RESULTS

HERBAL WEALTH OF GARHWAL HIMALAYA AS A SOURCE OF

POPULAR PRESCRIPTION DRUGS AND FORMULATION:

About 100 medicinal plants well listed from the survey of herbal drugs sold in
the local drug stores, list of these 100 plants is presented in Table no-1.

Table -1
Botanical name Part uses Ayurvedic
Local name Formulation
Family
Abies pindrow Royle Bark Vigroll
Raga
Pinaceae
Abrus precatorious L. Seed and Tranquil
Ratti roots
Fabaceae
Acorus calamus L. Rhizomes Chandraprabha vati,
Vacha Sanjivani vati, Saraswat
Araceae churn,
Ashwagandharista,
Laghu vishgarbha tel,
Abana tebles, sumenta,
Pigmento, Mentat,
Alarsin, M2 -Tone.
Aconitum heterophyllum wall.ex. Roots Agnikumar ras, Anand
Royle bhairavras, Pushyanug
Atis churn, Ativisha churn,

26
Ranunculaceae Chandraprabha vati.
Acacia catechu ( L.F.) willer Wood bark Pigmnto
Kher
Mimosaceae
Adhatoda zeylanica Medic. Leaves, Vasakamadu,
Vasaka roots Vasavaleha, Vasakasva,
Acanthaceae Kasni, Kankasava
Livomyn, M2-Tone,
Styplon, Diakof,
Geriforte.
Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa Fruit, rootb Bilvadi kwath, Bilava
Bael bark churn, Bilva-majjadi
Rutaceae yog, Dasamoo -larist,
Tentex forte, Lukol,
Diarex, Sumento
(Tablets).
Asparagus racemosus Willd Roots Femiplex, Neo, M2-
Satawari(Jhirni) Tone, Ojus, Himaplasia,
Liliaceae Tentex Geriforte,
Lokol, Renalka.
Aleo barbadensis (Miller) Leaves Livomyn, Pigmento,
Kumari Livosyp, Diabecon,
Liliaceae Herbolax, Reostra
Allium cepa L Whole Neo, Gerifort
Pize plant
Amaryllidaceac
Amaranthus polygamus acut. non.L Leaves Femiplex
Chuali
Amaranthaceae
Andrographis paniculata Whole Livomyn, Pigmento ,

27
Wall.ex.Nees plant Hepatogard
Kalmegh
Acanthaceae
Anethum sowa Roxb.ex Fleming Leaves Vomiteb, Mental,
Sowa Himacospaze,
Apiaceae Bonnisan, Abana.
Azadirachta indica A. Juss Leaves Livosyp, Hepatogard,
Neem ,wood , Pilex
Meliaceae seeds ,
flowers
Bacopa monnieri (L) Pennell. Whole Bharmi churn, Bharmi
Jal birahmi plant ghrit, Brahmi rasayan
Scrophulariaceae
Bauhinia variegata L. Stem bark Kanchanar gugulu,
Kanchnar Kanchnar kwath,
Caesalpiniaceae Ushirasava,
Chandanasava
Berberis aristata (D.C.) Roots, root Femiplex, Livomyn
Kingore bark, stem
Berberidaceae
Berberis lycium Royle Roots, Pushyanug churn,
Daruharidara roots bark Aswagantharista,
Berberidaceae and stem Khadirarista,
Patrangasava
Bergenia ligulata (wall) Engle. Rhizomes Ashmeriher kwath,
Silpara Pashanbhedadi kwath,
Saxifragaceae Pushyanug churn,
Vatvidhv ansak ras.
Cystone tablets.
Boerhavia diffusa L Roots Punarnava kwath,

28
Punarnava Punarnava -sova,
Nyctaginaceae Punarnavadi mandoor,
Punarnavadi guggulu,
Abana, Crush, Lukol,
Geriforte, Livomyne,
( tablets, & syrups)
Bombax malabaricum DC Bark , Femiplex, M2-tone
Semal fruits and (Tablets & tonic)
Bombaceae seeds
Butea monosperma (Lamk.) Tabu Gum, Krmighna churn,
Plash ,Dhak seeds and Krimimudgar ras,
Fabaceae flowers Krmikutharras,
Plashbeejj churn. Plash
ghrit, Crush Lukol
Callicarpa macrophylla Vahl. Flowers Priyangwadi tel,
Daiya buds Ashwagandharista,
Verbenaceae Dasamoolarist,
Chandana sava,
Draksharista, Eladi
churn.
Cassia absus L. Seeds Parpaundrik kwath,
Cheaksu Khadiradi vati and
Caesalpiniaceae Surma.
Cassia fistula L. Fruits and Aragvadhadirsta,
Amaltas roots Aragvadhadi, Ghrita
Caesalpiniaceae Aragvadhadi tel, Agni-
kumar churn, Kankayan
gutika.
Cedrus deodara (Royale ex.D.Don ) Wood oil Devdaryadi kwath,
Devdara and bark Mahamash tel,

29
Pinaceae Khadirarista Dasant lep,
M2 Tone
Celastrus paniculatus Seeds and Jyotismasti tel,
Willd seeds oil Himcotin cream,
Kaunya Sexotex cream Gerifort,
Celastraceae Remem, Sumenta( Tab
& syrup)
Centella asiatica (L.) Whole Brahmi vati, Brahmi
Urban plant ghrit, Brahmi tel,
Brahmi Saraswatarista,
Apiaceae Geriforte, Mental
( Umbelliferae) (Teb& syp)
Cinnamomum tamala (Ham.) Nees Leaves and Lodhrasava, Vasasava,
ex.Eberm. bark Sudarshan churh,
Tejpatta Chandraprabha vati,
Lauraceae Yograj guggulu,
Dasamoolarista,
Aswagandharisata
Cissampelos pareira L.Var. Hirsuata Roots Pusyanug churn,
Pahre Pathadi kwath,
Menispermaceae Mahayograj guggulu
Agnimukh churn.
Cinnamomum zeylanicum (Breyn) Bark Vomiteb
Dalchini
Lauraceae
Cordiandrum sativum L Fruit Livomyn
Dhaniya
Apiaceae
Cuminum cyminum L. Frits Ojus , Femiplex, M2-
Zeera Tone, Apimore

30
Apiaceae
Cyperus rotundus L. Tuberous Pigmento
Motha roots
Cyperaceae
Datura stramoium L. Leaves,flo Kankasava, Maha laxmi
Dhatura wering tops vilas ras, Asthma relief
Solanaceae and seeds Alarex, Spasmolin
Dioscorea bulbifera L. Roots Chayavanpras,
Genthi Mahamash tel,
Dioscoreaceae Narsingh tel,
Grabbdharin vati,
Eclipta prostrata (L.) L. Whole Bhringrajasava,
Bhringraja plants Sutsekherras Anand
Asteraceae (Compositeae) bhairas ras,Acidocid
syrup, Geriforte
Mahabhringraj tel,
Gandhak rasayana,
Livomyn, Neo, Ojus,
M2- tone,Hepatogard.
Emblica officinalis Gaertn. Fruit Amlaki churn, Triphala
Amla chrn, Triphala ghrit,
Euphorbiaceae Brahmi amla tel, Fresh
fruit pulp
( Chavanprash)
Ephedra gerardiana Wall ex. Stopf. Stem Som kalp, Swankalp.
Tutgautha
Ephedraceae
Eugenia jambolana.Lam Bark and M2-Tone
Jamun seed
Myrtaceae

31
Evolvulus alsinoides L. Whole Sumento
Sankhpuspi plant
Convolulaceae
Ficus glomerata Roxb., Pl. Corom Fruit, Bark Femiplex.
Gular and roots
Moraceae
Ficus bengalensis (Linn) Fruits, M2-Tone
Bargad barks and
Moraceae leaves
Fumaria indica (Haussk.) Pugsley Whole Arvindasava,Chandraka
Pit papra plant la ras, Chandanasava,
Fumariaceae Mahasudorshan kwath
Livomyn drops
Gloriosa superba L. Rahizomes Mohavishgarbh tel,
Kalihari and seeds Nirundi tel, Rumalaya
Liliaceae cream, Langali rasayan.
Hedychium spicatum Ham.ex smith Rhizomes Shatyadi chrun,
Banhaldi Dasamoolarista,
Zingiberaceae Kankayan gutika,
Vomiteb, Chikara,
Lahmina, Jivahakalpa,
Himanshu tel.
Holarrhena antidysenterica Wall. Barks and Kutajarista, Kutajahan
ex.A.DC seeds vati, Kutajawteha ras,
Karu Karpur ras
Apocynaceae
Hygrophila spinosa T Leaves, Femiplex, Crush
Talimkhana seeds and
Acanthaceae roots
Juglans regia L. Leaves , Amritpras ghrit ,

32
Akhrot stem bark Dantasodhak, Yavih
Juglandaceae and fruits
Jurinea dolomiacea. Boiss Roots Dry roots are used.
Dhoop
Asteraceae
Lawsonia alba Lam. Leaves Femiplex
Mehandi
Lythraceae
Mangifera indicia L. Fruits , M2-tone
Aam seeds and
Acanthaceae Bark
Mallotus philippensis (Lamk.) Ripe ruits Krimikuthar ras ,
Kmbhal Krimighatini vati,
Euphorbiaceae Kshisadi ghrit, Herbinol
cream
Melia azedarach L. Leaves Pigmento
Daikan barks and
Meliaceae fruits
Mucun pruriens (L.) DC. Roots and Kawanch pak, Kawanch
Kauch hairs on churn, Kamdev ghrit,
Fabaceae pods Ashwagandha churn,
Musli pak,
Dhatupaustic churn,
Agstya haritaka, Badam
pak, Strenex, Tentax
forte, Speman tab.
Myrica esculenta Ham. ex.D.Dun. Barks and Katphaladi churn,
Kaphal fruits Purhyanug churn,
Myricaceae Khadiradi gutika,
Irimedadi tel,

33
 Brihatphal ghrit.
Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn Rhizome, Arvindasava,
Kamal flowers and Pushyanug churn,
Nelumbonaceae seed Sarivadi vati,
drakshavleha.
Oroxylum indicum (L.) vent Root bark Dasomoolarista,
Tantia Dasamooll kwath,
Bignoniaceae Pushyanug churn,
Amritarista,
Mahanarayan tel
Chayavanpras etc.
Phyllanthus fraternus Webster Chyavranpras,
Jarmala Swanshar kwath,
Euphorbiaceae Kashhar kwath,
Satpatradi churn, Tonali
Livomyn, Livomap (tab
& syrup).
Picrorhiza kurrooa Royle ex Benth. Rhizomes Arogyavardhi vati,
Kutaki and roots Laxmi narayan ras,
Scrophulariaceae Mahayogray guggulu,
Amritarista,
Cruminillsyrup,
Livertone,Carminex,
Pigmeto, Livomyn,
Hepatogard, Calcury
Apimore ( Teb& tonic)
Pistacia khinjuk Socks. Leaves, Shringyandi churn,
Kakarsingi petiole and Dashmularista,
Anacardiaceae branches Kantakari Avaleha,
Chyavanpras

34
 Nokufcough, Kasni.
Plumbago zeylanica L. Roots Chitrakadi vati, Chitrak
Chitrak haritake, Chitrak ghrit
Plumbaginaceae Mahasankh vati,
Mahamritaunjay ras,
Pigmento, Liv-52,
Alarsin, Vigiroll.
Polygonatum verticillatum (L) All Rhizomes Chyavanpras, Triphala
Kantula ghrit, Bramh rasayan,
Liliaceae Mahanarayan tel
Pueraria tuberose (Roxb. Ex.Willd) Tuber Vidari churn,
Siralu Laxamivilasras, Narsing
Fabaceae churn, Ashwagandha
churn, Saraswatista,
Chyvanpras.
Punica granatum L. Fruits Dadimastak churn,
Dadim Dadimadi ghrit,
Punicaceae Lavanbhaskar churn
Eladi churn.
Rheum australe D. Don Rhizomes Lavanbhaskar churn,
Chukri and roots Mahajwarankush ras,
Polygonaceae Gurukulbal ghutti,
Livertone, Uteronol
Ricinus communis L. Roots,root Erand pak, Erand tel
Arandi bark , Balarista, Pradrantak
Euphorbiaceae leaves and lauh, Bishgorbh tel,
seeds Cibolic capsules.
Rubia cordifolia L. Roots Mahamanjisthadyarista,
Majethi Mahamanjisthadi ark,
Rubiaceae Manjisthadi tel,

