5(6($5&+5(3257

5((9$/8$7,212)5$03'(6,*163(('
&5,7(5,$5(9,(:2)35$&7,&($1'
'$7$&2//(&7,213/$1
0LFKDHO+XQWHUDQG5DQG\%0DFKHPHKO

&(17(5)2575$163257$7,215(6($5&+
%85($82)(1*,1((5,1*5(6($5&+
7+(81,9(56,7<2)7(;$6$7$867,1

$35,/
 Technical Report Documentation Page

1. Report No. 2. Government Accession No. 3. Recipient’s Catalog No.

FHWA/TX-98/1732-1
4. Title and Subtitle 5. Report Date
REEVALUATION OF RAMP DESIGN SPEED CRITERIA: April 1997
REVIEW OF PRACTICE AND DATA COLLECTION PLAN

7. Author(s) 6. Performing Organization Code

Michael Hunter and Randy Machemehl
8. Performing Organization Report No.
1732-1

9. Performing Organization Name and Address 10. Work Unit No. (TRAIS)
Center for Transportation Research
The University of Texas at Austin 11. Contract or Grant No.
3208 Red River, Suite 200 0-1732
Austin, TX 78705-2650
12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address 13. Type of Report and Period Covered

Texas Department of Transportation Research Report (9/1/98 to 8/31/99)

Research and Technology Transfer
14. Sponsoring Agency Code
Section/Construction Division
P.O. Box 5080
Austin, TX 78763-5080

15. Supplementary Notes

Project conducted in cooperation with the Federal Highway Administration.
16. Abstract

Freeway ramp design speed criteria contained in current American Association of Highway and Transportation
Official (AASHTO) and Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) design policies have been traced through
roughly 50 years of technical literature. The evolution of design speed criteria has been documented and technical
rational leading to periodic changes has been included. TxDOT ramp design speed criteria are, essentially, the
AASHTO criteria. The origins of driver acceleration and deceleration rates, which are built into the AASHTO criteria,
are experimental studies performed during the late thirties. Several studies have raised questions about the
appropriateness of the AASHTO minimum allowable ramp design speed, which is 50 percent of the freeway design
speed. Questions have also been raised about the adequacy of high-speed ramp lengths designed by AASHTO criteria.
A conceptual data collection plan has been designed to provide information that will answer questions regarding current
criteria. Additionally, a nationwide survey of ramp design agencies indicates that (1) there is a variety of different
design policies; (2) most designers have concern for entrance ramps, as opposed to exits; and (3) safety is the most
commonly used evaluation measure.

17. Key Words: 18. Distribution Statement

Design speed, ramp speed, interchange and ramp No restrictions. This document is available to the public through
types, accidents, entrance ramps, exit ramps, sight the National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia
distance, deceleration lanes, acceleration lanes, ramp 22161.
design speed criteria

19. Security Classif. (of report) 20. Security Classif. (of this page) 21. No. of pages 22. Price
Unclassified Unclassified
104

Form DOT F 1700.7 (8-72) Reproduction of completed page authorized

5((9$/8$7,212)5$03'(6,*163(('&5,7(5,$5(9,(:2)
35$&7,&($1''$7$&2//(&7,213/$1

E\

0LFKDHO+XQWHU

DQG

5DQG\%0DFKHPHKO

5HVHDUFK5HSRUW1XPEHU

5HVHDUFK3URMHFW
5HHYDOXDWLRQRI5DPS'HVLJQ6SHHG&ULWHULD

&RQGXFWHGIRUWKH

7(;$6'(3$570(172)75$163257$7,21

LQFRRSHUDWLRQZLWKWKH

86'(3$570(172)75$163257$7,21
)('(5$/+,*+:$<$'0,1,675$7,21

E\WKH

&(17(5)2575$163257$7,215(6($5&+
%XUHDXRI(QJLQHHULQJ5HVHDUFK
7+(81,9(56,7<2)7(;$6$7$867,1

$SULO
ii
 ,03/(0(17$7,215(&200(1'$7,216

&XUUHQWIUHHZD\UDPSGHVLJQVSHHGFULWHULDKDYH HYROYHG WKURXJK SUDFWLFH UHVHDUFK

DQGSROLF\DFWLRQVRYHUVHYHUDOGHFDGHV$ILUVWVWHSWRZDUGUHHYDOXDWLQJWKHVHFULWHULDPXVW
LQFOXGHDQH[DPLQDWLRQRIWKLVHYROXWLRQDU\SURFHVVDQGWKDWH[DPLQDWLRQLVDSULPDU\SDUWRI
WKLVUHSRUW7KHUHYLHZFRQWDLQHGKHUHLQVHUYHVDVDIRXQGDWLRQIRUWKHUHVHDUFKHIIRUWVWKDW
ZLOOIROORZDVZHOODVWKHSROLF\UHFRPPHQGDWLRQVWKDWZLOOEHGHYHORSHG%DVHGXSRQWKH
UHYLHZWKLVGRFXPHQWDOVRSURYLGHVDFRQFHSWXDOSULPDU\GDWDFROOHFWLRQSODQWKDWZLOOJXLGH
IXWXUHUHVHDUFKWDVNV

$&.12:/('*0(176

7KHDXWKRUVDFNQRZOHGJHWKHVXSSRUWRI7['27SURMHFWGLUHFWRU(3HQVWRFN'(6

3UHSDUHGLQFRRSHUDWLRQZLWKWKH7H[DV'HSDUWPHQWRI7UDQVSRUWDWLRQDQGWKH
86'HSDUWPHQWRI7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ)HGHUDO+LJKZD\$GPLQLVWUDWLRQ

DISCLAIMERS

7KHFRQWHQWVRIWKLVUHSRUWUHIOHFWWKHYLHZVRIWKHDXWKRUVZKRDUHUHVSRQVLEOHIRUWKH
IDFWVDQGWKHDFFXUDF\RIWKHGDWDSUHVHQWHGKHUHLQ7KHFRQWHQWVGRQRWQHFHVVDULO\UHIOHFW
WKHRIILFLDOYLHZVRUSROLFLHVRIWKH)HGHUDO+LJKZD\$GPLQLVWUDWLRQRUWKH7H[DV'HSDUWPHQW
RI7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ7KLVUHSRUWGRHVQRWFRQVWLWXWHDVWDQGDUGVSHFLILFDWLRQRUUHJXODWLRQ
7KHUHZDVQRLQYHQWLRQRUGLVFRYHU\FRQFHLYHGRUILUVWDFWXDOO\UHGXFHGWRSUDFWLFHLQ
WKH FRXUVH RI RU XQGHU WKLV FRQWUDFW LQFOXGLQJ DQ\ DUW PHWKRG SURFHVV PDFKLQH
PDQXIDFWXUHGHVLJQRUFRPSRVLWLRQRIPDWWHURUDQ\QHZDQGXVHIXOLPSURYHPHQWWKHUHRIRU
DQ\YDULHW\RISODQWZKLFKLVRUPD\EHSDWHQWDEOHXQGHUWKHSDWHQWODZVRIWKH8QLWHG6WDWH
RI$PHULFDRUDQ\IRUHLJQFRXQWU\

127,17(1'(')25&216758&7,21
%,'',1*253(50,7385326(6

5DQG\%0DFKHPHKO3(7H[DV1R
5HVHDUFK6XSHUYLVRU

iii
iv
 7$%/(2)&217(176

&+$37(5/,7(5$785(5(9,(: 
,QWURGXFWLRQ  
'HVLJQ%DVLFV  
'HILQLWLRQRI'HVLJQ6SHHG  
6DIH6WRSSLQJ6LJKW'LVWDQFH  
+RUL]RQWDO&XUYHV  
9HUWLFDO&XUYHV 
,QWHUFKDQJHVDQG5DPS7\SHV 
,QWHUFKDQJHV 
5DPS7\SHV 
5DPS'HVLJQ  
'HVLJQ6SHHG 
6XSHUHOHYDWLRQDQG6LGH)ULFWLRQ)DFWRU  
6LJKW'LVWDQFH  
*UDGHV 
2WKHU5DPS'HVLJQ,VVXHV  
5DPS7HUPLQDOV  
7['276SHHG&KDQJH/DQH'HVLJQ 
(QWUDQFH5DPSV 
([LW5DPSV  
2WKHU7['275DPS2SHUDWLRQV,VVXHV  
'HYHORSPHQWRI&XUUHQW5DPS'HVLJQ6WDQGDUGV  
'HVLJQ6SHHG 
*XLGH9DOXHVIRU5DPS'HVLJQ6SHHG 
7DSHU6HFWLRQ 
'HFHOHUDWLRQ/DQHV  
$FFHOHUDWLRQ/DQHV  
$FFHOHUDWLRQDQG'HFHOHUDWLRQ5DWHV  
$FFLGHQWV 
5HVXOWVIURP2WKHU0RGHOV  
6XPPDU\  

v
&+$37(56859(<2)'(6,*135$&7,&( 
6XPPDU\  

&+$37(5'$7$&2//(&7,213/$1  
'DWD&ROOHFWLRQ&RQFHSWV 
6LWH6HOHFWLRQ&RQVLGHUDWLRQV 
'HSHQGHQW9DULDEOHV  
$FFLGHQW+LVWRU\ 
6SHFLDO/RRS5DPS&RQVLGHUDWLRQV  
6XPPDU\  

