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An Ultra-Compact Two-Port UWB-MIMO Antenna with Dual Band-Notched

Characteristics

Amit Kumar, Abdul Quaiyum Ansari, Binod Kumar Kanaujia, Jugul Kishor,
Sachin Kumar

PII: S1434-8411(19)32432-X
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aeue.2019.152997
Reference: AEUE 152997

To appear in: International Journal of Electronics and Commu-

nications

Received Date: 26 September 2019

Revised Date: 9 November 2019
Accepted Date: 12 November 2019

Please cite this article as: A. Kumar, A. Quaiyum Ansari, B. Kumar Kanaujia, J. Kishor, S. Kumar, An Ultra-
Compact Two-Port UWB-MIMO Antenna with Dual Band-Notched Characteristics, International Journal of
Electronics and Communications (2019), doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aeue.2019.152997

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 An Ultra-Compact Two-Port UWB-MIMO Antenna with Dual Band-

Notched Characteristics

Amit Kumar1, Abdul Quaiyum Ansari2, Binod Kumar Kanaujia3, Jugul Kishor4*, Sachin Kumar5

1,2 Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Jamia Millia Islamia,
New Delhi–110025, India
1 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Darbhanga College of Engineering, Darbhanga,
Bihar–846005, India
3 School of Computational and Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi–110040,
India
4 Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, JIMS Engineering Management Technical
Campus, Greater Noida-201303, India
5 School of Electronics Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu–41566, Republic of Korea
*er.jugulkishor@gmail.com

Abstract:–In this paper, an ultra-compact two-port MIMO antenna working in the frequency range

of 3.1–10.6 GHz with dual band-notched characteristics is presented. The MIMO antenna consists of

two identical octagonal-shaped radiating elements placed adjacent to each other with a connected

ground plane. The overall size of the proposed two-port UWB-MIMO antenna is 19×30×0.8 mm3. In

the ground plane of antenna elements, a T-shaped stub is introduced to create band-notch at 5.5 GHz.

Also, an open-ended half-guided-wavelength resonator slot is introduced along the upper edge of the

octagonal radiator to obtain a broader notched-band (4.37–5.95 GHz). The second band-notch is

created around 7 GHz (6.52–7.45 GHz) by etching another open-ended slot from the radiating patch.

The two-notch bands reject interference due to HiperLAN, WiMAX, INSAT/Super-extended C-band,

downlink of X-band satellite communication and RFID service bands. A pair of L-shaped slits are

introduced in the feed line to improve impedance matching, for the frequency band available between
the two notches. The proposed design is fabricated on an FR-4 substrate and minimum isolation

greater than 18 dB (a major portion >22 dB) and envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) less than

0.13 are obtained. The antenna gain varies in the range of 1.2–2.91 dBi with a variation of 1.71 dBi

only. A radiation efficiency, greater than 70% is achieved throughout the operating frequency band.

Keywords: –band-notched, compact, isolation, MIMO, UWB

1. Introduction

After the official authorization of 3.1–10.6 GHz spectrum for ultra-wideband (UWB) applications by

the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) in 2002 [1], UWB technology has emerged as a popular

power efficient wireless communication scheme. UWB system has the advantage of low cost, high data

rate, low power consumption, low complexity, and good time domain resolution. However, the problem of

multipath channel fading still remains in UWB, and it can be countered by combining UWB and multiple-

input-multiple-output (MIMO) technologies [2]. The MIMO scheme with pattern and spatial diversity

suppresses polarization mismatch, which could otherwise fade the received signal information [3].

Polarization and spatial diversity in MIMO systems reduce channel capacity losses, hence the data

transmission and reception rate rises, without sacrificing additional spectrum or transmitted power in a rich

scattering environment. More antenna elements like eight-antenna array for MIMO [4] application has been

used to have a channel capacity higher than 36.9 bps/Hz.

Designing a compact UWB-MIMO antenna which suits to portable wireless devices is a major

challenge, as closely placed radiating patches suffer from poor inter-element isolation [5]. The problem

becomes more severe when there is a common ground plane. Reducing mutual coupling in compact size

UWB devices is challenging and techniques such as neutralization line [6–8], electromagnetic band-gap

(EBG) structures [9, 10], metamaterials [11], metasurface [12], decoupling and matching networks become

less feasible as these are more favourable for narrowband and wideband MIMO antennas [13]. Like we can

see how the neutralization line decoupling structure [8] which is adopted on the feeding lines helps in
achieving low correlation among the antenna elements of a narrow band MIMO antenna resonating at 5.7

GHz while a metasurface-based decoupling method (MDM) [12] is proposed to reduce the mutual couplings

by almost 25 dB at two independent narrow-bands (2.5–2.7 GHz & 3.4–3.6 GHz) of two coupled MIMO

antennas. Recently, the focus has been made on defected ground structures (DGSs) to enhance isolation

between wideband radiating elements. Several isolation structures were presented in the review article [14].