35
 Mahanarayan tel,
Ashwagandharista.
Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn Fruits Maha laxadi tel
Righa
Sapindaceae
Selinum vaginatum (Edgew.) cl. Roots Traded as bhootkeshi
Bhut keshi
Apiaceae
Shorea robusta Roxb. ex. Leaves and Arshonyte forte.
Sal bark
Dipterocarpaceae
Sida cordifolia L. Leaves and M2 -Tone
Balu roots
Malvaceae
Spinaciae oleracea Leaves and Manoll
Palak fruits
Chenopodiaceae
Skimmia anquetilia Tayor & airy Leaves Essential oil
Shaw
Ner
Rutaceae
Solamum nigrum L. Whole Pigmento
Makoi plant
Solanaceae
Solanum surattense Burm. F. Whole Kantakariavleha,
Kantakari plants Kantakari ghrit,
Solanaceae Vyaghiharitaki,
Chyavanpras,
Dasamoolarist,
Dasamool kwath

36
Solanum anguivi Lamk. Whole Brahtyadi kwath,
Kandyari plant Dasamoolarista ,
Solanaceae Dasamool kwath,
Chyavanpras ,
Mahasudarshan churn,
Mahanarayan tel
Swertia chirayita Roxb. ex. Flem Whole Pigmento and
Chiraita plant Diabacon.
Gentianaceae
Symplocos racemosa Roxb. Bark and M2- Tone
Ladha leaves
Symplocaceae
Tagetes minuta L. Flowering Essential oil
Jangali genda tops
Asteraceae (Compositeae)
Taxus baccata auct. (Non L.) Leaves and Talisadi churn,
Thuner bark Lavanbhaskar churn,
Taxaceae Sudarshan churn,
Kanksava
Terminalia bellirica (Gaerth.) Roxb. Fruits Triphala churn,
Bahera Triphala kwath,
Combretaceae Sanjivani vati,
Kutajavaeleha,
Herbotone Hepatogard
Terminalia chebula (Gertn.) Retx Frits Haritaki churn, Triphala
Harrd churn, Agastgy haritaki
Combretaceae aveleha, Abhyarista,
Triphala ghrti, Chitrak,
Haritaki, M2 tone,
Hepatogard, Ojus,

37
 Mentat, Liv-52 ,
Herbolax Pilex,
Menosan, Gerforte,
Abana ( Tablets, &
Tonic).
Terminalia arjuna (Roxb) ex. DC Bark Sumenta, Mental,
Arjuna Menosan, Geriforte,
Combretaceae Reosta, Liv-52 Mentat.
Tephrosia purpurea Pers. Whole Livomyn, Pigmento
Pal plant
Fabaceae
Thalictrum foliolosum DC . Roots Surma (Yogi Pharmacy)
Kirmuri (Mamira)
Ranunculaceae
Tribulus terrestris L. Seeds Manoll, Calcury
Gukhru
Zygophyllaceae
Tinspora cardifolia (Willd.) Hook Fr Stem Giloy satva,
Giloy Amritasava,
Menispermaceae Amritarista,
Ashwaganda churn,
Chandra, prabha Vati,
Guduchi tel, Livonyn,
Calcury, Pigmento
Livosyp Dibecon,
Mentat,Rumalaga
Gasex, Geriforte, Liv-
52. Diakof, Manoll,
Apimare
Valeriana jatamansi Jones. Rhizomes Tagardi kwath,

38
Sumaya and Chandana lodhrasava,
Valeriancaceae roots lets Sarivadyasava,
Chandrasekhar ras,
Newrocardine,
Nervoplex Mondo-
valerian, Neocardial
liquid, Sumenta.
Viola pilosa Blume Whole Kafsina, Kofteb, Bans
Vanfsa plants cough syrap, Cheston,
Violaceae Mehasudarsan ark.
Vitex negundo L. Leaves Nirgundi ghrit,
Siwain roots and Nirgundi kwath,
Verbenaceae fruits Nirgundi tel,
Bishagarbh tel,
Rumalagy cream,
Himcolin cream.
Vitis vinifera L. Whole Ojus
Angoor plant
Vitaceae
Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal Roots Asbwagandha churn,
Aswagandha Ashwa gnadha rasayan,
Solanaceae Ashwagan dharista,
Kamdev ghrit,
Chyaranpras, Phalaghrit
Mahamash tel, Manoll,
M2 tone.
Woodfordia fruiticosa (L.) Flowers Gangadher churn,
Kurz Pushyanug churn,
Luthraceae Abhyarista,
Ashokarista,

39
 Arvidiasava, Femiplex
Zanthoxylum armatum DC Whole Bharmi Vati, Panchtikta
Timroo plants guggula, Madusnhi
Rutaceae rasayan, Dantmanjan.
Zingiber officinale Roscoe Rhizome Livomyn, Vomiteb
Aadarak
Zingiberaceae

Out of these 100 plants 80 Per cent plants are aborigin in Uttarakhand,
description of these plants are given below.
Abies pindrow Royle.
Family : Pinaceae
Local name: Raga
Regional distribution : It is commonly found in montane, Quercus
semicarpifolia forests, Bharsar and Kodiabagrth.
Part uses : Bark
Uses : Bark extract with honey used in cough and bronchitis
Major Ayurvedic Formulation: Vigroll etc.

Abrus precatorius L.
Family : Fabaceae
Local name : Ratti
Regional distribution: It is common plant in ravines of misucelaneous
forests, way side grassy localities, up to 1000 msl. Pobaum, Srinagar.
Part used : Seeds and roots;
Uses : Roasted seed powder used as an obortifacient. Seed’s paste applied
on plaster for bone fracture. Decoction of roots used in fever, cough,
rheumatic arthitis and dysentery.
Homoeopathic Fomulation: Tranquil.

40
Acacia catechu (L.f) Willd
Family : Mimosaceae
Local name : Kher
Regional distribution: It is commonly found in dry exposed miscellaneous
forests, particular in Tarai- Bhabar tracts, Srinagar and Byasghat.
Parts used : Wood and bark.
Uses: Wood yield Katha or Catechu of commerce used for various
medicines.Particularly in digestive and respiratory disease. Bark used in
diarrhea, dysentery, bronchitis and menstrual disorders.
Major Ayurvedic Formulation: Pigmento etc.

Acorus calamus L.
Family : Araceae
Local name : Vacha
Regional distribution: It is common in sub- tropical and temperate regions,
upto 2000 msl .Frequently met with in marshy and swamply places, along
the side of river bank, in Garhwal commonly found in Hindwal, Thalnadi.
Part used : Rhizomes
Uses: The rhizomes are used in Ayurvedic, medicine as carminative,
stomachic, expectorant and nervine tonic, for the treatment of colic,
dyspepsia, dysentery, fevers, bronchial asthma and epilepsy. The calamus
oil obtained from rhizomes is used in perfumery and to flavours alcoholic
beverages; locally the rhizome paste is applied on chest to treat pnuemonia
in children. A small piece of rhizome is rubbed over stone together with
fruits of jaiphal (Myrstica fragrance) and Rada (Catunaregam spinosa)
and given with mother's milk to children suffering form cough, cold and
fever.
Major Ayurvedic Formulatin: Chandraprabha vati, Sanjivani vati,
Saraswat churn, Ashwagandharista, Laghu vishgarbha tel, Abana,
Sumenta, Pigmento, Menat, etc.

41
Aconitum heterophyllum Wall.ex Royle
Family : Ranunculaceae
Local name : Atis
Regional distribution: It is found in sub alpine and alpine regions, between
3000 - 4200 msl.Occasionally met with in meadows and grassy slopes.
Widly found in Tungnath.
Parts uses : Roots
Used : Roots are extensively used in Ayurvedic and Homoeopathic
systems of medicine as febrifuge, stomachic, bitter tonic, antiperiodic and
aphrodisiac, for the treatment of fevers, dysentery, diarrhoea, dyspesia and
cough. Locally the root is given in stomach disorders and fevers especially
in children.
Major Ayurvedic and Homoeopathic Formulations: Agnikumar ras,
Anand bhairav ras, Pushyanug churn, Ativisha churn Chandraprabha vati,
Larsin, M2-Tone (tablets & tonic) etc.

Adhatoda zeylanica Medic.

Syn : A. vasica Nees; Justicia adhatoda L.
Family : Acanthaceae
Local name : Vasa, Vasaka
Regional distribution: Common plant in hedges, wastlands, scrub forests
roadsides, edge of forest, nearby habitation upto 1500 msl., Dugadda,
Kotdwara Srinagar and Thalisain.
Part used : Leaves and roots.
Uses : Leaves are powerful expectorant, bronchodilater and
antispasmodic; they are used in Ayurvedic systems of medicine for the
treatment of chest diseases, particularly the chronic bronchitis, asthma and
cough. The leaves are also the source of alkoloid vasicine employed in
cough syrups and expectorants. Roots are used as expectorant. Locally the
leaf decoction is given in cough and the root exhract in flatulence.

42
 Major Ayurvedic Formulations: Vasakamadhu, Vasavaleha, Vasakasva,
Kasni, Kankasava, Livomyn, M2-Tone, Styplon, Diakof, Geriforte etc.

Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa

Family : Rutaceae
Local names: Bael, Bil
Regional distribution: It is commonly found in sub Himalayan tract, in
semi- deciduous forests, from tarai-bhabar upto 1200 msl, also cultivated
nearby temple. Sporadic in Srinagar and Kotdwara.
Parts used: Fruits and root bark
Uses : The pulp of the ripe fruits is aromatic, astringent, cooling and
laxative. The unripe or half ripe fruit is astringent, stomachic digestive and
a little constipative. It is usefull in sub- acute or chronic cases of diarrhoea
and dysentery. The ripe fruit is prescribed in intestinal disorders and
certain forms of dyspepsia characterised by alternate constipation and
diarrhoea. The pulp of the ripe fruit is also eaten as food or used for
making refreshing drink. The root is one of the ingredients of the
'Dasamool' of Ayurveda.
Major Ayurvedic Formulation: Bilvadi kwath, Bilva churn Bilva-
majjadi yog, Dasamoolarist, Sumenta, Tentex forte, Lukol, Diarex,
Sumenta tablets etc.

Aleo barbadensis Miller

Family : Liliaceae
Local name: Kumari, Gwar- Patta.
Regional distribution: It is commonly found in waste places, forest edges
and clearing.Also cultivated as an ornamental.Sporadic in Srinagar and
Dugadda.
Part used : Leaves
Uses : Fresh juice of leaves is cathartic and refrigerant, used in liver and
spleen ailments and for eye troubles. Found useful in X- ray burns, and

43
 other skin disorders. Plant extract used stomachic, purgative,
emmenogogue and anthelminitic.
Major Ayurvedic Formulation: Livomyn, Pigmento, Livosyp, Diabecon,
Herbolax, Reosta etc.

Allium cepa L.
Family : Amaryllidaceae
Local name: Piaz
Regionla distribution: Commonly cultivated plant upto 1800 msl, in the
Himalaya, throughout India.
Part use : Whole plant
Used: Used in various medicies, for digestive and skin ailments.
Major Ayurvedic Formulation: Neo, Gerifort etc.

Amaranthus polygamus auct non L.

Family : Amaranthaceae
Local name: Chauli
Regional distribution: Rare plant, occur nearby crop fields, often vacant
grounds, Singtali.
Part used : leaves
Uses : Infusion of leaves with salt is given in dismenorrhoea.
Major Ayurvedic Formulation: Femilplex etc.

Asparagus racemosus Willd.

Family : Liliaceae
Local name: Satawari
Regional distribution: It is found in sub-tropical and lower temperate
regions, upto 1500 msl. Frequently met with on slopes along roadsides, in
wastelands and scrub forests .Often cutivated in gardens also occurs as
wild most of the wormer parts of India. Widly found in Srinagar.
Part used : Roots.

44
 Uses : Roots are demalscent galactagogue and tonic. they are used in
Ayurvedic and Unani systems of medicine for the treatment of dyspsia.
Roots form a constituent of medicinal oils used for nervours and rheumatic
complains. Fresh roots juice is mixed with honey and given for dyspesia.
Major Ayurvedic Formulation: Femiplex, Neo, M2-Tone, Ojus,
Himaplasia, Geriforte, Tentex forte, Lukol, Renalka etc.

Andrographis paniculata Wall. ex Nees

Family : Acanthaceae
Local name: Kalmegh.
Regional distribution: It is rare plant, mostly found in outer Himalayan
ranges, grassy or waste localities, upto 600 msl.
Part used : Whole plant
Uses : Herbs is an ingredient of medicine commonly used as a bitter tonic
and febrifuge. Plant is astringent, anodyne, tonic and alexipharmic, used in
dysentery cholera, diabetes, consumption, influenza, bronchitis, itches and
piles.Often substituted for chirayita. Decoction used for sluggishness of
liver and in jaundice. Leaves and roots used as a febrifuge, cholagogue,
and anthelmintic.
Major Ayurvedic Formulation: Livomyn, Pigmento, Hepatogard etc.

