Describe, compare and contrast the divisions and

subdivision of both anatomy & physiology

Name and describe the components of the plasma

membrane, and state their function.
PLASMA MEMBRANE

- Fluid matrix
- Composed of an equal mixture (by weight) of lipids and proteins
- Regulates movement of substances into and out of the cell

Lipid components:

- Phospholipid
1. Hydrophilic polar heads stay pointing outwards.
2. Hydrophobic nonpolar tails point inwards.
3. Heads and tails readily form a phospholipid bilayer.
4. Main function to separate cytosol from the interstitial fluid
- Glycolipid
1. Lipids attached with a carbohydrate group.
2. Placed on a phospholipid in the outer layer.
3. The carbohydrate chain is exposed to interstitial fluids.
4. Produces glycocalyx.
- cholesterol
1. Found in hydrophobic region
2. Strengthens the membrane
3. Stabilises the membrane at temperature extremes

Describe and explain the processes that control the

movement of substances (including water) across the
cell membrane.
Membrane transport

- Substance being moved across the cellular membrane is collectively known as

membrane transport.
 - Passive - no cellular energy required.
1. Diffusion
- movement of solutes down their concentration gradient through a
semipermeable layer.
- Unopposed until the substance reaches equilibrium.
- Rate of diffusion depends on the steepness of concentration
gradient and temperature.
- Higher the difference in steepness faster the diffusion.
- High temperature-> high kinetic energy->increase in random
movement of solutes.
- The plasma membrane cannot regulate simple diffusion—rather,
the movement of these molecules is dependent only upon the
concentration gradient.
- Movement of small and non-polar substances across- simple
diffusion.
- 2 types FD:Channel mediated diffusion and carrier mediated
diffusion.
2. Osmosis
- the movement of water down their concentration gradient through
a semipermeable layer.
- cells can alter the amount of water that crosses the plasma
membrane by changing the number of aquaporins.
- Osmotic pressure​ is the pressure exerted by the movement of water
across a semipermeable membrane due to a difference in solution
concentration. The steeper the gradient, the greater the amount of
water moved by osmosis and the higher the osmotic pressure.

Isotonic- concentration gradient same

Hypertonic solution - conc. Of solutes higher outside the cell.

Hypotonic solution - conc. Of solutes less outside the cell.

- Active- cellular energy required.

● Name and describe the components of the cell, and provide a description of their
function