Previously, many DGS and extended ground stub configurations such as protruding a tree-like structure

from the ground [15], radial stub loaded resonator [16], protruded rectangular-shaped decoupling structure

[17], protruded ground plane [18, 19], narrow slot in the ground plane [20], comb-like structure etched from

the T-shaped ground plane [21], T-shaped ground structure [22–26], funnel-shaped ground plane [27],

partial ground structure with wide slot [28], Y-shaped DGS [29], circular arc-shaped ground stub [30, 31],

extended curved ground stubs [32], stepped ground plane [33], and many more were used for better isolation.

Also, slots such as U-shaped [34] and X-shaped [31] were etched on the radiating patch to achieve improved

isolation. In some cases, floating parasitic decoupling structure [13], modified interdigital capacitor (IDC)

[35], planar decoupling network [37], T-shaped slot impedance transformer [38] and antenna interference

cancellation chip (AICC) with a high-pass response [39] have also been used for better isolation between

the antenna elements. Sometimes, antenna elements are placed orthogonally [20, 31, 37] while sometimes

different pattern and polarizations [40] of the antenna elements helps to achieve higher isolation. Quasi-

self-complementary MIMO antenna system has achieved high isolation without any additional decoupling

technique, owing to the inherent advantage of self-complementary arrangement [18, 41].

To reduce electromagnetic (EM) interference due to high traffic of 3.5/5.5 GHz WiMAX, HiperLAN

(5–6 GHz), INSAT/Super-extended C-band (6.3–7.27 GHz), INSAT receiving frequency band (4.5–4.8

GHz), radio frequency identification (RFID) service bands (5.15–5.85 GHz and 6.9–7.2 GHz) [42], X-band

satellite communication (7–8.4 GHz), many band-notched structures are desirable in the UWB. Several

band-notch UWB-MIMO antennas are presented in the literature to serve this purpose. L-shaped slots were

etched on the radiator to create band-notches at 5.5–5.8 GHz and 6.7–7.1 GHz [23], U-shaped slots on the
patch to obtain notch in 3.4–4.2 GHz band [33] and 5.02–5.97 band [43], modified Defected Microstrip

Structure-Band Stop Filter (DMS-BSF) and π-shaped slot [16, 44], an inverted L-like meandered slot (3.25–

3.6 GHz) and L-shaped slots (5.05–5.48 GHz, 5.6–6 GHz) [24], spiral slots for notching 3.7–4 GHz and

5.75–6.05 GHz frequency bands [28], J-shaped slits (5.1–5.85 GHz, 6.7–7.1 GHz) [27], bent slit (5.15–

5.825 GHz) [18], a pair of C-shaped slots for rejecting 3.4–3.9 GHz and 5.05–5.85 GHz bands, arc-shaped

slot (4.75–6.12 GHz) [45], anchor-shaped resonator and open ring integrated into the semicircle shaped

radiating patch (5.725–5.825 GHz, 7.9–8.4 GHz) [17], stepped impedance stub (SIS) loaded stepped

impedance resonators (SIR) [46, 47] (5.5 GHz, 7.2 GHz, 8.5 GHz) and SIS loaded hexagon stepped

impedance resonators (HSIR) (5.5 GHz) [47], E-shaped slits (5–6 GHz) [48], several stubs etched on the

patch (3.3–4.2 GHz, 4.9–6 GHz) [49] and many more such structures have been presented in the literature

to create band-notches. Parasitic C-shaped strips were placed on either side of the feed line to reject WLAN

[33] and X-band (7.7–8.5 GHz) [50]. A rectangular strip was added in the ground plane to create band-notch

from 5.15–5.85 GHz [26]. A L-shaped stub was protruded from the ground plane to create band-notch in

C-band (3.62–4.77 GHz) [25] and some more ground stubs [51, 52] have been used in the existing literature

to create the band-notches. Complementary split-ring-resonators (CSRR) were placed on the patch to create

band-notches at 3.3–3.83 GHz and 4.8–5.8 GHz [50]. A crescent ring was etched to achieve band-notch

from 3.96–6.2 GHz [35].