Anethum sowa Roxb. ex Fleming

Family : Apiaceae
Local name: Sowa. (Satpushpi)
Regional distribution: Cultivated plant, also met as an escape in waste
places, road sides upto 1000 msl, Srinagar.
Part used : Leaves
Uses : Leaves used as flavouring, carminative. Yield an essential oil
considered stomachic and diuretic.
Major Ayurvedic Formulation: Vomitab, Mentat, Himacospaze,
Bonnisan, Aabana (Tabletes) etc.

45
Azadirachta indica A . Juss.
Family : Meliaceae
Local name: Neem
Regional distribution: It is uncommon plant. Planted near road side, parks
home yards,upto l000 msl, in Byasghat, Srinager, naturally found in
Kotdwara.
Parts used : leaves, wood, seeds, bark and flowers
Uses : Bark used in skin troubles. Leaves considered antiseptic, applied to
boils in the form of poultice; decoction given for ulcers and
eczema.Flowers tonic and stomachic. Berries purgative, emollient .Seeds
yield non-drying oil used for skin affections. Neem oil may be mixed with
other oils and fats for manufacture of washing soaps: medicated soaps with
the odour of Neem oil are available. Nimbidin is the chief bitter principle
of the oil. Neem toddy is occasionally obtained as an exudation form the
upper part of some trees; used as a tonic.
Major Ayurvedic Formulation: Livosyp, Hepatogard, Pilex tablets and
tonic etc.

Bacopa monnieri (L.) Pennell

Family : Scrophulariaceae
Local name: Jal brahmi
Regional distribution: It is occuring in sub Himalayan tracts 1200 msl.
Commonly found in marshy localities of sub Himalayan tracts and moist
and shady places, Thalisain and Kotdwara.
Parts used : Whole Plant.
Uses : Whole plant is used in Ayurvedic system of medicine as a nervine
tonic, diuretic and blood purifier.Recently a memory enhancing drug
"Memory Plus" has been developed by the Central Drug Research
Institute, Lucknow which is being marketed by the Velvette International
Products.

46
 Major Ayurvedic Formution: Bharmi churn, Bharmi ghrit, Brahmi
rasayan etc.

Bauhinia variegata L.
Family : Caesalpiniaceae
Local name: Kanchnar
Regional distribution: It is commony found in forest edges, crop fields'
upto 1200 msl, Kandi and Srinagar.
Parts used : Stem bark
Uses : The bark is used in Ayurvedic, Unani and Siddha systems of
medicine for the treatment of tumour, goitre, epistaris utesine bleeding and
skin diseases.Locally the flower buds are eaten as vegetable.
Major Ayurvedic Formulation: Kanchanar gugulu, Kanchnar kwath,
Ushirasava, Chandanasava etc.

Berberis aristata D C.
Family : Berberidaceae
Local name: Daruhadi, Kingore
Regional distribution: Commonly found in open places, along shrub
berries, Lansdown, Pauri and Srinagar.
Part used : Root, root bark and stem.
Uses : The roots are used in Ayurvedic sysems of medicine. The alkaloid
berberine and its salt obtained from roots are used in modern medicine.
The drug is alternative, antimalerial, antiseptic, blood purifier and sedative
and is used in cojuctivies enlargment of liven and spleen. Dried stems used
as a bitter tonic for intermittent fevers
Major Ayurvedic Formulation: Femipllex, Livomyn etc.

Berberis lycium Royle

Family : Berberidaceae
Local name: Daruharidra

47
 Regional distribution: It is commonly found in sub-tropical and temperat
regions, between 800-2500 msl. Commonly occur throughout the
Chelusain, Kandikhal and Binsar.
Parts used : Roots, root bark, stem and dried aqueous extract,
Uses : The roots Rasaunt or Raswanti are used in Ayurvedic and Unani
systems of medicine.The alkaloid berberine and its salts obtained from
roots are used in modern medicine.The drug is alterative, antimalerial,
antiseptic, blood purifier and sedative and is used in conjuctivitis,
enlargement of liver and spleen, jaundice, periodic neuralgia,
haemorrhoids, urogenital disorders and ulcers. Berberine hydrochloride
and sulphate are used in preparation of drugs for cholera, diarrhoea,
dysentery, eye troubles and oriental sores.
Major Ayurvedic Formulation: Pushyanug churn, Aswagandharista,
Khadirarista, Patrangasava etc.

Bergenia ligulata ( Wall.) Engl.

Syn. : B. ciliata (Haw.) Sternb; Saxifraga ligulata Wall.
Family : Saxifragaceae
Local name: Silpara.
Regional distribution: It is found in temperat regions between 1000-
3000m.. Common on moist rocky slopes in Dwarikhal, Gumkhal,
Chelusain and Patheesain.
Part used : Rhizomes.
Uses : Rhizomes are used in Ayurvedic medicines for the treatment of
kidney stones, piles, diabetes and heart diseases. The paste of fresh
rhizome is very effective in treatment of swellings, especially among
liverstock.
Major Ayurvedic Formulation: Ashmerihar kwath, Pashanbhedadi
kwath, Pushyanug churn, Vatvidhvansak ras, Cystone, and Culcury tablets
and syrup etc.

48
Boerhavia diffusa L.
Family : Nyctaginaceae
Local name: Punarnava
Regional distribution: It is commonly found in open waste places, margins
of crop fields, upto 2000 msl .Kotdwara, Srinagar and Kirtinagar.
Parts used : Roots
Uses : Root is diuretic, laxative, stomachic, diaphoretic and anthelminitic;
used in treatment of jaundice, dropsy, gonorrhoea etc. It is commonly used
in preparation of various Ayurvedic, Unani and Siddha medicines.
Major Ayurvedic Formulations: Punarnava kwath, Punarnavasava,
Punarnavadi mandoor, Punarnavadi guggulu, Abana, Crush, Lukol,
Geriforte livomyne (Tablets and syrups).

Bombax malabaricum DC.

Syn : B. ceiba linn.
Family : Bombacaceae
Local name: Semal
Regional distribution: Commonly occur along Alaknanda valley, village
landscarpes scrub forests upto 1200 msl, in Srinagar.
Parts used : Bark, fruits and seeds.
Uses : Bark demulcent, tonic, and styptic.Fruits stimulant, expectorant, and
diuretic, used in calculus affections and ulceration of bladder and kidneys.
Seeds yield edible fatty oil, also used for soap making and as an
illuminant. Tree yields a gum called Mochaus. It is demulcent, tonic and
styptic
Major Ayurvedic Formulation: Femiplex, M2-Tone etc.

Butea monosperma ( Lamk.) Taub.

Syn : B. frondosa koenig ex. Roxb.
Family : Fabaceae
Local name: Plash, Dhak

49
 Regional distribution: Commonly found in the outer submontan tracth
associated with miscellanous forests, nearby crop fields, roadside,
Kotdwara.
Parts used : Gum (Bengal kino), seeds and flowers.
Uses : The gum is astringent and used in treatment of diarrhoea and
dysentery. The seeds are powerful anthelmintic and used in treatment of
roundwarms and ringwarms. Flowers are used as diuretic and aphrodisiac.
Major Ayurvedic Formulation: Krimighna churn, Krimimudgar ras,
Plashbeej churn, Plash ghrit, Crush, Lukol, etc.

Caesalpinia bonducella (L.)

Family : Caesalpiniaceae
Local name: Kanja
Regional distribution: Commonly met in mescillaneous scrub forests, way
sides, upto 1000 msl, Kotdwara, Srinagar.
Part used : Seeds.
Uses : seeds used in colic, intermittent fever and in disturbed menstruation;
cotyledons as substitute of auinine.
Major Ayurvedic Formulation: Pigmento etc.

Callicarpa macrophylla Vahl.

Family : Verbenaceae.
Local name: Daiya
Regional distribution: It is commonly found in waste places, road sides,
exposed localities of miscellaneous forests, upto 1400 msl, Pabauand
Srinagar.
Parts used : Flower buds.
Uses : Daiya is an important drug of Ayurveda. It is considered as cooling,
astringent, febrifuge and blood purifier and used in the treatment of
dysentery, fever and emesis (vomiting).

50
 Major Ayurvedic Formulation: Priyangwadi tel, Ashwagandharista,
Dasamoolarista, Chandanasava, Draksharista, and Eladi churn etc.

Cassia absus L .
Family : Caesalpiniaceae
Local name: Chaksee, Chaksu,
Regional distribution: Commonly found in scrub and dry decidous forests,
crop fields, upto 1000 msl, Sara and Srinagar.
Parts used : Seeds.
Uses : Seeds are used in Ayurvedic and Unani systems of medicine for the
treatment of conjuctivits, opthalmia and other eye diseases. Seeds are also
useful in skin affections, ringwarm and habitual constipation.
Major Ayurvedic Formulation: Parpaundrik kwath, Khadiradi vati and
Surma for eye diseases.

Cassia fistula L.
Family : Caesalpiniaceae
Local name: Amaltas.
Regional distribution: Common; dry mescellaneous forests, upto 1400 msl.
Srinagar.
Parts used : Fruits and roots.
Uses : The fruit pulp is of great therepeutic value and used in preparation
of Ayurvedic and Unani medicines. It is laxative in small doses and
purgative in large doses. The root is a tonic, febrifuge and storng purgative
and is used in fever, heart diseases, urinary troubles, biliousness, etc.
Locally the fruit pulp is used as laxative.
Major Ayurvedic Formulation: Aragvadharista, Aragvadhadi ghrita,
Aragvadhadi tel, Agnikumar churn, Kankayan gutika etc.

51
Cedrus deodara ( Royle ex D. Don)G. Don
Family : Pinaceae
Local name : Devdar
Regional distribution: Very common plant in temperate zone of the
Garhwal Himalaya between 2000- 3000m, associated with Oak. Widly
found in Pauri and Binser.
Parts used : Wood oil and bark
Uses : The bark is considered as a good remedy in remittent and
intermittent fevers, diarrhoea and dysentery. It is considered especially
usefull in bilious fevers and certain kind of diarrhoea. The oil obtained
from wood is useful in ulcers, skin diseases and rheumatism.
Major Ayurvedic Formulation: Devdaryadi kwath, Mahamash tel,
Khadirarista, Dasanglep, M2- Tone, tables & tonic.

Celastrus paniculatus Willd.

Family : Celastraceae
Local name: Kaunya, Malkagni,
Regional distribution: It is common along waysides, exposed slopes,
edges of forests. Often climbing on the other trees or scandent on rocks,
upto 1200 msl., Neelkanth, and Chakisain.
Parts used : Seeds and seed oil
Uses : Seeds are used as stimulant, laxative and aphrodisiac in Ayurvedic
system medicine. The seed oil is useful in rheumatism and also in
strengthering memory.
Major Ayurvedic Formulation: Jyotismasti tel, Himcolin cream, Sexotex
cream, Gerifort , Remem, Sumenta, teblets & tonic.

Centella asiatica (L.) Urban

Syn : Hydrocotyle asiatica L.
Family : Apiaceae (Umbelliferae)
Local name: Brahmi

52
 Regional distribution: Commonly found in subtropical regions, upto 1500
msl. Frequntly met with in waste lands and shady places, way side, edges
of field in Sara, Pauri and Dugadda.
Parts used : Whole plant
Uses : The herb is used in Ayurvedic, Unani and Siddha systems of
medicine as an alternative, tonic, diuretic, blood purifier, and is considered
useful in diseases of the skin, nervous system and blood. It is used in the
treatment of leprosy, fever, anaemia, jaundice, insanity, mental weakness
and as a general tonic. The aqueous extract is used in preparation of hair
oil.
Major Ayurvedic Formulations: Brahmi vati, Brahmi ghrit, Brahmi tel,
Saraswatarista, Geriforte, Mental tablets etc.

Cichorium intybus L.
Family : Asteraceae
Local name: Kasni
Regional distribution: It is commonly met along water canals, crop fields,
upto 1000 msl, Laldhang, Kotdwara.
Part used : root
Uses : Dried roots diuretic, tonic, stomachic, depurative, used in
Homoeopathy for liver and gall ailments. After roasting and powdering,
the dry roots are mixed with coffee
Major Ayurvedic Formulation: Herbolax, Geriforte, Live-52, Bonnisan,
Livomyn etc.

Cinnamomum tamala (Ham.) Ness ex Eberm.

Family : Lauraceae
Local name: Tejpatta
Regional distribution: Commonly found in moist- shady ravine slopes,
often associated with Oak-Rhododendron forests, between 500-2200m,
commonly found in Adhwani, Bharsar and Dudhatoli.

53
 Parts used : Leaves and barks.
Uses : Leves are used as spice and in medicine. The essention oil obtained
form leaves and bark is used in perfumery. In Ayurvedic, Unani and
Siddha systems of medicine, leaves are used in colic, diarrhoea, piles,
asthma and heart trouble.
Major Ayurvedic Formulation: Lodhrasava, Vasasava, Sudarshan
churn, Chandraprabha vati, Yograj guggule, Dasamoolarista,
Aswagandharista etc.

