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Finance I: Tutorial Two
Finance I: Tutorial Two
Finance
M.Sc. Investment & Finance
M.Sc. International Banking & Finance
and
M.Sc. International Accounting & Finance
2011/2012
40901 Finance I: Tutorial Two
SOLUTIONS
Q1. Dai McGregor intends to retire in ten years time. He has been saving for retirement for a number
of years and has accumulated £25,000. This still remains well short of his target wealth at
retirement of £80,000. How much does he need to save each year between now and the planned
retirement date to meet his target if the interest rate on savings is 8 per cent?
Determine the present value of £80000 and deduct £25000 to identify the shortfall. Next
determine the annuity with the same present value as the shortfall.
Shortfall = PV £80000 ‐ £ 25000 = PVF (10,8%) * 80000 ‐ 25000
= 0.4632 * 80000 – 25000
= 37055.48 ‐ 25000
= 12055.48
Annuity = Shortfall/PVAF (10,8%) = 12055.48/6.7101 = 1,796.62
Year Opening balance Interest Closing balance Saving
1 25000.00 2000.00 27000.00 1796.62
2 28796.62 2303.730 31100.35 1796.62
3 32896.97 2631.758 35528.73 1796.62
4 37325.35 2986.028 40311.37 1796.62
5 42107.99 3368.640 45476.63 1796.62
6 47273.25 3781.860 51055.11 1796.62
7 52851.73 4228.139 57079.87 1796.62
8 58876.49 4710.119 63586.61 1796.62
9 65383.23 5230.659 70613.89 1796.62
10 72410.51 5792.841 78203.35 1796.62
11 80000.00
Q2. Penafan plc can either buy a machine for £40,000 or acquire the machine on leasing basis. The
lease contract requires a down payment of £5,000 and six annual payments of £8,000. The leasing
company will take back the machine after six years. The company’s production manager estimates
that the machine’s value after six years is likely to be about £4,000. Is the leasing proposal
acceptable if the company’s rate of interest is 10 per cent?
1
The real cost of purchase price of the machine is the initial outlay minus the present value of the
expected resale proceeds
Net purchase cost = £40000 ‐ £ 4000 * PVF (6,10%)
= £40000 ‐ £4000 * 0.5645
= £37,742.21
The leasing cost is the present value of the lease payments
= £5000 + £8000 * PVAF (6,10%)
= £5000 + £8000 * 4.3553
= £39842.09 Decision: purchase the machine
Q3. A senior manager has three years to go to retirement and is reluctant to accept additional
responsibilities at this stage of his career. He has been asked to re‐organise the company’s training
activities and has been offered a salary increase of £5,000 per annum as an inducement. It is
pointed out to him that as his pension will be equal to 50 per cent of his salary over the last three
years of employment the salary increase understates the benefits of accepting the additional
responsibility. Assuming an interest rate of 6 per cent and an expected retirement period of 15
years determine the net present value of the inducement he is being offered and the effective
annual increase in salary that this implies. Assume that all payments (cash flows) occur at the end
of each year.
The present value of the expected increments in income and expected pension:
Time Incremental Earnings PVAF (6%) PV
1‐3 5,000 2.6730 13,365
4‐18 2,500 8.1546 20387
33751
Time Incremental Earnings PVAF (6%) PV
1‐3 2,500 2.6730 6682
1‐18 2,500 10.8276 27069
33751
Equivalent annual increase in earnings for each of the next three years ie the equivalent annuity for
three years
= 33,751/PVAF 3/0.06
= 33,751/2.6730
= 12,627
Q4. Determine the minimum constant annual net cash flows for the next five years that will make an
investment of £180,000 worthwhile if the required rate of return is 12 per cent.