5()(5(1&(6 

vi
 6800$5<

)UHHZD\ UDPS GHVLJQ VSHHG FULWHULD FRQWDLQHG LQ FXUUHQW $PHULFDQ $VVRFLDWLRQ RI
+LJKZD\ DQG 7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ 2IILFLDO $$6+72 DQG 7H[DV 'HSDUWPHQW RI 7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ
7['27 GHVLJQ SROLFLHV KDYH EHHQ WUDFHG WKURXJK URXJKO\  \HDUV RI WHFKQLFDO OLWHUDWXUH
7KHHYROXWLRQRIGHVLJQVSHHGFULWHULDKDVEHHQGRFXPHQWHGDQGDWHFKQLFDOUDWLRQDOHOHDGLQJ
WRSHULRGLF FKDQJHV KDV EHHQ LQFOXGHG  7['27 UDPS GHVLJQ VSHHG FULWHULD DUH HVVHQWLDOO\
WKH $$6+72 FULWHULD  7KH RULJLQV RI GULYHU DFFHOHUDWLRQ DQG GHFHOHUDWLRQ UDWHV ZKLFK DUH
EXLOWLQWRWKH$$6+72FULWHULDDUHH[SHULPHQWDOVWXGLHVSHUIRUPHGGXULQJ WKH ODWH WKLUWLHV
6HYHUDO VWXGLHV KDYH UDLVHG TXHVWLRQV DERXW WKH DSSURSULDWHQHVV RI WKH $$6+72 PLQLPXP
DOORZDEOH UDPS GHVLJQ VSHHG ZKLFK LV  SHUFHQW RI WKH IUHHZD\ GHVLJQ VSHHG  4XHVWLRQV
KDYHDOVREHHQUDLVHGDERXWWKHDGHTXDF\RIKLJKVSHHGUDPSOHQJWKVGHVLJQHGE\$$6+72
FULWHULD$FRQFHSWXDOGDWDFROOHFWLRQSODQKDVEHHQGHVLJQHGWRSURYLGHLQIRUPDWLRQWKDWZLOO
DQVZHU TXHVWLRQV UHJDUGLQJ FXUUHQW FULWHULD  $GGLWLRQDOO\ D QDWLRQZLGH VXUYH\ RI UDPS
GHVLJQ DJHQFLHV LQGLFDWHV WKDW  WKHUH LV D YDULHW\ RI GLIIHUHQW GHVLJQ SROLFLHV  PRVW
GHVLJQHUV KDYH FRQFHUQ IRU HQWUDQFH UDPSV DV RSSRVHG WR H[LWV DQG  VDIHW\ LV WKH PRVW
FRPPRQO\XVHGHYDOXDWLRQPHDVXUH

vii
viii
 &+$37(5/,7(5$785(5(9,(:

,1752'8&7,21
7KLVFKDSWHUUHYLHZVDQGFRPSDUHVUDPS GHVLJQ DV SUDFWLFHG FXUUHQWO\ E\ WKH 7H[DV
'HSDUWPHQWRI7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ7['27DQGE\WKH$PHULFDQ$VVRFLDWLRQRI6WDWH+LJKZD\
DQG 7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ 2IILFLDOV $$6+72  ,Q DGGLWLRQ LW VHHNV WR GHYHORS D FRQFLVH
XQGHUVWDQGLQJRIWKHDVVXPSWLRQVWKDWFRXOGSRWHQWLDOO\OHDGWROLPLWDWLRQVDQGGHILFLHQFLHVLQ
FXUUHQWGHVLJQ SUDFWLFHV  ,QFOXGHG DV SDUW RI WKLV HIIRUW LV D UHYLHZ RI WKH UHVHDUFK WKDW KDV
SURYLGHGWKHIRXQGDWLRQIRUWKHVHFXUUHQWGHVLJQV
7KHUHYLHZRIFXUUHQWVWDQGDUGVLVEDVHG SULPDULO\ RQ WKH+LJKZD\ 'HVLJQ 'LYLVLRQ
2SHUDWLRQVDQG3URFHGXUHV0DQXDOLVVXHGE\WKH7H[DV6WDWH'HSDUWPHQWRI+LJKZD\VDQG
3XEOLF7UDQVSRUWDWLRQQRZ7['27DQG$$6+72©VDQGSXEOLFDWLRQ$3ROLF\
RQ *HRPHWULF 'HVLJQ RI +LJKZD\V DQG 6WUHHWV  7KH VWDQGDUGV ZLWKLQ WKH 2SHUDWLRQV DQG
3URFHGXUHV0DQXDODUHJHQHUDOO\FRQVLGHUHGE\7['27WREHWKHORZHVW DFFHSWDEOH GHVLJQ
OLPLWV  $FFRUGLQJO\ D KLJKHU WKDQ PLQLPXP GHVLJQ VWDQGDUG VKRXOG EH XWLOL]HG ZKHUHYHU
IHDVLEOH  7KH 7['27 JXLGH LV QRW WR EH FRQVLGHUHG LQIOH[LEOH DQG LV QRW D VXEVWLWXWH IRU
HQJLQHHULQJ MXGJPHQW  ,W PD\ EH SRVVLEOH WR GHYLDWH IURP VWDQGDUGV ZLWK DSSURYDO IURP
JRYHUQLQJDXWKRULWLHV
$$6+72©V $ 3ROLF\ RQ *HRPHWULF 'HVLJQ RI +LJKZD\V DQG 6WUHHWV  ZLOO EH
UHIHUUHGWRWKURXJKRXWWKLVWH[WDVWKH$$6+72PDQXDORUVLPSO\$$6+727KHRIILFLDO
SRVLWLRQ RI 7['27 UHJDUGLQJ $$6+72 DFFRUGLQJ WR WKH 2SHUDWLRQV DQG 3URFHGXUHV
0DQXDOLVDVIROORZV

7KH $PHULFDQ $VVRFLDWLRQ RI 6WDWH +LJKZD\ DQG 7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ 2IILFLDOV

$$6+72KDVHVWDEOLVKHGYDULRXVVWDQGDUGVSROLFLHVJXLGHVHWFUHODWLQJWR
KLJKZD\ SUDFWLFH  7KHVH DUH DSSURYHG UHIHUHQFHV WR EH XVHG LQ FRQMXQFWLRQ
ZLWKWKLV0DQXDOKRZHYHUVLQFH$$6+72SROLFLHVDQGJXLGHOLQHVUHSUHVHQW
QDWLRQZLGH JXLGHOLQHV ZKLFK GR QRW DOZD\V VDWLVI\ 7H[DV FRQGLWLRQV WKH
LQVWUXFWLRQVLQWKLV0DQXDOVKDOOWDNHSUHFHGHQFHRYHU$$6+72VWDQGDUGV