Cissampelos pareira L. var. Hirsuta.

Family : Menispermaceae
Local name: Pahre, Pasha
Regional distribution: It is common climbers, on small trees and shrubs, in
the forest edges, form sub- Himalayan tracts to montane Himalayan, upto
2000 msl, Kotdwara, Satgpuli and Srinagar.
Parts used : Roots.
Uses : The root is used in Ayurvedic and Homoeopathic systems of
medicine. It is bitter, and possesses diuretic, antiperiodic and purgative
properties and used in dyspepsia, diarrhoea, dropsy, cough and urinary
troubles. Locally the leaf paste is given with lukewarm water in dysentery.
Major Ayurvedic Formulation: Pusyanug churn, Pathadi kwath,
Mahayograj guggulu, Agnimukh churn etc.

Cinnamomum zeylanicum Breyn

Family : Lauraceae
Local name: Dalchini
Regional distribution: It is occurs throughout the hills between 2000 and
7000 feet, fairly common is shady foest especially bordering stream.
Parts used : Bark.
Uses : Bark, known as Ceylon cinnamon, extensively used as a spice or
condiment.Considered astringent, stimulant and carminative cheeks

54
 nausea. Powdered cinnamon used in chocolates, dentifirices incenses and
perfumes. Bark yields essential oil Cinnamon Bark oil, used for flavouring
confectionery liqueurs, pharmaceuticals and soaps: also used for gastric
troubles.
Major Ayurvedic Formulation: Vomited.

Cordiandrum sativum L
Family : Apiaceae
Local name: Dhaniya
Regional distribution: It is commonly cultivated plant, also met as an
escape, Srinagar.
Part use : Fruits.
Uses : The fruits medicinal in digestive disorders. Fruits diuretic,
carminative, and tonic; yield an essential oil called coriander oil. Seeds
also contain fatty oil, used in the preparation of sodium soap.
Major Ayurvedic Formulation: Livomyn.

Cuminum cyminum L.
Family : Apiaceae
Local name: Zeera.
Regional distribution: It is cultivated plant; often met with as an escape in
waste places, upto 1000 msl. Kotdwara
Parts used : Fruits.
Uses : They are considered carminative, stomachic and astringent, useful
in dyspepsia and diarrhea. Yield an essential oil used for flavouring
liqueurs and cordials, also in perfumery. Besides the volatile oil, fruits
contain also a fixed oil with strong aromatic flavour.
Major Ayurvedic Formulation: Ojus, Femiplex, M2 -Tone, Apimore etc.

55
Cyperus rotundusL.
Family : Cyperaceae
Local name: Motha
Regional distribution: It is commonly met in grassy localities, lawns, crop
fields, upto 1500 msl, Srinagar.
Parts used : Tuberous roots.
Uses : Dried tuberous roots, known as soucher, are aromatic. Accredited
with diuretic diaphoretic and astringent properties; used in stomach and
bowel complaints. Yield an essential oil.
Major Ayurvedic Formulation: Pigmento.

Datura stramoium L.
Family : Solanaceae
Local name: Dhatura
Regional distribution: It is commonly found in waste places, road sides,
from sub-Himalayan belt upto 1500 msl, Srinagar and Pauri.
Parts used : Leaves, flowering tops and seeds.
Uses : The plant is source of hyosyamine and hyoscine. It is used as an
antispasmodic, anodyne and narcotic in treatment of bronchitis, asthma
and whooping cough.
Major Ayurvedic Formulations: Kankasava, Mahalaxmi vilas ras,
Asthma relief, Alarex, Spasmolin etc.

Dioscorea bulbifera L.
Syn. : D. sativa auct non L.
Family : Dioscoreaceae
Local name: Genthi
Regional distribution: It is commonly found in waste places, forest edges
and scrub jungles, upto 1500 msl, Srinagar.
Parts used : Root tubers.

56
 Uses : Root tubers are used in Ayurvedic and Siddha systems of medicine
for the treatment of diabetes, intestinal worms, skin diseases and as a
general tonic.
Major Ayurvedic Formulations: Chayavanpras, Mahamash tel, Narsingh
tel Grabhdharini vati, etc.

Eclipta prostrata (L.) L.

Syn. : E. alba (L.) Hassk.
Family : Asteraceae( Compositeae)
Local name: Bhringraja
Regional distribution: It is occur in sub-tropical regions, below 1000 msl.
Frequntly met with as weed in most places in Srinagar.
Parts used : Whole plants.
Uses : It is used in Ayurvedic, Unani and Siddha system of medicine for
the treatement of intestinal parasites, anaemia, hepatitis, skin diseases,
asthma and spleen enlargement. Also used as a hair tonic.
Major Ayurvedic Formulation: Bhringrajasava, Sutsekher ras, Anand
bhairav ras, Acidocid syrup, Geriforte tablets, Mahabhringraj tel, Gandhak
rasayana, Livomyn, Neo, Ojus, M2- Tone ,Hepatogard , tonic and teblets
etc.

Emblica officinalis Gaertn.

Syn. : Phyllanthus emblica L.
Family : Euphorbiaceae
Local name: Amla.
Regional distribution: It is occurs throughout the area upto 5000 feet,
common in miscellaneous forest, also in open Sal.
Parts used : Fruit
Uses : Fruits are extensively used in Ayurvedic system of medicine as
astringent, cooling, referigerant, diuretic, laxative and tonic. Amla fruits
are rich source of vitamin C and considered very useful in problems

57
 associated with digestive system. Fruits are eaten raw and used for making
pickles and preseves.
Major Aurvedic Formulations: Amlaki churn, Triphala churn, Triphala
ghrit, Brahmi amla tel. Fresh fruit pulp is the main ingredient of
Chayavanprash.

Ephedra gerardiana Wall ex. Stapf.

Syn. : E. vulgaris Hook. f. (non A. Rich)
Family : Ephedraceae
Local name: Tutgautha
Regional distribution: It is found in dry temperate and alpine zones,
between 3000-4200 m. Rare in along the dried slopes; on boulders, on way
to Kodiyabagarth
Parts used : Stem.
Uses : Stems are the source of ephedrine and pseudo- ephdrine used as
bronchodilater in both Ayurvedic and Allopathic medicine.
Major Ayurvedic Formulation: Som kalp, Swanskalp etc.

Eugenia jambolana Lam

Family : Myrtaceae.
Local name: Jamun.
Regional distribution: Common plant in dry miscellaneous forests, also
cultivated as an avenue,upto 900 msl., Dewali-Neelkanth, Kotdwara,
Srinagar,
Parts used : Bark, seed and seed powder
Uses : Fruits kernel and bark supposed to be good against diabetes.
Major Ayurvedic Formulation: M2-Tone etc.

Evolvulus alsinoides ( L.)

Family : Convolvulaceae
Local name: Sankhpuspi

58
 Reginal distribution: Common plant, met in waste places, edges of crop
fields and forest cleanings, grassy slopes, to 1500 msl, Srinagar, Pauri and
Satpuli.
Parts used : Whole plant.
Uses : Plant extract as a tonic, to relieve cough and cold .Powder of leaves
smoked in chronic bronchitis and asthma; flower extract used as a brain
tonic.
Major Ayurvedic Formulation: Sumenta.

Ficus benghalensis (Linn)

Filmily : Moraceae
Local name: Bargad
Regional distribution: Fairly common; miscellaneous or Sal forests or
planted along road side, to 1200 msl Dugadda, Srinagar.
Part used : Furits, bark and leaves.
Uses : Fruits eaten in times of scarcity. Latex applied in rheumatism and
lumbago. Infusion of bark considered tonic and astringent used in
diarrhoea, dysentery and diabetes.Leaves tonic and cooling.
Major Ayurvedic Formulation: M2 –Tone.

Ficus glomerata Roxb.

Family : Moraceae
Local name: Gular.
Regional distribution: It is commonly occurs in open shady place, road
sides and edges of cropfields to 900 msl, Byasghat and Srinagar.
Part used : Fruit, bark and root.
Uses : Leaves used in biliouns affections.Bark given to cattle in rinder pest
disease. Root used in diarrhoea and diabetes. Fruits considered stomachic
and carminative, used in hemoptysis. Latex used in piles and diarrhea.
Major Ayurvedic Formulation: Femiplex.

59
Fumaria indica ( Haussk.)Pugsley
Syn : F. officinalis L.
Family : Fumariaceae
Local name: Pit papra
Regional distribution: It is commonly met with as weed in wheat field and
wastelands, road side upto 1400 msl, Srinagar.
Parts used : Whole plant
Uses : The plant is used in Ayurvedic system of medicine as a laxative,
diuretic and alterative, and is said to be beneficial in dyspepsia, scropepsia,
scrofulous skin affections and liver complaints.
Major Ayurvedic Formulation: Arvindasava, Chandrakala ras,
Chandanasava, Mahasudarshan kwath, Livomyn drops, etc.

Gloriosa superba L.
Family : Liliaceae
Local name: Kalihari
Regional distribution: Subtropical regions, in hedges and along forest
boundaries, upto 1500 msl, Sporadic in Srinagar.
Parts used : Rhizomes and seeds.
Uses : The rhizomes and seeds are source of colchicine which is used in
modern medicines and in plant breeding work. Rhizomes are also used in
Ayurvedic and Siddha systems of medicine. The drug is useful in
treatment of gout, rheumatism, chronic, ulcers, piles, parasitic skin
diseases, gonorrhoea etc.
Major Ayurvedic Formuatin: Mahavishgarbh tel, Nirgundi tel, Vrihat
somraji tel, Rumalaya cream, Langali rasayan, etc.

Hedychium spicatum Buch-Ham.ex J.E

Family : Zingiberaceae
Local name: Banhaldi

60
 Regional distribution:It is found in lower temperate region, between 1200-
2000 m. Common on moist shady slope in Gumkhal and Mandal valley.
Parts used : Rhizomes.
Uses : Rhizomes are used in Ayurvedic system of medicine as febrifuge,
carminative, expectorant, tonic and antiinflammatory, against bowel
complaints, vomiting, fever, diarrhoea, bronchitis and swellings in
rheumatic conditions. Rhizomes are also used in veterinary medicine.
Major Ayurvedic Formulation: Shatyadi chrun, Dasamoolarista,
Kankayan gutika, Vomiteb tablets, Chikara, Lahmina, Jivankalpa,
Himanshu tel, etc

Holarrhena antidysenterica Wall. ex A. DC.

Syn : H. pubescens Wall. ex G. Don
Family : Apocynaceae
Local name: Karu, Kura
Regional distribution: It is common in miscellaneous forests or associated
with Sal, scattered in tarai- bhabar ascending upto 1250 msl, Kotdwara.
Parts used : Bark and seeds.
Uses : The bark has astringent, antidysenteric, anthelminitic, stomachic,
febrifugal and tonic propeties. It is used in Ayurvedic and Homoeopathic
medicines for the treatment of amoebic dysentery, diarrhoea, intestional
worms and fevers. The Seeds also possess similar properties as that of bark
and are put to similar uses.
Major Ayurvedic Formulation: Kutajarista, Kutajghan vati, Kutajawleha
Krimkuthar ras, Karpur ras etc.

Hygrophila spinosa T.
Family : Acanthaceae
Local name: Talimkhana.
Regional distribution: Rare plant in aquatic habitats of outer himalayan
belt, Common in adjacent plains Laldhang.

61
 Part used : Leaves, seeds and roots
Uses : Roots, leaves, and seeds used in urenogenital and liver troubles.
Major Ayurvedic Formulation: Femiplex, Crush.

Juglans regia L.
Family : Juglandaceae
Local name: Akhrot
Regional distribution: Wild in moist, shady oak forests, cultivated around
villages 700-2500 m., in the (distt Pauri) Chakisain, Kaleshwar.
Parts used : Leaves, stem bark and fruits
Uses : Leaves are astringent, tonic and anthelmintic; they are used in
herpes, eczema, scrophula, syphilis and intestinal worms. The bark is used
in skin diseases; Husk of fruits is anthelminitic and antisyphilitic. The
kernels are edible and possesses aphrodisiac properties. The oil expressed
from the kernels is a mild laxative, cholagogue and anthelmintic; it is used
internally for tapwarms. Locally the bark is used for cleaning teeth and for
chewing to redden the lips.
Major Ayurvedic Formulation: Amritpras ghrit, Dantasodhak, Yavin etc.

Lawsonia alba Lam.

Family : Lythraceae
Local name: Mehandi
Regional distribution: It is usually cultivated as a hedge, to 1000 msl,
Srinagar Kotdwara.
Parts used : Leaves.
Uses : Leaves used as dry for hairs, nails and skin; leaf paste applied on
wounds and cuts.
Major Ayurvedic Formulation: Femiplex.

