E N O PH I S . W3
and p ro ph ets to assi st the m int h e se ab o mi abl e d ee d s n .

M aneth o n i nfo rm s us th at t h e pr i est who th us ac te d

th e p a rt o f a lawgi ver and
g enera l was a H e l io p o
litan a nd was nam ed O sarsip h fro m O si ri s the g o d o f
, , ,

H elio p o li s ; b ut that wh e n h e h ad g o ne o ver t o th e

She p h e r d s h e ch a nge d h is nam e ,
a nd w as t h e nc efo r
ward call ed Mo ses T h e h i sto ry rel ates furthe r th at
.
, ,

afte r th e p red i c ted e ri o d o f s ufferi n h ad ela se d th e

p g p ,

k ing o f E gypt returned w i th a n arm y fro m E th i o p i a ,

an d h av i ng d efeated t h e S h ep h e rd s t o ge th e r w i th ,

th e L ep e rs e xp e l l ed t h e m fro m th e co unt ry a nd
, ,

u rsued th e m to th e c o nfi n e s o f S y ri a
p .

T h i s seco nd co nq uest o f E gyp t by th e Sh eph erd s

is so c o m p l e tel y inal l e s sent i al p arti c ul ars a c o py o f
, ,

th e fi rst t h at w e m ay sa fel y c o nc l ud e t h e two

’

rel ati o ns t o b e l o n t o th e sa m e even t ; T h e p eo pl e

g
w ere t h e s a m e ; in b o t h c a s es th ey c a m e fro m t h e
west ; in b o th r el a ti o ns th ey a re sa i d to h av e b ee n
th e p e o pl e o f J erusa l e m a nd th e nat i o n w h o w o r
,

sh i pp e d in th e te mp l e I n b o th i ns ta nc e s th e i r c h i e f
.

r es i d e nc e inE yp t w a s A ua ri s w h i c h c l e arl y ap p e ars

g ,

to h ave b e e n G o sh e n O n b o th o c c as i o ns t h e se
.

'

fo re i gne rs are sai d t o h ave o ve rrun E gy pt w ith o ut a

b attle a nd o n b o th th ei r s uc c ess is i mp uted to th e
.
,

an er o f th e g o d s a gain s t th e r ul ers and p e o p l e

g
o f t h e c o un tr y O nb o th o c c asi o ns th ey w e r e d ri ve n
.

o ut o f E g y pt b y a n ar my fro m th e so uth and m a d e ,

th e i r w a y th ro ugh th e w ild er ness t o Pal est i ne In .

b o th th es e narrat i ves c i rc um st anc es are m e nt i o ne d

w h i c h c a nno t r efe r to a ny o th er event in h i s to r y th a n
th e E x o d e o f th e I sraeli te s .

Bes i d es th ese frag m e nts o f Mane th o n w e h ave ,

s e vera l a cc o un ts fro m o th er E g yptian a uth o rs o f th e ,

l
$
74? m sr o a r '
or TH E J E WS

E xo d e of th e I sraeli te s, wh i c h d iffer in so m e c irc mu

s tanc e s fro m th e a b o ve ,
t h o ug h th e y g re e in mo s t o f
a

th e m ai n p o i nts So me o f th e m c o i nc i d e nearl
.
y
wi th th e fi rst narrat i ve o f M a ne th o n o th er s with th e ,

se c o nd . W e sh all mak e a b rief ab strac t o f th em ,

b e fo re w e p ro c ee d to th e Subj e c t o n acc o unt o f ,

w h i c h e spe c i all y w e ha ve e nt ered i nto t hi s d e ta i l .

T h e m o st re m arkab l e o f th es e sto ri e s is fro m Ch a

re m o n w h o ,
t h o ugh l o ng s ub se q ue nt to M aneth o n
, ,

w as lik e t h a t anna li s t a me m b e r o f th e h i e ra rc hy and

, ,

an E g yp ti a n sac red sc rib e W e are ind e bted to .

J o seph us fo r th e p re s e rvat i o n o f it
”

C h mr e m o n lik e M ane th o n r e fe rs t hi s sto r y to th e ,

re i g n o f a k i ng o f E g y pt na m e d A m e no p h i s T he .

fo l l o w i ng is a t ra nsl a ti o n o f th e passage o f thi s

h i sto r i an p reserv e d b y J o se p h us
,
.

T h e g o d d ess I si s ap p ear ed to A m e no p h i s in h is
a nd r e p ro ac h e d h im th at h e r t e m p l e l a
sl ee p ,
y in
r ui ns , h av i ng b ee n d estro y e d d ur i ng t h e w ar We .

a re no t i nfo r m e d t o w h a t war C h aere m o n a ll ud es ,

b ut it is p ro b ably th e s a m e d e vasta ti o n o f E g ypt

w h i c h M a ne th o n re c o rd s in t h e i nc ursi o n o f t h e
S h e p h e rd s T h e ki ng h o w eve r
. h e c o nti nues
, , ,

w as a ssured by Ph ritip h a ntes t h e s ac red sc rib e th at , ,

if h e w o ul d p urg e th e l a nd o f E gyp t o f al l po ll uted

e rso ns h e s h o ul d fo r t h e fut ure b e free d fro m s uch
p ,

ni gh tl y terro rs T h e ki ng h e re up o n c a use d th e
.

infe c te d p e o p l e to th e num b e r o f t wo h und re d and

,

fi fty th o usand p erso ns to b e c o ll ec ted a nd d ri ve no ut

,

o f th e c o unt ry T h e l e a d ers o f th i s h o st w e r e two

.

sc r ib es nam e d M o se s a nd J o s e h t h e l atter o f w h o m
,
p ,

w a s a s ac r e d s c ri b e : th e i r E y ti an na m es w ere
g p
T isith enand Petesep h T he y p ro c eeded to Pe l usium .
,
 A C C O R D IN G TO CH E R E M O N A ND Lre A c uU s .
*75

and the re fo und thr e e h und re d and ei gh t y th o usand

pe o p l e, b who h ad
een l e ft b
y A me no p h i s b ecause ,

th at k i n g w as unwilli ng to i ntro d uc e t he m into .

”
Eg yp t T h ese a re e vi d e ntly th e S h epherds o f M a ne
.

th o n wh o d we l t in A uar i s o r G o shen ap art fro m

, , ,

the E gy p tians and w h o are sai d b y tha t h i sto r i an

, , ,

to have g i ven a ssi s t anc e t o th e ex pell ed l e pr o us

eo pl e unde r th e g ui d a nc e o f M o ses Havi ng
p , .

en tered i nto a l eag ue wit h t h e se p eo pl e th e y i nva d e d ,

E gy pt ; and A m eno p h is w ith o ut s ustaining th e ir at ,

tack fl ed i nto E thi o p ia l e avi ng his wife p regna nt

, , .

S he co nc eal e d h erse lf in c e rt ain cave r ns and th ere ,

bro ug ht fo rth a so n, w h o se na m e w as M essenes ;a nd

wh o , wh en h e b ec am e a d ult d ro ve the J e ws i nt o
.
,

Syr ia in num b e r ab o ut t wo h undred t h o usand m en

, ,

an d rec e ive d b ac k h is fath e r A m e no ph i s wh o ,

return ed fro m E th i o p ia .

I nth i s sto ry as re l at e d b y C h aarem o n as we ll as in ,

that o f Manet h o n w e d ist i ng ui sh tw o c lasse s o f p eo

,

l e w h o are s ai d to h av e fo r m e d t h e h o st o f Mo s es
p ,

fi rst the nati ve s o f E gy p t i nfe c te d w i th lepro sy ; a nd

, ,

se co n d ly the She ph e rd s i nh abi tants o f A uar is o r

, , ,

Go shen wh o are d esc r ib ed b y M ane th o n as a fo reign

,

eo ple fro m J ud aaa o r A r a bi a T h es e S h e p he rd s

p
.

are evi d en tly th e g enuine I srael i te s th e nat i ve

y i n h m n i d t h h st o f I srae l must
Eg p t a s w o a c c o
, p a e e o ,

h ave b een a v e ry i ncons id e rable num b er .

A th i rd sto ry o f a s im i l a r ki nd ha s b eene x trac ted

, ,

b y J o seph us fro m th e w o rk s o f L y si m ac h us wh o ,

h f B h i I n h is rei n th e
re ferred it t o t e a
g e o o c c o r s g .

J w b e i n i nfe c t e d w i t h l e
p r o s y i tc h an d o th e r
e s , g , ,

fi l th y d i seases t o o k refuge in th e te mpl es and b e

, ,

cam e me n d i c ants Ma ny p eo p le a t that ti me being

. , ,
 *76 H I ST O R Y OF TH E J E WS

i nfec te d w i th d i s ea se ,
a fa m i ne a ro s e in th e l a nd of

E g yp t ; w h er e up o n B o c c h o ris ,
th e k i ng ,
s e ntp e rso ns
to co nsul t th e J up i t e r A m m o n
o rac l e o f . T h e go d
r e li e d t h at t h e k i ng m us t p ur g e h is t e m p l es o f
p ,

unh o l y a nd i m p i o us m e n a nd d r i v e th e m i nto d e sert

‘

l ac e s a nd d ro w n t h e l e pe rs a nd d i se a se d p erso ns,
p ,

t h e S un b e i ng i nd ig na nt t h at suc h w retc h es were

s uffe re d t o l i ve ; th at h e m ust p ur i fy t h e t e mpl es an d
’ '

t h at th e e a rth w o ul d th e n b ri ng fo r th its fr ui ts
/
I t is .

a d d e d t h at th e ki ng o b e y e d a nd c a use d th e l ep ers to
, ,

b e d ro w ne d a nd t h e i m p i o us o r i rre l ig io us to be
'

d r i ve n i nto th e d es e rt ; w h o ac c o rd i ngl y a sse mbl ed

‘

a nd ha v i n
g p r o p i ti a te d t h e g o d s and ki nd li ng fir es in ,

t h e w il d e r ne ss a nd k ee p i ng w a tc h p ut th e msel ves ,

und e r th e c o m m a nd o f o ne Mo s e s w h o und e rto o k to

'

c o nd uc t t h e m i n to a n i nh a b i t e d c o unt ry ; a nd fi n all
y ,

b r o ugh t th e m to J udma w h ere they b uilt a city ,

'

w hic h th ey c a ll e d J e r usal e m .

A po ll o ni us M o l o w a s t he a uth o r o f a no th e r ac co unt -

o f t h e E x o de w h i c h h e h a s c o nne c te d w i th c i rc um
,

stanc es e uall a b s urd a nd fa b ul o us He says that it

q y .

h ap p e ne d in th e ag e o f D i d o a nd in t h e ve r y ye ar in ,

w h i c h C a r th ag e w a s b uil t b y t h e Ph oeni c i ans T he .

“

s ta t e m e nt o f th i s w ri te r c o i nc i d e s a s it see m s inso me
,
'
,

p arti c ul ars w i th t h at o f L y si m ac h us
, .

T ac i tus h as g iven a b ri ef s um ma ry o f th e vari o us

'

s t o r i es p re va l e nt in h is t i me re sp ec ti ng th e h i sto r o f
y .

t h e J ew s .
T o g e th er wi th s e veral fa bles h e m e n
t i o ns th e t r ue s tat e m e nt t ha t th e
y w e re o ri gi nall y
,

e m i r a nts fro m A ss r i a w h o h ad o b ta i n ed o ss essi on

g y ,
p
of a
p a r t o f E gyp t a nd after ward s r e m o ve d to Pal es
,

t i ne a nd t h e H eb re w c o untri e s ; b ut h e i
g ve s p re
ferenc e to a rel ati o n inwh i c h h e say s m o st a uth o rs
' '
 F RO M mo no A ND T A CI T U S .

agree, and wh i c h is
i ti o n o f th e sto ry o f
a l m o st a r ep et

L y si mac h us I nthe r e igno f Bo c c h o ris a fi l th y d i se ase

.

b ro ke o ut in E gypt and th e o rac l e o f A m m o n b ei ng

‘

, ,

co n sul ted o n th e o c c asi o n c o mm a nd e d th e ki n t o

g ,

uri fy t he l and b d r i vi n o ut th e J e w s a ra c e o f m e n
p y g
'

who w e re h ateful t o t h e o d s T h e w h o l e mul ti tud e

g
.

o f t he se p e o p l e w ere a c c o rd i n l ll e c te d a nd d r i ve n
gy c o

o ut i n to th e w il d er ne ss w h e re t h e w ere re d uc e d t o
y
.

the g rea tes t e xt re m i t i e s fo r w ant o f w ater until o ne ,

o f th e ir n
: umb er na m e d M o ses w h o h ad m o re c o n
a
, ,

rag e th a nt h e re s t h ap p e ne d b y fo l l o wi n , g a tro o p o f ,

wil d a sses t o li g h t o n a pl e nti ful s p ri ng o f w ater

,
-
.

T he c ro w d o f e xil es b e i ng th us refresh e d p er fo rm ed , ,

the i r j o urne y th r o ug h t he d e se rt : and arri v i ng o nt he ,

seve n th d a y in Pal est ine gai ne d p o ssess i o n o f t h e ,

co un try w h e r e th e y b uil t t h e c i t y and t e m p l e o f J eru

,

sal e m . H e ad d s; th at th e J e ws al way s h el d t he - -

seve nth d ay as sacred b e c ause in se ve n day s th ey

:
,

had co m p l et e d th e i r p e rilo us j o urn e y ; th a t t h e y ab

s tai n ed fro m sw i ne s fl e sh fr o m t h e re c o ll ec ti o n o f th e
’
.

c al amiti es t h e y h ad s uffe r e d o n a c c o unt o f th e d i s e ase

to w hic h th at ani mal is s ubj ec t ; a nd th a t t h ey c o n

. . .

t i nned to w o rsh i p t h e fi g ure o f a n ass o ut o f g ra t i t ud e

fo r th ei r d e li ve ra nc e in th e w ild er ne s s T h i s fa bl e .

was ve ry p reva l e nt am o ng th e G reek s T h e i m ag e .

o f a n a ss , be
o f an a s s s h e ad w as su o se d to
’
or pp ,

t he reat o bj e c t o f ad o ra ti o n in t h e t e mpl e o f
g
J erusal e m .

T he fi rst of th ese s to r es rec o rd e d

i by T aci tus is
i dentl y M a ne th o ns fi rst i nvasio no f t he
’

ev th e s a m e as

S heph e rd s nd w h i c h the a uth o r p refe rs

. T he sec o ,

b ecaus e mo st w ri te rs agree d in it c o i nc i d e s wi th th e ,

se c o nd i nva s i o n o f M ane th o n a nd w i t h t h at of ,
”78 m sr o nr or r un J E WS

C haire m o n . We may remark that T acitus e x pl icitl y

f
r e ers b o th the se trad i t i o ns t o th e J e w i sh nat io n .

Ph o t i us inh is B ibl i o th ec a h as pre serv ed a fragmen

, , t
o f th e th i rty fifth b o o k o f D io d o r us S ic ul us re ferrin
-
g
'

t o th e E x o d e o f t h e H e b re w s H e say s t h at “
in .

an c i en t t i m e s E g y p t w as a fll ic t e d wi th a g re at p l ague ,

wh i c h w as at tr ib ut ed to th e a ng er o f G o d o na c coun t ,

o f t h e m ul t i tud e o f fo re i gn e rs in E yp t b y w h o m t he
g ,

r i te s o f t h e nat i ve r e li g i o n w ere neg l ec t e d T he .

E gy p t i ans ac co rd ing ly d ro v e th e m o ut T h e mo st .

no b l e o f th e m went under C ad m us and D a naus to

G ree c e ; b ut th e g re at er num b er fo ll o we d M os es a ,

w i se and v ali ant l ead er t o Pa l esti ne Mo s es co n .

ue r e d t h e c o un t ry b ui l t J e rusal e m and i nst i tuted

q , ,

”
e xc e ll e nt l aw s and a p ure reli g i o n .

I t is ev id e nt fro m th e g r eat vari ati o ns int i me an

, d
c i rc ums t anc e s t h at no ne o f t h ese sto ri es d eserve an
, y
c red i t in o p p o s i ti o nto t h e ac c o un t th e J e wi sh wri ters
h ave g i v e n o f th e h i sto ry o f th e i r nat i o n T hey all .

a
pp e ar to h ave b e en i nv e nt i o ns o f a co mp arati ve ly late
e r i o d fo und e d o n v ague ac c o un ts w h i c h r e m a ined
p , ,

i n E gyp t o f th e d ep arture o f th e I srae li tes ; b ut they

,

i nc i d entall y affo rd co nfi rm ati o n o f m ost o f th e facts

m enti o ne d in E xo dus Mane th o ns h i sto ry o f O sar
.
’

s iph is t h e l ea st i n c o n ruo us al th o u h t ha t re l ati o n

g g ,

c on tai ns as J o seph us h as sh o wn m any ab s urd i ti es

, , .

T his h o wev er
, pp e ars c e rt ai n, th at very
, a va
gue
i d eas p revail ed o f th e era t o wh i ch the se ev ents
b elo nged ; for we see th at so m e authors r efe r them
t o th e rei g n o f A me no ph i s and o th ers to t h at o f ,

B o cc h o ris T h ere were sev eral ki ngs name d A me

.

neph i s b ut th e pr i nc e wh o m Ma ne th o n fix es
,

upo n li ved acc ordi ng to h is o wn s tateme nt ab o ut

, ,
 A c c o nnm e TO TH E ne v p r m us .

sixt
y y ears b e fo r e th e T roj an
“

w ar . B o c ch o ris
immed i at ely p rec e d ed S ab b ac o , th e E th i o p i a n wh o ,

was cont e mp o rar y w ith Ho sea, t h e l ast ki n o f th e

g
tentrib es of I srael .

A s th e i d eas of th ese wr i ters a re so va ue a nd co n

g
tradic to ry , re spec t i ng th e e ra of th is l as t m ig rati o n,
we may c o nc l ud e th at th ey ad o p te d unc ertai n trad i
tions a nd re ferre d th e m b y c o n
, j e c ture t o w h atev e r

ti me in t h e E gyp t i an h i sto ry ap p e ar e d to t h e m
mo st pro b abl e ; M aneth o n and C hee r e m o n, h o wev er,
a ree
g in t h e na m e of th e ki ng w h o p urs ue d M o ses
to wa rd s th e d es er t .I t is th ere fo r e p ro b ab l e th at
A m eno ph i s w a s h is r eal na m e b ut I sh all ve nt ure t o
sup
p o se th at M ane th o n c o m m i tte d an erro r in fix ing
o nth e A m en o h i s w h o sta nd s in th e th i rd p l a c e o f
p
the ni ne te e nth d y na sty i nste a d o f th e th i rd in t h e
,

ei ght eenth I fo und th is o p i ni o n c h i efl y o n two c o n

.

si derati o ns .

re at o n
1 . It see ms m ani fest th at th e tw o l i s
g i ve n
by M aneth o n o f th e conq ue st of E gyp t b y th e
S h eph erd s re fer t o o ne ,
a nd th e sa m e e v e nt Now .

the r et re at o f t h e sh ep h e rd s is i nd i sso l ubl y co nnec ted

wi th th e nc e m e nt o f t h e e i ght e e nth d ynas ty
comme .

We c an th e re fo re have no th i ng to d o w i th a p ri nc e o f
th e ni ne tee nth I t w as T eth m o sis th e fi rst ki ng o f
. ,

th e e igh te e nth d y nast y w h o b e si eg e d t h e sh e ph e rd s

,

in A uar i s B ut th e fi rst A m e no p h i s is s ep arated

'

fro m T e th m o sis ni nt erval o f o nl y th i rte e n y ears

,
by a .

T ransac ti o ns b eg un in th e o ne re i g n m ay th ere fo re
have b e en c o mpl ete d in th e o th er O nth i s g ro und I .

co nc l ud e th at A m e no p h i s th e fi rst was th e ki n g w h o

pursue d th e S h e ph erds und e r O sars iph ,

S ec o ndl y, w i th o ut a s sum i ng t h at t h e fi rst and

*80 D A TE or TH E a x o ns .

s ec o nd l i
re a t o nb elo ng s to th e sa m e e v ent fro m thei r ,

c o i nc i d e nc e o f c i rc um s tanc e s l e t us c o nsi d er the ,

r es ul t o f a c o m ar i so n o f d at es
p .