:KHQQHFHVVDU\IRUDSDUWLFXODUSURMHFWJHRPHWULFOD\RXWVDUHVXEPLWWHGE\7['27
WR WKH )HGHUDO +LJKZD\ $GPLQLVWUDWLRQ RU )+:$ IHGHUDODLG SURMHFWV IRU DSSURYDO DQG
FRRUGLQDWLRQ
'(6,*1%$6,&6
7R UHYLHZ WKH HIIHFW RI UDPS DQG IUHHZD\ GHVLJQ VSHHG RQ WKH SK\VLFDO OD\RXW RI D
UDPSLWLVILUVWQHFHVVDU\WRUHYLHZVHYHUDOGHVLJQFRQFHSWV$FFRUGLQJO\EHIRUHGLVFXVVLQJ
FXUUHQW7['27DQG$$6+72UDPSGHVLJQSUDFWLFHVWKHIROORZLQJFRQFHSWVDUHSUHVHQWHG
GHVLJQ VSHHG VDIH VWRSSLQJ VLJKW GLVWDQFH KRUL]RQWDO FXUYDWXUH DQG YHUWLFDO FXUYDWXUH
:KLOH WKH FRQFHSWV GLVFXVVHG DSSO\ WR GHVLJQ LQ JHQHUDO VRPH RI WKH PLQLPXPV DQG

1


DVVXPSWLRQV SUHVHQWHG LQ WKH IROORZLQJ GLVFXVVLRQ SHUWDLQ WR ¦RSHQ URDG FRQGLWLRQV§  ,Q
JHQHUDOWKHVHPLQLPXPVDOVRDSSO\WRUDPSGHVLJQEXWDQ\GLIIHUHQFHVZLOOEHKLJKOLJKWHGLQ
WKHUDPSGHVLJQVHFWLRQ
'HILQLWLRQRI'HVLJQ6SHHG
$FFRUGLQJWRWKH2SHUDWLRQVDQG3URFHGXUHV0DQXDO

'HVLJQVSHHGLVWKHPD[LPXPVDIHVSHHGWKDWFDQEHPDLQWDLQHGRYHUDVSHFLILHG
VHFWLRQRIKLJKZD\ZKHQWKHGHVLJQIHDWXUHVRIWKHKLJKZD\JRYHUQ$OOIDFLOLWLHV
VKRXOGEHGHVLJQHGZLWK DOO HOHPHQWV LQ EDODQFH FRQVLVWHQW ZLWK DQ DSSURSULDWH
GHVLJQ VSHHG  'HVLJQ HOHPHQWV VXFK DV VLJKW GLVWDQFH YHUWLFDO DQG KRUL]RQWDO
DOLJQPHQWODQHZLGWKVURDGVLGHFOHDUDQFHVXSHUHOHYDWLRQHWFDUHLQIOXHQFHGE\
GHVLJQ VSHHG  ,W LV WKHUHIRUH LPSRUWDQW WKDW DQ DSSURSULDWH GHVLJQ VSHHG EH
VHOHFWHG

'HVLJQ VSHHG LV JHQHUDOO\ LQGLFDWLYH RI WKH W\SH RI RSHUDWLRQ H[SHFWHG RQ D IDFLOLW\
)UHHZD\V W\SLFDOO\ KDYH GHVLJQ VSHHGV UDQJLQJ EHWZHHQ  DQG  NPK ZKHUHDV ORZHU
OHYHOIDFLOLWLHVVXFKDVDUWHULDOVDQGFROOHFWRUVKDYHORZHUGHVLJQVSHHGVVD\WRNPK
7KHGLUHFWLQIOXHQFHRIGHVLJQVSHHGRQWKHJHRPHWULFFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRIDIDFLOLW\ZLOOEHVHHQ
WKURXJKRXWWKLVUHSRUW
6DIH6WRSSLQJ6LJKW'LVWDQFH
2QHRIWKHPRVWEDVLFLPSDFWVRIGHVLJQVSHHGRQIDFLOLW\JHRPHWULFVPD\EHVHHQLQ
WKH UHTXLUHPHQWV IRU VDIH VWRSSLQJ VLJKW GLVWDQFH ¥ WKDW LV WKH PLQLPXP YLVLEOH URDGZD\
GLVWDQFHUHTXLUHGIRUDGULYHUWRVWRSKLVKHUYHKLFOH6LJKWGLVWDQFHVKRXOGSURYLGHWKHGULYHU
VXIILFLHQWWLPHWRJDWKHULQIRUPDWLRQSURFHVVLWSHUIRUPWKHUHTXLUHGFRQWURODFWLRQVIDFWRU
LQ WKH YHKLFOH©V UHVSRQVH WLPH DQG HYDOXDWH WKH DSSURSULDWHQHVV RI SRVVLEOH UHVSRQVHV 
6WRSSLQJVLJKWGLVWDQFHLVW\SLFDOO\FRQVLGHUHGDVXPRIWZRGLVWDQFHVQDPHO\WKHGLVWDQFH
WUDYHOHGIURPWKHLQVWDQWWKHGULYHUVHHVWKHREMHFWWRWKHLQVWDQWWKHGULYHUDSSOLHVWKHEUDNHV
UHDFWLRQWLPHLQFOXGLQJWKHGLVWDQFHWKHYHKLFOHWUDYHOVGXULQJEUDNLQJ
7KH ILUVW SRUWLRQ RI WKH VWRSSLQJ VLJKW GLVWDQFH LV FRPPRQO\ UHIHUUHG WR DV WKH 3,-5
SHUFHSWLRQ LGHQWLI\ MXGJPHQW DQG UHDFWLRQ RU 3,(9 SHUFHSWLRQ LGHQWLI\ HYROXWLRQ
YROLWLRQWLPH6LPSO\VWDWHGWKLVLVWKHWLPHUHTXLUHGWRVHHWKHREMHFWLGHQWLI\WKHQHHG
WR VWRS DQG WKHQ SK\VLFDOO\ DSSO\ WKH EUDNHV  'XULQJ WKLV WLPH WKH YHKLFOH WUDYHOV DW D
FRQVWDQWVSHHGDGLVWDQFHRI

'S WY 

 

ZKHUH

Y LQLWLDOVSHHG
W 3,-5WLPHDQG
G GLVWDQFHPHWHUV

9DULRXVVWXGLHVFRQGXFWHGWRPHDVXUHWKH3,-5WLPHIRULQGLYLGXDOVKDYHGHWHUPLQHG
WKDW DQ LQGLYLGXDO©V 3,-5 WLPH GHSHQGV RQ PDQ\ IDFWRUV LQFOXGLQJ WLPH RI GD\ DJH RI WKH
LQGLYLGXDO GULYHU DWWHQWLRQ DQG WKH FRPSOH[LW\ RI WKH VLWXDWLRQ  $ UHDFWLRQ WLPH RI 
VHFRQGV KDV EHHQ DGRSWHG E\ $$6+72  DQG LV VXEVHTXHQWO\ XWLOL]HG LQ 7['27©V
2SHUDWLRQVDQG3URFHGXUHV0DQXDOLQWKHFDOFXODWLRQRIVWRSSLQJVLJKWGLVWDQFHV7KLV
WLPHLVEDVHGRQUHVHDUFKLQZKLFKSHUFHQWRIWKHGULYHUVVWXGLHGKDG3,-5WLPHVWKDWIHOO
EHORZVHFRQGVDQG
7KH VHFRQG SRUWLRQ RI WKH UHTXLUHG VWRSSLQJ VLJKW GLVWDQFH LV WKH EUDNLQJ GLVWDQFH
ZKLFKLVGHWHUPLQHGDVIROORZV

Y  X 
GE 
 I r J 

ZKHUH
GE EUDNLQJGLVWDQFHPHWHUV
Y LQLWLDOVSHHGRIYHKLFOHNPK
X ILQDOVSHHGRIYHKLFOHNPK
I FRHIILFLHQWRIIRUZDUGUROOLQJRUVNLGGLQJIULFWLRQDQG
J JUDGHH[SUHVVHGDVDGHFLPDO

