Differential Equations

Lecture notes

Intergrating Factor by Formulas (TYPE V)

- This section aims to discuss the formulas for determining the integrating factor and apply this in solving
equations.

∂M ∂ N
Integrating factors can easily be obtained by using formulas. These formulas involve the test of exactness =
∂ y ∂x
which should be divided be either M or N of the given differential equation depending on the result which should lead to
pure function.

Formulas for determining the Integrating Factor

1
1. If
N ( ∂∂My − ∂∂Nx )=P ( x) , a function of x alone , then I =e ∫ P(x )dx

1
2. If
M ( ∂∂My − ∂∂Nx )=P ( y ) , a function of y alone , then I =e − ∫ P ( y)dy

e.g.
1. ( x 2 + y 2+ 1 ) dx+ x ( x−2 y ) dy =0

Solution: M= x 2+ y 2+1 ; N= x ( x−2 y )

∂M ∂N
=2 y ; =2 x−2 y , not exact
∂y ∂x

Then by using the formula we have,

1 ∂ M ∂N 2 y −(2 x−2 y) 4 y −2 x 2(2 y −x) −2(x−2 y) −2
(−
N ∂ y ∂x
= )
x ( x−2 y )
= =
x ( x−2 y ) x ( x−2 y )
=
x ( x−2 y )
=
x
A function of x alone. Thus the integrating factor is given by

−2 dx
∫ dx −2 ∫
I =e ∫ P (x)dx =e =e−2 lnx =e ln x =x−2,
−2
x x
=e
Multiplying to the given equation gives,
{( x2 + y 2 +1 ) dx + x ( x−2 y ) dy=0 } x −2
( 1+ x−2 y 2+ x −2 ) dx + x−1 ( x −2 y ) dy=0 (or you can now use type III, check for exactness)

dx + x−2 y 2 dx + x−2 dx+ dy−2 x−1 ydy =0

dx + x−2 y 2 dx−2 x−1 ydy+ x −2 dx +dy =0

dx +( x ¿ ¿−2 y ¿ ¿ 2 dx−2 x−1 ydy )+ x−2 dx +dy =0 ¿ ¿

dx−(−x ¿ ¿−2 y ¿ ¿2 dx +2 x−1 ydy )+ x−2 dx +dy =0 ¿ ¿

∫ dx−∫ d ( y ¿ ¿ 2 x−1)+ ∫ x−2 dx + ∫ dy= ∫ 0 ¿

Dan
 Differential Equations
Lecture notes

x− y 2 x−1−x−1+ y=C answer

2. 2 ( 2 y 2+5 xy−2 y + 4 ) dx + x ( 2 x+ 2 y −1 ) dy=0

Solution; M =2 ( 2 y 2+5 xy−2 y + 4 ); N = x ( 2 x +2 y −1 )

∂M ∂N
=8 y +10 x−4 ; =4 x +2 y−1
∂y ∂x

1 ∂ M ∂N 8 y+ 10 x−4−( 4 x+2 y−1 ) 6 x +6 y −3 3 ( 2 x+ 2 y −1 ) 3

−(
N ∂ y ∂x
= )
x ( 2 x +2 y−1 )
= =
x ( 2 x+ 2 y −1 ) x (2 x +2 y−1 ) x
=

A function of x alone. Thus the integrating factor is given by

3 dx
∫ dx 3∫
=e 3 lnx=eln x =x 3,
3

I =e ∫ P (x)dx =e x
=e x

Multiplying to the given equation gives,

{2 ( 2 y 2 +5 xy −2 y+ 4 ) dx+ x ( 2 x +2 y−1 ) dy=0 } x3
4 x3 y 2 dx+10 x 4 ydx−4 x 3 ydx + 4 x 3 dx +2 x5 dy +2 x 4 ydy−x 4 dy=0 ,(° °)

4 x3 y 2 dx+10 x 4 ydx−4 x 3 ydx + 4 x 3 dx +2 x5 dy +2 x 4 ydy−x 4 dy=0

( 4 x 3 y 2 dx+ 2 x 4 ydy )+(10 x 4 ydx+ 2 x 5 dy)− ( 4 x 3 ydx+ x 4 dy )+ 4 x 3 dx=0

( 4 x 3 y 2 dx+ 2 x 4 ydy )+(10 x 4 y dx+2 x 5 dy )−( 4 x 3 y dx + x 4 dy ) + 4 x 3 dx=0

∫ d( y 2 x 4 )+ ∫ d (2 x 5 y )− ∫ d ( y x 4 ) + 4 ∫ x 3 dx=∫ 0

y 2 x 4+ 2 y x 5− y x 4 + x 4=C ,∨x 4 ( y 2 +2 y x 1− y +1 ) =C answer

3. Solve the differential equation y ( 4 x + y ) dx−2 ( x 2− y ) dy=0

Solution; M = y ( 4 x + y ); N = −2 x2 + y

∂M ∂N
=4 x +2 y ; =−4 x
∂y ∂x

1 ∂M ∂N 4 x+ 2 y −(−4 x) 8 x+ 2 y 2(4 x + y ) 2
−(
M ∂ y ∂x
= )
y (4 x+ y )
= = =
y ( 4 x+ y) y (4 x + y ) y
A function of y alone. Thus the integrating factor is given by
Dan
 Differential Equations
Lecture notes

2 dy
−∫ dy −2 ∫
I =e− ∫ P ( y)dy =e =e−2lny =e ln y = y −2,
−2
y y
=e

Multiplying to the given equation gives,

{ y ( 4 x+ y ) dx−2 ( x 2− y ) dy =0 } y−2
4 x y −1 dx +dx−2 x 2 y−2 dy +2 y−1 dy=0
( 4 x y −1 dx +(−2 x 2 y −2 dy ))+2 y−1 dy +dx=0
∫ d( y−1 2 x 2)+2 ∫ y−1 dy+ ∫ dx= ∫ 0
2 y−1 x 2+2 lny+ x=C ,∨2 x 2+ yln y 2+ xy=Cy answer

Exercises:

1.( 2 x 2+ y ) dx + ( x 2 y−x ) dy=0

2. y ' =2 xy−x
3. ( 2 y 2+ 2 y + 4 x 2 ) dx+ ( 2 xy + x ) dy=0
4. ( x 4 −x+ y ) dx−xdy=0
5. y 2 cosxdx + ( 4 +5 ysinx ) dy=0
6. ( x ¿ ¿ 2+ y 2+ 1) dx−( xy + y ) dy=0 ¿

Dan