T he E x o d e o r th e d e p a rture o f th e I srae lit e s fro m

,

E gy p t h as b e e n d i ffe rentl y dat e d by c h ro no l ogers

,
.

A c c o rd i ng t o th a t c o m p ut at i o n w h i c h app ears to be
'

t h e b e s t s up p o rt e d b y th e d at e s o f sc r i p t ur a l h i s to ry ,

fi ve h und re d and ni ne ty t wq y e ars i nt e r v e ne d b e -

~

t we e n th i s eve nt a nd th e e ra o f th e fo und a ti o n o f
S o l o mo ns T e m pl e
’
T h i s is th e c o m putatio n o f
.

J o s eph us and it se e ms t o h av e b n a d o p te d b y S t
'

, ee .

Pa ul it is p re fe rre d b y M i c h aeli s, a nd o th er l earn

‘
ed

w r i te rs a m o ng th e m o d e rns * L e t us no w . a sc erta in
th e e ra o f th e E x o de ,
o nth ese p r e m i s es .

We h a v e d a te d t h e b ui l d i ng of t he
T e m pl e in t h e y e a r 1 027 B C . .

A dd fo r th e i nt e rval a b o ve m e nt i o ne d 592

w fi nd th
e e d a te of th e E x o d e i n
”

1619 B c . .

R e ve rti ng no w to th e c h ro ni c l es th e E g ypti ans,

of

w e fi nd th e acc ess o n o fi th e ei h t ee n
g t h d y na s ty dated
as fo ll o w s .

T h e ni ne te e nth dy nasty -
o bt a i ned
t h e sc ep tre o f E t b e fo r e
g yp as

c o mp ute d in th e y e ar
T h e c o l l ec tive re igns o f th e p ri nc e s
'

o f th e e i h t ee n t h d y nasty a mo unt
g
to 328 1 1 mo .

T h e re fo re th e ac c e s s o n i of th e
e i ghteenth d y na sty ,
fall s in 1 6 78 1 1 m o .

Refer to N ote B .
 A C CO R D I N G To TH E EG Y PTI A N S .
*8 1

and , T e th m o sis th e fi rs t ki ng, b egan to r ei gn ab o ut

,

fifty y ears b efo re th e E x o d e .

I f w e no w p ro c e e d t o a m o re m i nute ex am i nati o n
,

we sh all fi nd t h at T e th m o s is m us t h ave b e en th e
. /

ki ng o f E gyp t w h o p e rsec uted t he H e b re w s inthe

earl y y ears o f M o se s a nd d uri n i
g w h o
, se r e
g n th e
fut ure l awg i ve r o f I sra el so u h t refu e in t h e d eserts
g g
o f M idi an H is
p re d e c e sso r:w a s th e Ph arao h sp rung
.

fro m a new d y nasty w h o knew no t J o se h and

p
'

, ,

so u ht t o d i m i ni s h t h e num b ers o f th e I s rae l ite s

g .

T h i s at l east i s t h e re s ul t o f a c o m pari so n o f d ates

, ,
'

I f we fur th er d e d uc t fro m th e a b o ve s um o f 1 678 y ears

an d 1 1 m o nth s 5 8 y ears a nd 1 1 m o nth s w h i ch is th e
, ,

amo unt o f t h e t h r e e fi rst r e i n

g s we sh all fi nd th at
~

the d ea th o f A m eno p h i s th e fi rs t falls in th e y ear -

1 620 B C w h i c h is w i th i n
.

o ne e a r o f th e t i m e wh e n
, . .
y ,

acco rd in t o th e sc ri p t ura l c h r o no l o
g gy Ph arao h and ,

his h o st w ere d ro wned in th e R e d S ea

. T h i s is a
striki n g c o i nc i d enc e a nd far m o re e x ac t th an we
'

co ul d r easo na bl y e x pe c t .
.

S uc h is th e resul t o f a c ar e ful analy si s o f th e

ch ro n o l o gy of M a ne th o n in t h i s p art o f h is w o rk .

We h ave so m e o th er h i sto ri c a l te sti m o ni es w h i ch

-

lead to a si milar c o nc l us i o n T h e o nly c i rc um sta nce

. . .

that l e ss e ns th e We i g h t o f th e i r a uth o ri t y is t h at w e ,

k no w no t wh enc e th e w ri ters w e r efe r to d eri ve d

u

th ei r i nfo rm at i o n b ut a s m any so urc es o f kno wl edg e

,

were o pe n to th e m w h i c h h ave b ee n l o ng si nce fo r

ev er c l o sed w e a r e no t e nt i tl ed t o rej ec t t h e t est i
,

mo ni es o f th ese c hro no l o ge rs e sp ec i ally as th ey ,

a re e a m o n t h e mse l ve s a nd w e h av e n ro un d on
g g o
g
,

wh i ch we c an re st a n o bj e c t io n ag a i ns t t h e m .

E usebi us and C l e me ns A l exandri nus h ave

m
 D A TE or TH E ax o ns .

preser ved a l o ng p assa ge fro m A rtab a nus , c o ntai nin g

th e h i sto r y o f th e J e w s in E gyp t a n
d o f th e i r d ep ar ,

ture und er M o se s ,
a nd m e nt i o ni ng t h e names o f
s eve ra l p e rso ns, a nd m any i
c rc um sta nces co nnected
wi th th e t ransa c t i o ns of t h o s e t m e s, i of wh ich we
h ear no th i ng fro m a ny o th er q uarter) “ A cco rd ing
t o A rtab a nus, th e E gyp t i a n ki ng wh o treated I srael
w i th c r uel ty w as c alle d Pa l maniith es T h is seems .

to b e ano th er w ay o f e x pr essi ng in Gre ek l e tters the '

E gy p ti an nam e o f A m e nop h es o r as it may be , ,

wr i tte n w i th th e C o p tic a r ti c l e Ph A m enbph es

'
’

, .

T h i s Pr i nc e ,
ac co rd i ng to A rtab anus, b uilt Kessan,
or G o sh en, and t h e t em p l e of H el i o p oli s . His
daugh te r w as m ar rie d t o C h e nep h re n, ki ng o f a
d istri ct in U pper E g y p t ; fo r at th at t i me, as
A rtab a nus say s, E gypt w as d i vi d ed i nto several

p e tty ki ng d o ms o ve r w h i c h h o w e ver
, th e k in o f
g , ,

M emph i s seem s to h ave h el d th e c h i ef so vereig nty .

T h e nam e o f th i s p r i nc ess w as M errhis : b ei ng chil d

l ess sh e ad o pte d a y o ung I sraeli te w h o was named
, ,

M o yses o r M usae us T h e h i sto r i an th enrel ate s that

, .

M o ses w as ap po i nte d to c o m m and a n army against

th e E th i o p i ans a nd p erfo r m e d m any cel eb rated
,

e xp lo it s wh i c h ar e o f a ver y d i ffere nt desc rip ti on

,

fro m th o se rec o rd e d in th e Pe ntate uc h .

I n M ane th o ns li st of k ings of t h e e i gh teenth d

’

y
nast y we h av e
,
al l t h e se nam es s o m e wh at d i fferentl y

E useb . Pra p . E vang l ib ix . . . c ap . 27 . Cl emens A l ex.

S tro m l ib i
. . .

1 Ch eneph ren is his nam e in E useb ius , Cl em ens cal l s

h im N ec heph res, and th e A l ex andrine c h ro nicl e, whi ch l i k ewi se

co pies A rtab anus, gives his nam e Ch enebro n .
 A CC O R D ING To TH E EG Y PT I A N S .
*83

Writt en; Pal m ano th es is Ph A m e no h e s

,
p M er rh is
’
.

see ms t o b e th e q ueen A m er sis, w h o rei g ned ne x t to

A me no ph i s ne xt to A mersis J o se ph us h ad s et d o w n
,

th e nam e of M ep h ris ; b ut E us e bi us re gard ed th i s as

th e sam e w i th A m e rsis N o w M e ph ris M e rs is

.
, ,
or

M er rh is , l igh t vari a ti o ns in t h e attem pt to

are v e r
y s ,

rep rese nt in g ree k l et te r s an E

gyptia n fe m al e na m e ;
th e a sp i rate c o nso na nt s b e i ng c o nti nuall
y i nter
ch an e d
g . C h e neb ro n, orChe ne p h re n is p erh ap s t he ,
,

sa m e ki ng wh o in Ma ne th o n s li s t u nd er the
’
o c c urs ,

nam e o f Ch e b ro n i m me d i ate ly b e fore A m eno p h is

, .

T hese c o i nc i d e nc es affo rd so m e add i ti o nal re aso n

to b e li eve t h at t h e A m e no p h e s w h o p urs ue d M o se s
was th e t h i rd ki ng o f t he e i g h te e nth d ynas ty .

2 A l l th e
. o ld c h ro no l o
g e rs re fer th e E x o d e o f th e
Is rae li tes to th e sam e ep o c h
.
,
v iz . th e co m m e nc e me nt
of th e ig n o f th e e i gh te e nth d y na sty T h ey sp e ak ,
re .

i nd eed o f th ese transac t i o ns as if th e c a la m i ti e s o f t h e

,

H eb re w s h ad c o m m e nc ed a nd t e rm i nated und e r

T eth m o sis ,
or A m o sis ; b ut th e re i gn o f “

th i s ki ng is
to o s h o rt fo r t h e w h o l e s e ri e s o f eve nts . I f T e th m o sis
was t h e m o narc h in w h o se t i m e M o ses w a s d r i ve n

fro m E gypt, o r o bl ig e d t o t ak e re fuge in A rabi a, th e

r ei n o f A m e no p h i s w ill fal l in w i th t h e E x o d e
g .

Pro b abl y T eth m o sis c arr ed i on w ar a

g ai ns t t h e
I sraeli te s, a nd s ub d ue d th e m , as M ane th o n re l a te s .

F o r it c an o t n be su
pp o se d th at a nat i o n of suc h

po w er a nd m ul ti t ud e w o ul d b mit
su , w i th o ut so m e

att e mp t at i
r e s st a nc e ,
t o t h e m o st d rea d fu
l s l a v e ry .

Many o f th em p ro b a bly to o k fli gh t and the rem ai nd e r ,

nt M n t h n t o l ab o ur inth e quarr i e s
w ere s e a s a e ,
o s ays ,

o n t h e E ast e r n fro nt i er A fte rward s o n th e r e turn. ,

o f M o se s fro m th e l an d o f M i d i a n th e s e s a m e ,
 *84 D A TE OF TH E
“

.
E X OD E .

H eb re w , or A ra bi an sh eph erd s no w r ed uc e d t o a ,

s t at e o f sl a ver
y , b ec am e th e o c cas i o n o f num erous
l i t i e s to
c a am a nd th e h o u
E gyptse o f Ph ar ao h as ,

re l at e d in t h e b o o k o f E x o d us H e nc e t h e d o ubl e .
'

na rrat i v e c o nta i ned in th e w o rks o f M ane th o n T eth

- .

m o si s w as th e ki ng w h o c o nque re d t h e sh eph erds .

H e see m s t o h ave b e e n th e Pha rao h w h o re d uc ed the

num b er a nd p o we r o f th e I sra eli t es and fro m wh om ,
"

M o se s fl e d I f th i s w as t h e case and th e t abl e o f

.
,
-

M aneth o n is c o rre ct A m eno p h i s t h e fi rst m ust h ave

,

b een th e Ph arao h wh o w as d ro wned in th e R e d S ea;

E use bi us h as g i ve n us a l o ng extra c t fro m th e c hr o l
'
'

no g raph y o f J uli us A fr i c a nus in w h i c h th at l earned ,

w ri t e r h as c i ted s eve ra l a uth o r i ti e s t e nd i ng t o p ro ve

”

t h at M o s es w a s c o ntem p o rary w i th A m o sis o r T e th

-

m o s is
a
l
T h e fo ll o w i ng are th e a uth o rs wh o s e testi m o ny
.
e

h e h as a dd uc e d .

A p i o n th e g ram mari an, surnam ed Pl e isto nic e s, who

was a nati ve E gypti an, a sserted in t h e fo urth
bo ok of h is h isto r y, and in h is bo o k i nst th e
' ‘
‘

a a
g
J e ws th a t t h e E g ypt ian ki ng A m o s is to o k and d es
,
-

t ro y e d A var i s o r A th r i a in th e t i m e o f I nach us,

y , ,

ki ng o f A rg o s, and th a t in h is r ei gn M o s es a nd th e
H eb r e w s w e r e dr i ve n o f E g yp t
ut oT h e o p h il us .

of A nti oc h ,
the c h ro no l o er, a ree d in t h e sam e
g g
com
p ut at i o n .

Pto l e m y th e p r i est , q uo te d by of M end es , w as

A p i o n in p ro o f o f th i s state m e nt Pto l em y w ro te a .

h i sto ry o f th e e x p l o i ts o f th e E gypti an ki ng s in th r ee ,

b o o k s I n th e t h i rd o f th es e h e rec i ted th e e ve nts

.

t h at h app e ned in th e rei no f A m o sis a nd me nti o ned

g , :

th e E xode
-
.

E useb Preap E v l ib x . ca
p 11.
. . . . .
 A CC O R D I N G To TH E EG Y PT I A NS .
*85

A fric anus in t h e p a ssa g e , b o v e a l l ud e d t o c i tes a

,

al s o Po l e m o w h o in h is fi rst b o o k o n t h e G rec i an
, ,

h i sto r y r el ate d t h at in t h e t i m e o f A p i s k ing o f

, ,
'

A rgo s so n o f Ph o ro ne us a p ar t o f th e m ili ta ry p o pa l a
, ,

l ati o n o f E gypt e mi g ra te d fro m t hat c o untry a nd ,

settl e d I n th e S ri a n Pa l e sti ne no t fa r fr o m A ra b ia
y , .

He re fe rs s ay s E us ebi us t o th o se w h o w e re l ed
, ,

by M o s es H er o d o t us al so c all s th e J e ws S yri ans “

.
,

o f Pal es t i ne a nd sa s t h at t h e
y , y w ere e mig ra nts fro m
,

E gyp t T h e ag e o f I nac h us and Ph o ro ne us w as c al

.
-

c ul ate d b y T at i an a nd E u seb i us t o h a ve b e e n ab o ut
s ixte enrei g ns: , o r r ath e r m o r e t h a n 4 00 y ea r s b e fo re
the T r oj an w ar *. I nac h us w a s c o ns i d ere d by all

these w r i t e rs a s c o nte m
p o rar y w i th T e th m o sis .

F ro m al l t h es e a uth o r i ti e s a nd c o nc ur r i ng c i rc um
stanc es it se em s to be as c erta i ne d ,
as fa r as we ca n
xp e c t q e s ti o n r e fe rr i n t o s o r e m o t e a p e ri o d
an
u
e y g ,

an d i n s o o b sc u r e a h i s to r
y t o b e d ec i d e d t h at t h e
, ,

S hep h e rd s w h o w e re e xp e ll ed fro m E gyp t b y t h e fi rst

,

ri nc es o f t h e e i g h t ee nth d ynas t y w e re t h e I sr a e li t e s
p , ,

w h o we re l e d by M o ses into C a naan '

. M ane th o n ,

wh o r el ate d th e i r his to r y s o c rc um s ta nt a l
i i ly ,
c e r ta i nl y
co nsi d e re d th e Sh ep h e rd s as i d enti ca l w i th t he

Th es e t er m ed generat io ns, b ut m any o f t h em

re ig ns are

were ‘ in fac t c o l l at eral suc c essio ns T h ey are t h us e num erat ed .

by Tatian .
*86 o u r . or TH E ax o n .

H eb rew s ; fo r h e m ent i o ns t h at th ey r et i r e d from

E gyp t by t re aty a nd b uil t J erusal e m and th e t e mpl e :
,

a nd al th o ugh inth e s ub se que nt p a rt o f h is h i st o ry he

ad o p t e d th e p o pul ar st o r y w h i c h r ep r ese n
,
t ed t h e J ews

a s d e c e nd e d in p art fro m E gy p ti an o utcas ts ; yet he

c o ns i d e r e d th e h i sto r y o f th e se as so i nte r w o v enwith

t h at o f t h e S h eph erd s t h at h e fo und h i m self d ri vento

,

the e x p ed ei nt of b ri ng i ng p t h at i n fro m
eo p el a a
g
J erusal e m t o Go sh en and r el at i ng o ver a ga intheir
,

invasi o n o f E g yp t and th e i r sub se q uent e xpuls io n

,

fro m it w i th al m o st th e sam e c i rc umsta nc es whi ch

,

o cc urred in th e fi rst narr at i ve o f th e i r d e sc e nt fro m

A rabi a o r Pal est i ne C h aare mo n al so a nd A po llo
.
,

ni us M O10 and L ys i m ach us fro m so m e o f who m

, ,

D io d o rus and T ac i tus d re w th e i r i nfo rmat i o n by ,

c o m bi ni n t h e c i rc um stances o f th ese t wo rel ati on s

g ,

and referri n th em b o th t o th e h i st o ry o f th e J ews

g ,

s ee m to l e av e no r o o m fo r furth er d o ub t t hat the

‘

S h eph erd s wh o b uilt J er usal em w ere c o nt rary to the

,

o p i ni o n o f m o d ern ch ro no l o ers th e sa m e p eopl e

g ,

who w ere l ed thro ugh th e wild erness by Mo ses .

 or m e E A RL Y nvm s'r ms .
*87

S E C T I O N VI .

Of thefi rs t SeventeenD ynas ties in the Chronicle f M anet hon

o .

We no w p ro c eed to th e c h ro no l o gy o f th e
li er ear

dy nast i e s in t h e c h ro ni c l e o f Maneth o n W e sh a l l .

co n si der it a s
p ro ved by th e fo r ego i ng o b s ervat i o ns
, ,

that t h e co mm e nc e m e n t o f th e e i gh t eenth dy na sty ,

wi th th e rei g ns o f T eth m o s is and A m eno ph i s w a s ,

c o eval w i th t h e h i st o r
y o f M os es a nd th e E x o d eo f
‘

the I sr a eli t es fro m E gypt .

T hus far th e c hro no l o g y o f M anetho nc o i nc i d es

al mo st exa c tly w i th th a t o f th e H eb re w h i sto r i ans .

I nth e ages wh i c h pre c e d e w e h ave no o p p o rt uni ty o f

c o m ar i n th em as w e h e r e d e r i ve no i nfo rm at i o nfro m
p g ,

th e s cr ip tures resp e c t i ng th e affai rs o f E g yp t I t m ust .

,

ho wever b e all o wed th at so far a s we h ave y et fo ll o w e d

,

h im M aneth o nh as appro ve d h i m se l f a to l era bl y fai th

,

ful g ui d e . I n trac ing h is h i sto ry o f E gyp t up to th e

fi fteenth c ent ury b efo re th e C hri sti an e ra w e h ave ,

disc o ver e d no sy m pto m o f a d esi gn t o extend b eyo nd

s t li m i ts th e an i q i y o f his n ati ve c o un try H
j u t u t e .
,

there fo re d e se rve s m o re c onsi d erat i o n t han h e h a s

,

co mmo n ly o b tai ned wh en w e c o me to e x ami ne th o se

,

arts o f h is n arrat i ve w h i c h l ie b ey o n d th e r each o f

p
a c o m par i s o nw ith th e h i sto ry o f o th er n at i o ns .

If w e al l o w th at A m eno p h is was th e Ph arao h

*88 D A TE o n TH E O C C UP A TION or

w h o p er i s he d in t h e p urs ui t of I sr ae l ,
a nd fix t he
e nd o f h is n inre i
t h e e a r b e fo re C h rist 1 6 1 9, an d
g y
c a st u i n n d i t l i ne t h e r e i ns o f t h e fi rs t ki n s
p o e re c
g g
o f t h e e i h t ee nt h d na s t a nd t h e w h o l e s um o f th e
g y y ,

i i g ns o f th e p re c e d i ng s eve nt e e ndy nasti es

c o ll e c t ve re ,

up t o M e nes t h e fi rs t ki ng w e sh all d a t e th e c o m ,

m e nc e m e nt o f t h e E gy p t i a n m o na rc hy at a ve ry
re m o te eri o d
p .

W e s h al l o b serve h o w far th i s m eth o d o f co m

p uti ng w ill l ea d us .