NPV = 0 = ‐180,000 + X times PVAF5/0.12
= ‐180,000 + X 3.6048
X = ‐180,000 /3.6048
= 49933
2
Q5. The Owen family are planning to cover the costs of their son’s university education by placing funds
in a savings account each year until he enters university eight years from now. It has been
estimated that each of the four years at University will cost, in terms of fees and living expenses,
£8,000. If the rate of interest is 7 per cent per annum and can be assumed to be constant over the
next twelve years how much will it be necessary to save each year? (It can be assumed that all
saving and expenditure occur at the end of each of the relevant years).
V12 = 8,000 PVAF4/.07 = (8,000 x 3.3872) = 27,098 = Sum required at start of studies
Calculate annual savings over a eight year period
27,980 = Annual Savings x FVAF8/.07
27,980 = Annual Savings x 10.2598
Annual savings = 27 890/ 10.2598
= 2,641
Q6. Ms Shaw, the finance director of Petrie plc, is evaluating a proposed acquisition of Hogg plc. Hogg
plc is valued on the stock market at £160m and she believes that this is a fair value given the
prospects of the company under its current management and its policies. To gain the approval of
Hogg’s shareholders for the acquisition it will be necessary to make a cash offer of £190 million.
The £30 million premium needs to be covered by the expected costs savings that Hogg’s more
energetic and efficient management can secure in the running of Petrie’s operations in order to
breakeven on the acquisition. Ms Shaw’s analysis suggests that annual savings of £3 million can be
obtained in the running of one division and these savings can be assumed to be maintained
indefinitely into the future. Another division offers scope for cost savings of £5 million per annum
for the next ten years, but this requires expenditure on cost saving equipment that will cost £12
million. Ms Shaw’s analysis suggests that the acquisition and the various costs and benefits should
be evaluated using a discount rate of 14 per cent. Does the acquisition appear to be capable of
generating value on the terms outlined?
Compare present value of benefits with the costs of the premium
Time NCF PVF(14%) PV
1→ ∞ +3m 7.1429 21.429m
0 ‐12m 1.0000 ‐12.000m
1→ 10 +5m 5.2161 +26.081
PV(benefits) = 35,5510
Q7. The Grampian Development Agency (GDA) is encouraging companies to set up new businesses by
providing facilities at subsidised prices and allowing companies to acquire premises on deferred
terms. Your company is interested in acquiring a building with a current market price of £100,000
and this would be made available for purchase at a price of £80,000 through the GDA. This can
also be paid for by a series of six equal payments from the end of year four onwards. If your
company decides to pay for the building on deferred terms an interest rate of 5 per cent per
annum will be charged on the amount owing to the GDA. This interest rate is set below the
prevailing commercial interest rate of 8 per cent that your company has to pay on its borrowing.
a) How much will the company owe the agency by the end of year three?
V3 = 80,000 (1.05)3 = 80,000 x 1.1576 = 92,610
b) What will the constant annual payment have to be over years four to nine to pay off the
loan?
3
V0* = 92,610 = X PVAF6/.05 = X x 5.0757
X = 92,610/5.0757 = 18,246
c) If the commercial rate of interest is 8 per cent determine the present value of the interest
rate subsidy offered by the agency.
Calculate the present value of the series of payments at the commercial rule of interest of
8 per cent
V3 = 18,246 x PVAF6/0.08 = 18,246 x 4.6229
= 84,349
V0 = V3/(1 + 0.08)3 = 84,349/ (1 + 0.08)3 = 66959
The difference between the present value of these payments and the £80,000 is £13,3041
and constitutes the value of the interest subsidy.
d) If the commercial rate of interest is 10 per cent determine the present value of the
interest rate subsidy offered by the agency.
Calculate the present value of the series of payments at the commercial rule of interest of
10 per cent
V3 = 18,246 x PVAF6/.10 = 18,246 x 4.3553 = 79,466
V0 = V3/(1 + .10)3 = 79,466/ (1 + .10)3 = 59,704
The difference between the present value of these payments and the £80,000 is £20,296,
and constitutes the value of the interest subsidy.