This paper presents an ultra-compact two-element UWB-MIMO antenna with dual band-notched

characteristics. The novelty of the paper is the unique design of UWB-MIMO antenna (19×30×0.8 mm3),

from the single antenna element which is also a UWB-SISO antenna (19×19×0.8 mm3), without any

additional decoupling structure like ground stub, parasitic structure, DGS (Defected Ground Structure) and

many more we could find in many other designs available in the literature. Each element of the MIMO

antenna is comprised of an octagonal-shaped radiating patch, microstrip line feed, and a modified C-shaped

ground plane. The two octagonal-shaped radiators are placed adjacent to each other, such that the two

ground planes overlap to construct an ultra-compact two-port UWB-MIMO antenna. By introducing a T-

shaped stub in the ground and an open-ended half-guided-wavelength resonator slot along the upper edge

of the octagonal radiator, the first notched-band (4.37–5.95 GHz) is achieved. It eliminates HiperLAN (5–

6 GHz), WiMAX (5.5 GHz), INSAT receiving band (4.5–4.8 GHz) and RFID service band (5.15–5.85 GHz)

from the UWB. The second notched-band (6.52–7.45 GHz) is achieved by introducing another open-ended

half-guided-wavelength resonator slot along the lower edge of the octagonal radiator. It rejects INSAT

transmitting band (6.725–7.025 GHz), Super-extended C-band (6.5–6.8 GHz), RFID service band (6.9–7.2

GHz) and downlink of X-band satellite communication (7–7.4 GHz) from the UWB. The impedance

matching in the 5.95–6.52 GHz frequency band (which is useful for standard C-band applications) is

improved by introducing two L-shaped slits in the feed line. The simulated gain and radiation efficiency in

the first notch-band are reduced to -8 dBi and 20%, and -4 dBi and 30% in the second notch-band,

respectively. A stable gain of 1.2–2.91 dBi, and radiation efficiency, greater than 70% are obtained in the

entire operating band except for band-notch frequencies. Minimum isolation of greater than 18 dB is realized

between two ports of the MIMO antenna, while for the major portion it is greater than 22 dB.

2. Antenna Theory and Design

In this section we will firstly discuss the design and analysis of the UWB antenna element (UWB-SISO

antenna) as shown in Fig. 1 and then proceeds to the design and analysis of the UWB-MIMO antenna which

is referred as model M.1 as represented in Fig. 3. While introducing notches we move from model M.1 to

M.5 as shown in Fig. 5. The model M.5 is our final proposed UWB-MIMO antenna with dual-band notched

characteristics.

First of all a novel and a very compact squared-shaped (19×19×0.8 mm3) UWB-SISO monopole antenna

has been developed with a stub matched modified C-shaped ground plane as shown in Fig. 1 which is further

integrated to develop the proposed UWB-MIMO by placing two such SISO element adjacent to each other

such that the common area of ground plane has been exploited to develop the compact MIMO antenna with

a modified T-shaped ground plane as depicted in Fig. 3. Also, we have provided the scope of dual band-
notch characteristics whose bandwidth can be varied by simply varying the length of L-shaped slits (Lp6)

and the position of the T-shaped stub (Wg8) as per the requirement as tabulated in Table 3. However, it is

difficult to provide the tuning facility as it would be very complex for such a compact UWB-MIMO design.

2.1. Design of UWB Antenna Element

The design steps of the UWB antenna element are presented in Figs. 1 (a)–(d). As shown in Fig. 1 (a),

an octagonal-shaped monopole of side length (S) of 3.64 mm is chosen as the radiator. We have selected

the octagonal shaped radiator to increase the current path by increasing the antenna area. Actually, an

octagonal-shaped radiating patch antenna of side length, S=3.64 mm has been chosen to increase the antenna

area by 5.5 % as compared to the circular patch antenna of radius = 3.2 mm (the distance of the edge from

the octagonal center). We have some research articles where octagonal-shaped radiator has been used as

UWB antenna [53–56].

The octagonal patch is fed by a microstrip feed line of dimensions Lp1×Wp3=6×1.4 mm2. The design

is implemented on an FR-4 substrate (dielectric constant=4.4, loss tangent=0.02) of size 19×19×0.8 mm3.