T h e frag m ent o f M ane th o ns c h ro ni c l e p reserved

’

b y J o se p h us is ,
so m uc h m o re p er fec t , as far a s it ex
t end s, t ha ne th er i o f t h e ab s trac ts C o i e d b
p y S ync ell us,
th a t w e ,
s hal l
g a r d it a s c o ntai ni ng t h e g e nui ne
re

numb e rs o f M ane th o n and sha l l no t ta k e th e tro ubl e

,

to co m
p are the d ates of E use bi us a nd A fri c anus .

T h e th ree fi rst ki ngs o f th e e i g h te e nth d ynasty ,

incl ud i ng A m e no p h i s r e ig ne d fi fty e i g ht y ears and

,
-

e l e ve n m o nth s wh i c h w e s h all c al l 5 9
, y e a rs .

T h e w h o l e t i m e th at e l ap se d fro m th e i nvasi o no f
t h e S h e p h erd s until th e y a b a ndo ne d E gy pt is stated
, ,

b y M a neth o n ac c o rd i ng to t he e x tra c t p reser ved by

,

J o se ph us to h ave b e e n 5 1 1 y e a rs
, F ro m t his .

num b e r w e m ust s ub t rac t t h e ab o ve s um o f 59 years ,

an d a dd th e re m a i nd e r t o 1 6 l 9 t h e d ate o f th e E x o d e , ,

a nd w e s h al l o b ta i n th e s um o f 207 1
y ears b e fo re
C h rist fo r t h e d ate
, , of th e e ra w h e n t h e S h ep h erds
m a d e th e i rfi rst e ntry i nto E gyp t .

M a ne th o no b serve s t h at th er e w ere severa l dynasti es

o f S h e h e rd s a nd A fr i c a nus m e nt i o ns th ree the
p , VIZ , .

fi fte e nth six t e ent h a nd se ve nte e nth dy nasti e s as

, , ,

c o nsi s ti n o f S h e h erd ki n s T h e b e i nnin o f the

g p g g g .

fi ftee nth dy nas ty is th ere fo re th e c o mm e nc e me nt o f

, ,
 Y
E G PT B Y T H E sa nrn nnns .
*89

the reig n o f th e sh e
p h e r d s, a nd is to b e dated at

207 l y ears b efo re C h ri st .

T h e w h o l e sum o b tai ne d b y ad d i ng th e c o ll e c ti ve
rei g n s o f t h e fi rs t fo ur tee n d nas t i es is ac c o rd i n t o
y g , ,

A fri c anus t wo t h o usa nd s e ve n h und re d a nd t we nty

,

on e a nd ac co rd i n
, g t o E us e b i us t wo t h o usand n i ne ,

h und red and s e v e nt -t w o

* I f w e add t h e s e s um s t o
y .

the date b e fo re o b ta i ne d, viz t wo t ho usa nd a nd

.

seventy - o ne, we sh a ll fi nd th e co m m e nc e m ent o f th e

E gyp ti an m o narc h y t o fa l l fo ur t ho usand se v e n

h und re d and ni nety t wo -
y e ars b efo re C h ri st , ac c o rd i ng
to t h e fo rm er, a nd fi ve t h o usand a nd fo r t y -th re e
acc o rd i ng t o th e l atte r T h i s is o n t h e s up p o si t i o n
.

t h at al l th ese d y nasti es s uc ce ed e d e ac h o th e r in a
d i rec t li ne .

V ari o us attem p ts have b e en m ad e to re co nc ile th e

ch ro no l o gy o f M a ne th o n w i th t h at o f M o s e s Pe r i .

zo n ius allo w s t h e E gyp t i an a nnali st to b e c o rre c t ,

th ro ugh t h e l ater h al f o f t h e c h ro nic l e ; b ut no t

k no w i ng what to d o w i th t h e fi rst fi ft e e n dy nast i es ,

he b o l d ly e ra se s th e m at o nc e a nd d ec l a res t h e m t o ,

be a fo rg e ry o f th e auth o r T h i s w ay o f p ro c eed i ng
.

is m o re lik e c utt i ng th e G o rd i a nk no t t h an unty i ng it .

W e h ave no ri gh t to act in s o s um ma ry a m anne r . .

I f w e c a nno t re c o nc il e t h e a nt iq ui ty assum e d b y th e
an nal s o f o ne nat i o n w i th t h e d ates ass i g ne d fo r t h e

it
We m ust h ere re m ark th at t h e fo urtee nt h d y nas ty is

wanting in t he series o f A fnc anus, a n d t he fi ft h in t h at o f

E useb ius . In o rd e r t o m ak e up t h e s um s t o t al , w e h ave
of
ed t h e c h as m in e ac h , b y t ak ing t he
su l i t erm y ears
pp
assi n ed t o t h e d e fec t ive dy nast y i n t h e o t h er l is t
g
.

1 Pe
‘
riz o niu s h as b ee n fo l l o wed b y s eve ral l at er aut ho rs,
partic ul arl y b y D r H al e s
. .
 *90 D A TE or T HE CO M ME N CE M E NT

o ri
g i n o f emp i re s and o f th e wo rl d in t h e reco rds o f
th e o th er w e h ave no o th e r c o urs e to p ursue thanto
,

ac k no wl e d ge ntrad i c ti o n b e tw ee n th e m
th e co We .

may h ave g o o d reaso ns fo r p lac i ng c o nfi d ence in o ne

r e c o rd ra th er t h a n t h e o th er b ut we h ave n o ri h t to
g,

c ut o ff fro m th e arc h ve s o f
i E g ypt al l th a t e x tend s to o
fa r, as if we w e re sh o rte ni ng th e li mb s of Pro c rustes,
and t h e n p re te nd th at w e h a ve r ec o nc il ed th e m with '

th e c o mp utat o n o f i th e H eb re w sc r i p tures .

B ut th o ugh w e
, gh t to ab ou s ta i fro m new m o del
n-

li ng th e E g y pti a nant iq ui ti e s, after th e patterno f the

H eb r e w no o bj e c ti o n c an b e m ad e to o ur c o m
,

p ar i ng th e d o c um e nts w e p oss ess th at r el ate to

al l

the c h ro no l o y o f E g yp t, a nd e nd e avo ur i n t o fin d
g g
so m e m et h o d o f r ec o n
li ng th e m w i th th emsel ves
ci .

We are o nly b o und w h il e p ro c ee d i ng inth i s attempt

, ,

to e x c l ud e al l p rej ud i c e in favo ur o f th os e p arti c ul ar

m eth o d s th at l ead t o c o nc l usi o ns w h ic h w e are fro m
o th er c o ns i d e rat i o ns in c li n e d t o ad o t
p .

T h e th re e p r i nc i pa l d o c ume nts o n wh i ch w e must

d ep e nd fo r i nfo rm at i o n resp ec ti ng th e antiq uity o f the
,

E gyp ti anm o narc h y are th e tabl e o f M a ne th o nno w

,

und e r c o nsi d erat i o n t h e li st o f th i rt d y n t i

,
y as es

e nt i tl e d b y S ync el l us th e O l d Ch ro ni cl e wh i ch ,

se e m s t o h ave b e e n e x t rac t e d fro m a n c i e nt h isto ri c al

w o r k s i nc l ud e d in t h e numb er o f th e H e r m ai c b o o ks ,

a nd t h e se ri es o f T h e b an k in s b
g y E rato sth enes .

T h ese r eli cs b ear a near rel atio n to each oth er ; they

.

are al l
p ro fesse d l y d eri ve d fro m th e sam e o r c o rrela
t i ve so urc es v iz th e sacred rec o rd s k e t in t he
, .

p
E gypti an t empl es M aneth o n is b eli eved by S yn
.

c ell us to h av e fo r m e d his wo rk o n th e m o d el o f the

,

O l d Ch ro ni c l e as a ki nd o f sup pl eme nt to it or
, ,
 or m e s er rr u u mo s A nc nr .

expo sit o n o f
i h is p l an at l e ast o r o utli ne, is th e
it , ,

s am e ; an d th a t E rato s th e ne s o b tai ned h is mate rial s

fro m d o c ume nt s no t entirel y unco nnec ted w i th th ese
'

is evi dent fro m th e nam es a nd rei gns o f t he t wo

,

fi rs t ki ngs M enes and A th o th es whi ch are th e sam e

, ,

in h is li st as in th at o f M aneth o n A s t h ese d o c u .

me nts a re th us c o nnec te d it is -to th em th at we m ust ,

f

l o o k for th ei r m ut ual ill ustrati o n T he tabl es t ake n .

fro m Hero do tus and D io d o rus inthe early p art o f th e ,

E gy pti an h i sto ry , c o ntain o nly a few nam es, wi th

ch as ms of p ro d i g io us e x te nt b e tw ee nth em and are, ,

for reaso ns i g ned l ess w o rth y o f r egard in

b efo re a ss ,

thi s instance th anth o se wh i ch h ave b ee np reserved by

pr o fessed c h ro no l o ge rs L et us no w o b serve wh at are

.

th e d ates a ssigne d fo r t h e c o m m enceme nt o f th e fi rst

dy nas ty that is for th e ac c e ssi o n o f M enes by t he
, , ,

O l d C hro ni c l e .

T he d ates o f th e fi rst se ve nte e ndy nasti es ac c o rdi ng ,

to th e O l d C h ro ni c l e a re as fo ll o ws ,

T h e 1 7th d y nasty i g ned re

T h e 1 6 th d y nasty re i g ne d
T he fi fte e ng e nerat i o ns o f th e C y nic c i rc l e ,

wh i c h c o rresp o nd w i th th e fi rst fi fteen

dynasti es o f Maneth o n reig ned ,
443

T o tal , 73 6

N o w th e ac cess o no fi nth d ynasty to o k

th e e igh tee

l a c e as we h ave sh o wn fi fty ni n
- e y ears b efore t h e
p , ,

E xo de 59 + 736 z 795 a d d ed to 1 6 19 th e d ate o f

. , ,

t h e E x o d e, w ill g i ve us 2 1 1 4 B C as th e b eginni ng . .

o f the re ign o f M enes, a nd o f th e fi rst d y n asty .

*92 D A TE or TH E CO M M E N C E M E NT

T his d a te w e are i nc li ne d ne ar the

to l o o k up o n a s

t rue e ra o f th e c o m m e nc e m e nt o f t h e m o na rc h y .

I t m ust b e a l l o w e d t h at t h e s e r i e s o f T h e b anki ngs ,

a c c o rd i ng t o E rato sth e ne s as t h e y ears w e re co mputed

,

b y S ync e l l us ass i g ns a p e r i o d m o re re m o te by ab o ut
, ,

t w o h und re d and fi fty y ea rs fo r t h e re ign o f M enes , .

T h i s d i ffe renc e m ay b e d i m i ni sh ed o n th e s up po si tio n

m ad e l o ng a go b y G o ar th e l e arne d e d i to r o f Syn ,
~

c ell us th at th e o ne h und re d a nd s e v e nty e i ht -

, g years ,

w h i c h a re w a nt i ng in th e num b er s o f th e O l d Obro
ni c l e in o rd e r to fill up th e sum to tal a nd whi ch have
, ,

b ee n d ro pp e d th ro ug h t h e c are l essne ss o f so me
co i st b e l o n e d t o t h e re i n o f t h e C ni c c i rcl e
py , g g y .

I f w e a d d th i s num b er to t h e p er i o d a b o ve men
t io ned t h e d at e o f th e r e i n o f M e nes in the Ol d
, g
C h ro ni c l e and th e R egi ster o f E rato sth e nes will ,
'

d i ffer o nl y six ty ni ne y ears -

B ut o n th i s subj ect we .

sh a l l fi n d h ere aft er m o re sat i sfac to r y ev i d ence Our .

p rese n t busm ess is to i nq ui re h o w th e c hro no logy

o f M ane th o n c an b e m ad e to a r ee w i th ei ther o f
g
th e se d o c um e nts .

T he on ly m et h o d o f red uc i ng it
, so as to b ri ng o ut
any d eg r e e o f c o rr e s p o nd e nc e wi th t h e sh o rter co m

p utat io n , is on t h e s up p o s t i i o n that th e d ynasti es

w e re no t a ll s uc c e ss ve i in on e d i rec t li ne b ut that
,

so m e o f t h e m w e re co nte mp o ra ry . B ut we have no
r i gh t t o assum e t h i s p o i nt wi tho ut p ro o f .

W e m a y h o we v e r o b serve t hat th e native

, ,

d y nasti es o f E gyp ti an ki ng s se e m to have c o nt i nued

t o rei g n w hil e E gyp t w as und er t h e y o k e o r sub
e cted to th e i nfl uenc e and th e i n ro a ds o f the
j
Shep herds .
 o n TH E EG Y PT I A N MONA R CH Y .

T h is app ear s i d ent fro m th e nar rati ve o f M a nc

ev

th o n; fo r t ha t h i sto r i an i nfo rms us th at afte r E

g y pt
h ad s uffere d d read full y fro m th e c r uel t i e s o f t h e
S h e ph erd s the ki ngs o f th e T h e b ai d and o f o th e r
,

arts o f E y t revo l t e d a ai n st t h e m a n d und e r the

p g p g ,

co m m a nd o f T e th m o s is s ub d ued t h e m H ere w e .

find that th e nati ve ki n g s h a d co n t i nue d to rul e if no t ,

in Me mp h i s at l e ast in t h e m o re d i stant p ro vi nc es o f
,

E gy pt d uring t h e reign o f th e S h ep her d s t

, .
a

O th er c i rc um stanc es in t h e h i s to ry l e ad us t o th e
sam e i n fere nc e T h e b eg i nni ng o f th e re i g n o f t h e
.

S hepherds is d ated by M a ne th o n a t 5 1 1 years b efo re

the i r fi nal e xp ul si o n and d e p art ure fo r J ud aea t h at ,

is at 5 1 1 y ears b e fo r e th e E x o d e
,
.
N o w if th i s .

c o m utati o n b e o n ly c o rrec t in a to l e rabl e d eg ree

p ,

the h i sto ry o f A b raha m s j o urney t o E g ypt a s

’

well a s th at o f J o se ph wil l fall w i t h i n th e p e ri o d o f

,

the S h e ph erd s ty ranny fr F ro m t h e a c c o unt w h i c h

’

we h av e inG e nes i s o f t h e j o urne y o f A brah am i nto

,

E gypt it is e v i d e nt t h at th e c o unt ry w a s th e n in a
,

state th at sub je c t e d it to no m ad i c i nc ursi o n s o th e r ,

wi se th e pa triarc h c o ul d no t h a ve p a sse d t h ro ug h it
wi th his h o rd e like a trib e o f A rab s to t h e c o urt o f
, ,

Th e S h ep herds are re rese nted

p as h aving ppressed th e
o

countr y , and red uc e d t h e p eo p l e t o great ex t re m it es b ut it

a t h at t hey did n at iv e go vern
no t de st ro y m e nts
t he
pp ears .

Their c hief resid e nc e w as no t at D io sp o l is, t h e n t h e c apital , b ut .

at A uaris o r G o sh e n, w h ere t h e y emp l o yed t h e m sel ve s, as w e

are t o l d, in c o l l ec t ing t h e revenues o f t he l and , and dist rib uting

co rn; an al l usio n t o t h e h is to ry of J o seph .

1
‘
Th is m us t b e al l o w e d fro m co nsider ing th e dates m erel y,
th o ugh it sh o ul d no t b e agre e d t hat t h e d ep arture of t he

Shepherds Was t h e s am e event as t he E x o d e of t he I srael it es,

*94 D A TE or TH E CO M M E N CE M E N T

h h M n f t i n d i t t h t so me g reat
P a rao . a
y a c s c a e a

n i n n b t t h t t i m a m o n th e
mo v e m e t w as
g o
g o a o u a e g
nati o ns o f th e S yr i a n o r A ssyr i an fam il y ; th at th ey
w ere no w qui tt i ng th e i r ab o d e p e rh aps fur th e r in ,

t h e E ast a nd p o ur i ng i nto th e W e st
,
T h e earli est
.

o f th ese i nc urs i o ns m ust if we b eli eve th e c h ro n

,
ol o y
g
o f M aneth o n al read h a ve O p en e d E gyp t, b efore
, y
A b rah am s t i m e t o th e i nro ads o f no m ad i c p eo pl e
’
.
,

I t w as p r o b ably th i s p e r i o d t h at th e S e m i ti c t r ib es
at

o c c up i e d al l t h e c o untri e s to th e e ast war d o f E gypt .

N o r d o th ese i ti o ns c o ntrad i ct th e c o ntents

su
pp o s
o f th e l ast s e c t i o n in wh i c h I have e nd eavo ured to
,

ro v e th at th e S h eph erd s sa i d to h ave b e en o ver

p ,

t h ro wnb y T e th m o s is a nd A m e no ph i s w ere inr eal ity ,

th e p e o p l e th at fo ll o w e d M o se s to w ar d s Pal esti ne .

M aneth o n ass ures us that s everal d y nasti e s o r fami

li es o f sh e ph erd s h el d E gypt und er th e i r sway or
infl ue nc e T h e H e b re ws w e re o ne o f th e m and
.
,

t h e i r h i s to ry w a s s o r e m ark abl e a nd th e events that ,

b ro ugh t ab o ut t h ei r d eli verance so c al am i to us to

E gy pt tha t it is no wo nd er th at w e fi nd th e i r d epar
,

t ure r e c o rd ed as so si g nal an eve nt Pro b ably th e .

d esce nd ants o f th e earli er no mad es w ere d i sp e rsed ,

o ver A b yss i n i a W e m ay th us ac co unt fo r t he

.

w i d e d i ffus i o n o f th e G ee z a nd A mh ari c l ang uages ,

wh i c h a re o f th e Sy ri a n A ra bi c o r H e b ra i c stock
, , .

T h us al so w e may e xpl ai n th e near rese mbl anc e o f

th e A b y ssins to th e I sraeli tes a n affini ty gre ater th an
,

w e can ac c o unt fo r by th e rel at i o nsh i p o f b o th to th e

A rab s T hat i nro ad s w ere m ad e a t th i s ep o ch i nto
.

E th i o p i a w e l earn fro m J o sep h us wh o g i v es an ,

ac co unt o f a narm y d i spatc h ed b th e ki n o f E g pt

y g y
against Meroe .
 or r un E G PTI A N Y M ON A R CH Y .
*95

T h ese id eas h o wever I , , th ro w o ut as matter o f

c o n ec t ure
j . A l l th at ] i nsi st upo nis , th at th e i nro ads
or d o m i nati o n o f th e sh eph e rds must h ave co mme nc ed
b efo re t h e ti m e of
J o seph ; s inc e, wh atever m e th o d
we a do pt o f arrang i ng th e s eri es o f d ynasti es, th e ag e
o f th i s p atri a rc h m ust fall b etween t h e b e i nnin
g g
an d t e rmi nat i o n o f th e fi v e h und red a nd el eveny ears .

N o w it is ev i d ent , fro m th e h i sto ry of J osep h, th at at

th e t i m e wh en h e h el d a n o ffic e , s i m il ar t o th at of a

Grand Vizi er ,
inth e c o ur t f E gyp t a native ra c e o f
o ,

Ph arao h s sat up o n th e th ro ne a nd th e anc i ent c us

,

t o ms a nd i nd i g e no us p o li ty w ere m a i nta i ne d in t he
c ountr y S h ep h erds th at is kill ers o f sh eep th o se
.
, , ,

wh o sl aughte re d th e r ep res entat i ves o r th e ki nd red

o f th e i r go d A mm o n w ere a n ab o m i nati o n t o th e
,

E gypt i ans W e m ay i nfe r that at th i s t i me wh i c h is

.
,

wi th i n th e l o ng p eri o d assi g ned to th e sway o f th e

no m ad i c ki ng s th e nati ve li ne o f p ri nc es co nt i nued
,

to r e i gn at l east o ver t h at part o f E g y p t wh ere

,

J o seph resi d ed .

