Frequency converter, basics

input DC-busbar output mechanical process

rectifier inverter Motor gear

= M3
=
loss 0,5% 1,5% 4...15% 1..5%

100% P = 3 * U N * Iin * cos λ P = U DC*IDC

P = 3 * U * I * cos ϕ = ω *M
in DC
out P m 78 - 93 %
Voltage is constant Voltage is constant Voltage is proportional Process defines the
Current is proportional Current is proportional to the frequency load torque and
to the power to the power Current is proportional speed
Powerfactor is to torque and excitation
about 0,95 Powerfactor is
proportional to the load

ABB Industry Oy basic4e.ppt 1

Start-up current is smaller with converter

start-up situation With constant torque With constant torque

the line current the motor current
line current
in % 700 alternates but the is also constant and
voltage is constant the voltage alternates
600
direct
connection
500 P P
U U U I
400 I I
I U
300
star-delta
P P
200

100
speed speed
frequency converter
0 = M3
0 speed 100% =

ABB Industry Oy basic4e.ppt 2

Torque-frequency, an example

300 Kippmoment
Peak torque
250 Continuous
Drehmoment,
torque
kontinuierlich
200
M/MN
T/TN

150

100

50

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
f/Hz

ABB Industry Oy basic4e.ppt 3

Relation between motor values and frequency
value p.u. value per unit values
constant field weakening area
flux
T = const. P2 = const. P2 = 1/n
speed n n/nN
n/nN

voltage U U/UN f/fN

1 U/UN
flux Φ Φ/ΦN
Φ/ΦN
fN/f
0
0 fN fG f

ABB Industry Oy basic4e.ppt 4

Relation between motor values and frequency
size p.u. value per unit values
constant field weakening area
flux
T = const. P2 = const. P2 = 1/n
max. torque. Tk/TkN
Tk TkN Tk/TkN

I/IN
IN
current I I/IN
(fN/f)2
TN T/TN

torque. T T/TN T ≤ 0,7 * Tk

fN/f
0
0 fN fG f

ABB Industry Oy basic4e.ppt 5

Power factor for PWM-converter for combustion gas fan

600 100
reactive power
savings 90 power factor
500 80 (%)
in kVAr
400 70
60
reactive power
300 saving kVAr 50
power factor in 40
200 30
direct use
100 power factor with 20
PWM-converter 10
0 0
50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140
factory output power (MW)

ABB Industry Oy basic4e.ppt 11

Efficiency and losses

Converter losses
(thermal)

input power
(electrical)

output power
efficiency η =
input power

motor losses output power

(thermal) (mechanical)

ABB Industry Oy basic4e.ppt 12

Efficiency, converter with15 kW motor

motor efficiency = 90%, cos φ = 0.82, (15 kW)

efficiency
100%
90%
80%
converter, cT
70%
60% converter, qT
50%
40% converter
+ motor, cT
30%
converter
20% + motor, qT
10%
cT = constant torque
0% qT = quadrat. torque
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100
motor speed (% from the nominal)

ABB Industry Oy basic4e.ppt 13

Regenerative braking

electrical energy motor as

generator

Net M
3
line converter motor converter mechanical
energy

ABB Industry Oy basic4e.ppt 14

Braking to resistor

line rectifier motor converter motor as

generator

Net M
3
mechanical
electrical energy
energy CH braking chopper

braking resistor

ABB Industry Oy basic4e.ppt 15

Effects to the net

1.50
U total wave
1.00
basic wave
0.50

0.00
0
5. harmonic
-0.50

-1.00

-1.50

ABB Industry Oy basic4e.ppt 17

Net effects with choke in the intermediate circuit
measurements: converters from 5 manufacturer
A = with big choke, B und C = with smaller choke, D and E = without choke
current harmonics (%)
140

120

100

80

60

40

20

0
A B C D E

ABB Industry Oy basic4e.ppt 18