The antenna design simulations are conducted in the CST Microwave Studio. A simple rectangular ground

plane of dimensions Lg×Ws=6×19 mm2 is provided at the back of the monopole antenna. The ground plane

of the antenna element is shown in Fig. 1 (b). The radiating patch is placed at a distance of 0.5 mm from the

boundary (left) of the substrate. The antenna design steps reflection coefficients are shown in Fig. 2.
Ls=19 mm

Lg=6
Ws=19 mm

(a) (b) (c) (d)

Fig. 1. Evolution of UWB antenna element (a) step 1 (front), (b) step 1 (back), (c) step 2 (back), (d) step 3
(back)
 Fig. 2. Reflection coefficients of the antenna element

It is to be noted that octagonal-shaped monopole with a rectangular ground plane is a narrowband

antenna with frequency centred around 6 GHz (5.34–7.42 GHz). By introducing an inverted L-shaped stub

in the ground plane (as illustrated in Fig. 1 (c)), the impedance bandwidth of the antenna element is improved.

Previously, Ojaroudi et. al. has used T-shaped notch [57] in the ground plane to improve the impedance

matching. The bandwidth of the antenna varies from 3.23–3.68 GHz and 5.5–8.4 GHz. A further

enhancement in the impedance bandwidth is obtained by introducing a C-shape slot in the ground plane as

shown in Fig. 1 (d). Moreover, in the ground plane, a C-shaped stub is placed above the C-shape cut for

better impedance matching throughout the operating band. The bandwidth of the proposed antenna element

varies from 3.1–13.68 GHz.

2.2. Design of UWB-MIMO Antenna

Keeping compactness and better isolation in mind, the two antenna elements are placed adjacent to

each other as shown in Fig. 3 (a). The common ground area of two antenna elements is advantageous to

design an ultra-compact UWB-MIMO antenna with dimensions 19×30×0.8 mm3. As shown in Fig. 3 (b),

the resultant MIMO antenna have a modified T-shaped ground plane, which is useful for obtaining high
inter-element isolation in UWB antenna. Moreover, the proposed MIMO antenna does not require any

additional decoupling element/network, as compared to reported UWB-MIMO antenna configurations. The

S-parameters (S11, S21) and gain of the MIMO model (M.1) are depicted in Figs. 6 (a)–(b) and 7, respectively.

In Fig. 6 (b), it can be noticed that the isolation between antenna elements is more than 22 dB for the entire

resonating band for the model M.1.

(a) (b)
Fig. 3. Schematic of UWB-MIMO antenna (M.1) (a) radiating patches (front view), (b) ground plane
(back view)

2.3. Design of Dual Band-Notched UWB-MIMO Antenna

The proposed two-element dual band-notched UWB-MIMO antenna top and bottom views are shown

in Figs. 4 (a) and (b), respectively. The dimensions of the MIMO antenna are tabulated in Table 1.

(a)
 (b)
Fig. 4. Proposed two-element dual band-notched UWB-MIMO antenna (a) radiating patches (top view),

(b) ground plane (bottom view)

The evolutionary steps of the proposed UWB-MIMO antenna are shown in Fig. 5. The MIMO antenna

models in Figs. 5 (a), (b), (c) and (d) are represented as M.2, M.3, M.4, and M.5, respectively, and their S-

parameters are shown in Fig. 6. A pair of T-shaped stub is introduced in the ground plane of M.2 (as shown

in Fig. 6 (a)) for creating notch band at 5.5 GHz. The MIMO model M.2 occupies the frequency range of

3.1–10.6 GHz with band-notch at 5.5 GHz. However, the minimum isolation among the radiators is reduced

to 18 dB.

FRONT

(a) (b) BACK (c) (d)

Fig. 5. Design steps for dual band-notched UWB-MIMO antenna (a) M.2, (b) M.3, (c) M.4, (d) M.5
(a)
 (b)
Fig. 6. S-parameter analyses of MIMO models (M.1–M.5) (a) reflection coefficient, (b) transmission

coefficient

The band-notched characteristics are further strengthened in the model M.3 (Fig. 6 (b)) by introducing

a sickle-shaped open-ended half guided-wavelength resonator slot along the upper edge of the octagonal

patch. The band-notched gain is reduced to -3.1 dBi in the model M.3 as shown in Fig. 7. Further, one more

band-notch centred around 7 GHz is obtained by introducing a dish antenna-shaped open-ended half-guided-

wavelength resonator slot along the lower edge of the octagonal patch (model M.4, Fig. 5 (c)). Consequently,

the first band-notch gain drops to -7.6 dBi and a gain of -2.94 dBi is observed in the second band-notch.