S i nc e it ap p ears b o th fro m th e h i sto ry o f t hi s

,

ri o d as it is g i ve n by M an eth o n a n d fro m th e
p e ,
,

fac ts r ec o rded in G e nes i s th at the native p ri nc es o f ,

E g y pt c o ntinue d t o reign d uri ng th e d o m inati o n o f

th e sh e ph erd s w e a re at lib erty to s upp o se th a t th e
,

d y nas ti es o f Me m ph i te a nd D io sp o l ite ki ngs wh i c h ,

a re m e nt i o n e d in th e li st o f M a neth o n b efore and ,

after th e sh e ph e rd dy n as ti e s we re i nte nded to fo rm a ,

co nt i nued s uc c ess i o n reac h i n d o w n th ro ugh t h at

g ,

ri o d o f fi ve h undr ed an d e l e veny ea rs d uri ng wh i c h

p e ,

the sh eph e rd s rul ed T h i s enables us to d ed uc t t he se

.

fi ve h und re d a nd el even y ears fro m th e l o ng c h ro no

l o gy o f Maneth o n o r to l eave it o ut o f o ur reck o ning ;
,
*96 DA TE or TH E CO M M E NC E M E N T

a nd .
th us w e m a e k one s t ep to ward s re d uc i ng the
d at es o f that h i sto ri anto an ag re e m e nt w i th th o s e of

t h e O ld C h ro ni c l e a nd E ra to st he ne s .

But ,
a fte r t h i s red uc t i o n th e p e rio d th a t yet
, rema i ns
fo r th e e ar li e st d y nasti e s is b y far to o g r eat I t e x c eed s .

th e c o mputat i o n o f th e O l d C h ro ni c l e a nd E rato s
t l ie ne s, b y ma ny ce nturi e s .

T he x p ed i ent o f wh i c h m o d ernc h ro no lo gers h ave

e

g e ne ral ly ava i l e d t h e m s el ves i n o r d e r t o r ec o nc il e

,

t h e c h ro ni c l e o f Ma n e th o n w i th th e s h o rter p er i o d s

all o we d by o th e r h i sto ri a ns is th e sc h e m e p ro p o sed

,

b y S ir J o h n M arsha m w h o c o n je c tured that E gypt

, ,

in th e earli est a ges was d i vi d e d i nto sever al d i sti nct

,

ki ngdo ms and t h at t he C hro ni c l e c o ntai ns several

,

di ffer ent suc c e ssi o ns o f ki ngs ; th at th e d y nas ti es o f

D io spo l ites fo r e x a mple g ive s a seri es o f p r i nc es who
, ,

r ul e d o v er th e T h e b ai d a nd w ere c o eval w i th th e
'

o th e r dy n ast i e s o f M e mph i te s E l ep h a ntinites and , ,

T h inites . I n th i s way o f und erst and i ng it th i s ,

c h ro ni c l e ma y b e re d uc ed so as to q uad rate even

w i th a l o wer c o m p utati o no f antiq ui ty than that of

E rato sthenes .

B ut th e h y po th esi s th at E g ypt w as ever d i v ided

i nto several i nd epend ent ki ngdo ms is enti re ly a
g ra t u i to us c o n e c ture,
j and is c o nt rad c ted
i b y the
wh o l e t e no ur f E gy pti an h i sto ry
o T he ki ngs o f .

E gy p t are fre que ntly m e nt i o ned in th e sc ri tural

p
h i sto r y und er th e ti tle o f Ph arao h b ut we neve r fi nd
th at th ere w as m o r e th ano ne Ph arao h at a time . If
suc h h ad b ee n t he
i tio n o f t he c o untry so me
c o nd
,

tra c e o f it c o uld scarc el y fa il to b e s ho wn in th e

H e b re w h i sto r i e s co nsi d eri ng h o w i ntimately c on
,

ne cte d th e affai rs o f th e I sraeli tes w e re o n several ‘

 or THE EG Y PT I A N MO N A R CH Y .

o cc as o ni
s w i th th o se ofth e E gyp ti a ns N e i t h e r c an .

any fac t b e p ro d uc e d fro m t h e w ri t i ng s o f G ree k

aut ho rs, w h o t reat of E gy p t that fav o urs , s uc h an

op i ni o n . H o m e r m e nti o ns a ki ng of E gypt w h o
re ig ned at D i o spo li s ; y e t h is d o m i ni o n e x te nd e d
do w n t o t h e se a c o ast
-
H ero d o t us and D io d o r us
.

give t e sti mo ny d i re c tly a

g a i nst th e j
c o n e c ture of

Marsh a m .

I t w il l h o w ever b e fo und ,
un ess I l am m uc h m is
ta ke n ,
on a n atte nti ve
i ny o f th ese tabl es th at
s c r ut ,

al th o u h th e r e is no h i sto ri c al ro und fo r M arsh am s

’

g g
Co n j ec ture r esp ec ti ng th e di vi si o n o f E gypt i nto
i nd ep e nd e nt m o narc h i es y et t h ere are fac ts c o n
,

nec te d w i th th e c o nst r uc ti o n o f t h e C h ro ni c l e wh i c h
lead to nea rly s i m il ar c o nc l usi o ns as far as t h e ,

c h ro no l o i c al s st e m is c o nc e rne d
g y .

I sh al l no w m ent i o n my o w n o p i ni o n o n t h i s
s ub e c t a nd t h e i n ternal evi d e nc e o n w h i c h it is
j ,

fo und e d I wa s l e d t o it no t b y th e c onj ec ture o f

.
,

a n c h ro no l o e r b ut b y so m e c i rc um s tanc es w h i c h
y g ,

attra c ted m y a tt e nt i o n in th e C h r o ni c l e i ts e l f .

M a neth o n a nd E ra to sth e nes d er i ve d t h e i r i nfo r m a

ti o nfro m th e sac red re g i ste rs d e p o s i t e d int h e E gyp tia n
te m p l e s I t w o ul d s e e m th a t re c o rd s w e r e k e p t in
.

t h e t e m pl e s in se ve ral d i ff e re nt no m es o r p ro v i nc es o f
th at ki ng d o m s o m e at M e mp h i s so m e a t D i o sp o li s , ,

an d o th e rs e l se w h e re O f th e se it a p p ear s t ha t th e
.

h i sto ri ans a va il e d t h e m sel ve s H ere is a n o b v i o us .

s o urc e o f d i sc r e panc y ind o c um ent s c o mp i l e d b y w ri t e rs

w h o se m a te ri als w e re d raw n fro m d i ffe re nt q uarte rs

M a ny ca use s m i g h t g i ve ri se to d i ffere nc es in th e
re i st e rs fo r e x a m p l e k e p t a t M e m p h i s a nd at D i o s
g , , ,

li o r E l e ph a n ti ne T h e fo r m e r o f th e se c i ti es was
p o s
,
.

0
 *98 D A TE or TH E CO M M E N C E M E N T

tak e n p o s se ss i o n o f b y th e S h e ph e rd s, a nd re mai ned

s o m e t i m e s ub e c t t o t h e i r o k e ; t h e l atte r w as o c c a
j y
s io nal l y und e r th e s way i o p i ans
of H enc e
th e E th .

r eal a nd c o ns i d e ra b l e v ari a ti o ns m i h t ari s e in th e

g
s uc c es s i o no f ki n s a t s uc h d i sta n t l ac e s O ccasi o n
g p .

al l
y it m i gh t h a pp e n as it o c c urs s o m eti m es in all
,

easte r n c o untri e s t h a t p re fec ts a nd ro vi nc i al

, p go ver
no rs w o ul d rev o l t and a ssum e i nd ep e nd e nt s way ,

a nd m a i ntai n fo r a t i m e th e i r a uth o ri t
y N o th i ng is .

m o re p ro b a ble th a n t h at s uc h p e tty r ul e rs w o uld

i nsc rib e t h e i r o wn na m es o n th e rec o rd s o f t h e mo
narc h y in th e p l ac e o f th e i r s up e r i o rs
,
T h e li sts o f
.

no m arc h s m i gh t b e c o m e c o nfo und ed w i th th o s e o f the

'

k i ng s . E v e n in th e na m e s o f th e ki ng s th e m sel ves
v a ri ati o ns w o ul d no t fail o c c as i o nall y to h app e n o wi n
g ,

to th e i m p er fe c ti o n o f al ph ab e ti c w ri t i ng a nd o rtho

g raph y in v e ry r e m o te p eri o d s t o th e d i fferenc e o f ,

d i al ec ts ind i stant p ro v i nc es th e m ul ti pli c ity o f nam es

,

g i ve nt o t he so v e r e i gns a nd s till m o re to th e sub stitu

,

t i o n o f m a g nifi c e nt t i tl e s a nd e p i th e ts in t h e p lac e o f

p ro p e r ap p el l at i ve s ; a p ra c ti c e to wh i c h t h e adul a
t i o n o f th e o r ienta l p eo pl e fr e q ue ntly g i ve s o c c asi o n .

C i rc um stanc es o f th i s nat ure a nd o th ers wh i c h ne ed

,

no t b e e num e rate d m ust b e s uppo s e d to h av e pro d uc ed

,

g reat d i versi ty in th e c h ro no l o g i c al re
g i st ers k e t
p
d uri ng th e p eri o d in d i ffe re nt d i str i c ts ; so that
sam e

a l th o u h M e m p h i s an d D i o sp o li s w ere ing e neral sub

g
ec t t o t h e m o narc h o f a ll E h e s eri e s o f
j gy p t y e t t ,

ki ngs a s e x h i b i te d in th e r eg i ste rs at T h eb es m i ght

, ,

d i ffe r m a t e ri ally fro m th at o f th e M e m p h i t e r e c o rd s .

Ma ne th o nsee m s as S y nc ell us has re m arked t o h ave

, ,

h ad b e fo re him th e O l d C h ro ni c l e w h e n h e und e rto o k

t h e c o mp il at i o n o f h is tabl e a nd t o h ave adj uste d his
,
 or TH E EG Y PTI A N M O N A R CH Y .

l an ac c o rd i n to t h at m o d e l T h i s c h ro ni cl e pro
p g .

fessedl y c o ntai ns th i rty d y nasti es ; b ut th e fi rst h alf o f

this num b er c o nsi st s o f fi fte en g e nerati o ns o f th e
’

Cy ni c C i rcl e M a neth o n s eem s to h ave co nsi d ere d

.

th i s as mo d ern c h ro no l o g e rs h a v e d o ne a s a so rt o f
, ,

ch asm o r im e rfe c tio n in th e s er i e s ; a nd w i th a v i ew

p ,

o f sup pl y i n g th e d e fi c i e nc y b e fill ed up t h e fi rst fi f ,

teen p l a ces w i th dy na s t i es und er s i m il ar t i tl e s to th o se

wh i ch are c o mp r i s ed inth e re m ai nd e r o f th e tabl e a nd ,

wh i c h nearly c o rre s p o nd a s in th e O l d C h ro ni cl e and

inhis o wn I n o rd e r t o o b ta i n m ate ri als to supp ly
.

these fi fteen li sts h e c o l l e c te d t h e o l d r eco rd s fro m

,

d i fferent E gy pti an no m es a nd fo rm ed dy nasti e s o f ,

Me mp h i te ki ng s fro m th e r e gi ste rs o f M e mph i s and ,

o f D io spo l ita nfro m t h e s ac re d rec o rd s o f T h eb e s In .

en eral i t is to b e r e sum e d t h at h e p ro c ured th e

g , p
o l d est d o c um ent s a nd th a t t h e earli e st d y nas ti es c o n
,

si st for th e m o st p ar t o f t a bl e s o f k in s w h o r ei g n ed
, , g
inEgy p t b e fo re th e i nv a s i o n o f th e S h eph erds ; b ut
there are as w e s h al l fi nd ex c e p t i o ns to th i s rem ark
, ,
.

T hat th e fi rst fi ft ee n d ynasti es w ere c o nstructed in

th i s m anner m ay b e p ro v ed a s it a pp ears to m e fro m , ,

i nternal evi denc e .

T h e T h inite dy nasti es fo r e x am p l e p r ese nt so me

, ,

sin ul ar c o i nc id e nc e s w i th t h o se o f E l ep h an t i ne T h e
g
.

T h inite ki ngs b eg i n w it h M e nes T h ey re i g ned in .

Upp er E gy pt fo r th e r e w as th e s e at o f go vernment
,

inth e earli e st t i me s T h e seri e s o f p ri nce s o f E l e ph an

.

i
t ne is th e re f lik l t o c o i nc i d e ne a rl y w i th t h e
o r e e
y
h i w k t at n o re at d is
T hini es
t t t er e e
p g
»
re s e rs
as ,
.
e g
ta nc e a nd f ew d i v e rs i ti e s
l d a r i s e in t h e o r d
coue r of
,

i l N f h ni n E l h ant in ite ki n s
s o ve r e g nr u e rs o w o t
.
e e ep, g ,

t h e fi ve fi rs t na m e s c o rr e sp o nd s o ne a rly wi th the l as t
o f the T h in ite s t h at if so m e all o wanc e is mad e fo r
,
*I OO
D A TE or TH E CO M M E N C E M E NT

suc h mi sta k e s in o rth o g rap h y as m ay h av e h app ened

in p resenti ng E gyp t i an o r
re C o p ti c nam es in G reek
l etters, it w il l app ear th at b o th th ese tabl es refer to
th e sa m e s uc c e ss o n i .

Thinite Kings . E l ep hantinite Kings .

*O user- C h eres
S e ph res
N eph erch eres
S is iris
C h eres .

B ut a m o re d i sti nc t
xam pl e o f th i s repet i ti o n is
e

a ffo rd e d b t h e c o m p ar i so n o f th e t w e l fth d yn asty

y
o f D io s o l it e s w h i c h h o l ds its p l a c e in t h e fo rm e r
p ,

ar t o f t h e C h ro ni c l e w i th t h e ni ne te ent h d nast
p , y y ,

w h o a re a l so t e rm ed D io sp o l it e s in t h e l atte r p art , .

T h e c o i nc id e nc e in t h i s c ase c o nsi sts no t m erel y in

na m e s b ut is b o rne o ut by a rep et i ti o n o f h i sto rical
,

fac ts .

XI I D ynasty
. . XVI I I . a nd XI X D ynasties
. .

k ing , A m menem es A m eno ph is

S eso st ris S et h o s is
L aeh ares Rh ap ses
A m m eres A m m e nep h th es, or A m eno ph is
A m m enem es A mm enem m es

T he com
p ar i so n o f nam e s al o ne w o ul d b e s uffic i ent
to e x c i te a s us i c i o n b ut w e are no t l e ft in th i s state
p ,

o f unc erta F o r, in th e fragm e nt o f M aneth o n

i nty .

p re serve d b y J o sep h us, w e h av e a n ac c o unt o f th e

e x l o i ts o f S eth os is, wh i ch co m ared w i th th e h i sto r
p p y
of S e so str i s g i ve n b y H ero do t us and B i e d e rns ,
and

O user is an E gyptian t itl e prefixed to i

v ar o us
proper
names, as O sarsip h .
 o n TH E EG Y PT I A N M O N A R CH Y .
*1 0 1

the b ri ef no ti c e s o f A fri canus and E usebi us l e av e no ,

do ub t th at th ey w ere th e sa m e p e rs o n S e th o sis w as .

th e c o nq uero r w h o marc h e d t h ro u h t h e E a st a nd
g ,

wh o , o n h is ret ur n to E g ypt s uffere d fro m th e tr ea ,

ch e r y o f h is b ro t h er I n sh o rt in eve ry c i rc um sta nc e
.
,

h is sto ry a
g rees w i th th at of S eso str i s ," 6
a nd s eve ral

c o ns i d e rati o ns un te
i in p ro vi ng th at th e ni ne te e nt h
dynasty w as th e t rue p l ac e in c h ro no l o y fo r t h i s
g
c el eb ra t e d w ar ri o r . Y et ,
o n t ur ni ng b ac k to the
t wel fth d y nasty , w e fi nd t h e na m e o f S e so s tr i s, in
so m e w h a t s us i c i o us c o m a n ,
p p y as w e h ave a b o ve
re mar k e d a nd no t o nl y th e
, na m e b ut th e
,
ex
p l o i ts o f
S eso stri s c o nnec te d w i th it ,
as if th e y w ere se t d o w n

fo r th e p re ss p urp o se o f c o nvi c ti ng M a ne th o n o f
ex

i nac c ur a cy in h is co m p il at i o n I t is h ere e vi d e nt th a t .

th e h i sto r i a n, in to fi l l up h is t w el fth d y nas ty,

o rd er

h as e x t ra c t ed fro m s o m e r ec o rd c o nt a i ni ng ano th e r
co p
y o f t he s am e p i ec e o f c h ro no l o gy w h i c h h ad ,

ser ve d fo r t h e fo und a ti o n of th e l a ter s eri e s w h ere ,

th e h i st o ry of inits p ro p e r p l a c e
S e so st ri s o c c urs .

W e sh all s ubj ec t o ur h yp o t h esi s t o o ne furth e r

test w h i c h m ay p e rh ap s a ffo rd a p r o o f th at w il l b e
,

sati sfa c to r
y t o m o s t o f o ur re a d e rs I n th e e a rl i e s t .

p M
art o f a ne th o n s c h ro ni cl e t h’
e 3d , ,
4 th , a nd 6 th
dy nas ti e s c o ns i st o f M e m p h i t e ki ng s . F o r t unately
t h ese th re e dy na st i e s h ave b ee n
p re s e rve d in a
m o re co m p l e te st a t e th a n m o st o th e r p arts o f th e

C h ro ni c l e .
T h ey fro m th e i r p l ac e in th e
se e m ,

i
s e r e s, t o h ave b een c o p i e d fro m t h e o l d est rec o rds o f
M e m ph is T h ey a r e t h e fi r s t M e m p h i t e
.
dy nasti e s
m e nt i o ne d in t h e C h r o ni c l e a nd m a y b e , p p o se d
su

to co nta i n a tab l e of t he ki ngs who re i g ne d in th at

it
I t is a l l o we d by all th at S eth os, or S eth o s is, w as S eso st ris .
“ 02 D A TE or TH E CO M M E N C E M E N T

c i ty fro m its fo und ati o n . T h e se dynasti es affo rd us

a n un ro b ken s eri e s of t we nt y -th re e ki ngs . L et us

s up
p o se th at it c o m m e nc e s fro m t h e fo und ati o n o f
m o narc h y in E gyp t O n t h at h yp o t h e si s w e m ay
“

exp e c t t o t rac e so m e r el at i o n b e tw e e n it and th e

tab l e of E rato sth e nes ,

w h i c h w e i m ag i ne to c o nta i na
c o eval i a nd
p erh ap s r ec o rd f th e s ame
'

s e r es , a o

suc c e ss o n; i one li s t h av i n
g b ee n co
p i ed fr o m the
reg s tersi in t h e te mp l es of M emp h i s , a nd th e o ther

fr o m th o se in D i o sp o li s .

N ow it h ap p e ns th at th e l ast of th es e t w ent
, y
t h re e m o na rc h s o f M e m p h i s is a q ueen ,
and th ere
are nly t w o o th er q uee ns
o in t h e w h o l e t h i rty d y
nasti es H e r name is N ito c r is
. . I t is r e m ar k able
l
a so t h at t h e t w e nty- s e c o nd m o narc h in t h e T h eban
li st of q ue e n nam e d N ito c ris He
E rato sth ene s is a .

r o d o tus a l so m e nt i o ns N ito c ris a s a c el e b rate d q ueen

a nd fr o m t h e m a nner in w h i c h h e s e ak s o f h er it is
, p ,

p l a i nth at h e h ad h ear d o f b ut o ne E gyp ti a nso ver eign

o f t h at na m e W e m ay t a k e it as ne arl y c ertai n that
.
,

th e N ito c ris w h o s tand s in th e t w e nty t h i rd pl a c e in -

th e seri e s o f M e m h i te
p p ri nc es is th e sam e p e rso n ,

who o c c ur s in th e t w enty -
s e c o nd , amo n
g th e so v e

r e ig ns o f W hat still furth er s uppo rts o ur

T h eb es .

c o n e c tur e is th e c o i nc i d e nc e in ti m e ; fo r t h e t w e n
j ty
t w o M e m p h it e p r i nc e s p re c e d i n N ito c r is re i ned
g g ,

a c co rd i n
g to M ane th o n in al l 6 9 1 y e ar s ; and b y , , ,

a d di n
g up th e T h eb an r ei g ns t h at p rec e d e th e same
/

na m e inth e l aterc ul us o f E rato sth e nes w e o b tai n 687 , ,

w h i c h is w i th i n fo ur y e ars o f th e sa m e p eri o d .

W e shall no w se t d o w n th e t w e nty th r ee nam es o f

.
-

M e m p h i te so v e rei g ns o p p o si te to th e t we nty t w o o f -

T h e b a ns and o b se r ve w h at relati o ns th e two li sts

,

p re se nt
 or TH E EG Y PTI A N M O N A R CH Y .
*1 03

ThebanL ist of E ra tosthenes .

p
First M em hite D ynasties f
o

M anethon .