)RU VWRSSLQJ VLJKW GLVWDQFH X WKH ILQDO VSHHG ZLOO HTXDO   $V ZLWK WKH 3,-5 WLPH
PDQ\ VWXGLHV KDYH EHHQ FRQGXFWHG WR PHDVXUH WKH FRHIILFLHQW RI IULFWLRQ :KLOH WKH
FRHIILFLHQWRIIULFWLRQFKDQJHVDVWKHYHKLFOHGHFHOHUDWHVIURPWKHLQLWLDOVSHHGWR]HURWKHILQ
WKLVIRUPXODLVDVLQJOHHTXLYDOHQW YDOXH WKDW UHSUHVHQWV WKH HQWLUH VSHHG FKDQJH  7DEOH 
EHORZSURYLGHVWKHIXVHGLQWKHVWRSSLQJVLJKWGLVWDQFHFDOFXODWLRQIRUYDULRXVGHVLJQVSHHGV
7KHLQLWLDO VSHHG LV SUHIHUDEO\ WKH GHVLJQ VSHHG DOWKRXJK WKH PLQLPXP VWRSSLQJ VLJKW
GLVWDQFHPD\EHEDVHGRQWKHDQWLFLSDWHGUXQQLQJVSHHGIRUDSDUWLFXODUGHVLJQVSHHG7KHI
KDVEHHQIRXQGWREHLQIOXHQFHGE\WKHFRQGLWLRQRIWKHURDGVXUIDFHZHWGU\LFHHWFW\SH
RI SDYHPHQW VXUIDFH DLU SUHVVXUH LQ WLUHV WLUH ZHDU DQG WLUH WUHDG SDWWHUQV  7KH I©V LQ WKH
WDEOHEHORZDUHIRUZHWFRQGLWLRQVWKDWJRYHUQVWRSSLQJVLJKWGLVWDQFHDQGVKRXOGFRYHUVXFK


WKLQJV DV DOO VLJQLILFDQW SDYHPHQW VXUIDFHV OLNHO\ ILHOG FRQGLWLRQV ZRUQ DQG QHZ WLUHV DQG
PRVWWUHDGDQGWLUHFRPSRVLWLRQV

7DEOH6WRSSLQJVLJKWGLVWDQFHZHWSDYHPHQWV

$VVXPHG %UDNLQJ 6WRSSLQJ

'HVLJQ 6SHHG IRU %UDNH 5HDFWLRQ &RHIILFLHQW 'LVWDQFH 6LJKW 'LVWDQFH

6SHHG &RQGLWLRQ 7LPH 'LVWDQFH RI )ULFWLRQ RQ /HYHO IRU 'HVLJQ

NPK NPK V P I P P

      

      

      

      

      

      

      

      

      

      

9DOXHV RI FRHIILFLHQW RI IULFWLRQ JHQHUDOO\ DSSUR[LPDWH FXUYHV  DQG  FRHIILFLHQW

RI IULFWLRQ IRU ZHW3& FRQFUHWH DQG ZHWSODQW PL[HV VKRZQ LQ )LJXUH ,,,$

6RXUFH 7DEOH ,,,  $$6+72 5HI  S 

$ORQJZLWKI7DEOHOLVWVFDOFXODWHGUHDFWLRQDQGEUDNLQJGLVWDQFHGSDQGGEDQG

VWRSSLQJVLJKWGLVWDQFHIRUYDULRXVGHVLJQVSHHGVZKHUHVWRSSLQJVLJKWGLVWDQFHLVGSGE
7KH XSSHUFDOFXODWHG VWRSSLQJ VLJKW GLVWDQFH YDOXHV DUH EDVHG RQ GHVLJQ VSHHG ZKLOH WKH
ORZHUYDOXHVDUHEDVHGRQDYHUDJHUXQQLQJVSHHG)RUVWRSSLQJ VLJKW GLVWDQFH FDOFXODWLRQV
WKHKHLJKWRIWKHREMHFWLVFRQVLGHUHGWREHPPDERYHWKHJURXQGDQGWKHKHLJKWRIWKH
GULYHU©VH\HLVDVVXPHGWREHPPDERYHWKHJURXQGDQG7KHDVVXPHGGULYHU©V
H\HKHLJKWKDVGHFUHDVHGIURPHDUOLHUHGLWLRQVRI$$6+72
&RQFHUQV DERXW WKH FXUUHQW VWRSSLQJ VLJKW GLVWDQFH FULWHULD KDYH EHHQ H[SUHVVHG LQ
YDULRXVVWXGLHV2QHLVVXHLVWKDWWKHEUDNHUHDFWLRQWLPHRIVHFRQGVLVEDVHGRQ
SHUFHQW RI WKH GULYHU SRSXODWLRQ LQ D  VWXG\  7RGD\ D ODUJHU SRUWLRQ RI WKH GULYLQJ
SRSXODWLRQFRQVLVWVRIHOGHUO\GULYHUVZLWKWKDWSRUWLRQDQWLFLSDWHGWRLQFUHDVH7KHUHIRUHLW
KDV EHHQ VXJJHVWHG WKDW D EUDNH UHDFWLRQ WLPH RI  VHFRQGV EH XVHG WR EHWWHU DFFRXQW IRU
HOGHUO\GULYHUV&RQFHUQKDVDOVREHHQUDLVHGDVWRWKHIULFWLRQIDFWRUVXVHGLQVWRSSLQJVLJKW
GLVWDQFH FDOFXODWLRQV  7KHVH IDFWRUV DUH EDVHG RQ VWXGLHV RI SDVVHQJHU YHKLFOHV XQGHUWDNHQ
EHWZHHQDQG7UXFNWLUHEUDNLQJFDSDELOLW\LVW\SLFDOO\WKDWRISDVVHQJHUFDU
WLUHVWKLVPD\QHHGWREHEHWWHUUHIOHFWHGLQGHVLJQVWDQGDUGV$GGLWLRQDOO\WKHVLGHIULFWLRQ
YDOXHVZHUHGHWHUPLQHGRQWKHDVVXPSWLRQWKDWWKHYHKLFOHLVRQDWDQJHQWVHFWLRQRIURDGZD\
 

$QDOLJQPHQWWKDWLVFXUYHGLPSRVHVDJUHDWHUGHPDQGRQWKHWLUHVDQGLQFUHDVHVWKHUHTXLUHG
EUDNLQJGLVWDQFH
+RUL]RQWDO&XUYHV
$KRUL]RQWDOFXUYHLVRQHRIWKHWZRSULPDU\W\SHVRIFXUYHVKRUL]RQWDODQGYHUWLFDO
7KHKRUL]RQWDOFXUYHVWDQGDUGVUHSUHVHQWWKHPD[LPXPGHJUHHRIFXUYHRUPLQLPXPUDGLXV
0RVWFLYLOHQJLQHHUVDUHIDPLOLDUZLWKWKHEDVLFIRUPXODIRUKRUL]RQWDOFXUYDWXUH

9
H I 
5
ZKHUH

H UDWHRIVXSHUHOHYDWLRQGHFLPDOSHUFHQW
I VLGHIULFWLRQIDFWRU
9 YHKLFOHVSHHGNPKDQG
5 UDGLXVRIFXUYHP

)LJXUHVKRZVWKHEDVLFUHODWLRQVKLSVIRUDFLUFXODUKRUL]RQWDOFXUYHZKLOH)LJXUH
VKRZVRQHGHULYDWLRQRI(TXDWLRQ

P.I.
θ

T E T

L
D/2
100 ft arc M
P.C. C P.T.

θ/2 θ/2

M = R[1 - cos(θ/2)]
E = R[(sec(θ/2)) - 1]
D = 5729.58/R
T = R tan(θ/2)
L = 100 θ/D
C = 2R sin(θ/2)

)LJXUH+RUL]RQWDOFXUYHEDVLFHOHPHQWV


Ft
Fc
W v2
Fc = = centrifugal force
gR
n
Tur
tan θ + tan α
tan (θ + α) =
1 - (tan θ)(tan α)

e
θ+α tan θ =
1
θ α
Ft
tan α = =f
Fn
W
Fn

θ e
1
Ft

So
W v2
v2
= tan (θ + α) = tan θ + tan α =
gR e+f
tan (θ + α) = =
W gR 1 - (tan θ)(tan α) 1 - ef

e + f = v2
1 - ef g R

v2 (Design approximation)
e+f=
127 R

where
W = weight of vehicle
e = superelevation rate, decimal percent
g = acceleration due to the force of gravity, m/s/s
R = radius of circular curve, m
v = speed of vehicle, Km/h
Force tangential to pavement surface, Ft
f = side friction factor =
Force normal to pavement surface, Fn

