Experiment 9

American International University- Bangladesh

Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
EEE1234: Power Systems Analysis Laboratory

Title: Unsymmetrical Faults

Introduction:

Most of the faults occur on power systems are unsymmetrical faults, which may consist of
unsymmetrical short circuit, unsymmetrical faults through impedances, or open conductors.
In this experiment, unsymmetrical fault analysis in the simulation environment will be
analyzed.

Theory and Methodology:

Most of the faults that occur on power systems are unsymmetrical faults :
1. Unsymmetrical short, circuits
2. Unsymmetrical faults through impedances
3. Open conductors
Unsymmetrical faults occur as:
1. Single line-to-ground faults
2. Line-to-line faults
3. Double line-to-ground faults

Figure 1: Various types of unsymmetrical faults

Pre-Lab Homework:

Relevant theories must be studied from class lectures, text book and reference books.
© Dept. of EEE, Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB) 1
Software Requirement:

Matlab 2013 or versions above is preferable.

Mathematical Problem With Solution:

A single-line diagram of the power system is shown in Figure 1, where negative- and zero-sequence
reactance are also given. The neutrals of the generator and ∆-Y transformers are solidly grounded.
The motor neutral is grounded through a reactance Xn. Calculate the per-unit sub-transient currents
in phase a, b, and c for a bolted three-phase-to-ground short-circuit at bus 2 (in figure 1). Pre-fault
voltage is 1.05 on a 100 MVA, 13.8 KV base in the generator zone. Also calculate the unsymmetrical
fault currents.

Figure 2 : Typical example model

Figure 3 : Bolted Three-phase-to-ground fault at bus 2

The sub-transient fault current in each phase are

The sequence of the line-to-ground voltages at the fault terminals are:

© Dept. of EEE, Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB) 2

During a bolted three-phase fault, the sequence fault currents are: I0=I2=0 and I1 = Vf/Z1;
therefore, the sequence fault voltages are V0= V1= V2=0, which must be true since all phase-
to-neutral voltages are zero.

Experimental Procedure:

1. Write the code given in appendix and save it as .m file.

2. Run the file
3. In the command window see the value of different fault types.
4. Verify the result with the calculation.
5. See also different fault conditions using Matlab Simulink for the same network. (A screen shot
is given in appendix as hints.)

Simulation With Result:

Discussion and Conclusion:

This experiment should give a proper understanding of different unsymmetrical faults of
power system. From the simulation results the severity of different faults can be identified.
Students are expected to fully understand the code and should be able to write themselves a
new code for different problems.

Reference(s):

1. Willaim D. Stevenson, “Elements of Power System Analysis”, Fourth Edition, McGraw-

Hill International Editions, Civil Engineering Series, McGraw-Hill Inc.

© Dept. of EEE, Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB) 3

Appendix:

Matlab Code:

clear all
close all
clc

% Ratings
%[X,Y] = pol2cart(pi*2/3,1);
%a = X+Y*j;

a = 1*exp(1i*pi*2/3);
alpha_mat = [1 1 1; 1 a^2 a; 1 a
a^2];

% Generator Rating
generator_apparent_power = 100e6;
generator_voltage = 13.8e3;
generator_positive_subtransient_reactance = 0.15j;
generator_negative_subtransient_reactance = 0.17j;
generator_zero_subtransient_reactance = 0.05j;

% Transformer-1 Rating
transformer_apparent_power = 100e6;
turns_ratio_1 = 13.8/138;
transformer_1_reactance = 0.1j;

%Transmission line
transmission_reactance_pos_neg = 20j;
transmission_reactance_zero = 60j;

% Transformer-2 Rating
transformer_apparent_power = 100e6;
turns_ratio_2 = 138/13.8;
transformer_2_reactance = 0.1j;

% Motor Rating
motor_apparent_power = 100e6;
motor_voltage = 13.8e3;
motor_positive_subtransient_reactance = 0.2j;
motor_negative_subtransient_reactance = 0.21j;
motor_zero_subtransient_reactance = 0.1j;
current_limitting_reactance = 0.05j;

% Base values
base_apparent_power = 100e6;
base_voltage_1 = 13.8e3;
base_voltage_2 = 138e3;
base_voltage_3 = 13.8e3;
base_impedance_1 =
base_voltage_1^2/base_apparent_power;
base_impedance_2 =
base_voltage_2^2/base_apparent_power;
base_impedance_3 =
base_voltage_3^2/base_apparent_power;
base_current_1 =
base_apparent_power/base_voltage_1/sqrt(3);
base_current_2 =
base_apparent_power/base_voltage_2/sqrt(3);
base_current_3 =
base_apparent_power/base_voltage_3/sqrt(3);