Menes , or Mines Th eb init us N ec h em ph is

A th o th es To so r th ro s or E scu

l ap ins
Y ears.

A tho th es 2 T yris
M eso c h ris

Sem p h o s, o r S o m -Ph o s
TO I G A R

ST -O rc u o s

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0

O O O O O O O O O O O
O O O O O

A noyph e s
SIRI O S , o r S I R O E S S O RI S

Ch no ub o s G neuro s 27

R au-o sis
B iyris
'

Bi-uris, or

SA O PHI S SO U PH I S

SA OPH I S th e 2 d S O U PH I S t h e 2 d

M o s- CH E R I S M e n-C H E RE S

R ha to ises
B icheras
S eb er-c h eres
T h am p h th is
O t h o es
Ph io s
Met h o uso uph is

A p ap p o s
A ch escus C ear as
N ito c ris

R h at o is es
‘
a nd B ieh eres st and n ex t to Me nch eres in th e
,
t ab l e

of E rato st h enes .
”04 D A TE or TH E C O M M E N C E M E N T

I t m ust h e c o nfe ssed t h at th ere are m any names

s tand i ng o
po s
p i te to eac h o th er, in t h ese two tabl es,
w h i c h h av e 1 1 0 rese m bl anc e . i nstanc es we
I n th es e
s u p o s e t h at t h e nam e s o f no m ar c h s o r p ro vi n c i al
p
o ver no r s h av e b e e ni n s erte d int h e li st i n st ead o f the
g
s o ve re i g ns o f E gypt o r t h at t emp o r ar y d i s m e mb er
,

m e nt s o f th e m o na rc hy h a d take np l ac e S o m e ti mes .
,

h o w e ve r th o ugh th e nam es d iffer t h e p eri o d s o f the

, ,

r ei n s e x ac tl c o i nc i d e H e re w e m a
y p res ume that
g y .

th e m ul ti p li c i ty o f ti tl es o r ep i th e ts ass um ed b y e astern
so vere i n s an d freq uen t l a d o t e d a s w e w ell k n ow
g , y p , ,

by th e ki ng s o f E g yp ts h av e gi ven r i se to th e d iver
,

s it A ll t h i s it is t rue is a m ere h y p o th e s i s ; b ut
y.
, ,

we ass um e no th i ng m o re t h an w h at th e c i rc um
s ta n c es o f th e c ase o n th e s u
, p p o s i ti o n ma i ntained ,

m ust h ave g i venr i s e to W e r est th e wh o l e weight

.

of
p ro o f in the p r ese nt i ns ta nc e o nth e c o i nc i dences
b etwee n th e t wo s ucc ess i o ns ab o ve c o ll ate d whi ch ,

w e s h al l no w m o r e d i sti nc tl y p o i nt o ut .

I T h e re i gno f N ito c ris is set d o w n d i ffe rently in

.

t h e tw o tabl es S h e p ro b ably re i g ned lo nger at

.

T h eb es th an in L o wer E gyp t S h e was a n E thi e .

p i an a nd T he b es w as ne arer t o h e r native c o untry

,

t h an M e m ph i s Sh e m i g h t b e e nab l ed to m ai ntai n
.

h er g o v e rnm ent at T heb es a fte r th e cruelti es w hi c h

a re as c rib e d t o h er h ad c a used h er e x uls i o n fro m
p
L o w er E gypt .

I f t h e T h eb an N ito c r is w ere no t th e s a m e p erso n

p
a s th e M e m h i te it w o ul d b e un , ac c o un ta bl e th a t th e
t wo rei g ns prec e d i n h er na me sh o ul d h ave r ec i sel
g p y
t h e s am e d urati o n in b o th s ucces si o ns es ec i al l y as
p ,

t h e te rm s o f eac h a re ver s i n ul ar o nes

y g T h e re i gn .

i mmed i atel y pre ced ing N ito c ris is o nly o ne y ear and ,
 or TH E EG Y PT I A N M ON A R C H Y .
*1 05

th e g n b e fo r e th a t is in b o th th e ta bl es 1 00 y ear s
re i .

T h ere is o nly o ne ki ng in th e w ho l e c h ro ni c l e o f
Maneth o nw h o gne d 1 00 y e ars, a nd o nl y o ne inth e
rei

l aterc ul us o f E rato sth e nes, a nd in eac h it is a ssi gned

t o th e p re d ec es so r b ut o ne o f N ito cris
’

l a st T he .

ch anc es ag a i nst s uc h a c o i nc i d enc e as a matter ,

o f ac c i d e nt are m o re t h a n a t h o usan
, d t o o ne ;
and w e h ave a ro o f, str o ng in th e sa m e o r ti o n
ro
p p p ,

th at th i s nam e in b oth th e r e co rd s d esi g nates th e

sam e p erso n .

T h e na m es g i ve n t o th e k ing w h o r e ig ned 1 00
y ears are no t v ery unlike no r d o es it re q uire m uch
etym o o g c a l i l to rturi ng t o sh o w th at th e y m ay h ave
spru n
g fr om th e sa m e E g yptian o ri ginal A p ap p o s
.

has a G re ek te rm i nati o n , a nd h as evi d entl y und e r

g one so m e m o d ifi c ati o n . It see m s, as J abl o nski

o bserved w i th o ut e nte rta i ni ng t h e l e ast i d ea o f
thi s c o mp ar i s o n to b e t h e sa m e w o r d w h i c h th e
,

Greek m yth o l o g i sts w ro te E p ap h us th e o l d A rg i v e ,

ti tl e o f th e b ull A p i s T he C o pti c o r E gyp ti a n

.

arti c l es a re so m e t i m e s p l a c e d a s e very o ne k n ,
o ws at ,

the b eg i nni ng s s o m e t i m e s at th e end i ng s o f w o r d s ;

, ,

an d th i s v ar i ati o n c o nsti tute s all t h e d i ffere nc e b e

t we e n A p a p h i o
- r E p pa — h i w h i ch b, y a G ree k wri ter

wo uld b e exp re ss e d E paph o s o r A p app o s a nd ,

Phi A p - a w h e
,
n c e t h e M e m p h i t e n a m e Ph io p s .

d i n n m in t h e T h e b an li st I
In t h e t w o
p re c e g a e s

n o r es e m bl a n c e t o t h e t h re e M e mp h i te n am es
se e

i i e th m n l s M o usth is m ay
wh c h s t a n d O
pp o s t t o e u es ,

n f M t h u h i I f t h i s b e th e
b e a c o ntrac t i o o e o u s o p s .

M m h i t n m m u st h ave b ee n
fac t t wo o f t h
,
e e
p e a e s

ac c i d e ntally t ra ns p o s ed .

I a m, h o w e ve r, stro ng ly inc li ne d to sus

p ect that

p
 A N TI QU I T Y or T H E BE S A ND M E M PH I S .

t h e p rec e d i ng na m es, R h ato ises a nd B ic h eres, h ave

be en c o pi ed by ac c i d ent o ut o f th ei r p ro p er p l ac e,
and t hat th e y or i g i nally sto o d b efo re S o up his . O f th i s
h er e afte r .

2 T he nam e p re c e d i ng M o usth is, v iz M osc heres,

.
.

is i nte rpreted by E rato sth e ne s H el io d e t us the

“
,

i ft o f th e S un T h i s is th e i nt e rp retat i o n al s o o f
g .

M enc h e re s B o th th ese t er m s w er e app arently t i tles

.

o r e p i th ets a nd as the
y h ave th e s a m e s i gnifi cati on,
,

b abl b el o n e d t o t h e sam e ki ng
pro y g .

3 S o up h is th e fi rst and S o uph is th e sec o nd are

.

ev i d e ntl y t h e same as S ao phis t h e fi rst and S ao phis

th e sec o nd .

We ha ve h ere t h r ee i
s uc c e ss ve nam es inth e l ist o f
M aneth o n ,
w hi c h a re near ly i d entic al w i th th e three
nam es o ppo s i te t o t h e m in t h e T h e b an i
s e r e s, viz.

S o uph is l , S o uph is 2 p o nd i ng , a nd M e n-Ch e res ,

c o rre s

w i th S o up h is l S o up h is 2 and M o s -c h e r i s
,
Ho w ,
.

m a ny ch anc e s wo ul d th er e b e agai nst suc h a c o inci

d enc e as th i s, ar s i i ng m erel y fro m ac c id e nt ?
I t is t rue th at t h e igns l ength s as s ig ne d t o t h ese re

d o no t ag ree ; b ut 1 92 y ears is so i m p ro b abl e a .

d urati o n fo r th re e fo llo w i ng reig ns in an h ere d i tary

suc c es si o n th at w e h a v e r eas o nto sus e c t an erro r in
, p
so m e o f th ese d ates .

4 . T h e t wo T h e b an na m es p rec e d i ng S ao ph is,
ng
'

viz . Rau -
o s s, i and B i yris or Ri-h y ris, b ear a stro

re se m bl anc e to R hat o i ses and B i c h eres in th e - -

M e m ph i te li st ; and I suspe c t that th ese nam es

o r i i nall
g y sto o d as I hav e s et t h em d o w n in itali c s ,

and t h at a c arel e ss c o yi st ac c id e ntal ly t ra ns osed

p p
th e m N o err o r is mo re l ik ely to o c c ur than o ne
.

o f th i s d escri ti o n
p .
 '
M A N E T H O N S T A B L E S E X PL A I N E D . ”07
5 S i ri o s S i ro c s
or c o r res
p o nd s w i t h S o ri s
.
, , .

6 . T hus far w e t ra ce a r e s e mbl anc e o r i d e n t ity in

th e nam e s th e m se l ve s . T h e t wo p rec e d i ng ki ngs in
th e M e m p h i te i s er e s, v iz
S iph o uris a nd Ke rp h e re s .
, ,

exh ibi t no res e m bl a nc e wh at e ve r in t h i s r e sp ec t t o

th o se p l ac e d o p p o si te to t h e m b ut it is r e m arkabl e ,

that b o th th e re i gns in o ne t abl e a re e x a c tl o f t h e

y
sam e d ura tio n as t h e r e i ns w h i c h st a nd O
g pp o s i t e
to t h e m in t h e o th er I t is p ro b a bl e th e re fo re th at
.
, ,

e i th er M ane th o n o r E rat o st h e nes h as se t d o w n

ep i th ets o r t i tl e s i nst ead o f p ro e r na m e s
p .

7 S t - O ic h o s see m s to b e the s a me nam e A c his

'

. as .

St S ta is a co mmo n
fix o c c urs c o n o i n ed
,
or , p I t j re .

to sev e ra l na m e s w h i c h we k no w t o b e c o m pl ete
ap pe ll ativ e s w i th o ut it T h us we h ave b e lo w .

S t A me ne m es : A m e ne m e s b e i ng a v ery c o mmo n
- .

nam e in t h e c atal o gue o f E gypti a n ki ngs .

6 T e i g ar stand s o p p o si t e to T ase r tasi s

.
T aigar -
.

se em s t o b e o nly a va r i a t i o n in t h e o r th o g rap h y o f

T aser T h e E gypti an l ette r c o rresp o nd i ng w i th th e

.

C o p ti c J o r s oft G h as no e x ac t c o r rel at i v e in th e
, ,

G ree k al ph a b e t a nd is represe nte d i nd i ffer ently by

,

S i g m a o r b y G am m a
,
.

7 S e m p h o s s tand s b efo re T aigar and o p p o si te to

. ,

th e M e m p h i te S o ip h is T h e so n o f H e rc ul es is th e
.

G re e k i nt e rp re tati o n o f th i s na m e a nd it w as o r i ,
v

i n l l S o m ph o s A s li h t e rro r o cc as i o ni n t h e
g a y g .
g ,

o m i ss i o n o f a c o ns o na nt m ay h a ve g i ve n ri se ,
t o th e

d i ffe r e nc e b e tw een this na m e and S o iph is .

I n th e fo ur fi rst pl a c e s in e i th e r li st I fi nd no
a ve a n h i sto ri c al
c o i nc i d e nc e in na m e s ; b ut w e h

i h i h n n t t h o mm e n c em e n ts o f
sy nc h r o n m w
s c c o e c s e c

th e tw o s e ri e s .
 *1 08 A N T I QU I T Y or TH E B E S A ND M E MPH I S .

We are assure d b y C l e m e nt of A l ex and ri a ,

that
H ermes of T h eb es ,
a nd [ E sc ul ap ius of M e mp hi s
w e re t wo l b rate d m en wh o o bta i ne d th e h o no ur o f
ce e ,

d e ifi c atio n in c o nse q ue nc e o f th e b e ne fi ts c o nferred

b y th em o n m anki nd W e h ave in the fo rego i ng
.

ag e s e nd e avo ure d to asce rtai nw h at th e d eifi cat io no f

p
m e n m ea nt in t h e fab ul o us h i st o ry o f t he E g ypti ans .

I t d o e s no t app ear tha t t h ey h ad a ny ap o th e o si s after

t h e m a nner o f t h e G reek s b ut a s h i e rarc h s o r p ro , ,

h e ts th e y w er e b eli e ve d to ar tak e o f th e d i v i n
p , p e

nature o f the g o ds to wh o m th ey d e d i c ate d th e m sel ves

th ey ev e na ss um e d th e na me s o f t h e i r tute l a r d i v i ni ti es ,

and w e re ac c o rd i n gl y c o nfo und e d in h i sto ry w i th th e

o d s th e m sel ves I t w as th us t h at w e h ave a seco n d
g .

H erm e s and a seco nd [ E sc ul ap ius

, T h e fi rst
H erm e s o r T h o th was an ab strac t i o n th e p e rso ni
, , ,

fi c atio n o f i ntell ec t o r reaso n ; th e fi rst j E sc ul apius

’

w as S erap i s o r O s i ri s , T h e s e c o nd T ho th o r .
,

H er m es T ri sm eg i stus was a real h i stor ic al p erso n;

,

h e li v e d in th e ti m e o f A th o th o r w as p erh ap s , , ,

A th o th h i m sel f H e w as a T h e b an ac c o rd i ng to
.
,

C l em e ns T h e sec o nd fE sc ul a pius was acco rd i ng to

.
,

C l emens a M e mp h i te ; d o ub tl ess h e wa s a ri est

,
p .

We h ere h ave h is nam e as th e s ec o nd of t he Mem

p h ite ki ngs w h o in th e first ages see m g enerally to
,

h ave ari sen fro m th e hierarc h y .

N o w w e l earn fro m s everal autho ri ti es t hat t he

Memphi te iE sc ul ap ius was c o ntem p o rary w i th the
T h e b an H e rmes tho ugh th e fo r mer se e ms to have
,

b e e n th e y o ung e r o f th e t wo a nd to h ave assi sted the ,

T h e b an p ri est in th e c o mp ilati o n o f h is wo r k s ,

T h us Ma neth o nis m ad e to assure Pto l emy that h e h ad

,

co i ed c erta i n reco rds inth e r ec esse s o f t he E y t a

p g pi n
 MA X PL A I N E D
’
N ET H O N S TA B LE S E . 1 09

te mpl es, w h i c h t h e w i se H e rm e s h a d i nsc rib ed th e r e

wi th th e assi stanc e o f fE s c ul ap ius
. .
.

has 0136 -
iepaiu QfQA w u, a mefi H r oh sp a is
'' '
1 11 1 9 '

i x pucpfw u f '
d g éupwr o r o va ocpog E mi};
i
xa
m
'

cr d G
’

ains A o x 7wj7r t ov éupaiu

’
m vur fig
'

p oq (r eg
'

MA N E T HO N . A p o tel es m l ib . . v.

I n th e Poem and er ,
th e rep ut ed wo rk of H erm es
T ri sm egist us T at , ,
or T h o th ,
a nd E sc ul a
p ius, are

ca lled th e so ns o f H erm e s .

J uli us F i r m ic us al so in h is astro l o gi c al w o rk
, , ,

c i tes so m e anc i e n b o o k s attr ib ute d to H erm es and

t ,

to E sc ul ap ius w h o r e c e i v e d h is l e s so ns
,
.

O ther auth o ri t i es m igh t b e ac c um ul ate d t o p ro v e

thi s sy nc h ro nis m if it w e re ne c e ssar ; b ut th e ab o ve
, y
menti o ned ar e s uffic i e nt to e stabli sh t h e fa c t as far as ,

a fac t o f s uc h re m o te a nti q ui ty c an b e d e te r m i ne d .

T he re sul t is th a t th o ugh t h e fi rst nam es in th ese

,

t wo suc c e ssi o ns d o no t r e se m bl e e ac h o th er y et We ,

are in o ss ess i o n o f t h e h i st o ri c al fa c t th at th e seco nd

p ,

ki ng 1 n o ne t ab l e was c o ntemp o ra ry wi th th e sec o nd

,

inth e o th e r .

To co nc ud e , l it se e m s to b e to l e ra bl y w ell e s ta

bl ish e d , th at th e b e ginni ng a nd end of th e t wo

tabl es w e h ave c o m pa re d are c o nte m p o rary t h at

A th o t h es a nd T o so r th ro s li ved in th e sa m e a g e, a nd
th a t t h eq uee n N ito c r is at the end o f th e ta bl e is th e , ,

on ly so v ere i g n o f t h at na m e w ho re i g ned in E gyp t .

w h n d t x m i n e th e na m e s o f
F th
u r er ,
e w e p ro c e e o e a

th e i nt e r m e d i at e ki ng s w e fi nd t ha t t h e m aj o r i t y ,

h th h m t i m s d i ffe rin in
o f th e m a re s u c a s o u g s o e e
, g
b m l m d ifi t i on s o f t he sam e
o und t e o ca
s a
pp
,
e a r o e e r y
r l lO A N T I QU I T Y or TH E BE S A ND M E M PH I S .

E gyptian or i g i nal s ; i nsta nc es a n exact

in o th er ,

c o rres o n d e nc e in th e l e n th s o f r e i g ns p ro v e s th at
p g
t h e sa m e ki ng s h a ve b e e n rec o rd e d in t h e t w o li sts
w i t h d i ffe re nt t i tl es o r e p i thet s O n t h e w ho l e .
,

w h e nw e tak e i nt o c o ns i d era t i o n th e r e m o t e peri o d

o f an tiq ui ty fro m w h i c h th ese re c o rd s h av e d e sc e nd ed ,

t h e num b er o f c h ro no l o g i cal c o m p i l e rs t h ro ug h w h o se
b and s th ey h ave p asse d t h e g re at var i e ty o f names,

an d ti tl es o fte n g i ve n to th e s a m e i nd i vi d uals and ,

t h e i mp erfe c tio n o f a l p h ab et i c a l w r i t i ng it m ust be ,

all o w ed t h at w e h a ve fo und far m o re num e ro us c o in ci

d e uc es t h an w e h a d a ny ri g h t to e x p ec t in s up po rt
o f th e s u p o si t i o n b efo r e a d o t e d
p p W e i nfer that .

t h ese ta b l es c o nta i n t w o c o eval and a l m o st i d e nt i cal

'

s uc c ess i o n s .

T h e c o i nc i d e nc es w hic h h av e l ed us to th i s c o n
e l us i o n c a n no t b e a ttr i b ute d to any d esi g n o n th e part
of th e a uth o r s to w h o m w e o we t h e t ab ie s fo r it d o es
no t a
pp ear t h at i t h er
e of th e m ev e r so m uc h as c o n

ec t ure d th a t t h e th i rd fo urth and ixth d y nasti es o f

j , , s

M a ne th o n l w i t h th e fi rst t we nty two

'

w ere c o ev a -

re i gns of E r ato sth e ne s no r am I a w a re t hat t he

co m
p ar i so n o n w h i c h th i s p o i nt is e stab li sh ed h as
eve r b ee n m a d e b e fo r e .