Table 1. List of antenna parameters

Parameters L W Lp1 Lp2 Lp3 Lp4 Lp5 Lp6
Unit (mm) 19 30 6 1.8 2.8 1 3 2.1
Parameters Lp7 Wp1 Wp2 Wp3 Wp4 Lg1 Lg2 Lg3
Unit (mm) 0.9 0.2 0.5 1.4 0.4 1 12 4
Parameters Lg4 Lg5 Lg6 Lg7 Lg8 Lg9 Wg1 Wg2
Unit (mm) 0.2 6 3 3.8 2.2 3.6 20 7
Parameters Wg3 Wg4 Wg5 Wg6 Wg7 Wg8 S d
Unit (mm) 0.4 7 0.2 0.4 1.5 2 3.64 11.24
Angle θ1 θ2
Degree 1350 450

Fig. 7. Gain of MIMO models (M.1–M.5)

The resonant band-notched frequency can be calculated as

𝐶
𝑓𝐿𝑖= 2𝐿 𝜀𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑓
; i=1, 2 (1)
𝑖
 𝜀𝑟 + 1
𝜀𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 2
(2)

Where εr corresponds to the dielectric constant of the substrate, c refers to the speed of light in vacuum. The

band-notched resonator slot lengths for frequency 𝑓𝐿1 and 𝑓𝐿2 are calculated as [23]

L1 = 2(Lp4 + Lp4 + Lp5 + Lp5 + Lp4) + Wp1 (3)

L2 = 2(Lp4 + Lp2 + Lp3 + Lp4 + Wp1) – Wp1 (4)

The resonant frequency 𝑓𝐿1 and 𝑓𝐿2 corresponds to 5.5 and 7 GHz for which slot lengths L1 and L2 are 17.4

and 13.1 mm, respectively. In addition, the band-notch response of the MIMO antenna is verified by

observing surface current distributions at frequencies 5.5 and 7 GHz. The surface current distribution at 5.5

GHz is shown in Fig. 8 (a) while at 7 GHz is shown in Fig. 8 (b) by exciting port-1, and terminating port-2

with a matched impedance load of 50 Ω. At 5.5 GHz, a high concentration of surface current is seen on the

upper slot and T-shaped ground stub. Similarly, at 7 GHz, a high concentration of surface current is seen

along the lower slot.

(a) (b)
Fig. 8. Surface current distributions at (a) 5.5 GHz, (b) 7 GHz

Furthermore, as shown in model M.5, a pair of L-shaped slits are etched from the feed line to

improve impedance matching in the band 5.95–6.52 GHz, available between the two notched frequency

bands. This band is useful for standard C-band applications. The L-shaped slits help in controlling the band-

notched frequency range also. In the second notch band, the realized gain drops to -4.09 dB, favoring high
rejection. The performance analyses of proposed MIMO antenna models (M.1–M.5) are tabulated in Table

2.

Table 2. Performance analyses of MIMO models (M.1–M.5)

-10 dB
Minimum Notch
MIMO Impedance
Notch Band (GHz) Isolation Gain (dBi) Band Gain
Model Bandwidth
(dB) (dBi)
(GHz)
M.1 3.1–13.68 --- >22 0.41–2.81 ---
M.2 3.1–10.6 4.03–6.11 >18 0–2.74 -1.5
M.3 3.1–10.6 4.28–7.55 >18 0.35–2.73 -3.1
M.4 3.1–10.6 4.44–5.99, 6.34–7.52 >18 0.96–2.73 -7.6, -2.94
M.5 3.1–10.6 4.37–5.95, 6.52–7.45 >18 1.2–2.64 -7.4, -4.09

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

Fig. 9. Surface current distributions at (a) 3.5 GHz, (b) 6.3 GHz (c) 8 GHz (d) 10 GHz
 Further, surface current distributions within the proposed microstrip UWB-MIMO antenna have been

shown in Fig. 9 (a–d) at the frequencies 3.5 GHz, 6.3 GHz, 8GHz and 10 GHz respectively highlighting the

physical effects on the antenna structure.