© Dept. of EEE, Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB) 4

% Base values
line_impedance_per_unit_positive =
transmission_reactance_pos_neg/base_impedance_2;
line_impedance_per_unit_zero =
transmission_reactance_zero/base_impedance_2;

%positive sequence voltage source

positive_seq_voltage_source = 1.05*exp(1i*0);
positive_sequence_motor_terminal = 1.05*exp(1i*0);

% Thevenin impedance values

% Positie sequence
z_positive =
(generator_positive_subtransient_reactance+transformer_1_reactance+line_imp
edance_per_unit_positive+transformer_2_reactance)*(motor_positive_subtransi
ent_reactance)/
(generator_positive_subtransient_reactance+transformer_1_reactance+line_imp
edance_per_unit_positive+transformer_2_reactance+motor_positive_subtransien
t_reactance);
z_negative =
(generator_negative_subtransient_reactance+transformer_1_reactance+line_imp
edance_per_unit_positive+transformer_2_reactance)*(motor_negative_subtransi
ent_reactance)/
(generator_negative_subtransient_reactance+transformer_1_reactance+line_imp
edance_per_unit_positive+transformer_2_reactance+motor_negative_subtransien
t_reactance);
z_zero =
motor_zero_subtransient_reactance+ 3*current_limitting_reactance;

% Single line to ground fault

Ia1_single_line_t_ground =
positive_seq_voltage_source/(z_positive+z_negative+z_zero);
Ia2_single_line_t_ground =
Ia1_single_line_t_ground;
Ia0_single_line_t_ground =
Ia1_single_line_t_ground;
I_phase_sltg =
3*Ia1_single_line_t_ground;
voltage_sequence_matrix_sltg = [0;
positive_seq_voltage_source; 0] - [z_zero 0 0; 0 z_positive 0; 0 0
z_negative]*[Ia0_single_line_t_ground; Ia1_single_line_t_ground;
Ia2_single_line_t_ground];
v0_sltg =
voltage_sequence_matrix_sltg(1);
v1_sltg =
voltage_sequence_matrix_sltg(2);
v2_sltg =
voltage_sequence_matrix_sltg(3);
voltage_phase_matrix_sltg =
alpha_mat*voltage_sequence_matrix_sltg;

% line to line fault

Ia1_line_to_line =
positive_seq_voltage_source/(z_positive+z_negative);
Ia2_line_to_line = -Ia1_line_to_line;
Ia0_line_to_line = 0;
I_phase_ltl =
alpha_mat*[Ia0_line_to_line; Ia1_line_to_line;
Ia2_line_to_line]*base_current_1;
%Ia_phase_ltl =
Ia_phase_ltl.*[base_current_1; base_current_1; base_current_1]

© Dept. of EEE, Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB) 5

voltage_sequence_matrix_ltl = [0;
positive_seq_voltage_source; 0] - [z_zero 0 0; 0 z_positive 0; 0 0
z_negative]*[Ia0_line_to_line; Ia1_line_to_line; Ia2_line_to_line];
v0_ltl =
voltage_sequence_matrix_ltl(1);
v1_ltl =
voltage_sequence_matrix_ltl(2);
v2_ltl =
voltage_sequence_matrix_ltl(3);
voltage_phase_matrix_ltl =
alpha_mat*voltage_sequence_matrix_ltl;

% double line to ground fault

Ia1_double_line_to_ground =
positive_seq_voltage_source/(z_positive+(z_negative*z_zero/(z_negative+z_ze
ro)));
v1_dltg =
positive_seq_voltage_source-Ia1_double_line_to_ground*z_positive;
v0_dltg = v1_dltg;
v2_dltg = v1_dltg;

Ia2_double_line_to_ground = -v2_dltg/z_negative;
Ia0_double_line_to_ground = -v0_dltg/z_zero;

voltage_sequence_matrix_dltg = [v0_dltg; v1_dltg;

v2_dltg];
voltage_phase_matrix_ltl =
alpha_mat*voltage_sequence_matrix_dltg;
I_phase_dltg =
alpha_mat*[Ia0_double_line_to_ground; Ia1_double_line_to_ground;
Ia2_double_line_to_ground];
I_phase_dltg =
I_phase_dltg*base_current_1;
I_neutral_dltg =
I_phase_dltg(2)+I_phase_dltg(3);

Simulink model to demonstrate different faults:

© Dept. of EEE, Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB) 6