I t th e re fo re a
p pe ars th at the earl y p art o f Mane
'
, ,

th o ns
’
c h ro n c e,
i l i nstead o f c o nta i ni ng o ne c o nti nued
s e r es o f
i ki ngs co n i in
li t y o f s ev eral c o eval
’

,
s sts r ea

s ucc ess i o ns w e fi nd in t h e fi r st p l ac e t wo dy na sti es

o f T h in ite ki ngs th e s a m e s e ri e s b ei ng c o nt i nue d b y
,

ne d ynasty o f E l ep hantinites ; in th e se c o nd w e h ave

'

t h e se ri es o f Me m ph i te ki ng s j ust e num e rate d

t h i rd ly , t wo d y na sti e s o f H erac l e o ts , a nd o ne o f X o it e s,

t he names in w hi c h ar e lo st ; fo urthly ,
th e d y nasti es
 ’
M A N E T H O N S T A B L E S E X PL A I N E D .
*] l l

o f Sh eph erd
'
ki ngs w hi ch
p p ear t o h a v e b ee n i i p art
, a i
coeval w i th th e fo re o in seri es, an d fi fthl y w e fi nd
g g
th e t i tl e s o f s ev e ral D io si o l ita n d na sti es m o s t o f ‘

y ,

wh i c h ent re i l y l o st nd th e nl y o ne wh i c h
“

are , a o

rema i ns is on ly a no th er co
p y as w e h ave Sh o wn,
, of

the nine t e ee nth d yna st y , i nserte d in a l ater p art of

t he Ch ro ni c l e T o c o nc l ud e , w e h ave t h us
.
r ec o nc iled
th e ppa a re nt ly d is co r d a nt sc h e m es of ~
M a ne th o n o n
th e o ne s i d e , a nd th e O l d C h ro nic le nd th e l ate rc ul us
a

of E rato sth e ne s o nth e o th e r i nc e , s t h e l o n e s t s ucc es

g
si o n in th ese d ynast ies fal l s c o nsi d erabl w i th i n th e
y l

l o wes t p e ri o d all o w e d b y th e l atter d o c um e nts fo r th e

an tiq ui ty o f t h e E gy pt i anm o narc h y W e h ave se e nth at .

Sync e ll us p ro fessi ng to fo ll o w E rato sth e nes g i ves us

, ,

d ata fo r fixi ng th e b eg i nni ng o f th e re i g n o f M e nes

at 2662 B C . . and t h at t h e c o mm e nce ment of th e

Cy ni c i l
c rc e , w hich a nsw e rs to th e p o c h in th e
sa m e e

O l d C h ro ni c l e ,
m ust e i th e r be d ate d nearly at t h e
sam e ti m e, or 1 50
l ater N o w it is o b vi o us t h at .

nei ther o f th e suc c essi o ns in t h e fi rst p art o f M a ne ,

th o ns Ch ro ni c l e e x c eed s t h e i nterv al b e t w e e n t h e s e
’
’
,

r em o te d a t e s a nd t h e p e ri o d al read y fi x e d fo r t h e e r a

o f th e e i h t ee nth d y n a s ty o r o f th e l s raeli t i s h E x o d e
g , .

Maneth o n th ere fo re is re c o nc il ed w i th th e o th er
, ,

auth o ri t i es ; b ut it m ust at t h e s a m e ti m e b e a ll o w e d

that we h ave no t y e t fo und inhis C hr o ni c l e a ny m ea ns

o f co m ut i n t h e e xa c t o int o f t i m e at w h i c h w e
p g p
must d ate th e c o mm e nc e me nt o f th e E g y pti anh i story .
 R E L A TI O N o r TH E DI F F ERE NT

SE CT I O N VI I ;

Co nnec tionof the E ar lier and L a ter Parts of the

Chrono logy .

We Sh all no w mak e an attem pt to co nnect the

c o m m encem en t of th e Ch ro ni c l e w i th th e l ater p art ,

an d to d ed uc e fro m it s o m e m o re e xac t c o nc l usi on

,

r es e c tin th e an o f th e E y t i anm o narc h y

i q i y
'

p g t u t g p .

W e p ursue th e same method wh i ch we h ave h itherto

fo ll o w ed b ut pl ac e l ess c o nfi d e nc e o n th e data to
‘
,

Wh i c h w e are oblig ed to reso rt in th e re mam mg

p ar t o f o ur c al c ul ati o n th an o n t ho se wh ich h ave ,

co nduc ted us th us far .

T he gre e ment wh i ch w e h ave al read y t raced

a ,

b etwee n th e M emph i te rec o rd in Manetho ns Chro ’

ni c l e and th e series o f T h eb anki ngs by E rat o sth enes

, ,

m ay b e co nsi d ered as asc e rtaini ng t h e suc c essi o n o f

E gypti an ki ngs fro m M e nes d o wnwards d uri ng
,

nearly 700 y ears , to th e re i g n o f N ito cris . W e had

p rev i o usly fix ed t he p e o ch o f
th e d ep a rt ure o f th e

S h e ph erd s, a nd the c o m m e nc em en t o f th e eigh t eenth

d y nasty, or th e acc ess o n o fi T e th mo sis, 1 679 years
at

B C
. . A l l that we no w want is to fi nd the interval
t h at p l
e a sed b et ween theigns o f N itoc ris and o f
re

T e th m o s is ,
and th enthe o utli ne o f the Chro ni cl e will
b e asc ertained .
 ’
or M A N E T H O N S C H R O N I CL E .

I t is pro b abl e th at M aneth o n s wo r k if it c o ul d b e ’

resto re d to its o r i i nal state w o ul d no t d i ffe r m ate

g ,

rial ly in t h i s
p art o f th e c o m p utati o n fro m th e O l d
Ch ro ni c l e wh i c h s ee m s to h ave b ee n th e atterno n
,
p
wh i c h it w a s fo r m e d T h e fo llo wi ng are the d ates
.

g i ve nb y t h i s d o c ume nt

Yea rs.

Th e fi ft een generati o ns o f th e Cy nic

c i rc l e r e i n
g ed
T h e s ixte e nth d y nast y
T h e seve ntee nth d y nasty

No w if we , d d 736 y ears t o 1 679 w e shall h ave

a ~

24 15 B C fo r th e er a O f t h e o r ig i n o f th e m o narc hy
. . .

But h ere a s o urc e o f uncertai nty falls in o ur way .

F o r 1 78 y ears h ave b e e n c as uall y o m i tte d in so m e

part o f t h e O l d C h ro ni c l e, a nd a n a ppr eh en si o n

sug ests i ts el f th at th e lap s e o f t h e c o py i s t m a y h av e

g
happ e ne d in th i s p art O f th e se ri es I t w o ul d t h en b e .

ne c essary t o ad d th i s num b er to th e fo reg o i ng w hi c h

(

y M e nes t o 2593 B C It
‘

wo ul d up th e a e of
c arr g . .

is ext re m e ly d i ffi c ul t t o d e te rm i ne w h i c h of t h ese

dates is th e tr ue o ne . S y nc ell us, i nd e ed h as g ive n

,

us, fo r th e co mm encement o f th e L aterc ul us O f

E rato sth e nes, a da
26 62 y ears b efo re Ch ri s t b ut
te Of ,

we are no t i nfo rm e d w h enc e b e d e ri ved th i s c al c ul a .

ti o n.I f w e w ere s ur e th at it was tak e nfr o m E rato s

th e ne s, it w o ul d g i ve su o rt to t h e m o re
r e m o te
‘

pp
co m ut i
at o n o f t h e e ra o f t h e O l d C h ro ni c l e, w h i c h
p
d i ffers fro m it o nly 6 9 y e ars ; b ut it a
p pears tha t the
9
 R E L A TI ON o n TH E De nE NT

or i gi nal wo rk o f E ratos the ne s was never seen by

S yn c el l us ,
wh o e xtrac ted th e t able o f T h e b an ki ngs
f ro m t h e c o mp ilati o n o f A p o ll o d o rus and n o thi n
g ,

i s m o re p ro b abl e tha n th at h is e sti mate o f t he

a nt i quity o f th i s se ri es w as t a k en fro m o th er and

erh a p s fall a c i o us so urc es

p .

T h ere are so m e c o i nc i d e nc es b etween the latter

art o f th e T h eb a n se r i es o f E rato sth e n es an d the
p
e igh tee n th dy nasty O f M ane th o n w h i c h fall s wi thi n
,

t h e e p o c h already d e te rm i ne d I f t h ese sho uld

.

a p ear c o n s i d e rabl e eno ug h to b e re li e d u o n they

p p ,

will a ffo r d a c l ue to all p erp l ex it i es .

W e m ay in th e fi rst p l ac e r e m ark that th o se kings ,

wh o se na m es a re m e nt i o ne d b y H ero d o t us and
D io d o r us as prec ed i ng th e ag e o f S eso stris are with
, , ,

fe w e xc ept i o ns fo und in the ta bl e O f E ratosth enes

, .

H ero do t u s h as reco rd ed o nl y t h r ee reign s b efo re that

e ra t h o s e of Menes N ito cris and Mo iris th e i mmed i ate

, , , ,

* T he e
p red e c ess o r o f S eso s tri s .
s se e m to c o rrespo n d
wi th t h e M an
~
es N ito cris an
, d Mari s of Erato sth enes
, .

D iqdo rus ment i o ns a king na med My ris o r Muri s , ,

Wh o m h e p l ac es six g e n erati o n s e arli er t han the

Mo iris o f Hero d o tus ; and in the c o rresPO Irdin g

p l ac e I n th e l aterc ul us w e fi n d the nam e o f Me ures .

W e sh a l l ex hibi t th ese co i nc id e nces I no ne vi ew .

it T his M oiris is an imp ort ant p erso n in history . H e is

mentio n
ed b
y S trabo and fi l iap , the l att er of mbp m m
t er s

his! Met res

 P R A TS o r M A NE T H O N S C H R N C L E
’
O I .
”41 5

f 5

E ra tosthenes .
b l OdOTuS .

M enes

B ousnis '

N itocris Ni oris

l st generatio n ’

2d generat i o n
5 d g ener at mn
i th generat io n
5 t h generan
'
oh
M o ires, or M arres, as h e 6 th g eneration
t erm ed b y A elian.

S eso stris . 7th Seso stris .

I t w oul d s ee m , fro m th e a nalo g i e s Wh i c h d 1 spl ay

th e msel ves in th i s ta bl e, th at E ra t o s th e nes ll ecte d co

the mat eri al s w i th w h i c h h e h as c o m p ile d t he seri e s o f

Theban ki ng s fro m th e sa m e q uar te r wh e nc e He ro
do tus and D io d o r us o b tai ne d i nfo rmat i o n We m ay .
,

th ere fo re a ttri b ut e th e di sc re p a nc i es b e twe e n t h e se

,

auth o rs to th e i m pe rfe c t m a nne r in w h i c h th e tw o

,

latter unde rsto o d t h e a c c o unts t h at w er e gi ven th e m .

N o w th e Mo ir is o f H ero d o tus th e M anes o

, ,

JE l ian w as th e i m m ediate pre d ec es so r o f S e so str i s

,
.

S eso st ri s ac co rd i ng to Ma ne th o n w as also c a l l e d
, ,

E gyptus ; t hat 1 s h e b o re th e appell at i o n g i ve nto the

,

sacr ed ri v e r o f E yp t
g i n th e tab l e o f E i a to sth e ne s,
.

we fi nd j us t b el o w Marre s a nd d i vi d e d fro m it b y ,

o nl y o ne nam e a kin c al le d Ph ro ui o n w hi c h is
g , ,

inte rp re te d t h e Ni l e Th i s Phro uro napp ears t he n to

. , ,

b e a no ther nam e o r e p i th et o f t h e c e l eb rat e d S eso stris .

I t o ug h t i m m e d i atel y to fo ll o w Mari s ; and the nam e

o f S ip h th as H e r m e s w hi c h i nterv e ne s s h o ul d pro
'

.
, ,

babl y have p rec e ded M aris I f w e are a llowed to .

*1 1 6 R E L A T I ON or TH E D I F F ERE N T

m ak e th i s t r i fli ng a lterati o n w e sh all fi nd a c o nsistent

,

ana o gy ,l in t h e o rd er o f n am es b et we en th e three
,

auth o rs .

E r a tosthenes; H erodo tus and D iodor us .

l . M eures Muris . D .

2 . C ho m aeph th a
3 . A nco unio s
4 . Pente -A th yr is
5 . S t -A m e ne m es
6 . S istosich -H ermes S asych es . D .

a
s as
7 .

8 . S ip h th as-H erm es
9 . M aris M ce ris , or M arres, (H . nd
a

E l ia n)
10 . Ph ro uro n, or t he N il e . S eso s t ris, named al so E gyptus,
o r t h e N il e .

L e t us no w co m ar e th i s s uc c e ss o n i w i th th e
p
seri e s o f ki n s i m m e d i a t ely p re c e d i ng S e so stri s, or
g
n yp t us, in t h e tabl e o f M a ne th o n .

T he pred e c e ss o r and fath e r of S eso st ri s is ca ll ed

M o iris b y H ero d o t us . B y M a neth o n h e is t er m ed
A m e no ph i s . W h e nc e th i s d i ffe re nc e ? T h e fact
s e em s t ob e, th at t h e se na m es are e q ui val ent .

M ari s in th e li st
,
of E ra to sth ene s , is interpreted
H el io d o tus th e G i ft o f th e S un; a nd th e sa me
,

mea ni ng m ay b e a sc rib e d to A m e no p h i s ; s o that

t h es e e i th ets or t i tl es m ay b e c o ns id ered as c o n
p
ve r t ibl e . M e mno n ,
or M enno n , as Pli ny w rit es the
nam e, is ano th er w ay o f e xp re ssing A me no p h i s ; fo r
b o th th ese ti tl e s are g i ve n to a no th er p ri nce o f th e
e i h tee nth d y n
g as ty, by A fri c a nus M e mn o n w as .

th e o ffsp ri ng of t h e S un: it was h is statue th at was

vo c a l wh en str uc k w i th th e l
b eam s
so ar .

Strabo co nfirms this s uppo si ti o n by , assuri ng us

 P A RT S or
’
M A N E T H O N S C H R O N I CL E .
*l l 'i

th at Moeri s w as th e s am e ki ng w h o w as o th erwi s e
c all ed M e m no n and w h o s e statue w as so fam o us
,

am o n g th e G reek s M e m no n o r M e nno n o r A m e
.
, ,

no phis is th e r efo re c e rta i nl y in t h i s instanc e th e

, , ,

sam e as M o iris an d as th ese nam e s h ave th e sam e

,

meani ng it is p ro b abl e th at w e s h al l fi nd th e m
,

co i nc id i n in o th er i nsta nc es
g
We sh a ll no w se t d o wn th e th ree tabl e s of E rato s
th enes, o f H e ro d o t us a nd D io d o rus ,
and of M aneth o n ,

oppo site to e ac h o th er and o b serve th ei r

,
co i nc i d enc e s .

M anethon s 1 8th D y n
’
E ratosthenes . H erodotus and D iodo rus . a sty .

’
Thuosi-M A R E S A M E N O PH I S the 1 st

Thyrill us M iph ris

m
Se ph oucrates M i sphragm o uth o sis
Chouth er To ut hm o sis

*M A RE S M U R I S, D .
ti
A M E N O PH I S, or

M E MNON

Cho m aep htha H o rus

A nco unio s A c h en-ch er es

f ehteA T H Y R I S
- A TH O R I S

A ch e nch eres l 8: 2
St -A m enenes ( 25 y ears ) ( 24 yrs ) .

Sisto sich H E R M E S*
- S asych es, D . A R M E S, or H u m ans“

R am esses

H A R M E SSE S
Siphthas -H E R M E S
*A M E N O PH I S
*M A R I S M O I RI S or M A R R E S,
or M E MN O N
Seso stris Seth osis, nam ed al so
Phrour o n, nam ed after [

IE gyptus, th e nam e
the river N il e .

of t h e N il e

R hap sak e s

A m eno p h th is

Ra m eses
‘
A M M E N E M E S.

We o b s e rve th at t h e na me M uri s M e uris M o iris

, ,

My ris o c c urs fo ur t i mes inth e series o f

or Marres ,
or ,
H IS RE LATIO N OF
’

T HE DI F F ERENT
E rato sth e nes, D io d o rus, a nd H er o do tus . I n thre e
l
p ac e s it c o rresp o nd s w i th t h e na m e of A m e no p hi s,
wh ic h w e h a ve sh o w n to b e an e q ui valent ep thet , i
in t he fo ur th with A m e ne mes M a neth o n a s we
a nd ,

h a ve s h ow n in a fo re g o i ng s ec t i o n s ometim es has ,

W1 1 t te n A me ne m e s m t he p l a Ce of A me h o ph e
‘

A no th ei c o i nc i d e nc e I S t h e oc c urre nc e o f H ermes
tw i c e inth e T h eb a nli st
pp o si te to A r m es ,
o Or Har
m esses in t he li st o f M ane tho n .

Pe nte -A thy ri s is a c Orrip o und name, meani ng

P ho nt A th yri, o r t h e h i gh p ri e st o f A th yr i o r A thor
’
-
.

O pposi te to t h i s na me w e h ave A th o ris, Wh i ch is

e q ui val ent .

I f th ese
i nc i d enc e s are all o w e d to b e suffic i ent to
co

e st abli sh th e c o nnec ti o n o f th e t w o s e ri e s t he y wil l ,

e na bl e us t o fi x th e d a te o f t h e c o m m e nc e m e nt o f th e
E gypti an mo narc hy m o re e x actl y th an we hav e
‘

atte m p ted b y th e d ata b e fo re ad d uc e d

’

We l
“

h ave a read
y sho w nth at th e b e g i nni ng of the
reig n o f S e s o st ri s or
n
yp tus is to b e d ate d at 1 3 50
B C T h e wh o l e s eries of E rato sth e ne s fro m Me nes
’

.
,

t o th e l as t k ing w h o s e na me is set do wn d c t h pié d

, ,

as S y nc ell us 1075 y ears sa ys

F ro m th i s sum we
, .

m ust d e d uc t 68 y ears fo r th e l eng th o f th e two l ast ,

r ei g ns, and th e i nt erval be tw ee n M e ne s a nd Ph ro uro n

w i ll b e 1 007 y ears . N o w if th i-s Ph ro uron wh o s e
, ,

name is i nterpreted T he N il e, b e r eally thé same

as t he [ E gyptus or S eth o sis of Maneth o n ,
w e h ave
o ny l ad d l OO7 years
b efo re o b tai ne d to the da te
‘

to
in o rd er to asc e r tai n t h e t i m
,
,

e wh en M e n e s b e an
"

g
to reign a nd t h e re c o rd o f th e E i
gyp a n m o narc hy
t
“

c o m men c es 1 3 50 + 1 007 a mo unt to 23 5 7 T h i s d ate

.
.

fall s sh o rt o f th e l o west epo ch d ed uced fro m the Old

“ ‘ ‘
 PA R TS OF
’
M A N E TH O N S C H R O NI C L E .
*1 1 9 ‘

C hro ni c l e b y , up war d s o f 50 y ears b ut th e d i ffere nce

l
1 8 ess t h a nwe might ex pec t .

I f th i s c o m p utati o n is c o rre c t N ito c ris m ust h ave

,

died j ust 40 years b efo re t he E xo d e and T hyo si ,

Ma res w as t h e A m e no p h i s w ho w as d ro w ned in t h e
Red S ea .Pe r h ap s so m e c o nfi rm at i o n to o ur h y po
thesis will b e fo und in t h e c o i nc i d e nc e o f th e d ate o f
t hi s ki ng s d eath I f w e c o mp ut e upw ard s fro m
’
.

N il us S uppo si ng him i d e nt i c al w i th S eso stri s w e fi nd

, ,

th at th e e nd o f t h e rei gn o f T h y o si M are s fa ll s j ust 6

-

y ears b efo re th e S c ri p t ural d a te o f th e E xo d e ; an

error s o s m all a s th i s m a b e co n s i d er e d a r e m ark abl e
y
instanc e o f a re e m e nt
g .

I t m ust b e mark ed that if th e c o inc id enc es no ti c ed

re

inth i s s e c t i o nsh o uld b e reg ard e d a s m ere ly ac c i d e ntal ,

th e c o nc l u si o ns o b t a i ne d in th e p rec e d i ng p a g es w ill

b e in no w ay a ffec te d ; and it m ay still b e a ll o w e d

th at we h av e d et erm i ne d w i th a t o l e rabl e d eg ree o f
,

re cision th e a ntiq ui ty o f t h e E gyp ti a n m o nar c h y

p , ,

b y c o m p aring th e O ld C h ro ni c l e and t h at o f M a ne
th o n w i th th e l aterc ul us o f E r ato s th e nes T h e analo .

i es trac e d in th e fo r m e r s e c t i o n s a
p p ear t o b e so
g
s tro n a s t o l ie b ey o nd t h e re ac h O f m e rely ac c i d e n tal
g
c o in c i d e nc e T h i s canno t b e sa i d o f th o se wh i c h w e
.

h ave l ast s urve y ed ; th o ugh I c o nfess th at I a m in

c lin ed , o nth e wh o l e to r eg a rd e ve nth e lat t er a s to o
,

d i sti nc t and to o num e ro us t o b e th e e ffe c t o f c h anc e .