)LJXUH'HULYDWLRQRIKRUL]RQWDOFLUFXODUFXUYH

$Q LQVWDQFH RI (TXDWLRQ  DV JLYHQ E\ $$6+72  LV URXJKO\ DV IROORZV  $
YHKLFOH WUDYHOLQJ RQ D QRQVXSHUHOHYDWHG FXUYH GHYHORSV WKHI QHFHVVDU\ WR UHVLVW FHQWULIXJDO
IRUFH SURYLGHG WKLV I LV OHVV WKDQ WKH PD[LPXP DWWDLQDEOH  $ YHKLFOH WUDYHOLQJ DW FRQVWDQW
VSHHGRQDFXUYHZLWKDQHVXFKWKDWILV]HURWKHRUHWLFDOO\UHTXLUHVQRVWHHULQJIRUFHEHFDXVH
WKHFHQWULIXJDOIRUFHLVEDODQFHGE\WKHZHLJKWRIWKHYHKLFOH:KHQDYHKLFOHLVWUDYHOLQJDWD
 

VSHHGRWKHUWKDQWKHEDODQFHVSHHGILVGHYHORSHGDVVWHHULQJHIIRUWLVDSSOLHGWRSUHYHQWWKH
YHKLFOHIURPPRYLQJWRWKHLQVLGHRURXWVLGHRIWKHFXUYH
$$6+72KDVHVWDEOLVKHGOLPLWLQJYDOXHVRIHDQGIIRUGLIIHUHQWGHVLJQVSHHGV7KH
PD[LPXPVXSHUHOHYDWLRQLVFRQVWUDLQHGE\SUDFWLFDOOLPLWDWLRQV7KHVHOLPLWVFDQEHDIIHFWHG
E\ FOLPDWH FRQGLWLRQV LI DQ DUHD LV VXEMHFW WR LFH DQG VQRZ LQFUHDVHG SRWHQWLDO IRU
K\GURSODQLQJDUHDW\SHXUEDQUXUDOWHUUDLQFRQGLWLRQVGULYHUGLVFRPIRUWDWORZVSHHGVDQG
WUXFNVZLWKKLJKHUFHQWHUVRIJUDYLW\%DVHGRQVWXGLHVDQGH[SHULHQFHWKHPD[LPXPUDWHRI
VXSHUHOHYDWLRQRQKLJKZD\VLVW\SLFDOO\DQGRFFDVLRQDOO\,QDUHDVVXEMHFWWRLFH
DQGVQRZSURYLGHVDSUDFWLFDOOLPLWLQJYDOXH
,Q DGGLWLRQ WR GHYHORSLQJ OLPLWLQJ YDOXHV RI VXSHUHOHYDWLRQ $$6+72 KDV DOVR
VWXGLHG GHVLJQ YDOXHV IRU WKH VLGH IULFWLRQ IDFWRU I  'LIIHUHQW SDYHPHQW FRQGLWLRQV
SDYHPHQWW\SHVDQGZHDWKHUFRQGLWLRQVKDYHEHHQVWXGLHGWKRXJKLWKDVEHHQFRQFOXGHGWKDW
WKHPD[LPXPDYDLODEOHVLGHIULFWLRQIDFWRUVKRXOGQRWEHXVHGLQGHVLJQ,QVWHDGRQHJXLGH
$$6+72 XVHV LV WKH IROORZLQJ ¦žWKH VSHHG RQ D FXUYH DW ZKLFK GLVFRPIRUW GXH WR WKH
FHQWULIXJDO IRUFH LV HYLGHQW WR WKH GULYHU FDQ EH DFFHSWHG DV WKH GHVLJQ FRQWURO IRU WKH
PD[LPXPDOORZDEOHDPRXQWRIVLGHIULFWLRQ§6LGHIULFWLRQIDFWRUVIRUGHVLJQSXUSRVHVUDQJH
IURPIRUNPKWRIRUNPK7DEOHSDUWRI7DEOH,,,IURP$$6+72
SURYLGHVWKHPLQLPXPUDGLXVIRUYDULRXVGHVLJQVSHHGVDQGVXSHUHOHYDWLRQFRPELQDWLRQV
)LJXUH  IURP 7['27©V 2SHUDWLRQV DQG 3URFHGXUHV 0DQXDO LOOXVWUDWHV WKH XVXDO
DQG DEVROXWH PD[LPXP GHJUHH RI FXUYH PLQLPXP UDGLXV IRU GHVLJQ VSHHGV RI   
DQGNPKDQGDVXSHUHOHYDWLRQRI7KHDEVROXWHPD[LPXPVDUHEDVHGGLUHFWO\
RQ WKRVH FDOFXODWHG LQ $$6+72  7KLV 7['27 ILJXUH UHIHUV WKH GHVLJQHU WR WKH $$6+72
GHVLJQ JXLGH IRU PD[LPXP GHJUHH RI FXUYH PLQLPXP UDGLXV YDOXHV WKDW DSSO\ WR
VXSHUHOHYDWLRQUDWHVRWKHUWKDQ)LJXUHDOVROLVWVWKHPD[LPXPGHJUHHRIFXUYHIRU
KLJKZD\ FXUYHV ZLWKRXW VXSHUHOHYDWLRQ  )LJXUH  IURP 7['27©V 2SHUDWLRQV DQG
3URFHGXUHV 0DQXDO VKRZV WKH VXSHUHOHYDWLRQ WR EH XVHG IRU YDULRXV GHVLJQ VSHHGV DQG
GHJUHHVRIFXUYDWXUHZKHUHWKHOLPLWLQJYDOXHVIURP)LJXUHDUHQRWXWLOL]HG7KLVWDEOHLV
DOVREDVHGRQDPD[LPXPVXSHUHOHYDWLRQRI
$Q DGGLWLRQDO DVSHFW RI WKH HIIHFW RI VXSHUHOHYDWLRQ RQ GHVLJQ LV WKH VXSHUHOHYDWLRQ
WUDQVLWLRQ  7KLV LV WKH OHQJWK RI URDGZD\ RYHU ZKLFK WKH H[LVWLQJ SURILOH LV FKDQJHG WR WKH
GHVLUHG VXSHUHOHYDWLRQ DQG YLFH YHUVD  )RU D VLPSOH FLUFXODU FXUYH WZRWKLUGV RI WKH
WUDQVLWLRQVKRXOGEHPDGHRXWVLGHWKHFXUYHDQGWKHUHPDLQLQJRQHWKLUGZLWKLQWKHOLPLWVRI
WKH FXUYH  2Q VSLUDO FXUYHV WKH WUDQVLWLRQ LV GLVWULEXWHG RYHU WKH VSLUDO  2Q KLJKVSHHG
IDFLOLWLHVGHVLUDEOHGHVLJQYDOXHVIRUOHQJWKRIVXSHUHOHYDWLRQDUHEDVHGRQXVLQJDPD[LPXP
UHODWLYHJUDGLHQWRISHUFHQWEHWZHHQSURILOHVRIWKHHGJHRISDYHPHQWDQGD[LVRIURWDWLRQ
7KLV OHQJWK LV GLUHFWO\ SURSRUWLRQDO WR WKH FKDQJH LQ SDYHPHQW HGJH HOHYDWLRQ RZLQJ WR
VXSHUHOHYDWLRQ7KHVXSHUHOHYDWLRQWUDQVLWLRQOHQJWKLVVXEMHFWWRPLQLPXPYDOXHVRI
DQGPHWHUVIRUGHVLJQVSHHGVRIDQGNPKUHVSHFWLYHO\


7DEOH0LQLPXPUDGLXVIRUGHVLJQRIDOOUXUDOKLJKZD\VDQGKLJKVSHHGXUEDQVWUHHWV
XVLQJOLPLWLQJYDOXHVRIHDQGI

'HVLJQ 0D[LPXP /LPLWLQJ &DOFXODWHG 5RXQGHG

6SHHG H 9DOXHV RI 7RWDO 5DGLXV 5DGLXV
NPK  I HI PHWHUV PHWHUV
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
127( ,Q UHFRJQLWLRQ RI VDIHW\ FRQVLGHUDWLRQV XVH RI HPD[  VKRXOG EH OLPLWHG WR XUEDQ FRQGLWLRQV
6RXUFH 7DEOH ,,,  $$6+72 5HI  S 