2.4. Parametric Analyses

The parametric analyses of T-shaped stub and L-shaped slit length are shown in Figs. 10 and 11,

respectively. In Fig. 10, the T-shaped stub position Wg8 is varied from 0.5 to 2.5 mm, keeping other

parameters of the antenna constant. The stub position decides whether the INSAT/Super-extended C-

band/X-band uplink satellite communication is permitted within the UWB. It is seen in Fig. 10 that as the

Wg8 distance increases, the first notched-band bandwidth increases while the second notched-band shifts

towards lower frequency region. The results of the parametric analyses are tabulated in Table 3.

Table 3. Results of the parametric analyses

Variable Band-Notch Effect on the Band

(mm) (GHz) Allowed Not Allowed
Wg8=0.5 5–5.96, 7.15– INSAT/Super-extended C- X-band downlink and uplink
8.21 band
Wg8=1 4.93–5.94, 6.95– INSAT/Super-extended C- X-band downlink and uplink
8 band
Wg8=1.5 4.79–5.94, 6.72– INSAT (receiving)/X-band INSAT (transmitting)/Super-extended C-
7.73 uplink band/X-band downlink
Wg8=2 4.37–5.95, 6.52– X-band uplink INSAT/Super-extended C-band and X-
7.45 band downlink
Wg8=2.5 4.12–5.89, 6.44– X-band uplink INSAT/Super-extended C-band/X-band
7.3 downlink
Lp6=1.1 4.37–6.05, 6.44– X-band uplink INSAT/Super-extended C-band/X-band
7.45 downlink
Lp6=1.6 4.37–5.98, 6.52– X-band uplink INSAT/Super-extended C-band/X-band
7.45 downlink
Lp6=2.1 4.37–5.95, 6.52– X-band uplink INSAT/Super-extended C-band/X-band
7.45 downlink
Lp6=2.6 4.37–5.89, 6.75– X-band uplink/Super- INSAT/X-band downlink
7.45 extended C-band
Lp6=3.1 4.37–5.84, 6.84– X-band uplink/Super- INSAT/X-band downlink
7.45 extended C-band
Fig. 10. Parametric analysis by varying the position of T-shaped stub, Wg8

Fig. 11. Parametric analysis by varying the length of L shaped slit, Lp6
 In another case, as shown in Fig. 11, the length Lp6 of L-shaped slit is varied from 1.1 to 3.1 mm,

resulting in the allowance of Super-extended C-band (when Lp6 ≥ 2.6 mm) along with the standard C-band.

Hence, the above two parameters help in the designing of proposed UWB-MIMO with/without

INSAT/Super-extended C-band/X-band uplink frequency bands. In order to eliminate INSAT/Super-

extended C-band with good matching between the two notched frequencies, Wg8 and Lp6 are optimized as 2

and 2.1 mm, respectively. During all the iterations, the isolation between antenna elements are least affected

and are greater than 18 dB throughout, as shown in Figs. 10 and 11.

3. Results and discussion

The proposed two-port UWB-MIMO antenna is fabricated and measured by using Agilent N5230A

vector network analyzer. The fabricated prototype antenna and its S-parameters are presented in Figs. 12

and 13, respectively. The measured results are in good agreement with the simulated results. The matching

is little disturbed in the band-notched frequency range as the L-shaped slits on the feed line are covered by

the soldered feeding probe due to fabrication limitations.

a b
Fig. 12. Proposed UWB-MIMO antenna fabricated prototype (a) top view, (b) bottom view
Fig. 13. Measured and simulated S-parameters of the proposed UWB-MIMO antenna

Fig. 14. Gain and radiation efficiency of the proposed UWB-MIMO antenna
 The measured isolation is greater than 25 dB at most of the operating frequencies. The respective

measured gain and radiation efficiency are -10.8 dBi and 15% in the first notch band as shown in Fig. 14.

Similarly, in the second notch band, the measured gain and radiation efficiency are -5.5 dBi and 25%

respectively. The measured and simulated gain curves vary within the range of 1.2–2.91 dBi, with less than

1.71 dBi variation in the entire resonating band. The radiation efficiency is greater than 70%, which

advocates almost stable performance of the proposed UWB-MIMO antenna.