62
Mangifera indica L.
Family : Anacardiaceaa
Local name : Aam
Regional distribution: It is abundantly cultlivated as well as wild ,upto
1000 msl, Srinagar and Kotdwara.
Parts used : Fruit , seeds and bark.
Uses : Fruits are rich source of carotene; some varieties contain fairly
good amounts of vitamin C. Fruit laxative, diuretic. Bark used for uterine
haemorrhage; seeds in asthma.
Major Ayurvedic Formulation: M2 -Tone etc.

Melia azedarach L.
Family : Meliaceae
Local name: Daikan
Regional distribution: It is commonly found road side Park, forest redges,
ascending upto 1400 msl. Srinagar.
Parts used : Leaves bark and fruits.
Uses : Leaves bark and fruit accredited with insect repellent properties.
Leaf Juice anthelmintic, diuretic and emmenagogue. A gum collected
from the tree used in spleen enlargemtn and infusin of bark in ascariasis
Major Agurvedic Formulatin: Pigmento etc.

Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC.

Syn. : M. prurita Hook
Family : Fabaceae
Local name: Kauch
Regional distribution: It is found in subtropical region, common the edges
to miscellaneous forests, grassy slopes, and upto 1300 msl, Laldharg.
Parts used : Roots and hair on pods.
Uses : The roots is stimulant, diuretic and tonic; it is used in diseases of
nervous system such as facial paralysis, hemiplegia etc. The hairs of pods

63
 are used as an anthelminitic against roundworm and threadworm. The
seeds are astringent, nutritive, aphordisiac and nervine tonic; they are
prescribed for leucorrhoea, spermatorrhoea menstrual disorders, etc. The
drugs are used in Indian systems of medicine and Homoeopathy,
especially in Ayurveda.
Major Auyurvedic Formulations: Kawanch pak, Kawanch churn,
Kamdev ghrit, Ashwagandha churn, Musli pak, Dhatupaustic churn,
Agastya haritaki, Badam pak, Strenex , Tentax forte, Speman tablets etc.

Myrica esculenta Ham. ex. D. Don

Syn : M. nagi Hook. f. (non Thunb)
Family : Myricaceae
Local name: Kaphal
Regional distribution: Subtropical and temperate regions, between 900-
2100 m. Common along roadsides and abundant in Oak and
Rhododendron forests, usually in shady localities, Adhwani, Chelusain.
Prats used : Bark and fruit.
Uses : Bark is astringent, carminative, stimulant, tonic and resolvent. It is
used in Ayurvedic and Unani medicines as a remedy for fevers asthma,
diarrhoea affections of the chest, chronic bronchitis, dysentery and
diuresis. Locally the ripe fruits are eaten fresh and used in preparation of a
refreshing drink. Decoction of bark is used as gargle in sore throat. The
powdered bark is used as snuff in headache.
Major Ayurvedic Formulation: Katphaladi churn, Pushyanug churn,
Khadiradi gutika, Irimedadi tel, Brihatphal ghrit etc.

Oroxylum indicum ( L.) Vent.

Family : Bignoniaceae
Local name: Tantia

64
 Regional distribution: It is common in scrub forests and road sides,
miscellaneous and scrub jungles, form submontane upto 1500 msl .Fairly
common in Dugadda, Chipalghat, Khandah and Satpuli.
Parts used : Root bark
Uses : Root bark is astringent, bitter tonic, diaphoretic, stomachic and
anodyne. It is used in Ayurvedic medicines, for the treatment of diarrhoea,
dysentery, flatulence, cough and biliousness. It is one of the ten ingredients
of ‘Dasamool’ of Ayurveda.
Major Ayurvedic Formulation: Dasomoolarista, Dasamool kwath,
Pushyanug churn, Amritarista, Mahanarayan tel, Chayavanpras etc.

Phyllanthus fraternus Webster

Syn : P. niruni auct. ( non L.)
Family : Euphorbiaceae
Local name: Jarmala
Regional distribution: It is commonly found in waste places, roodsides,
margins of fields, Srinagar.
Parts used : Whole plant.
Uses : The herb is astringent stomachic, cholagogue laxative, deobstruent
and bitter tonic. It is used in Ayurvedic system of midicine as a remedy for
dropsical disorders, gonorrhoea and other genitourinary diseases, jaundice,
constipation, stomachache, dysepsia and dysentery. In Siddha system of
medicine, the juice of the fresh plant is given in liver disorders.
Major Ayurvedic Formulation: Chyavanpras, Swanshar kwath, Kashhar
kwath, Satpatradi churn, Tonali tablets, Livomap tablets and syrup etc.

Picrorhiza Kurrooa Royle ex Benth.

Family : Scrophulariaceae
Local name: Kutaki, Karir
Regional distribution: It is met in sub-alpine and alpine regions, between
3000-4200 m., scattered on moist slopes in Mandal.

65
 Parts used : Rhizome and roots.
Uses : It is widely used in Ayurvedic system of medicine as bitter tonic,
antiperiodic, stomachic, cholagogue, diuretic and liver protectant. It is a
drug of choice in treatment of viral hepatitis, jaundice and loss of appetite .
Recently a hepatoprotective drug "Picrolive" has been developed by the
Central Drug Research Institute Lucknow from iridoid glycoside fraction
of roots and rhizomes of kutaki for the treatment of acute and chronic
hepatitis.
Major Ayurvedic Formulation: Arogyavardhni vati, Laxmi naryan ras,
Mahayograj guggulu , Amritarista, Cruminillsyrup, Livertone, Carmniex,
Pigmento, Livomyn, Hepatogard, Calcury, Apimore, tablets and tonic etc.

Pistacia khinjuk Stocks

Syn : P. integerrima auct. non Steward.
Family : Anacardiaceae
Local name: Kakarsingi
Regional distribution: It is rare plant, found in miscellaneous, exposed
localities, of sub Himalayan tracts, ascending to 2500 msl, Kaleshwar,
Dugadda.
Part used : Insect galls formed on the leaves, petiole and branches.
Uses : Karkatsrngi is a tonic and expectorant, and is useful in asthma,
phthisis, cough and other conditions of the respirotory tract. Being
astringent, it is also used in dysentery.
Major Ayurvedic formulations: Shringyandi churn, Dashmularista,
Kantakari Avaleha, Chyavanpras, Nokufcough, Kasni etc.

Plumbago zeylanica L.
Family : Plumbaginaceae
Local name: Chitraka

66
 Regional distribution: It is commonly found in scattered population,
along grassy slopes, forest edges, scrub jungles, with miscellaneous
vegetation, upto 2500msl, Sara, Dugadda, Srinagar,and Binsar etc .
Parts used : Roots
Uses : Root is said to increase the digestive power and promote the
appetite. In Ayurveda, they are used in dyspepsia, piles, anasarca,
diarrhoea and skin diseases. A tincture of the root bark is employed as an
antiperiodic. Hakims use it in rheumatism and enlargement of spleen. The
roots are said to possess abortifacient and vesicant properties.
Major Ayurvedic Formulation: Chitrakadi vati, Chitrak- haritaki,
Chitrack ghrit, Mahasankh vati, Mahamritunjay ras, Pigmento, Liv-52,
Alarsin, Vigiroll (tables and syrup) etc.

Polygonatum verticillatum ( L.) All.

Family : Liliaceae
Local name: Kantula
Regional distribution: It is occur in temperate regions, between 2000-3000
m. Occasional met in moist shaded, Oak forests, on way to Binsar.
Parts used : Tuber
Uses : The rhizomes are considered to be one of the eight ingredients of
‘Astavarga’ of Ayurveda. They are used as a tonic in several Ayurvedic
formulations. Locally the powder of roots is given in gastric complaints,
paste applied on wounds.
Major Ayurvedic Formulation: Chyavanparas, Triphala ghrit, Bramh
rasayan, Mahanarayan tel, etc.

Pueraria tuberosa (Roxb. ex. Willd.)DC.

Family : Fabaceae
Local name: Saral, Siralu
Regional distribution: It is commonly found in edges of forest, usually in
exposed localities, climbing on other plants, Srinagar.

67
 Part used : Tubers.
Uses : It is used in Ayurvedic and Unani systams of medicine as a
demulcent and refrigerant in fevers, as cataplasm for swellings of joints, as
lactagogue and general tonic.
Major Ayurvedic Formulations: Vidari churn, Laxamivilas ras, Narsing
churn Ashwagandha churn, Sraraswatarista, Chyvanpras etc.

Punica granatum L.
Family : Punicaceae
Local name: Dadim
Regional distribution: Fairly common plant in sub- Himalayan tracts upto
1500 msl., also cultivated in Kotdwara, Dwarikhal and Laldhang.
Parts used : Fruit, stem bark, root and flower.
Uses : The bark, both of the stem and the root, is a well known
anthelminitic and used against tapewarms. Flowers are used in diarrhoe,
dysentery, leucorrhoea and as a tonic. Rind of the fruit is astringent and
used in chronic dysentery and diarrhoea. The fruit is stomachic and
refrigerant; its juice is useful in diarrhoea, dyspepsia and heart burn. The
fruits are eaten. The dried seeds are used as condiment.
Major Ayrvedic Formulations: Dadimastak charn, Dadimadi ghrit,
Lavanbhaskar churn, Eladi churn, etc.

Ricinus communis L.
Family : Euphorbiaceae
Local names: Arandi, Rind.
Regional distribution: Natural plant in sub tropical regions.Frequently met
with in wastelands, road side, nearby habitation, upto 1400 msl, Srinagar
and Thailisain.
Parts used : Roots, root bark, leaves and seeds.
Uses : In Ayurveda root bark is very much reputed for its antiinflammatory
activity. Root and its bark is used as carminative, alterative, in asthma,

68
 bronchitis and skin deseases, jaundice, nervous diseases, rheumatic
affections such as lumbago, pleurodynia and sciatica. Leaves are used in
the form of a poultice or fomentation in sores, boils and swelling. The seed
oil (castor oil) is much valued in medicine as an mild and safe purgative.
In constipation, it is useful as an enema.The castor oil is mainly used as
lubricant.
Major Ayurvedic Formulation: Erand pak, Erand tel, Balarista,
Pradrantak lauh Bishgarbh tel, Gibolic capsules etc.

Rubia cordifolia L.
Family : Rubiaceae
Local name: Majethi
Regional distribution: It is found in sub tropical and temperate regions,
common plant in shady places, grassy localities, climbing on bushes,
Siwalik zones upto 2500 msl, Silogi and Chipalghat.
Parts used : Roots
Uses : The roots are astringent, alterative, deobstruent and tonic; they are
used in Ayurevedic, Unani and Siddha systems of medicine for the
treatment of paralysis, jaundice, fever, obstruction in urinary passages,
menstrual disorders, inflammatory condition of the chest and skin disease.
Major Ayurvedic Formulation: Mahamanjisthadyarista,
Mahamanjisthadia ark, Manjisthadi tel, Mahanarayan tel,
Ashwagandharista, etc.

Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn.

Family : Sapindaceae
Local name: Ritha
Regional distribution: It is commonly planted nearby village, scarce in the
forests, upto 1800 msl, Rudraprayag and Pabun.
Parts used : Fruits

69
 Uses : Medicinally fruits are used as emetic, purgative, nauseants and
expectorant. Also used as antheliminitic in small doses. Central Drug
Research Institute, Lucknow has recently developed a contraceptive cream
‘Consap’ from the fruits.
Major Ayurvedic Formulation: Mahalaxadi Tel.

Spinacia oleracea L.
Family : Chenopodiaceae
Local name: Palak
Regional distribution: It is commonly cultivated, upto 2000 msl; rarely as
an escape, Srinagaar.
Parts used : leaves and fruits.
Uses : Leaves nutritious. They are diuretic; also employed as a source of
chlorophyll. Lipids in the leaves possess antibacterial action. Fruits
demulcent and diuretic employed in fevers and inflammation of bowels.
Major Ayurvedic Formulation: Manoll etc.

Selinum vaginatum ( Edgew.)Cl.

Family : Apiaceae (Umbeliferae)
Local name: Bhutkeshi
Regional distribution: It is found in temperate and alpine regions, about
3000 msl. Rere in open grazing slopes at upper limit of montane zones,
Naturally found in Kodiabagarh.
Parts used : Roots.
Uses : The root is aromatic it is used as a cheap substitute for jatamansi.
Locally it is used in preparation of liquors. Locally the decoction of root
mixed with zinger and black piper used in dysmenorrhoea.
Trade: Essential oil obtained form leaves are traded as cheap substitute of
bitter petitgrain oil.