Q8. The manager responsible for the pension fund of Ruthin plc has to present a report to the Board of
Directors on the financial position of the fund. He decides to use the position of the typical
employee to illustrate the fund’s position. There is £30,000 currently held in the fund for each
employee. The typical employee has 15 years to go to retirement and the company’s actuary has
proposed that the company should anticipate having to fund pension payments over a retirement
period of 12 years for the average employee. The average pension payment per annum is
expected to be £12,000 and the rate of return expected on the pension fund’s investments is
expected to be 6 per cent. The manager needs to determine the constant annual sum that the
company will have to put into the pension fund for each of the next 15 years to be able to meet the
fund’s obligations. Determine this annual sum. (Assume all payments into the fund and all pension
payments are made at the end of each year.)
PV (Pension Fund Liability) at t = 15 = £12,000 x PVAF12/.06
= 12,000 x 8.3838 = 100,606
Value at t = 15 of sum already in the pension fund today
= £30,000 x FVAF15/.06 = £30,000 x 2.3966 = £71,897
Short fall in pension fund at t = 15
£100,606 ‐ £71,897 = £28,709
Required annual payment into pension fund
= £28,709/FVAF15/.06 = £28,709/23.2760 = £1,233
4
Q9. The Board of Directors of GMS Products plc have decided to sell one of its divisions, and the
managers of this division have been negotiating terms for a management buyout. The company
and the managers concerned have agreed a price of £4.0 million. The managers only have funds of
£1.2 million available to invest, but have established that they can borrow £2.8 million from a bank
at an interest rate of 14 per cent to cover the shortfall. The loan would be paid off in four equal
annual instalments (covering interest on the outstanding balance as well as the repayment of the
loan), at the end of each of the next four years. There is also the possibility of paying the company
for the division on an instalment basis. The company has indicated that it is prepared to accept a
down payment of £1.2 million and four annual payments of £840,000, but only if the buyout
company continues to buy certain components from GMS Products for the next four years. The
managers considering the buyout believe these components could be obtained more cheaply from
another supplier, allowing them to save £100,000 per annum. Evaluate the financing possibilities
and comment briefly on your analysis.
Cost of company’s instalment plan – assume opportunity cost of funds of 14 per cent
Year Cash Flow PVF (14%) Present Value
Deposit 0 ‐1.20m 1.0000 ‐1.20m
Loan Repayments 1 to 4 ‐0.84 2.9137 ‐2.45
PV = ‐3.65m
Add onto the present value of the payment to the company the added cost of the components.
Year Cash Flow PVF Present Value
Loan Savings 0 3.65 1.0000 3.65m
Added Costs 1 to 4 ‐0.1 2.9137 ‐0.29
PV = ‐3.94m
The overall cost of the borrowing from the bank is £1.20m plus the value of the loan £2.80m, equal
to £4.00m.
The arrangement with the company is preferable – it has a positive NPV £60,000 at the bank’s
interest rate. Alternatively the annual payment to the bank can be derived, £2.80m/PVAF4/0.14 =
£0.9610m and this compared with the payments to the company of loan repayment £0.84m plus
the added cost of components of £0.10m, giving £0.94m in aggregate. This is £0.0210m per annum
less than the payments to the bank, taking the previous value (£0.021m times 3.0374) gives
£0.06379m. This is consistent with £60,000 calculated above when rounding errors are taken into
account.
Q10. Your company sells a machine for £22,000 and your marketing department would like to make this
machine available for purchase on an instalment basis. Assume that there will be an initial
payment of £4,000 followed by three equal instalments, to be paid at the end of years one to
three. Determine the level at which the instalment should be set to allow the company to
breakeven if the cost of funding the instalment programme will be 12 per cent.
Year Cash Flow PVF Present Value
Loan Offered 0 ‐18000 1.0000 ‐18000
Repayments 1 to 3 X 2.4018 18000
NPV 0
X is given by 18,000/2.4018 = 7494