Fig. 15. Co- and cross-polarized normalized radiation patterns

Table 4. Comparison of proposed antenna with other reported UWB-MIMO antennas

Ref. Size -10 dB Isolation Notched Band Gain Efficien

(mm×mm×mm) Bandwidth (dB) (GHz) (dBi) cy (%)
(GHz)
This 19×30×0.8=456 3.1–10.6 >18 4.37–5.95, 6.52– 1.2–2.91 70–90
work 7.45
[1] 22×26×0.8=457.6 3.1–11.8 >20 5.4–5.86, 7.6–8.4 3.6–6 >85
[5] 28×22×0.8=492.8 3.1–10.6 >18 3.4–3.9, 5.05– 0.6–4.5 >67
5.85, 7.9–8.4
[9] 27.2×46×1.6=2001 3–17.6 >18 --- 1.4–4 78–96.7
.92
[11] 33×45.5×1.524=22 3.1–10.6 >20 --- 3–5.3 85–97.5
63.1
[13] 35×40×0.8=1120 3.1–10.6 >16 --- 3.4–6.5 ---
[14] 32×74×1.6=3788.8 3.1–14 >15 4.2–6.2, 6.6–7, 4–6 >80
10–12.2 (approx.)
[16] 35×35×1=1225 3–12 >20 5.15–5.825 --- ---
[18] 32×32×0.8=819.2 3.1–10.6 >15 --- 1.7–4.2 >60
[19] 26×31×0.79=636.7 2.8–12 >25 --- -2–5.8 >95
4
[20] 26×28×0.8=582.4 2.9–10.8 >15 5.15–5.85, 6.7–7.1 1.6–4 --
[21] 18×34×1.6=979.2 2.9–20 >22 5.1–5.8, 6.7–7.1 0–7 75–85
[22] 22×28×0.8=492.8 3–11 >20 3.25–3.6, 5.05– 0–3 >70
5.48,
5.6–6, 7.8–8.4
[23] 18×36×1.6=1036.8 2.9–20 >20 3.62–4.77 1.6–6 >60
[24] 22×36×1.6=1267.2 3.1–11 >15 5.15–5.85 1–5 >70
[25] 26×15×1.6=624 3.1–35 >24 5.1–5.8, --- >50
6.7–7.1
[28] 45×25×0.8=900 3–12 >15 --- 2–5.5 >70
[29] 22×24.3×1.52=812 3–10.6 >15 --- 4 >82
.6
[30] 24×26×0.8=499.2 3.06–11 >18 3.5–4, 2.8–4.9 >90
5.1–5.85
[31] 30×26×0.8=624 3.1–11.2 >21 3.7–4.2, 5.15– 2–4 >70
5.35, 5.725–5.825
[33] 50×30×1.6=2400 3.08–16 >16 3.96–6.2 3.5–6 65–85
[34] 93×47×1.6=6993.6 3.1–10.6 >31 --- 3–3.5 >70
[35] 42×24×0.8=806.4 3.1–10.9 >17 --- 3.5 >75
[43] 50×50×1.524=381 2.76–10.75 >15 4.75–6.12 2.6–5.4 >68
0
[48] 30×60×1=1800 2.8–11 >20 3.3–3.83, 4.8–5.8, -1–6 >90
7.5–8.6
 When compared to the existing band-notched UWB-MIMO antennas tabulated in Table 4, the

proposed antenna exhibits a relatively compact size, low profile, better isolation than most of the reported

UWB-MIMO antenna and does not employ any complicated decoupling element. The co- and cross-

polarized radiation patterns in xz- and yz-planes for frequencies 3.6, 6.3 and 10 GHz are shown in Figs. 15

(a), (b) and (c), respectively. The radiation patterns are almost omnidirectional after considering both the

ports.

Omnidirectional radiation pattern helps in preventing signal dropout irrespective of the direction of

the signal’s arrival. In the main lobe, the isolation between co- and cross-polarized patterns are more than

20 dB conforming the proposed antenna to be linearly polarized.

3.1 Time Domain Characteristics

For the time domain analysis, the two identical UWB-MIMO antennas are placed face to face and

side by side with a minimum distance of 40 mm as shown in Fig. 16. The calculated group delay lies within

the range of -0.5–1 ns, and thus advocates better performance (as it lies within the specified limit of ±1 ns)

in the working band [30]. In the band-notched range, the group delay is beyond the desired limits.