70
Solanum surattense Burm. f.
Syn . : S. xanthocarpum Schrad & Wendl
Family : Solanaceae
Local name: Berkatali, Bhuiakhanderi
Regional distribution: It is commonly found in subtropical regions, in
wastelands along roadside, and edges of field, upto 1500 msl, Dugadda
and Srinagar.
Parts used : Whole plant
Uses : The plant is used in Ayurvedic and Unani system of medicine or the
treatment of cough, asthma, chest pain and certain kinds of fevers. Root is
an effective diuretic, expectorant and febrifuge.It constitues one of the
dasamool of Ayurveda.
Major Ayurvedic Formulation: Kantakariavleha, Kantakari ghrit,
Vyaghiharitaki, Chyavanpras, Dasamoolarist, Dasamool kwath, etc.

Shorea robusta Gaertn. f.

Family : Dipterocarpaceae
Local name: Sal
Regional distribution: Sal is dominant constituent of miscellaneous forests
of sub Himalayan tracts upto 1000 msl, Sara.
Parts used : Leaves and bark
Uses : Medicinally used as an astringent in diarrhoea and dysentery. Sal
resin yields an essential oil called chua oil, used as a fixative, and for
flavouring chewing as well as smoking tobacco; also employed for ear
troubles and cutaneous diseases. Seeds eaten after roasting.
Major Ayurvedic Formulatin: Arshonyte forte.

Solanum nigrum L.
Family : Solanaceae
Local name: Makoi

71
 Regional distribution: It is common plant in waste places, road sides, crop
fields, and gardens, to 2800 msl, Kotwara and Srinagar,
Parts used : Whole plant
Uses : Antiseptic and antidysenteric, used in cardalgia and gripe. Influsion
of herb applied to anthrax pustules. The herb also used as a diuretic and
laxative.Decoction narcotic and antispasmodic. Freshle prepared extract of
herb is effective in cirrhosis of liver. Juice of fresh leaves produces
dilatation of the pupils. Berries tonic, diuretic and cathartic, used in
anasarca and heart diseases. They are employed as a domestic remedy in
fevers, diarrhoea, and eye troubles.
Major Ayurvedic Formulation: Pigmento etc.

Sida cordifolia L.
Family : Malvaceae
Local name: Balu,
Regional distribution: It is commonly found along road sides, forest edges,
waste places, upto 1000 msl, Rudraprayag.
Parts used : Leaves and Roots.
Uses : Leaves demulcent and febrifuge; also used in dysentery. Roots
astrigent, diuretic and tonic; infusion given in urinary troubles, cystitis,
strangury and hematuria .In hemiplagia, sciatica, and facial paralysis roots
are used in combination with asafoetida and rock salt.Powdered roots
given with milk in leucorrhoea and frequent micturition.
Major Ayurvedic Formulation: M2 tone etc.

Swertia chirayita Roxb. ex Flem.

Family : Gentianaceae
Local name: Chiraita
Regional distribution: Rare plant in shady grassy slopes, in moist places,
1200 to 3000 msl, Srinagar.
Parts used : Whole plant

72
 Uses : The plant is well known for Ayurvedic medicine ‘Chiretta’ which is
used in blood diseases and and febrifuge. Chiretta is estemed as a bitter
tonic and febrifuge; also used against asthma and liver disorders. If taken
with sandalwood paste, it stops internal hemorrhage of the stomach.
Major Ayurvedic Formulation: Pigmento, Diabecon etc.

Symplocos racemosa Roxb

Family : Symplocaceae
Local name: Lodh Lodha
Regional distribution: It is rarely found in dry or wet, miscellaneous
forests, sometimes associated with Sal, upto 1200 msl, Baganikhal.
Part used : Bark and leaves.
Uses : Bark and leaves yield yellow dye and are used as mordants. Bark
astringent, used in diarrhoea, dysentery, liver complaints, and dropsy; also
used for ophthalmia and conjunctivitis. Decoction employed to stop
bleeding of gums. In combination with sugar, bark used for menorrhagia
and othr uterine disorders.
Major Ayurvedic Formulation: M2 -Tone etc.

Tagetes minuta L.
Family : Asteraceae (compositeae)
Local names: Jangali genda
Regional distribution: It is commonly found in road sides, waste places,
and margins of crop fields, sometimes in thickets reducing grassy
localities, upto 2000m Srinagar and Rudraprayag.
Part used : Flowering tops
Uses : The plant on steam distillation yields essential oil which is used in
perfumery industry.
Trde: Harvested material is sold to local essential oil industries.

73
Taxus baccata auct. ( non L.)
Syn : T. wallichiana Zucc.
Family : Taxaceae
Local name: Thuner
Regional distribution: Commonly found in temperate forests shady ravines
and moist- shady montane forests, above 2400 msl, asosciated with Oak
and Silver-fer forests, Dudhatoli.
Parts used : Leaves and bark
Uses : Bark and leaves are source of 10-deacetyle baccation III (DABIII)
which is chemically converted into taxol a potent anticancer drug. It is
used treatment of overian and breast cancer. Leves are also used in
Ayurvedic medicines for the treatment of asthama and bronchitis.
Major Ayurvedic Formulation: Talisadi churn, Lavanbhaskar churh,
Sudarshan churn, Kanksava etc.

Tephrosia purpurea Pers.

Family : Fabaceae
Local name: Pal
Regional distribution: It is commonly met in the edges of scrub jungles,
crop fields , water courses, Katebargh.
Parts used : Whole plant.
Uses : Tonic, laxative, diuretic and deobstruent, used in bronchitis and
bilious febrile attacks, and also for boils, pimples and bleeding piles.
Pharmacological studies have shown that extract of the herb is useful in
insufficiency of liver, but is not effective in infantile cirrhosis.Decoction of
roots given in dyspepsia, diarrhoea, rheumatism, asthma and urinary
disorders; roots given with black pepper in colic. Decoction of pods used
as a vemifuge and to stop vormiting. Seeds yields oil said to be a specific
against scabies, itch, eczema and other skin eruptions.
Major Ayurvedic Formulation: Livomyn, Pigmento etc.

74
Terminalia bellirica (Gaerth.) Roxb.
Family : Combretaceae
Local name: Bahera.
Regional distribution: Subtropical region, associated with Sal forests, in
sub Himalayan tracts. It is occasionally met in miscellaneous forests or
near by crop fields, upto 1200 msl, Yamkeshwar and Satpuli.
Parts used : Fruits
Uses : The fruits are astringent, tonic expectorant and laxative. They are
used in Ayurvedic system of medicine for the treatment of cough, stomach
disorders, piles diarrhoea, fever and dropsy. Fruits are also used as a brain
tonic and in opthalmia. The half ripe fruit is used as purgative. The Bahera
fruit is one of the ingredients of 'Triphals' of Ayurveda.
Major Ayurvedic Formulation: Triphala churn, Triphala kwath,
Sanjivani vati, Kutajaveleha, Herbatone, Hepatogard, etc.

Terminalia chebula ( Gaertn.) Retz.

Family : Combretaceae
Local name: Harad, Harrd
Regional distribution: It is found in subtropical regions, in dry
miscelaneou forest. Particularly with Sal forests, upto 1600 msl, Jwalapa-
devi, Satpuli and Banchuri.
Parts used : Fruits
Uses : Fruits are laxative, astringent, stomachic, tonic and alterative.They
are used in Ayurvedic, Unani and Siddha systems of medicine for the
treatment of fevers, cough, asthma, urinary diseases, piles, worms ,
rheumatism, diarrhoea, dysentery, flatulence, vomiting, hiccup, colic and
enlargement of liver and spleen. Also used as tonic to brain and vision and
as a blood purifier. It is extensively used in combination with 'Bahera' and
'Amla' under the name Triphala.
Major Ayurvedic Formulation: Haritaki churn, Triphala churn, Agastya,
Haritaki Aveleha, Abhyarista, Triphala ghrit, Chitrak haritaki, M2-Tone,

75
 Hepatogard, Ojus, Mentat, Liv-52, Herbolax, Pilex, Menosan, Geriforte,
Abana, tablets and tonic etc.

Terminalia arjuna ( Roxb ex DC.)

Family : Combretaceae
Local name: Arjuna, Kawa
Regional distribution: It is occasionally planted as avenue in the outer sub
Himalayan tracts common in the adjacent plains.
Parts used : Bark.
Uses : It is styptic, tonic, febrifuge and antidysenteric; pulverized bark
gives relief in symptomatic hypertension and acts as a diuretic in cirrhosis
of liver. Fruits tonic and deobstruent. Juice of leaves used in ear ache.
Major Ayurvedic Formulation: Sumenta, Mental, Menosan, Geriforte,
Reosta, Liv-52, tonic and teblets, etc.

Thalictrum foliolosum DC.

Family : Ranunculaceae
Local name: Mamira, Kirmali
Regional distribution:It is found in sub-tropical and temperate regions,
usually on shady slopes along roadsid between 1200-2500 m. Common
throughout Dwarikhal,Chelusain and Bharsar.
Parts used : Roots
Uses : Root is a tonic, aperienty and febrifuge. It is useful in jaundice,
flatulence, viseral obstructions and opthalmia. It also passesses diuretic
properties and considered as a good substitute for rhubarb. Root powder or
water extract is given in intermittent fevers. Locally the roots are used in
treatment of eye diseases and jaundice.
Major Ayurvedic Formulation: Surma (Yogi Pharmacy) as used as
single drug.

76
Tribulus terrestris L.
Family : Zygophyllaceae
Local name: Gokhru
Regional distribution: It is commonly found in waste places, road sides in
dried localities, upto 800 msl, Bareth and Srinagar.
Part used : Seeds
Uses : Fruits are a source of flour, used in times of scarcity. Leaves are
rich in calcium. Fruits tonic and diuretic, used in painful mictuarition and
calculos affections, also prescribed in Brights is disease. Leaves stomachic
used as lithontriptic.
Ayurvedic Formulation: Manoll, Calcury, tablets etc.

Tinospora cordifolia ( Willd.) Hook f. & Th

Family : Menispermaceae
Local name: Giloy. Gilai
Regional distribution: It is found in deciduous forests of sub- tropical
regions, climbing on small trees and shrubs ascending to 1600 msl,
Srinagar, Thailisain, and Rudraprayag.
Parts used : Stem.
Uses : Guduchi is considered as antiperiodic alterative, tonic, hepatic
stimulant and diuretic; its watery extract is very effective in ordinary
fevers due to cold or indigestion. It is commonly used in Ayruvedic,
Unani, Siddha and Homoeopathic systems of medicine for the treatement
of urinary diseases, syphilis, skin diseases, biliousness, piles, bronchitis,
spermatorrhoea, impotency, jaundice and rheumatism. Giloy ka sat or
Guduchi-satva prepared from stems is highly valued drug for intermittent
fevers, chronic diarrhea, some form of dysentery, syphilis, chronic,
gonorrhoea, leucorrhoea, jaundice and reheumatism.
Major Ayurvedic Formulation:Giloy satva, Amritasava, Amritarista,
Ashwagandha churn, Chandra prabha vati, Guduchi tel, Livomyn, Calcury,

77
 Pigmento, Livosyp, Diabecon, Mentat, Rumalaya, Gasex, Geriforte, Liv-
52, Diakof, Manoll, Apimore tablets and syrups.

Valerinana jatamansi Jones

Syn : V.wallichii DC.
Family : Valerianaceae
Local name: Sumya
Regional distribution: It is found in temperate regions, between 2000-3000
msl.Common on shady slopes and in moist shaded Oak forests of montane
zones, Khirsu, Adhwani and Binsar.
Parts used : Rhizomes and rootlets.
Uses: Valeriana is used in Ayurvedic and Unani systems of medicine it has
depressant action on central nervous system, and is used in treatment of
hysterical fits, other nervous disorder and flatulence. It is used as a remedy
in insomnia, especially where due to nervous exhaustion and mental over
work. It is also used in certain cardiac preparations. The valeriana oil is
used in perfumery industry.
Major Ayurvedic formulation: Tagaradi kwath, Chandanasava,
Lodhrasava, Sarivadyasava, Chandrasekhar ras, Neurocardine, Nervoplex,
Mondo- Valerian, Neocardial, Liquid, Sumenta, etc.

Viola pilosa Blume

Syn. : V. serpens Wall. ex Ging.
Family : Viotaceae
Local name: Vanfsa, Kauru,
Regional distribution: It is commonly found along way sides, waste places,
on shody and moist places, upto 1500 msl., and above, Binsar,
Parts used : Whole plant and flowers.
Uses : The herb is diaphoretic and antipyretic; its influsion is an excellent
febrifuge. Flowers are commonly used in treatemnt of cough, sore throat,
kidney diseases, liver disorders and infantile affections. Roots are emetic.

78
 Banfsha is used in Unani, Ayruvedic and Homoeopathic system of
medicine. Locally the decoction of herb is given in cough and cold.
Major Ayuvedic Formulation: Kafsina, Kofteb, Ban's cough syrup,
Cheston, Mehasudarsan ark etc.