I sh al l no w in th e fo llo w i ng tab l e p l ac e und er o ne

,
,

v ie w t h e w ho l e sy te
s m o f t h e E gyp ti an c h ro ni c l e s ,

o bse rvi ng th at t h e o nly p o i nt w i

h c h to m ysel f app ears

l eft in d o ub t is th e c o nnect i o n I have atte mp te d

,

n i h n h d nast o f M a n eth o n
t g tra c e b e t w e e t he g e t ee t y y -

a nd th e l a tt er p ar t o f t h e T h eb an l aterc ul us .
 R E L A TI ON OF TH E D I F F E RE N T

TA BL E O F MA N E TH ON S E GY PTIA N D YN A STIE S, COM

’
.

o r E RA TO S T H E N E S , D IS PL A YI NG

FI RST PA RT O F THE C HR ONICL E,

9 1d Chr onicl e . ThebanKings, a ccor d Memp hite D ynas ties of

ing to E ra tosthenes . M anethon being the ,

3 d, 4 th , and 6l b
D ynast ies .

1 5 generat io ns of t he Menes
Cynic Cir cl e A th o t h e s N ec h ero ph es
H ermes Theb anus To so rthr o s, or E scul a

pins Memphites
A th o t hes 2 Tyris

So m ph o s —
S o i phis
To igar Taser-t asis
S t -O ich o s A c his

G o so rmies n
reig ed 30 Siph o uris reig ed n 30

M ar es 26 Kerph ere 26

( 4 th dynasty)

Sum to tal o f th e 1 5 Sum of t h e fi rst

generat io ns 15 generatio ns 4 54
1 6 t h dy nasty of 8 Sao phis 2

Tanites r eigned 1 90 Mo s-Cheri s

(sth dynasty.)

(1
1 00 Phio ps
4

To tal , 63 5 c oo -
D O Q OOO O OQ 1 M eutesouphis
1 7thdynasty o f 4 6 N it o cris
M emphites reign
ed To t al , 6 87

It wo ul d app ear t h at so me great revo l ut o n i i n E gypt abo ut the

 *l 22 R E L A TI O N OF TH E D I F F E R ENT

t es th at t h is w as th e increasing
fol l o wing T abl e ~ indi ca asc e ndancy
and ex p ul sio n o f t he Sh eph er d s .

19m
CON NE CTI ON OF THE PRE CED IN G D YN A STIES WI TH THE SUB

SUCCE SSI ON OF KIN GS FROM

N B Th e fo rego ing t ab l e, th e succ eed in ne, is

—
. . as w el l as g o

pres e nt is b uil t o n the supp o sit io n that Thyo si M ares was the

O ld Chronicl e . L atercul us f
o Theban D iosp o l itan Record
f M o natkon
o .

1 8 dynasty of 14Mem
ph it e reigned
nasty of M aneth on
348
call ed Memphites in
th e O ld Chronicl e
Nit o cris

A meno phis l

Meures A meno phis 2 , t he Muris

of D io d o rus

Pente-A t huris A th o ris

Sist o sich -H ermes A rmes, or Hermens

Harmesses
A meno phis 3 , th e Mar
res o f E ll en

Phrouro n, wh o b o re t he Seth o sis, wh o bore the

nam e of t he river nam e o f E g yptu s, or

t he river N il e .
 PA R TS or M A N E TH O N S
’
CHRO N ICLE . ”28

of the D iosp ol itan k ings, wh o so o n aft er effec ted th e reduct io n

5 2mm .

SEQUE N T ONE S . T HI S PA RT O F THE TA BLE COMPRI SE S THE

NITOCRI S TO SE S O STR I S .

founded o n t he co nc l usio ns o b t ained in th e six th S ectio n .

A menoph is 1 of M anetho n, maintai ned int he seve nth S ectio n .

[The 7th and 8th d ynas

ties o f M emphites are

l ost ] E xo de of th e H ebrew Sh eph er d s, B C . . 1 6 1 9, v iz .

5 1 1 y ears aft er th e fir st incursio n o f th e Sh ep

h erd s, wh o th erefo r e e nt ered E gyp t B C . . 20 7 1 ,

in th e reign o f To igar, according to this

viz .

A dupli cat e D io sp o l itan

r eco rd , being th e 1 2th

dynasty o f Maneth o n .

A mmenemes

Seso st ris

[ ‘
See a
p g e
 R EL A M ON O F
’
TH E I
D F F E R EN T

E GYPTI A N M O N A RC H S, F RO M SE THO SIS,

O ld Chr o nicl e M anethons Chronicl e

'
.
.

l gt h dynasty o f D io spol i tes co m Seth oSi s, th e Pet king of th e 1 9th dynasty,

m anc ad fro m the b egan t o reign 1 0 0 5
-
1 0 8 4 y ear s years
b eginning o f th e Cynic Circl e * . fro m Menes, ac c o rdi ng to th e fo re

go ing Tabl e, fo unded o n S ectio n the

seventh

A m eno ph is
R am e ses (Tro y t ak en)

A mm enemm es
Th o uo ris, or Po l yb us
To t al 1 94 To t al 20 9

20 t h dy nasty of D iO Sp o lit es (2o t h dynasty of D io spo lit es)

gne d
r ei To t al 1 3 5
2 1 dynasty of Tanite s dy nasty o f Tanit es)
( 2 1 st
To t al 1 2 1 S me d es, o r S o ussak eim

To tal 1 30

22d dynasty of Tanit es 22 d dy nast y of Bub astites

To t al 48
23 d dy nasty o f D io sp o l it es dynasty Tanit es
'

2 3d of

To t al To t al 44

2 4t h dynasty of 1 Sait e 24 t h dynasty of l Sait e

r ei n
g ed 44 Bo c cho ris gned r ei

2 5 th dy nasty of E t h io pians 2 5th dynasty o f E thio pians

Sabb aco
S enech o n
Tar c us, or Taracus
To t al To tal 44

2 6 th dynasty of Memphites 2 6 th dynast y of Sait es

To t al 1 77

N o te . I t he nc e a
ppears th at t h e O l d Ch ro nic l e c arries up
which exc eeds t he date fo unded o n th e sec o nd part o f this Tab l e
 NO T E S .

N O TE A .

I r has o ftenbeensuppo sed th at so m e m em o rial s of t he hist o ry

of th e worl d, and of t he m o s t re m ark abl e dispe nsatio ns of

Pro vide nc e to t h e h um an rac e, h ad b ee n preserv e d fro m v er

y
rem o te ges, p art ic ul arl y b y th e Pat riarch s o f t he H e bre w
a

st em ; and t h at M o se s, in co m p o sing th e intro d uc tio n t o t h e

Pentateuc h , avail ed h imsel f o f s uc h aut h e ntic d o c um e nts .

The fi rs t writ er wh o at t e m
p ted to invest igate t h is s ubj ec t, by
a crit ical anal
y sis o f t h e b o o k o f G enesis, w as t h e c el eb rate d
h
p ysic ian, A s t r uc fi“ The s am e inquiry h as b ee n p urs ue d f ur

ther by J erusal em f and Il gen, 1 and partic ul arl y b y E ic h h o rn

and t he re sul t s wh ic h t hese w rit ers h ave d e d uc ed h av e b e e n
an
generall y ad o p ted b y l earned m e n d b ib l ic al c ritic s on the
Co ntinent .
”
These writ ers h ave p t ed t o s ho w t h at t h e b o o k o f
at t e m

Genes is c o ntains s ev eral anc ie nt h isto ric al d o c um e nts, h and e d

do wn fro m t h e Pat riarc h s, and preserved in an unco rr up t s t at e

Co nj ec tures s ur l es M é m o ires g inaux , d o ut il p aro it q ue

o ri

Mo yse s est s er v i
’

po ur co m po s e r le l iv re d e l a G e nese , a B r uxel l es,

1 7 53 .

f J erusal e m
’
s Briefe ub er d ie M o saisch e Gesc h ic h te und

Ph il o so ph ie .

I l g e n s U rk und e n d es J er usal e m sc h en Te m p el -A rc h ivs

’

1
'
.

E ich h o r n fi b e r M o s is N ac h ric h t en v o n d er N o ac h is c h e n F l a t h
l

§ .

A l so , E ic h h o r n s E inl eit ung in d as A l te

’

R e pe rt o ri um , T .

Test a m e nt , Th 2 .

S ee D J G R o se nm ul l er s E rk l a rung d er Gesc hic h t e vo m

‘

. .
.

N e ues R eperto rium , 1 h 2

’
nd Paul us
’
Sund enfal l , a s . .
 *l ‘28 N OT ES ON TH E C H R O N O L O G I CA L

t o t h e t ime of M o ses, by w ho m t h ey were c o pie d nearl y in

t h eir o rig inal fo r m, ex c ep t t h at t h ey were int erwo ven by
him into o ne c o nt inuo us narrat iv e . Th is infere nc e is c h iefl
y
d erived fro m t h e fo ll o wing co ns id erat io ns .

1 . Th e bo o k of Genes is co ntains se veral r e p et it io ns or

do ubl e narrat iv es of t he sam e e vents.

I f t he s e d upl ic ate nar ratives are c o mp are d with each
2 .

o t her, t he
y m ay be distinguishe d b y c h aracterist ic differences
o f st
yl e .

3 The .
pe titio ns are to o e x t ensive, and t h e c h arac teristic
re

d ifi ere nc es t o o dis tinc tl y m ask ed , to ad m it o f any oth er e xpl a

’

nat io n th an t h a
t w h ich t his hyp o th e sis assig s n
'

n o f this I sh al l subj oin E chho rns

‘
A e c im e anal i ’
p s a s
ysis ,
c o m phrisio n of t h e t wo H isto ries of t h e D el uge , w h ich t his
writ er e ndeav o urs t o trac e and d isc rim inate . I t wil l be oh

se rved t h at t he p assag es p l ac ed o ppo site t o eac h o th er c o ntain

t wo co m pl e t e a nd co nt inued narrativ es I n o ne o f t hese the .

D eit y is d is t ing uis h ed by t h e term E l o h im , in t h e o t her by

J eho vah ; and t h ere is onl y o ne exc e ptio n t o t his remark .

The styl e differs in o ther res

p ec t s. The rec o rd in whic h the
w o rd E lo him is used is m o re p ro s aic and c irc um st antial ; t he
o t h er is e x resse d m o re brie fl , a n
p y d in m o re st rik ng and i
p o etic al p hras eo l o gy .

R ecord in wh ich the name R ecord inwhich the word

J E H O VA H is used . EL om M is used .

GE N E SIS, c hap . v i. 5 . A nd J eh ovah GE N SI S

E , ch ap. vi. 1 2 . A nd th e E l o
saw that th e wick ed ness o f m an was him saw th e earth, and b eho ld it was

grea t inth e earth , and t hat every im a c o rrupt ; for al l fl esh had corrup ted

ginatio n o f th e t h o ug h t s o f his h e art his way upo n th e eart h .

was onl y evrl c o nt inual l y.

7 . A nd J eh o vah said , I will cl e 13 . A nd th e E l o him sa i d unto N oah,
stro y m an, who m I h ave created , fro m Th e end of al l fl e sh is co m e b efo re
th e,
face o f t h e earth , b o th man and me ; fo r t he e ar th is fi l led wi th vio

b east , and th e creep ing th ing, nd th e l ence t hrou h th em and b eh ol d, I

a
g :

fo wl s of th e air ; fo r it repenteth me wil l d estro y th em fro m th e eart h ” .

t hat I have m ad e t h em .
Chap . v ii. 1 . A nd J ehovah said unto 9. N oah was m anand perfect
a j ust
N o ah, Because t h ee I h av e seenri gh in h is genera t io ns ; and Noah wal k ed
t eo us before m e inth1 s generation. with t he E l o hi m .
 T R E A TI SE . N OTE A .
a"1 29

Reco rd inwh ich the na me R eco rd inwh ich t he word

E
J H O V H is A used . E L O H I M is used .

Gnur srs, ch ap . vn. 2 . O f every cl ean G a m ma, c h ap vi 1 9 A nd o f . . . ev ery

beast t ho u sh al t tak e t o th ee , b y sevens, h vm g t hing, o f a l l esh, t w o o f fl every

th e m al e and h i s fem al e ; and of beas ts so rt sh all t h o u b r ing i nt o an ark , t o

uncl ean, b y t wo , t h e m al e and hi s k eep t h em al iv e W i th t h ee : t h ey sh al l

femal e . b e m al e a nd fem al e.

5 . O f fo wl s al so of t h e ai r b y s ev ens, 20 . O f fo wl s after t h eir k i nd , and o f

th e m al e a nd th e fem al e, c at t l e aft er t h eir k ind , o f

y creep i ng
ever

t h i ng up o n t h e eart h aft er h l s k i nd
t wo o f ev ery so rt sh al l c o m e unt o t h ee,

( B) t o k eep seed alive up o n th e fac e ( B) to k eep t hem al i ve.

o f all t h e e art h .

4 . F o r yet seven d ay s, a nd I Wl l l 17 . A nd b eh o ld , I , eve n I , d o b ring

caus e it t o rain up o n t h e eart h fort y a fl o od o f wat ers up o nt h e ear th ,

days and fo rt y nigh ts

( B ) and ev ery l i v mg sub sta nce t h at ( B ) t o d estro y al l fl esh , w h erein is t h e

I have m ad e, W i l l I d estro y fro m o ff b reat h o f l i fe, fro m und er h eaven e ver
y
th e fac e o f t h e eart h . t hi ng t h at is in t h e eart h sh al l d ie .

5 . A nd N o a h did accord i ng to all 22 . Th us d i d N o ah ; acc o rd i ng t o al l

that J eh o vah h ad c o m m and ed him .

t h at t h e E l o hi m ha d co mm a nd ed hi m ,
so d id h e .

1 . A nd J eh o vah said unt o N o ah , 18 . A nd t h o u sh al t co m e i nt o the

Co m e t h o u, and al l t h y h o use, i nto ark , t ho u, and t h y so ns, and t h y Wf i e,

th e ark .
”
and t h y so ns
’
W i ve s W it h t h ee .

6 A nd N o ah was six h undre d y ears

.
C h ap . Vi i . 1 1 . I nth e S ix h und red t h
fl
o l d w h en th e o o d o f waters was up o n y ear o f N o ah s l i fe , i n t h e
’

seco nd

th e eart h .
m o nt h , t h e se ve nt eent h d ay of t he

m o nth , t h e sam e d ay wer e al l t h e fo un

t ains o f t h e g reat d eep b ro k en up ,

and the W ndi o ws of h eaven w ere

o
p e ne d .

The time is sp ecifie d in this r ecor d : see 12 . A nd t h e rain w as up o n t h e

a bove, ver se eart h fo r ty d ays and fo rty ni g h t s .

7 . A nd N o ah ent ered , and h is so ns, 1 5 I n t h e sel f sam e d ay ent ered

.

and hi s Wf i e, a nd his so ns
’
W i ves Wl t h N o ah , and Sh em , and H am , and
him , int o the ark , of the J ap h et h , t h e so ns of N o ah , and N o ah ’
b ecause s

water s of t h e fl o o d. Wf i e , and t h e th re e W i ves of h is so ns

wi t h h im , i nt o t h e ar k .

8 . Of c l ean b eas ts, and of b easts 14 . Th ey, and ev er y b east aft er his
th at are no t cl ean, and o f fo wl s, a nd k ind , and al l t h e c at t l e a ft er t h eir

o f ev er
y thing t h at creep eth up ont h e k ind , and e v ery c reep in
g t h ing t h at
eart h , c r ee p et h up o n t h e eart h aft er h is k i nd,
a nd every fo wl aft er h i s k i nd , every

b ird o f ever y sort .

 *1 30 N O TE S o n TH E C H R ON O L O G I CA L

R ecord in w hi ch the name R ecor d inwhic h the word

J E HO VA H is used . E L O H I M is used .

GE NE SI S ch ap . vi. 9
. Th ere w ent i n, G e ne si s c hap . v i. 1 5. A nd t h ey went
two nd t wo , unt o N o ah into th e ark , in unt o N o ah into t h e ark , t wo nd
'

a a

t wo o f all fl esh wh erei n is th e b reath

of l ife .

( B ) th e m al e and fem al e, as th e E l o hi m ( B) 16 . A nd th ey t h at went in, went in

nd ed N o ah m al e and fem al e of al l fl esh ,
'

h ad c om ma . as th e
E l o h i m h ad c o m m and ed hi m .

1 7. A nd t h e fl ood was for ty d ays 18 . A nd prevai l ed , and

t h e w at er s

th e eart h and th e wat ers increas ed w ere inc reas e d gr eat l y up o n t h e earth

and b ar e up the ark , a nd it was l ift up and th e ark w e nt up o nt h e fac e of the

ab o v e t h e e art h . w aters .

23 . A nd ev ery l iving sub st ance w as

'

21 . A nd al l fl esh d i e d th at m oved
d est ro yed whi c h w as up o n t he fac e o f up o n t h e earth , b o t h o f fo wl and of

t h e gro und , b o t h m an, and c att l e, and c at tl e, and of b eas ts , and

yof ever

th e c r e epi ng t hings, and t h e fo w l of th e c reep i ng thi ng th a t cre ep eth upo nthe

h eave n and t h ey w ere d e st ro y ed fro m eart h, a nd ever y m an .

th e eart h a nd N o ah o nl y r em ai ned , 22 . A ll i n w h o se nost ril s was the

and t h ey t h at w ere W i th h i m i nt h e ark . b reat h of li fe, and all t hat was inthe

d ry l and di ed .

C h ap . vi ii . 2 1 . A nd J eh o vah said i n C h ap ix 8 . . . A nd t h e E l o h i m sai d t o

h i s h eart , N oah and to h is so ns W i th him , saying,

I W ll n t
i o ag ain c urse th e ground any 9 . A nd I , b eh o l d , I e sta b lish m y
m o re fo r m an s
’
sak e ; b ecause th e c o v enant w it h y o u, and
with your se ed
im aginat i o n m an s h eart is an
’
of evil after you ; d wi th every l i vi ng
from h i s yo uth . creat ure t h at is W it h
yo u, of th e fowl ,
o f th e cattl e, and o f ever y b eas t o f t he
eart h with yo u ; fro m all t h at go o ut
o f t h e ark , to ev ery b eas t o f t he earth .

A nd I wil l e stab l i sh my co ve

nant W th y
i o u.

( B) N eith er w ill I again any more (B) N eit her s h al l al l fl esh be cut o f?

s m it e eve ry l i ving t h i ng, as I have a ny m o re b y t h e w a t ers o f a fl o od ;

d o ne . nei t h er sh al l t h ere b e any m ore fl o od

22 . A s y et al l t h e d ays o f t h e eart h , t o d estr o y t h e eart h .

seed -t im e a nd h arvest , a nd co l d and

h eat, a nd sum m er and wi nter , and da y
a nd night s h al l no t c ease .

Th e n o f th e p assages w hic h are t hus bro ug ht into

s el ec t io

c o m p aris o n is p erh aps, in so m e ins tanc es, fo rc e d and assum ed

w it ho ut s ufli c ie nt m ark s of disc rim inatio n . Y et , a fter m ak ing
al l al l o wanc e s fo r c rit ic al art ifi c e , it see m s im po ss ibl e t o
d eny t hat t h ere is so me fo undati o nfo r th e aut h o r’s h y o t hesis
p .
 T R E A T I SE . N OT E 3 .
*1 3 1

I l eav e th e read er,

h o wever, to e x am i ne for h i msel f, and draw
his o wn co ncl usio ns * .

N OTE B .

I n assigning th e d ates t o t wo
'
or th ree eve t s nint h e h isto ry o f
the I srael ites, I h ave fo ll o wed a co m
p ut at io nwhich differs fro m
th at of A rchb sho p i Ush er . Th e e ve nt s I al l ude t o are o c cur
rene es, in w hic h th e his to ry of t h e H ebrews is invol ved wit h
t h e affairs o f t he E gyptians . Th e fi rst of th ese is th e E x o d e,
or t he departure I srael fro m E gypt, und er t h e guidance of
of

M o ses and A aro n The s ec o nd is t he invasio n o f J ud aea and

.

capt ure o f J erusal em by th e k ing o f E gypt, term ed in o ur

sacre d S c ript ures S h ish ak I sh al l m e ntio n t he gro unds o n
.

whic h t h e dat es assigned t o t h ese o cc urrenc es appear to m e t o

be d beginning, as b efo re, with t he l ater, and t h en
i
e s t abl sh e ,

pro c eeding t o t h e earl ier eve nt s .