3UHYLRXVO\GLVFXVVLRQZDVSUHVHQWHGRQVDIHVWRSSLQJVLJKWGLVWDQFH66'%HFDXVH

WKDWGLVFXVVLRQSUHVHQWHGWKHVDIH66'IRUDVWUDLJKWURDGZD\VHFWLRQLWLVQRZQHFHVVDU\WR
H[WHQGVDIH66'WRKRUL]RQWDOFXUYHV$UHYLHZRI)LJXUHLVKHOSIXOLQXQGHUVWDQGLQJWKLV
FRQFHSW,IWKLVILJXUHLVFRQVLGHUHGSDUWRIDKRUL]RQWDOFXUYHWKHQ0ZRXOGUHSUHVHQWWKH
GLVWDQFH IURP WKH URDGZD\ LQVLGH ODQH WR WKH VLJKW OLQH REVWUXFWLRQ  7KH FKRUG OHQJWK WKHQ
UHSUHVHQWVWKHOLQHRIVLJKWZLWKWKHDUFOHQJWKHTXDOWRWKHGLVWDQFHWUDYHOHG7KHUHTXLUHPHQW
IRUVDIHVWRSSLQJVLJKWGLVWDQFHWKHQVLPSO\EHFRPHVWKHUHTXLUHGDUFOHQJWKWUDYHOGLVWDQFH
QHFHVVDU\ WR UHDFW DQG VWRS RQFH DQ REMHFW KDV EHHQ VLJKWHG DORQJ WKH OLQH RI VLJKW  2Q D
KRUL]RQWDOFXUYHWKHOLQHRIVLJKWWRDQREMHFWLVDVVXPHGWRLQWHUFHSWWKHYLHZREVWUXFWLRQDW
 

WKHPLGSRLQWRIWKHVLJKWOLQH)LJXUHIURPWKH7['27GHVLJQPDQXDOSURYLGHVVWRSSLQJ
VLJKWGLVWDQFHIRUKRUL]RQWDOFXUYHV

STANDARDS FOR CURVATURE OF HIGH SPEED HIGHWAYS

AND CONNECTING ROADWAYS WITH SUPERELEVATION

Design Speed Usual Max. 1 Absolute Max. 1, 2

(mph) Degree of Curve Degree of Curve
(Radius of Curve) (Radius of Curve)

30 15°00'3 (273') 22°45' (252')

40 10°00' (573') 12°15' (468')

50 6°00' (955') 7°30' (764')

60 3°00' (1910') 4°45' (1206')

70 2°00' (2865') 3°00' (1910')

1 Based on superelevation rate of e

max = 0.08 ft./ft. For other maximum superelevation
rates refer to AASHTO's A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets,
1984.

2 Absolute maximum values should be used only where unusual design circumstances
dictate.

3 Applies to new location construction. For R-R-R or reconstruction, existing curvature

equal to or flatter than absolute maximum value may be retained unless accident
history warrants flattening curvature.

STANDARDS FOR CURVATURE OF HIGH SPEED HIGHWAYS

WITHOUT SUPERELEVATION1

Design Speed Max. Degree of

(mph) Curve

50 0°30'

60 0°20'

70 0°15'

80 0°15'

1Normal crown maintained. See Figure 4-6 for low speed streets.

Figure 4-4. Refers to Paragraph 4-202(D)1

(Source: Figure 4-4, SDHPT Operations and Procedures Manual, Ref. 5 p. 4-13)

)LJXUH7H[DVFXUYDWXUHVWDQGDUGV


VALUES FOR SUPERELEVATION RATE RELATED

TO CURVATURE ON HIGH SPEED HIGHWAYS

Superelevation Rate, e, for Design Speed of:

D Radius 40 mph 50 mph 60 mph 70 mph

0°15' 22918' NC NC NC NC

0°30' 11459' NC NC RC RC

0°45' 7639' NC RC .022 .028

1°00' 5730' RC .021 .029 .036

1°30' 3820' .021 .030 .041 .051

2°00' 2865' .027 .038 .051 .065

2°30' 2292' .033 .046 .061 .075

3°00' 1910' .038 .053 .068 .080

3°30' 1637' .043 .058 .074

4°00' 1432' .047 .063 .078

5°00' 1146' .055 .071 .080

6°00' 955' .062 .077

7°00' 819' .067 .080

8°00' 716' .071

9°00' 637' .075

10°00' 573' .078

NC = Normal Crown
RC = Reverse Crown emax = 0.08 ft./ft.

Figure 4-10. Refers to Paragraph 4-202(D)4

(Source: Figure 4-10, SDHPT Operations and Procedures Manual, Ref. 5, p. 4-20)

)LJXUH7H[DVVXSHUHOHYDWLRQVWDQGDUGV
 

STOPPING SIGHT DISTANCE

ON HORIZONTAL CURVES

Sight Distance (S) Measured

Along This Line

Based on Minimum SSD

Lane 30
side
In 200
L
C

Line of Sight
Eye Object

e)
Obstruction

Lan
D = Degree of Curvature - Centerline of Inside Lane
of Cutbank
25

ide
R

R = Radius - Centerline of Inside Lane - Feet

R

Ins
250

L of
HEIGHT OF EYE 3.50 FEET.

C
HEIGHT OF OBJECT 0.5 FEET.

ng
20

5
alo
Design Speed Sight Distance Ft. 300

27
=
red
M.P.H. MIN. DES.

S
30 200 200

asu

40
40 275 325

(Me

)=
50 400 475 15

PH
400

20'
60 525 650

M
g) 2

d
70 625 850

ee
Sp
500
pin
S = SIGHT DISTANCE IN FEET

ign
Sto

R = RADIUS OF CL INSIDE LANE IN FEET 10

es 600
S(

N = DISTANCE FROM INSIDE LANE IN FEET 0

(D
0
=4 700
V

V = DESIGN SPEED FOR S IN M.P.H.

30

S 800
0
V=

V =5 525 1000
ANGLE IS EXPRESSED IN DEGREES 5 S=
60 = 625 2000
V= 0 S
7
N=R [VERS (28.65R S( [ V = 3000
4000
5000
6000
S=
R
28.65 [ ( ([
COS-1 R - N
R
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
N = MIDDLE ORDINATE
Formula applies only when S is equal
to or less than length of curve.

Figure 4-12. Refers to Paragraph 4-202(D)5

(Source: Figure 4-12, SDHPT Operations and Procedures Manual, Ref. 5 p. 4-23)

)LJXUH7H[DVVWRSSLQJVLJKWGLVWDQFHVWDQGDUGV
9HUWLFDO&XUYHV
7KH ILQDO EDVLF JHRPHWULF HOHPHQW WR EH GLVFXVVHG LV YHUWLFDO FXUYHV  7KH YHUWLFDO
FXUYHLVXVHGZKHUHYHUDFKDQJHLQHOHYDWLRQPXVWEHDFKLHYHG)RUH[DPSOHDYHUWLFDOFXUYH


PD\EHXVHGWRFRQQHFWWZRSRUWLRQVRIDURDGZD\DWGLIIHUHQWHOHYDWLRQV7KLVRIWHQRFFXUV
RQUDPSVZKHUHWKHFRQQHFWLRQRIWKHUDPSRQRQHURDGLVDWDQHOHYDWLRQGLIIHUHQWIURPWKDW
RIWKHUDPSFRQQHFWLRQWRWKHRWKHUURDG$OVRDYHUWLFDOFXUYHLVRIWHQXVHGWRFRQQHFWWZR
SRUWLRQVRIWKHVDPHURDGZD\DWWKHVDPHHOHYDWLRQZLWKDFKDQJHLQHOHYDWLRQEHWZHHQWKH
WZRSRLQWVVXFKDVLQWKHFDVHRIDQRYHUSDVV$FRPPRQO\XVHGW\SHRIYHUWLFDOFXUYHLVD
SDUDEROLFYHUWLFDOFXUYH6RPHSURSHUWLHVRIWKLVFXUYHDUH

 7DQJHQWVGUDZQIURPDQ\WZRSRLQWVRQDYHUWLFDOD[LVSDUDERODDOZD\VLQWHUVHFW
PLGZD\EHWZHHQWKHSRLQWVRIWDQJHQF\ZKHUHGLVWDQFHLVPHDVXUHGKRUL]RQWDOO\
7KLVLVRIWHQUHIHUUHGWRDVDQHTXDOWDQJHQWYHUWLFDOFXUYH