Vitex negundo L.
Family : Verbenaceae
Local name: Shiwali, Siwain
Regional distribution: It is commonly found in open miscllaneous forests
of tarai- bhabar, cultivated in west lands, often conserved bordering crop
fields upto 2000 msl, Kotdwara and Thailisain.
Parts used : Laves, roots and fruits.
Uses : The leaves are aromatic, tonic, febrifuge, diuretic, emmenagogue,
anthelmintic, expectorant and discutient; they are useful in fevers,
rheumatism, and enlargemtn of spleen. Medicated oil, prepared with the
leaves in used over sinuses, scrofulous ulcers and sloughing wounds. The
roots are given in colic, dyspepsia, rheumatism, worm, skin diseases,
fevers, bladder complaints, dysentery and piles. The flowers are used in
diarrhoea, cholera, fever, haemorrhage of the digestive system and liver
complaints. Locally the leaf paste is applied to painful jonts.
Major Ayrvedic Formulation: Nirgundi ghrit, Nirgundi kwath, Nirgundi
tel, Bishagarbh tel, Rumalaya, Himcolin Cream etc.

Vitis vinifera L.
Family : Vitaceae
Local name: Angoor
Regional distribution: It is commonly cultivated in homeyards, upto 1200
msl., Srinagar
Part used : Whole plant.
Uses : The juice of young shoots and leaves given in suppressed urinationl;
fruits as tonic.

79
 Major Ayurvedic Formulation: Ojus etc.

Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal

Family : Solanaceae
Local name: Aswagandha
Regional distribution: It is commonly found along waste places roadsides
in sub Himalayan tracts, upto 1200 msl, Kotdwara and Srinagar.
Parts used : Roots.
Uses: The root is a tonic, stimulant, alterative, aphrodisiac, diuretic,
narcotic, abortifacient, and deobstruent It is used in Ayurvedic , Unani
and Siddha systems of medicine for the treatment of general debility,
sexual weakness, rheumatism, dyspepsia, loss of appetite, cough and
dropsy.
Major Ayurvedic Formalation: Ashwagandha churn, Ashwagnadha
rasayan, Ashwagandha rista, Kamdev ghrit, Chyavanpras, Phalaghrit,
Mahamash tel, Manoll, M2-Tone etc.

Woodfordia fruiticosa (L.) Kurz

Syn : W. floribunda Salisb
Family : Lythraceae
Local name: Dhai
Regional distribution: It is commonly occuring in miscellaneous forests,
scrub jurgles, exposed localities, way sides, grassy slopes upto 1500 msl.,
Dugadda and Dwarikhal.
Parts used : Flowers
Uses : Dried flowers are astringent and tonic. They are useful in dysentery
and other bowel complaints and internal haemorrhages. The flowers made
into powder are given with honey in leucorrhoea and menorrhagia.
Major Ayurvedic Formulation: Gangadher churn, Pushyanug churn,
Abhyarista, Ashokarista, Arvindasava, Femiplex etc.

80
Zanthoxylum armatum DC.
Syn : Z. alatum Roxb
Family : Rutaceae
Local name: Timroo
Regional distribution: It is commonly met in open exposed localities,
edges of crop fields, way sides, upto 2000 msl, Kotdawara and Thailisain
Parts used : Whole plant and fruits
Uses : Fruits and bark are used as aromatic tonic in fever, dyspepsia and
cholera. Fruits, branches and thorns are used as a remedy for toothache;
also considered stomachic and carminative. The essentaial oil obtained
from fruits possesses antiseptic, disinfectant and deodorant properties.
Locally the branchlets are used as toothbrush and considered useful in
toothache and gum troubles.
Major Ayurvedic Formulation: Bharmi vati, Panchtikta guggula
Madhusnuhi rasayan, Dantmanjan etc.

Zingiber officinale Roscoe.

Family : Zingiberaceae
Local name: Aadrak
Regional distribution: widly cultivated in the tropics.
Part used : Rhizomes
Uses : Highly medicinal especially the rhizomes for several ailments; also
used as condiment.
Major Ayurvedic Formulation: Livomyn, Vomited etc.

Out of these plant Roylea cinerea was taken for the futhure study,
involving its phytosociology, chemical analysis and propagation studies.

81
HABIT& HABITAT

Roylea cinerea (D.Don) Baillon

Roylea cinerea known as Karui in locally and Pat karrui in Hindi,

distributed submontane to montane Himalaya, from Kashmir to Nepal.It is
commonly found in grassy slopes, forest edges, terraces of crop fields and in
exposed localities between 600-1500 m sea level. Naturally grow in Dugadda,
Satpali, Srinagar, Hindolakhal and Rudraprayag in Garhwal region in
Uttrakhand.

It is generally an evergreen shrub, usually with weak spreading branches

when growing in the open, often subsclandent with stem up to 12 feet high and
2 inch diameter when supported by surrounding vegetation. The colour of stem
bark is pale yellow, brown rough and somewhat softy, corky. Young shoots are
tomentose.

Leaves are opposite, ovate- cordate 1.5 -3.5x 1-2.6cm, acute, crenate or
inciso- crenate with base broadly cuneate, adpressed- pubescent above,
tomentose on the nerves and dotted with minute colourless glisting glands
beneath, leteral nerves 2-3 pairs. Petiole 1-1 inch long, slender, and tomentose.

Flowers are white or creamish, tinged pink in axillary, dense

verticillasters, bracts are subulate, 3-4 mm long, calyx are 1-1.5 cm long, hairy,
prominently 10-veined, lobes 5, oblong- obtuse, equal to the corolla tube,
corolla are white and tinge pink in colour, about 1.3 cm long, scarcely longer
then calyx, 2- lipped. Upper lip hood like, erect, lower 3-lobed, mid one
largest. Stamens are 4, in unequal pairs. Nutlets are oblong, smooth .The
flowing occour February-June.Onset of fruit riping occure Apil to August.

GENRAL DISCRIPTION OF THE REGION:

The Srinagar valley: Srinagar valley is located (780 44’27 ” E long, 300 0’8”
Lat., and 540m above msl) in the lesser Himalayan region.The valley is 4 km

82
wide and 6 km long, and is divided into two halves by the river Alaknanda
which flow east – north to south- west direction. The widening and deeping of
the Srinager valley is due to the lateral and down cutting, respectively, of the
river Alaknanda.

Genral climate: Climaticaly the valley exhibits sub-montane charaters summer

and severe winter. The heaviest rainfall is during the month of June and
August, from October to November, it is usually dry with exception of
occasional showers. The weather is usually cold dry during Feb and March, and
hot dry from late April to the beginning of June.

The data for the various climatic feature of the experimental site have
been recorded in 2005, the minimum and maximum temp (50 and 380c), relative
humidity (Avg 52-70 %) and rainfall vary between (Avg 0.7-528 mm).

Soil: The soil constitutes an intermixed texture of alluvial and colluvial

deposites, It is mostly sandy loam to clayer loam in open agriculture field and
grasslands. In general the soil contains 0.135 to 0.975 Percent organic carbon,
available potassium range between 44and 236 kg/ha, available phosphate 9 and
15 kg/ha, and pH ranged between 6.8 and 7.5.

General vegetation: Terraced edges and waste slops of the areas under
cultivation bear characteristic shrubs like: Adhatoda vasica, Artemisia
nilagirica, A. scoparia, Berberis aristata, Carissa spinarum, Colebrookia
oppositifolia, Lantana indica, Murraya koenigii, Rhus cotinus, R. parviflora,
Urtica dioica, Woodfordia fruticosa, and ziziphus mauritiana. Many climbers,
such as Cryptolepis, Dioscorea, Ichnocarpus, Ipomoea, Mucuna etc., are also
frequent.

The common grasses and sedges in the grazing land/ waste lands of the
valley include Cymbopogon distans, C. martinii, Cynodon dactylon , Cyperus
rotundus , Poa annua and Sporobolus indicus , associated with the broad leaf
species like Arabidopsis thaliana, Argemone mexicana , Boerhavia diffusa,

83
Cannabis sativa, Desmodium triflorum, Fumaria parviflora , Oxalis
corniculata , Rumex hastatus, Stellaria media , and the species of Ageratum ,
Amaranthus , Cassia , Galium, Launaea, Opuntia , Solanum, Vervascum and
Urtica.

The common trees of the valley include , Acacia catechu, Adina cordifolia ,
Aegle marmelos , Dalbergia sissoo, Ficus religiosa, F.benghalensis, Grewia
oppositifolia, Mallotus philippensis, Mangifera indica, Salmalia malabarica,
Sapium insigne, Terminalia tomentosa, and Toona ciliata, Pinus roxburghii,
etc, occurs on the adjoining slops of the valley above 800 mls.

PHYTOSOCIOLOGY:

Phytosiciological studies of Roylea cinerea were carried out at three different

sites, where this shrub plant strand occurs. The Roylea cinerea was associated
with at least 19 other plant species. These included tree species, Toona cileata,
Grewia optiva, Mangifera indica, Melia azedarach , Psidium guajava, Ficus
palmata, Mallotus philippensis, Celtis australis, shrubs- Adhatoda vasica,
Lantana indica, Urtica dioica, Parthenium hysterophorus, Murraya koenigii,
Canabis sativa, Carissa congesta and herbacious plants- Oxalis debilis , Oxalis
corniculata, Stellaria media, Poa annua, Arabidopsis thaliana,.

The ecological studies viz. density, frequency, mean basal area (MBA),
total basal area (TBA), important value index (IVI), abundance/ frequence
(A/F) etc, were calculated and presented in Table- 2 to 4. For the sake
convenience of understanding, the comparison was only restricted to shrubs
species where Roylea cinerea belongs. Assortment of species of other
categories could be taken as an indicator of the habitat where Roylea cinerea is
likely to be present .It included herbaceous plant species: Oxalis debilis, Oxalis
corniculata, Stellaria media, Poa annua, Arabidopsis thaliana. Tree: Toona
ciliata, Grewia optiva, Mangifera indica, Melia azedarach , Psidium guajava
Ficus palmata, Mallotus philippensis, Celtis australis etc. When the
competition and comparison was analysis, among different shrub species, it
84
was found that the area was abound with Lantana indica, Urtica dioica (with
10.3 and 9.4 density/100m 2 respectively). These two species also showed the
highest frequency (both 100%), MBA (4.03 and 4.5cm2), TBA (41.5 and 42.3
cm2 /100m2) and IVI (72.45 and 71.191). Comparing with these two Roylea
cinerea was found to have – density (9.4/100 m2) frequency (70 %) MBA (2.7
cm2), TBA (25.6 cm2/100m2) and IVI (52.66), on the basis of A/F distribution
pattern of species associated with Roylea cinerea is found to contigeous except
Carrisa congesta which showed regulars distribution pattern (Table -2).

Table -2

(SITE-A)
Shrub Den Fre MBA TBA IVI A/F Ratio
species (Plant (%) (cm2) (cm2
/100m2) /100 m2)
Lantana 10.3 100 4.03 41.509 72.45174 0.103 C
indica
Urtica dioica 9.4 100 4.5 42.3 71.19151 0.094 C
Roylea 9.4 70 2.73 25.662 52.65518 0.1917 C
cinerea
Partheniium 6.2 80 0.93 5.766 32.6716 0.096 C
hystenophaus
Murraya 6.4 70 1.18 7.552 32.53451 0.130 C
Koenigii
Canavis 6.1 60 1.14 6.954 29.53013 0.169 C
sativa
Carissa 0.4 40 1.14 0.576 8.9641623 0.25
congesta Regular
Total 48.2 520 130.319 299.998

85
Table- 3 (SITE-B)
Shrub Den (Plant/ Fre MBA TBA (cm2/ IVI A/F
species 100m2 ) (%) (cm2) 2
100 m ) Ratio
Lantana 15 100 4.26 63.9 121.215 0.15 C
indica
Urtica 8.4 100 3.8 31.92 75.847 0.084 C
dioica
Canavis 5.5 70 1.47 8.085 39.855 0.111 C
sativa
Roylea 4.5 60 1.76 7.92 34.421 0.121 C
cinerea
Murraya 1.9 40 1.15 2.185 17.3035 0.1187 C
koenigii
Adthatoda 1.4 20 2 2.8 11.339 0.35 C
vasica
Total 36.7 390 116.81 299.980

Table 4 (SITE-C)
Shrub species Den (Plant/ Fre MBA TBA(cm2 IVI A/F
100m2 ) (%) cm2 /100 m2) Ratio
Muraya 15 100 1.287 19.305 81.68711 0.15 C
Koengii
Roylea 10 70 2.16 21.6 67.0721 0.202 C
cinerea
Lantana 6 100 2.5 15 53.3253 0.06 C
indica
Urtica dioica 5 100 2.88 14.4 50.0803 0.05
Random
Parthenim 3 60 0.42 1.26 20.31113 0.083 C
hysterophrus
Canavis 2 70 0.42 0.84 19.2023 0.04 C
sativa
Carissa 0.3 30 1.47 0.441 6.9915 0.03
congesta Random
Total 41.3 530 72.846 298.66

86
SOIL:

SOIL PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL FEATURE:

Soil owes its origin to different type of rocks though the processes of
weathering which are brought about by mechanical and chemical means. The
rocks disintegrate in to the primary mineral particals, which yield on leaching
solution system. With the development of life on soil, plant and animal remains
are incorporated in it thos constituting the origin system of soil. Water holding
capacity of the soil is the function of texture, humus and soil temperature. The
water holding capacity in all study sites is presented in Table-6 .The mean
minimum and maximum values of water holding capacity ranged between 27 ±
3.60 to 83.18 ± 3.91percentage. In all study area soil moisture contents at three
depths varied. The soil water percentage in study area is presented in table 6,
the mean minimum and maximum value of soil moisture ranged between 23.43
% ± 1.74 to 37.96 % ± 2.05.