F irst, o f t he date assig ned t o t h e invasi o n o f Pal estine by

Sh ish ak .

J er usal e m was pl undere d b y S h ish ak in t h e fi ft h y ear o f

nd d h h n D id h i -s
Reh o b o am ,
w h o asc e e t e t r o e o f av t rty ix years
aft er t he fo undat io n o f t h e t e m p l e of J er usal em . We h ave
h ere t wo re m ark abl e e p o c h as in t h e h ist o ry of t he Israel it es
t h e fo und at io n o f S o l o m o ns t em p l e,
’
connec te d to get her, v iz .

wh ic h fix es t he co m me nc em ent o f a c el ebrat ed e ra ; and t h e

F er a ful l el uc id at io n o f t h is s ubj ec t , I refer th e reader to a

w o rk w hich is no w p re pari ng fo r t h e p ress b y t h e R ev D G . . .

Wait g do n, S o ni e rs e t sh ire, under t h e t it l e o f

-
L L B R ec to r
. . o f B in
,

A n I nt ro d uc tio nt o t h e O l d Te st am e nt I t is d esig ned t o co nt ain

.

rat io ns d eri v ed fro m o rien tal so urc es, w it h

a v arie t y o f c urio us il l us t

in i l m k s o f t h e R a bbinical Co m m e n t at o rs, and t h e

h
t e p r c p a re ar

m n C ritics Th e p ro fo un d erud itio n a n d ind e

mo t s l e a r n e d G e r a .

b l d il i n e of t h e a ut h o r l ea v e no ro o m t o d o ub t t h at t h is
fat ig a e g e c

l e .ad ditio n t o t h e b ibl ical l iterat ure

w o rk w il l m ak e a v ery v al uab
o f o ur nat io n .
 “
4 32 N O TE S ON T HE C H R O N O L O GI CA L

rev o l t o f th e t en t rib es, w h ic h h appe ned in the fi rst year o f

Reho boam .

The templ e o f J erusal e m was d est ro yed by N eb uch adnezzar

inthe year befo re C hris t 5 88 , ac c o rd ing t o Ush er and m ost o f
o ur m o d ern c h ro no l o gers T h is ep o c h is to l erabl y well fix ed
.

b y a variety o f h is t o ric al d at a B y c o m puting upwards from

.

th is era, and rec k o ning t h e reig ns o f t he k ings o f J ud ah and

I srael , as set d o w n in t h e b o o k s of K ings and Chro nicl es, the
e arl ier d ates are o b t ained . By t his m e th o d U sh er h as cal c u

l ated th e int erval b et w ee n t h e fo undatio n and t h e d e st ructio n

of t he t em pl e to hav e b ee n 4 2 4 years , and dates it s fo undatio n
in l o l 2 B C . . I n the com
p ut at io n I hav e fo ll o wed, wh ich is
th at ad o p te d by D r . H al es , * fi fte e n y ears are ad d ed t o ;the

perio d abo ve m e nt io ned, and t he fo und at io n o f t he t empl e is

d at ed at 1 0 2 7 B C . .

T h is d iffere nce ns is t s in t h e t w o fo l l o w ing particul ars

co .

Th e reig n o f J c h o ram , t h e fi ft h d es c e n dant o f S o l o m o n, as

s et do w n in 2 K ing s, x iii . 1 7, and 2 Chro nicl es, x x i. 5 , is

eigh t years U sh er c o nj ec tures t h at h al f o f his reignwas a j o int
.

so v ereign ty with h is fat h er J e h o sh aph at , and o n t his h ypo

t hesis h as assig ned o nl y fo ur years t o J c h o ram D r J ack so n . .

h as dis c ussed t his subj ec t in his Ch ro no l o gic al A ntiquities, and

I fo l l o w h im in assig ning ei
gh t years t o t h is reigns?
Th e d eviat io n fro m U sh er s c o m p utat io n co nsists in
’
o t h er

th e insertio no f an int erreg num o f e l ev e n years between the

reig ns o f A maz iah and A z aria h, fo r whic h w e are ful l y autho
riz ed by a c o m pariso n o f t h e c o nte m po rary suc cessions o f

J udah nd I srael ; unl ess an hypo t h e sis as s um ed by U sh er,

a

simil ar t o t h at o f t h e fo r m er inst anc e, b e al l o wed A c cording .

t o 2 K ings , xv 1 , J ero bo a m t h e 2d was in t he 2 7t h year o f

.

h is reign o ver I srael whe n A z ariah asc ended th e thro ne of

J er usal em U sh er r eck o ns t h is t o h ave been t h e six t eenth
.

year o f his reign, and c o nj ec t ure s t h at t he fi rst el evenyears

were inj o i nt s o vereignty with h is fath er J eh oash, w hose wh o l e

N e w A nal ysis o f C h ro no l o gy, vo l . i .

1 J ack so n’s C h ro no l o g ical A nt iq uit ies , vo l . i p 1 77

. . .
 T RE A TI S E . N O TE B .
l 33
reign was o nl
y s ix t een years T here is no authorit fo r t his
.

y
co nj ect ure, neit h er is t h ere any p ro o f t hat t h e interreg num o f
el even y ears p re c eded t h e rei n o f A z ariah
.

g b ut o ne o f th e
t wo s uppo sit io ns m ust b e all o wed Th e hyp o th esis t hat an
.

i nterregnum t o o k p l ac e is re ndered
pro babl e by t he c irc um
stances o f A m az iah s de m ise, and seem s im l ied int h e ac co unt
’

p
o f A z ariah s s uc c e s sio nin2 C h ro n
’
icl es, x x vi 1 A nd w e have . .

sho rt l y afterward s an inst anc e o f a -simil ar c h asm in t he s uc

cessio n o f t he k ings of
Israe l , which is al l o wed by al l c h ro no
l o gers , and c ertainl y h appe ned, yet is no t ex pressl y no t iced
inth e series o f reig ns ,
We t hus d ed uc e t h e fo l l o wing dat es fro m t he S cri tural
p
histo ry .

F o und at io n o f S o l o m o ns t em pl e,
‘

A c cessio n o f R e h o bo a m
I nv as io n o f J nd asa and sack in
g o f J er usal em by

A no th er im po rt ant era in t h e S crip ture Chro no l o gy is t he

E x o de, o r th e d ep arture o f t h e I srael it es fro m E gypt T he .

co m p ut at io no f this d at e dep e nd s o n t h e d urat io n we assi n t o

g
the p erio d betwee n t h e fo undat io no f t h e t e m pl e of J erusal em
and th e E x o de .

rc h bish o p U sh er s c al c ul at io n of th is interval , w hic h is

’
A
sup p o r t edby t he present H eb re w t ex t, assig ns t o it 4 8 0 years .

S everal c o nsiderat io ns seem to render it m anifes t th at t h is d ate

has b een al tered , eit h er by fraud o r accident .

1 . I t is inco nsist e nt wit h t he teno ur of t he ancient J e w is h

h ist o ry, as co nt ained in t h e p rec ed ing scrip tures . I n t he

bo o k of J udges, a series o f rul ers is set d o w n, with an ex ac t

enum erat io no f th eir reig ns or p erio ds o f go vernm ent , w h ic h

i mpl ies t h at t hey hel d t he o ffi c e o f s ufi et es , o r c hief m agis t rat es
'

in c o nsec ut ive o rd er . T here is no t t im e no ug h fo r t he

e

reig ns of th e wh o l e num b e r in s ucc essio n, inc l uding t he

ears of s ervit ud e, wh en I srael was s ub ec t

j to foreign
y
p resso rs, if t he s h o rt date abo ve m entio ned is retained a nd
pp
”34 : N O TE S ON TH E C H R ON O L O GI C A L

h av e b ee n driven t o t h e ex pedien n
ch ro no l o gers t of co j ee
t urin , g co ntrary t o t h e t eno ur of th e h is to ry, th at the reig sn
co n
o f s ev erai
j udges were t em po rary .

2 . The l o nger c o m p ut at io n is t he b est ppo rted by ancient

su

auth orit ies . J o sep h us assigns five h undred and ninety-two

ears as t h e d uratio n Of th e interval b etw eenth e E xo de and
y
th e fo und atio n o f t h e t em pl e . T h is cal c ul at io nsee m s t o have

b een general l y ad o p t ed by t h e l earned am o ng t he J ews, abo ut

t h e t ime o f t h e Ch rist ia n era ; and S t Paul appears to h ave .

fo ll o wed it in th e b rief o utl i e o f n th e histo ry of I srael , which

o c curs in A c ts x iii. 1 7, 2 2 . I t is ad o
pted b y Michael is as the
t r ue dat e .

3 . The onl y sp ec io us o b ec t io n t o
j t h is l o nger co mputatio n

is fo unded o n t h e ge neal o gy of t h e h o us e o f J esse, in th e

l ast c hapt er R ut h , w h ic h g ives
of o nl y el eve n generatio ns,
incl usive, b et ween J udah and D avid . T hese, ac co rdi n
g to the
usual al l o w anc e o f t hree ge nerat io ns t o a c e ntury, give us
only th ree h und red y years and six t b e t wee nth e pat riarch o f th e
t ribe and th e fo und er o f t h e ro yal h o use . B ut, if we refer to the
b o o k s o f C hronic l es, we s h al l fi nd geneal o gies co nsisting
s e v eral

of a muc h greater num b er o f g e nerat io ns I n th e ho use o f

.

th e high pries ts we h a ve
fi fteee n generat io ns inc l usive,
b c tweed A aro n and A z ariah , wh o w as co nt empo rary with
S o l o m o n; and in t h e h o use of S am uel , w e fi nd seve nt ee n
gene rat io ns b et wee n K orah and S am uel , wh ic h wil l gi ev

t we nt y b et ween Ko rah and So lo mo n . I t is evid e nt, th ere

fo re , t h at we m ust no t t ak e t h e singul arl y sh o rt
geneal ogy
o f the h o us e O f J ud ah as t h e bas is O f o ur co m put at io n, wh ic h

wo ul d b e to fo und t he r ul e o n th e exc e
p t io n I nth e case o f
.

th is s h o rt s eries, we m us t supp ose , eit h er t h at so m e

genera
t io ns are o m itt e d in t h e g e neal o gy, a t hing by no m eans
infreque nt in th e prac t ic e o f t h e H eb re w
g e ne al o gist s ‘ o
fi r

S ee M ic h ael is d e Ch ro no l o g ia M o s is p os t D il uvium , and

O bservat io ns e nt itl ed E r inne rung en fi b er M ic h ael is meinung
v o n de r C hr o no l o g ie z w is c h e nS e m und A b raham ” in E ich h orns ,
’

Repert fii r Bibl und Mo r g e n L it t 1 3 Th

. . . . .
 TR E A T I SE . N OT E 0 . ”3 5
that t he generatio ns in t his h o use were, fro m so m e c irc um

s t anc es unk no w n t o us , unusual l

y l o ng This s up po s it io n is
.

b y no m eans im pro b abl e, or co nt rary t o th e t eno ur o f ev e nts

in t h e p resent t im es We migh t sel ec t m any fam il ies in

‘
.

wh ic h t hree g eneratio ns will l ead us b ack m uc h m o re th an a

cent ury .

N O TE C .

I n assigning t h e date of t h e Tro j anwar , I h ave fo l l o w ed t he

ol d c al c ul atio n o f E rat o sth enes, wit h which t he anc ie nt s in

general gree wit hin a sh o r t perio d

a T his . ,
c al c ul atio n a
pp ears
to m e t o res t o n b e t t er gro und t h an any of th e j
c o n e c t ure !

c o m p ut at io ns , fo und ed on th e o sed avera e -l e n

gt h o f
'

su
pp ,
g
rei n Th e a ss um t io n o n w hic h t h is m e th o d is fo un
p d ed
g s .

has b ee n c o m p l etel y d efeat e d b y D r M usgrav e, in his ing e .

nio ns D issertat io n o n t h e Ch ro no l o gy o f t h e O l y m p iad .

T he ro yal ge neal o gy of E ng l and, or l ine of k ings , fro m

Wil l iam t he C o nq uero r t o G eo rge III g iv es us t w enty - t hree .

and t h e p erio d el ap s e d sinc e t he e o c h o f t h e

generat io ns, p
c o nq ues t is se ve n h un d red and fi ft y - o ne y ears ; v iz fro m .

1 06 6 t o 1 8 1 7 If w e d iv id e t his num b er b y t w ent y- t hree , w e

.

s h al l o bt ain t h ir ty-t w o ye ars a n d a h al f fo r eac h ge nerat io n .

H enc e it app ears th at t h e l e ngt h o f reig ns ina regal s uc c ess io n,

wh e n t h e c ro w n is h and ed d o w n re g ul arl y fro m fat h er t o so n,

m ay b e nearl y as l o ng as t h e usual l y ass i

g ne d av e ra
ge of
‘

generat io ns, v iz . t h ree t o a ce nt ury .

the old
The m o st sp e c io us arg um e nt agains t co m
p utat io n
an w ar is fo und ed n t he l is t o f K ings
of t h e d at e of t h e T ro j o

of S part a . T he fo l l o w ing is t h e t ab l e as d rawn o ut by

F al c o ner, fro m Pausanias and H ero d o tus fi ‘

S ee t h e a c c urat e a nd ex cel l e nt w o rk e nt it l ed C h ro no l o g ic al

Tabl es ,
”
b y t h e l at e M r F al co ner
. .
 ”
4 36 . N OT E S ON TH E C H R O N O L OGI CA L

TA BL E O F TH E KI N G S O F SPA RTA , F RO M
PA USA N I A S A N D H E ROD O TUS .

H erc ul es

A r is t o m ac h us

A ris to d emus

42 Pat ro c l es, or Pro cl es

L eo bo t es

D o ryssus

Po l yd e c t es L ycurg us

Ch aril aus

Tel ecl us N icand er

A l cam enes Th eOpo m p us

Po l ydo r us A rcl eid am as A nax and rides

Z e ux id am us

A naxander A nax ul am us

E uryc ratides L eo t vc h id es

L eo n H ip po cratides

A nax and rides

D emaratus
Cl eo m enes L eo nid as
L eo tychides
 T R E A TI S E . N OT E 0 .
”3 7
H yl l us w as c o nt e m
p o rary with t h e h ero es wh o fo ugh t at
Tro y, and th e taking O f Tro m a b e rec k o ned as c o
y y eval w it h
h is d eath T he d eath o f L eo nid as h a ened 4 8 0 B C w hil e
pp
.
. .

L eo tyc hides reig ned in t h e h o use o f Pro cl es We h ave , .

t h erefo re, (rec k o nin th e l as t e nerat io n a s h al f s e nt a

g g p t th e
d eat h o f L eo nid as, ) 2 0 % eneratio ns b et w ee n th e Tro an w ar
g j ,
d at ed at 1 1 8 3 B C and th e ear 4 80 ivin 0 3 ears to b e
y , g g 7 y
. .

divided by 20 15 , whic h affo rds so m ewh at m o re t h an 3 4 ears

y
fo r eac h generat io n I n t he l ine o f E ur s th e nes t here are
.
y
on ly g enerat io ns, and th e av erage w ill b e so mewh at
l o nge r t h an t h o s e o f o ur E n l is h s eries b ut t h ey are b y no
g
m eans b eyo nd t he b o und s o f nature and o f ro bab il it Th e
p y .

d ifferenc e in m anners in th e t wo nat io ns, w it h res ec t t o

p
m arriag es and o t h er c irc um s t anc e s, w il l ac c o unt fo r t h is
i i n,
v ar at o and a m inut e insp ec t io n Of th e S part an series

affo rd s, as D r M usgrave h as s h o wn,

. s e v e ral r e aso ns w h y th e
avera e
g is grea ter t h an us ual F o r ex am p l e , C h aril aus, w h o
.

re i n d i y four years, was b o r n aft er h is fat her s d eath

’
e xt -
g s .

T his co m p ut at io n is s upp ort ed b y s o m e hist o ric al no t ic es

wh ic h see m to b e of
go o d aut h o rity B efo re t h e O l ym pic
.

era, th e G r e cian c h ro no l ogy is subj ec t t o d o ubt and unc er

t aint y ; b ut , fro m th e
p erio d wh e nt h e c al c ul at io nb y O l y mp iads
b egan, it m ay in ge ner al be trust ed , a nd it appears t h at t h e
b est o f t h e O l d antiq uaries re l ied with c o nfi d e nc e o n t h e
r egis t er of the O l ym p iad s . T he b eginning o f t h e M esse nian
w ar w as fi x ed b y Pausanias at t h e s eco nd y e ar o f t h e nint h
O l ym piad, in t h e re igns Of T he o p o m p o s and A l c am e nes .

T h ese k ings, t h erefo re, reig ne d in 74 3 B C and this is t h e . .

c o m put at io n ass ig ns t h em in th e
p l ace w h ic h t h e ab o ve
serie s .
74 3 t ak e nfro m 1 1 8 3 , l e ave 4 40 years, w hic h are to b e
divid e d b et we e n t wel ve reig ns O ne o f t h ese reig ns is o f a n
.

unc o m m o n c h arac t e r, as b e fo r e m e nt io ned Ch aril aus s reig n

’
.

d e at h b e fo re h is , o w n bir th ; t h e
’
is re c k o ne d fro m h is fat h er s

erio d as sig ned to it is th erefo re l o nger t h an o ugh t fairl y t o b e

p
al l o w e d to e nerat io n d ed uc t 6 4 fro m 4 4 0, a nd w e h ave 3 76
g a

t o b e d ivid ed b et w ee n el e v e n reig ns, w h ic h giv es a l itt l e m o re

t h an3 4 years to ea c h We are i nfo rm ed t h at t hese reigns were

.
 N OT E S ON TH E C H R ON O L O G I CA L T RE A TI S E .

ac tual
generat io ns in l ineal s uc c essio n; and t h ere fore the
av era e is w it h in t h e l im it o f
g p ro b abil it y .

O n t he w ho l e, we m ay c o nc l ude t h at t h e o l d d ate o f t he
Troj an war m ay b e c o nsid ered as re st ing o n t h e auth enticity
o f t h e O l m iad c hro no l o w h ich D r M usgrave s eem s t o
y p gy,
.

h ave res cued fro m al l d o ub t .

The fall acy of th e att em

p t t o g uess at Ch ro nol o gical facts
b y m eans of th e averag e l e ngt h o f reigns is p l ac ed in t h e
s t ro nges t p o int o f v iew, by a ppl ying it t o a few p art icul ar
instanc es . I f w e t ak e anaverage o f th e kings o f F ranc e, fro m
t h e t im e Of H enry I V we . s h al l fi nd t hat t h ey cont inued
up wards o f forty y ears, o ne with a no th er . L et us appl y t his

avera e
g t o t h e E mp ero rs of Ro m e . Th e num b er gns
o f rei

fro m Caesar A ugus t us t o A ugust ul us w as s ix ty-t wo, and the

l att er p rinc e fel l in t h e y e ar 4 76 C al c ul at e o n th e
. average

ab ove ded uc ed, and A ug us t us m us t b e puted to h ave

com

b eg unhis reig n 2 00 4 y ears B C . . E v en if w e ad o pt S ir I saac

N ewto ns t we nty years, w e p l ac e h im a th ou
’
avera e o f sh al l
g
sand o th er h an d, we shoul d
years befo re his real t im e O n t h e .

sh o rten t h e E n l i h nd F re nc h his t o r y in a l ik e d egree, if we

g s a

c al c ul at e it s d uratio n b y a n av erage d ed uc e d fro m th e Ro man .

We m ay co ncl ude th at t h is m e t h o d o f c al c ul at ing th e duratio n

O f reigns in o ne c o untr y, fro m a rul e fo rm ed by t h e succession
inano th er, is l ik el y to l ead us int o g reat e rro rs, especial l y if we
appl y to an h er edit ary unbro k e n s er ies , an e stim at e d rawn
fro m the m utabl e successio n i nm ore t urb ul ent governments.

T H E E N D .

Pri nte d b y Br o wne Manc h ee, Bristol .