 9HUWLFDORIIVHWVIURPDWDQJHQWWRDSDUDERODDUHSURSRUWLRQDOWRWKHVTXDUHRIWKH
GLVWDQFHIURPWKHSRLQWRIWDQJHQF\

\ N[ 
ZKHUH

N </RU</\[

 7KHH[WHUQDOGLVWDQFH(DQGWKHPLGGOHRUGLQDWH0DUHHTXDODQG

( 0 $/ 
ZKHUH

$ DOJHEUDLFGLIIHUHQFHLQJUDGHVDQG
/ KRUL]RQWDOOHQJWKRISDUDEROD

 7KH VORSH JUDGLHQW RI D WDQJHQW WR WKH SDUDEROD FKDQJHV D FRQVWDQW DPRXQW IRU
HDFKLQFUHPHQWRIKRUL]RQWDOGLVWDQFH

. /$ 
ZKHUH

. KRUL]RQWDOGLVWDQFHWRDIIHFWDSHUFHQWFKDQJHLQJUDGH

 7KH KLJKHVW RU ORZHVW SRLQW RQ WKH SDUDEROLF YHUWLFDO FXUYH OLHV EHWZHHQ WKH
YHUWLFDOSRLQWRIFXUYDWXUH39&DQGWKHYHUWLFDOSRLQWRIWDQJHQF\397ZKHUH
WKHVORSHRIDWDQJHQWWRWKHFXUYHLV]HUR
 

0RVWYHUWLFDOFXUYHVZLOOEHRIWKHV\PPHWULFW\SHDOWKRXJKLQLQVWDQFHVZKHUHWKLV
W\SHRIFXUYHZLOOQRWVDWLVI\FULWLFDOFOHDUDQFHVRURWKHUFRQWUROVXQV\PPHWULFDOFXUYHVPD\
EHXVHG
7KHSUHGRPLQDQWIDFWRUDIIHFWLQJWKHVDIHGHVLJQRIDYHUWLFDOFXUYHLVWKHUHTXLUHPHQW
IRUDGHTXDWHVLJKWGLVWDQFHDWGHVLJQVSHHGZKLFKDWPLQLPXPVKRXOGEHVDIHVWRSSLQJVLJKW
GLVWDQFH&RPIRUWLVDOVRDFRQVLGHUDWLRQDQGLVW\SLFDOO\PRUHFULWLFDORQVDJFXUYHVEHFDXVH
ERWK JUDYLW\ DQG YHUWLFDO FHQWULIXJDO IRUFHV DUH DFWLQJ LQ WKH VDPH GLUHFWLRQ  &UHVW YHUWLFDO
FXUYHV W\SLFDOO\ KDYH D PLQLPXP OHQJWK FRQWUROOHG E\ VLJKW GLVWDQFH UHTXLUHPHQWV ZLWK
FRPIRUW DQG DSSHDUDQFH JHQHUDOO\ VDWLVILHG  (TXDWLRQV  DQG  PD\ EH XVHG LQ WKH
GHWHUPLQDWLRQRIPLQLPXP/ RI D YHUWLFDO SDUDEROLF FXUYH  $$6+72 DQG 7['27 SURYLGH
ILJXUHV EDVHG RQ WKHVH HTXDWLRQV  )LJXUH  $$6+72 )LJXUH ,,, VDPH DV 7['27
)LJXUHLVLQFOXGHGDVDQH[DPSOH)LJXUHSURYLGHVWKHUHTXLUHGOHQJWKVRIDYHUWLFDO
FXUYHIRUYDOXHVRI$IURPWR7KLVILJXUHLVEDVHGRQWKHXSSHUUDQJHRIVWRSSLQJVLJKW
GLVWDQFHVIURP7DEOH1RWLFHWKDWWKHUHDUHVRPHDGMXVWPHQWVWRWKHORZHUUDQJHRI$DQG
/YDOXHVLQWKH6/UHJLRQ7KHVHDGMXVWPHQWVDUHEDVHGRQFRPPRQGHVLJQSUDFWLFHVWKDW
VXJJHVWDPLQLPXPOHQJWKIRUYHUWLFDOFXUYHV2QHJXLGH$$6+72JLYHVWRUHIOHFWFXUUHQW
SUDFWLFHLVDPLQLPXPOHQJWKRIWLPHVWKHGHVLJQVSHHGRU/PLQ 9:KLOHQRWLQFOXGHG
LQWKLVUHSRUW$$6+72DOVRSURYLGHVDILJXUHVLPLODUWR)LJXUHEDVHGRQWKHORZHUUDQJH
RIVWRSSLQJVLJKWGLVWDQFHYDOXHV2WKHUFRQVLGHUDWLRQVLQWKHGHVLJQRIFUHVWYHUWLFDOFXUYHV
WKDWDUHIXUWKHUGLVFXVVHGLQ$$6+72DUHGUDLQDJHDQGSDVVLQJVLJKWGLVWDQFH7KHVHLWHPV
DUHQRWGLVFXVVHGKHUHEHFDXVHILUVWGUDLQDJHQHHGQRWQHFHVVLWDWHDGHVLJQOLPLWDWLRQRQO\D
IDFWRUWKDWPXVWEHDFFRXQWHGIRUDQGVHFRQGSDVVLQJLVW\SLFDOO\QRWDQLVVXHRQUDPSV
7KH SURFHVV WR GHWHUPLQH WKH PLQLPXP OHQJWK IRU D VDJ YHUWLFDO FXUYH WHQGV WR EH
PRUH LQYROYHG ZLWK $$6+72 KLJKOLJKWLQJ IRXU GLIIHUHQW FULWHULD WKDW PXVW EH PHW 7KHVH
FULWHULDLQFOXGHKHDGOLJKWVLJKWGLVWDQFHULGHUFRPIRUWGUDLQDJHFRQWURODQGDUXOH
RIWKXPE IRU JHQHUDO DSSHDUDQFH  2I WKHVH FULWHULD KHDGOLJKW VLJKW GLVWDQFH LV W\SLFDOO\ WKH
JRYHUQLQJ IDFWRU  7KLV FULWHULRQ LV EDVHG RQ WKH VLJKW GLVWDQFH RI D YHKLFOH WUDYHUVLQJ D
YHUWLFDOFXUYHEHLQJGHSHQGHQWXSRQWKHKHDGOLJKWV©SRVLWLRQGLUHFWLRQRIWKHOLJKWEHDPDQG
FXUYDWXUH RI WKH URDGZD\  (TXDWLRQV  DQG  PD\ EH XVHG LQ WKH FDOFXODWLRQ RI WKH
PLQLPXP VDJ OHQJWK  7KH GHVLJQ REMHFWLYH IRU VDIHW\ LV WKDW RQ D VDJ YHUWLFDO FXUYH WKH
FXUYHOHQJWKEHRIDGHTXDWHOHQJWKVXFKWKDWWKHOLJKWEHDPGLVWDQFHLVQHDUO\WKHVDPHDVWKH
VWRSSLQJVLJKWGLVWDQFH  $V ZLWK WKH FUHVW YHUWLFDO FXUYHV $$6+72 KDV GHYHORSHG ILJXUHV
IRU WKH GHVLJQ FRQWUROV IRU VDJ YHUWLFDO FXUYHV IRU ERWK WKH KLJKHU DQG ORZHU UDQJHV RI
VWRSSLQJVLJKWGLVWDQFH


16

3
/h k = 5

= 10
14 v = 30 km/h k =

D)
18
/h k

TE
v = 40 km

k=

PU
0 km

M
/h

O
km
12

(C
v=5
A = Algebraic Difference in Grade (%)

31
9
60

.3
49

=
30
1

v=
k= =5

k
=
K

/h
/h

km
10 km UM

/h
80

km
M

70
I
v= AX

=
70
M

v
= G E
NA 71
v
8 RA
I k=
D /h
0 km
v =9

6 105
/h k=
10 0 km
v= 51
4 /h k=1
10 km
v=1 2
k = 20
0 km/h
v = 12
2

0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
L = Minimum Length of Crest Vertical Curve (m)