CHEMICAL FEATURE:

Soil pH is generally related with the concentration of free hydrogen ions

in the soil matrix. The soil pH in various study sites varied in a narrow range.
Presented in table-5.

The value of organic carbon obtain from different site under

investigation are show in Table-5. The mean valu of organic carbon percentage
in study area was between 0.45 % ± 0.005 to 0.77 % ± 0.06. The mean value of
phophrus was estimated to be lowest in Site A-13.12 ha-1± 0.45 and highest in
Site C-15.8 ha1±1.68.

Potassium minimum mean value of 194.13 ± 44.19 in site A, and

maximum 221ha-1 ± 6.9 in site B. presented in table 5.

87
CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PHETURE OF SOIL
Table 5
Soil Depth Site A Site B Site C
0-10 6.8 6.8 6.8
pH 10-20 6.7 6.6 6.7
20-30 6.9 6.7 6.7

Mean ± SD 6.8 ± 0.1 6.7 ± 0.1 6.7 ± 0.1

0-10 0.525 0.450 0.720
10-20 0.570 0.460 0.765
C 20-30 0.435 0.455 0.840
Mean ± SD 0.51 % ± 0.068 0.45 % ± 0.005 0.77 % ± 0.06
0-10 12.728 14.208 17.76
10-20 13.024 14.200 15.392
P 20-30 13.616 14.610 14.504
Mean ± SD 13.12 ha-1 ±0.45 14.33 ha-1 ±0.23 15.8 ha-1 ± 1.68
0-10 143.34 224.00 224.00
10-20 224.00 215.00 203.00
K 20-30 215.04 224.00 224.00

Mean ± SD 194.1 ha-1 ± 44.1 221ha-1 ± 6.7 217 ha-1± 12.12

Table 6
Soil Depth Site A Site B Site C
Soil moisture 0-10 40.00 35.00 25.28
10-20 35.90 30.90 23.20
20-30 38.00 28.80 21.82
Mean ± SD 37.96 ± 2.05 31.56 ± 3.15 23.43 ± 1.74
0-10 87.55 68.00 23.00
WHC 10-20 82.00 60.00 28.00
20-30 80.00 63.00 30.00
Mean ± SD 83.18 ± 3.91 62.6 ± 4.24 27 ± 3.60

VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION:

The vegetative propagation by stem cutting of Roylea cinerea was

studied in main growring season viz., spring and rainy season. For spring
season the cuttings were planted between 15 Feb -15 March and for rainy
season the cutting were planted from 15 July- 15 August in polybages

88
containing differant soil mixture, viz., garden soil (T1), farm yard compost soil
(T2), red soil (T3), forest soil (T4) mainly collected from oak forest at the hight
1800m from sea level and sandy soil (T5).

The data are summarized in Fig- 1 to 9 (Plate no- 1 to3). The cutting
showed the visible sing of survival in the form of sprout initiation which was
earlist noted afrer 9 days of planting. The different soil showed variation in
total sprouted cuttings. Overall generally the percentage of sprouted cutting
was higher in spring season, as compared to rainy season. The maximum
sprouting was observed in spring season farm yard composed (T2 70% ±10)
followed by forest soil (T4 63.3 % ± 5.77) and garden soil (T1 60% ±10) and
sandy soil (T5 60 % ± 17.32). The lowest sprouting was observed in red soil
(T3 26.66 ± 5.7). The spring season was nearly 10-20% more in spring season
as compare to rainy season except for red soil, which showed almost equal
sprouting (Fig- 1). However the sprout length was maximum during the rainy
season as compare to the spring. The maximum sprout length was observed in
forest soil (T4 30.66 cm ± 6.11), followed by sandy soil (T5 26.66 cm ± 6.35)
and garden soil (T1 22.00 cm ± 2.26).

Average number of sprout was also recorded in the cutting and the result
are presented in Fig -3. It is evident that though the cuttings in different soil
and season varied in sprouting percentage, but the number of sprout per cutting
almost remain equal indicating that in all survival cutting sprouting took place
at every avilable node each node having 3-4 sprout.

When the leaf length (Fig- 5) and leaf width (Fig - 4) were measure, It
was showed better growth of leaf in term of length and width during rainy
season.

After planting of 90 days the polybages were torn and every cutting was
examine for the occurance of rooting (Fig-9). It was remarkably that the
rooting occure in fewour cutting then the sprouting. Many cutting which failed
to initiat rooting become dead and dry inspied of sprouting as early stage.
89
 Number of dead cutting was higher in the rainy season which was
almost 50% of the cutting. The cutting survival was least in red soil (ca 73%)
dead in rainy season. The total number surviving cutting was significantly
higher in spring season.

The result of root growth viz. root length, fresh weight and dry weight
are showed in Fig-6 to -8. Overall the root growth was higher in all soils
sample during the rainy season compaired to spring. Maximum root growth
was reported in forest soil (T4) and farm yard soil (T2).The result of rooting in
the stem cutting in spring season and rainy season after 90 days of planting in
polybages were obtain as soon in Fig-6 to 9. Almost similar results were
obtained for rooting both in spring and rainy season. However the percentage
of rooting were slitly higher (ca 10%) in spring season .Which had also shown
faster sprout growth as describe above. The rooting was maximum in farm yard
soil and sandy soil, and it was lowest in garden soil and red soil. Therefor, the
rooting respons was maximum in farm yard compost soil and sandy soil, in
spring season. The results of rooting in rainy season are reported are somewhat
different during the rainy season, where the maximum rooting were found in
farm yard soil (T2) and forest soil (T4).

90
 T1 = G a r d e n s o il
T2 = F a r m y a r d c o m p o s t s o il
T3 = R e d s o il
100
T4 = F o r e s t s o il
80 T5 = S a n d y s o il

60
% o f S p ro u te d
C u t t in g

40 S p r in g S e a s o n
R a in y s e a s o n
20
0
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5
F ig . N o . 1

T1 = G a r d e n s o il
T2 = F a r m y a r d c o m p o s t s o il
T3 = R e d s o il
T4 = F o r e s t s o il
T5 = S a n d y s o il
40
35
30
L o n g e s t le n g t h o f

25
sp ro u t

20
15
S p r in g S e a s o n
10 R a in y S e a s o n
5
0
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5
F ig . N o .2

91
 T1 = G a r d e n s o il
T2 = Farm y ard c o m po s t
s o il
T3 = R e d s o il
12
T4 = F o r e s t s o il
T5 = S a n d y s o il
10
N u m b e r o f s p r o u t /c u t t in g 8

6
4 S p r in g S e a s o n
R a in y S e a s o n
2

0
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5

F ig . N o .3

T1 = G a rd e n s o il
T2 = F a rm ya rd c o m p o s t s o il
T3 = R e d s o il
T4 = F o re s t s o il
T5 = S a n d y s o il
6
5
W id t h o f le a v e s ( C m )

4
3
S p r in g S e a s o n
2
R a in y S e a s o n
1
0
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5

F ig . N o .4

92
 T1 = G a rd e n s o il
T2 = F a rm ya rd c o m p o s t
6 s o il
T3 = R e d s o il
5 T4 = F o re s t s o il
T5 = S a n d y s o il
4
L e n g t h o f le a v e s ( C m )

3
2 S p rin g S e a s o n
R a in y S e a s o n
1

0
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5
F ig . N o .5

T1 = G a r d e n s o il
T2 = F a r m y a r d c o m p o s t s o il
T3 = R e d s o il
T4 = F o r e s t s o il
T5 = S a n d y s o il

35
30
25
M a x m i m u m L e n g th o f R o o t

20
(C m )

15
S p rin g S e a s o n
10
R a in y S e a s o n
5
0
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5

F ig . N o .6

93
 T1 = G a rd e n s o il
T2 = F a rm ya rd c o m p o s t s o il
T3 = R e d s o il
2 .5 T4 = F o re s t s o il
T5 = S a n d y s o il

2
F re s h w e ig h t o f ro o t ( G m )

1 .5

0 .5 S p r in g S e a s o n
R a in y S e a s o n
0
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5
F ig . N o .7

T1 = G a rd e n s o il
T2 = F a rm ya rd c o m p o s t
s o il
2 .5 T3 = R e d s o il
T4 = F o re s t s o il
2
D r y w e i g h t o f r o o t (g m )

1 .5

0 .5 S p rin g S e a s o n
R a in y S e a s o n
0
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5
F ig . N o .8

94
 T1 = G a r d e n s o il
T2 = F a r m y a r d c o m p o s t s o il
T3 = R e d s o il
T4 = F o r e s t s o il
T5 = S a n d y s o il

80
70
60
R o o t e d c u t t in g a f t e r 9 0 d a y s

50
40
30 S p rin g S e a s o n
20 R a in y S e a s o n
10
0
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5
F ig . N o .9

95
SEED GERMINATION:-

Hormonal Treatment:-

The results of seed germination are presented in Tab-7. When the seed
were germinated in Patri dish containing control, (distiled water), and hormonal
solution viz. GA3, IAA, and IBA (50 ppm, 100 ppm and 150 ppm ) a very poor
germination percentage was obtain overall. No seed germination was observed
in control. 20 % germination was observed in 100 ppm, GA3, 26 % germination
was observ in 50 ppm IAA, and 20 % in 150 ppm IBA. The result indicated
that the seed there is the very less germiability in the seed of Roylea cinerea, in
the pattredishes, and only small degree of seed germination was induce by
phytohormones.
Table-7

Hormonal 50 ppm 100 ppm 150 ppm

Treatment
GA3 - 20% -
IAA 26% - -
IBA - - 20%

Soil Treatment:
When seed germinated in soil medium considerabley higher seed
germiability was observe. The sandy soil (T5) show maximum seed
germination (ca 60%) followed by forest soil (T4) (ca 27 %) and garden and
soil (T1) (10%). No seed germination was observe in red soil (T3) and farm
yard soil (T2). The results indicate that soil medium is best to achive seed
germination (Table-8 and Plate No-4 to 5).

96
Table-8

Soil Treatment After 15 days After 30 days After 45 days

T1 10% 10% 10%

T2 - - -

T3 - - -

T4 20% 27% 27%

T5 20% 40% 60%

CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
The data on phytochemical anlysis of the plant are summarized as the
following table.
Table-9
Part Compounds isolated
Betulin, beta-amyrin, beta-sitosterol, stigmasterol, cetylalcohol,
glucose, fructose, arabinose, palmitic, stearic, olic, gallic, oxalic,
Leaves tartaric, anthraquinone glycoside, 1,4-dihydroxy-6, 7-dimethoxy 2-
methy 3-O-beta-D-glycopyranoside, flavonol glycoside, quercetin
3 O-beta-L-rhamnoside, moronic acid, calyone, precalyone, and
calyenone.
Pentacosane octacosanol, friedelin, beta-amyrin,beta sitosterol,
Stem. betulonic acid ,beta-sitosterol- beta-D glucoside and 5,6,7,4 -
tetramethoxyflavone.
Root 3beta-hydroxyolean-12-ed-28-oic acid.

It is evident that several phytochemicals are present in various part of the plant.
The notable most valuable phytochemical are calyon and precalyone.

Biological activity:
Roylea cinerea plant contains a important chemical compound
precalyone, which showed antitumout activity against lymphocytic leukaemia

97
(P-338) in mice (Prakash et al., 1979). The various fractions of R.cinerea were
tested for their anticancer activity at the Cancer Chemotherapy National
Service Centre of the National Institute of Health, Bethesda, U.S.A., according
to the CCNSC protocols, in P-388 lymphocytic leukaemia of mice (Ps system).
While precalyone showed T/C 143 at 50mg kg-1, the other diterpenoids were
found to be inactive ( Om Praksh et al, 1979).

98