Fig. 16. Group delay of the proposed UWB-MIMO antenna

 3.2 Diversity Performance of the Antenna

The diversity performance is calculated and analysed to justify the MIMO antenna behaviour in a

multipath fading environment. In wireless systems, the multiple paths taken by the signals vary in length,

which introduces time delay due to which the signals interfere with each other. To overcome this problem,

the MIMO antenna needs to be modelled and verified on statistical power distribution function-based

channel [58]. An outdoor urban environment can be typically characterized by a Gaussian distribution in

elevation and uniform along azimuth [58]. Far-field radiation patterns and scattering matrix are used to

evaluate the performance of the proposed ultra-compact MIMO antenna.

The envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) (ρij) gives a measure of correlation between antenna

elements to evaluate pattern diversity. The ECC is computed using the far-field radiation pattern [58–60] as

 
  XPR  Ei Ej P  Ei Ej P d
2

ij 
   
  XPR  Ei Ei P  Ei Ei P d    XPR  Ej Ej P  Ej Ej P d
(5)

The diversity gain (DG) of the antenna is calculated as [3, 60] using equation (6)


DG  10 1  0.99  ij 
2

(6)

The computed ECC is less than 0.13, while the DG is greater than 9.7 dB as depicted in Fig. 17. The

total active reflection coefficient (TARC) is defined in terms of the incident and reflected power, which

signifies the importance of non-varying frequency resonance and impedance bandwidth, when the input

signal phase theta (θ) is changing for one port and keeping the phase constant to 1ejθ for another port [3, 60]

in a MIMO system. TARC is calculated [3, 60] using equation (7) and theta (θ) is varied to know the phase

variation response.
 Fig. 17. ECC and DG of the proposed UWB-MIMO antenna

2 2
j

TARC 
S S
11

12
e 
S S
21

22
e j
(7)
2

The “TARC curve” is shown in Fig. 18. The mean effective gain (MEG) is a measure of the amount

of power received by the antenna elements in MIMO as compared to an isotropic antenna in a multipath

fading environment, considering the outdoor environment to be uniform Rayleigh with equal vertical and

horizontal power densities [3]. MEG is calculated using equation (8), and presented in Fig. 19. The MEG is

close to -3 dB for the working range and poor in the two notched-bands. Also, the difference between MEG

1 and 2 is within the range of ±3 dB [58, 60].

 Fig. 18. TARC of the proposed UWB-MIMO antenna

 XPR 1 
MEG   02  0  G  ,  P  ,    G  ,  P  ,   sin dd (8)
1  XPR 1  XPR 

Fig. 19. MEG of the proposed UWB-MIMO antenna

 The channel capacity loss (CCL) helps in evaluating the maximum attainable limit of message

transmission rate up to which signal can be constantly transmitted over the communication channel with a

loss of less than 0.4 bits/s/Hz [3, 60]. Further, CCL is calculated using equation (9) and is found below 0.4

bits/S/Hz [3, 60] for the entire working range as shown in Fig. 20.

 log det
R (9)
C loss

2



where

 
  
R
  N 2
  *
S S S S
* 
 S
11 12      

 1  
 ii  ij 
ij  ii ij ji ij 
21 22  j 1 

Fig. 20. CCL of the proposed UWB-MIMO antenna

Hence, the calculated parameters verify the diversity performances of the proposed ultra-compact

UWB-MIMO antenna.

4. Conclusion

An ultra-compact two-port UWB-MIMO antenna is developed by placing two identical radiating

elements adjacent to each other with a minimum isolation of 18 dB (>22 dB for major portion) throughout

the operating frequency range. For obtaining 4.37–5.95 GHz notched-band, T-shaped stub and sickle-
shaped open-ended half-guided-wavelength resonator slot are introduced in the antenna element. Another

open-ended half-guided-wavelength resonator slot is introduced along the lower edge of the radiating patch

to obtain 6.52–7.42 GHz notch band. The proposed structure eliminates HiperLAN, 5.5 GHz WiMAX,

INSAT/Super-extended C-Band, downlink of X-band satellite communication, and RFID service bands,

thus making MIMO antenna immune to most of the high traffic EM interference. Moreover, the performance

of the antenna is stable throughout the working range as gain varies from 1.2–2.91 dBi and radiation

efficiency ranges from 70–90 %.

5. Acknowledgement

The authors acknowledge the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY),

Government of India for the instrumental support through Visvesvaraya Ph.D. scheme for Electronics & IT

under unique awardee number-VISPHD-MEITY-879.

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