)LJXUH'HVLJQFRQWUROVIRUFUHVWYHUWLFDOFXUYHVIRUVWRSSLQJVLJKWGLVWDQFHDQGRSHQ
URDGFRQGLWLRQV¥XSSHUUDQJH

$VPHQWLRQHGSUHYLRXVO\FRPIRUWLVDJUHDWHULVVXHZLWKVDJYHUWLFDOFXUYHVEHFDXVH
RI WKH FRPSRXQGLQJ RI JUDYLWDWLRQDO DQG FHQWULIXJDO IRUFHV  &RPIRUW RQ D YHUWLFDO FXUYH LV
QRW VLPSO\ D IXQFWLRQ RI WKH FXUYH LWVHOI EXW DOVR RI WKH YHKLFOH ERG\ VXVSHQVLRQ WLUH
IOH[LELOLW\ DQG YHKLFOH ZHLJKW %DVHG RQ OLPLWHG VWXGLHV $$6+72 VWDWHV WKH JHQHUDO
FRQFOXVLRQWKDWFHQWULIXJDODFFHOHUDWLRQVKRXOGQRWH[FHHGIWVHFZKLFKOHDGVWR(TXDWLRQ
7\SLFDOO\WKLVOHQJWKLVKDOIWKDWUHTXLUHGIRUKHDGOLJKWGLVWDQFHWKXVFRPIRUWLVQRW
XVXDOO\DJRYHUQLQJIDFWRU
,QDGGLWLRQDVZLWKWKHFUHVWYHUWLFDOFXUYHDPLQLPXPOHQJWKRIVDJYHUWLFDOFXUYHVLV
XWLOL]HG LQ SUDFWLFH  7KH FUHVW FRQGLWLRQ RI 9  / LV DOVR XVHG IRU VDJ YHUWLFDO FXUYHV
$SSHDUDQFH DQG GUDLQDJH DUH QRW GLVFXVVHG ZLWKLQ WKLV UHSRUW JLYHQ WKDW WKHVH FRQGLWLRQV
 

UDUHO\JRYHUQUDPSGHVLJQ$PRUHFRPSOHWHGLVFXVVLRQRIWKHVHLVVXHVPD\EHIRXQGLQWKH
7['27 RU $$6+72 GHVLJQ JXLGHV  2WKHU LPSRUWDQW DVSHFWV RI YHUWLFDO FXUYHV ZKLFK DUH
GLVFXVVHGZLWKLQWKHUDPSGHVLJQVHFWLRQRIWKHUHSRUWDUHWKHHIIHFWVRIJUDGHVRQRSHUDWLQJ
SHUIRUPDQFHDQGPD[LPXPDOORZDEOHJUDGHV

)RUPXODVIRUYHUWLFDOFXUYHGHVLJQ

6LJKWGLVWDQFHDWFUHVW

:KHQ $6

 
6  / /

 KH  KR


:KHQ 6 ! / / 6 
  KH  KR 


$ 

+HDGOLJKWEHDPVLJKWGLVWDQFHVDJV

:KHQ 6  / /
 
$6

 6WDQq 


   6WDQq 

:KHQ 6 ! / / 6  
$

8QGHUSDVVHV

$6
:KHQ 6  / /
§ K  K ·
 ¨¨ &  H R ¸¸
©  ¹ 

§ K  K ·
 ¨¨ &  H R ¸¸
:KHQ 6 ! / / 6 
©
$
 ¹ 

0LQLPXPOHQJWKIRUFRPIRUW


$9
/ $$6+72 6DJV 



7DNHRIIYHORFLW\

/
9WDNH  RII 
$

ZKHUH

/ /HQJWKRISDUDEROLFFXUYHP
$ DOJHEUDLFGLIIHUHQFHLQJUDGHV
& YHUWLFDOFOHDUDQFHDWXQGHUSDVVP
KH KHLJKWRIH\HDERYHURDGPP7\SPP

D XSZDUGGLYHUJHQFHRIKHDGOLJKWEHDPGHJUHHV
6 VLJKWGLVWDQFHP
\ KHLJKWRIKHDGOLJKWP
9 VSHHGNPKDQG
KR KHLJKWRIREMHFWPPW\SPP

,17(5&+$1*(6$1'5$037<3(6
%HIRUHUHYLHZLQJUDPSGHVLJQWKHORFDWLRQVZKHUHUDPSVDUHXVHGDQGWKH GLIIHUHQW
W\SHV RI UDPSV DUH SUHVHQWHG  )LQDOO\ WKH FXUUHQW VWDWH RI SUDFWLFH LQ UDPS GHVLJQ LV
SUHVHQWHG
,QWHUFKDQJHV
7KHUDPSVEHLQJVWXGLHGIRUWKLVUHSRUWDUHW\SLFDOO\XWLOL]HGDVSDUWRIDQLQWHUFKDQJH
RU IUHHZD\WRIURQWDJH URDG FRQQHFWLRQ ,QWHUFKDQJHV SURYLGH D VHSDUDWLRQ RI WUDIILF
PRYHPHQWVDQGVKRXOGEHGHVLJQHGWRSURYLGHWKHKLJKHVWSRVVLEOHWUDIILFVHUYLFH:LWKWKH
QXPHURXV IUHHZD\V ORFDWLRQ FRQVWUDLQWV YDU\LQJ FDSDFLW\ QHHGV DQG RWKHU LQGLYLGXDO
ORFDWLRQ FLUFXPVWDQFHV GLIIHUHQW W\SHV RI LQWHUFKDQJHV KDYH EHHQ GHYHORSHG  7['27©V
+LJKZD\ 'HVLJQ 'LYLVLRQ©V 2SHUDWLRQV DQG 3URFHGXUHV 0DQXDO OLVWV VL[ EDVLF W\SHV RI
LQWHUFKDQJHV  )LJXUH  VKRZV VRPH RI WKH YDULRXV W\SHV RI LQWHUFKDQJHV ZKLFK DUH
GHVFULEHGEHORZ
7UXPSHWRU7HH7KLVLQWHUFKDQJHW\SHLVFRPPRQO\XVHGIRUWKUHHOHJLQWHUFKDQJHV
LQWKHFRQQHFWLRQRIDPDMRUIDFLOLW\ZLWKDIUHHZD\
'LDPRQG  7KH GLDPRQG LV WKH PRVW FRPPRQO\ XWLOL]HG LQWHUFKDQJH W\SH  ,W LV
SDUWLFXODUO\ SUHYDOHQW LQ XUEDQ VHWWLQJV ZKHUH LWV ORZDUHD UHTXLUHPHQW LV D PDMRU DVVHW
'LDPRQGLQWHUFKDQJHVDUHXVHGSUHGRPLQDQWO\IRUPDMRUPLQRUFURVVLQJV
 

)LJXUH7\SLFDOLQWHUFKDQJHV


7KUHH/HYHO'LDPRQG,QWHUFKDQJH7KHVHLQWHUFKDQJHVDUHW\SLFDOO\XVHG LQ XUEDQ

DUHDVZKHUHWKHFURVVVWUHHWKDVKLJKIORZVDQGZKHUHDUHJXODUGLDPRQGLQWHUFKDQJHZLOOQRW
SURYLGH DGHTXDWH FDSDFLW\  7KLV IDFLOLW\ LV QRW UHFRPPHQGHG IRU WKH FURVVLQJ RI WZR
FRQWUROOHGDFFHVVIDFLOLWLHV
&ORYHUOHDI  7KH FORYHUOHDI LQWHUFKDQJH LV D WZROHYHO LQWHUFKDQJH WKDW XWLOL]HV ORRS
UDPSV LQ DOO IRXU TXDGUDQWV WR HOLPLQDWH OHIWWXUQ FRQIOLFWV  &ORYHUOHDIV DUH W\SLFDOO\
LQDSSURSULDWH DW XUEDQ FURVVLQJV RI WZR FRQWUROOHGDFFHVV IDFLOLWLHV RZLQJ WR FDSDFLW\
UHVWULFWLRQV RI WKH ORRS UDPSV LH WUDIILF YROXPHV VKRXOG QRW H[FHHG  YSK RQ D ORRS
UDPS
3DUWLDO&ORYHUOHDIV3DUWLDOFORYHUOHDIVDUHVLPLODUWRDFORYHUOHDILQWHUFKDQJHH[FHSW
WKDWORRSUDPSVDUHQRWXWLOL]HGLQDOOIRXUTXDGUDQWV
'LUHFWLRQDO$QLQWHUFKDQJHWKDWXWLOL]HVGLUHFWRUVHPLGLUHFWFRQQHFWLRQVIRURQHRU
PRUHOHIWWXUQPRYHPHQWVLVDGLUHFWLRQDOLQWHUFKDQJH$QDOOGLUHFWLRQDOLQWHUFKDQJHKDVDOO
WXUQLQJPRYHPHQWVRQD GLUHFW RU VHPLGLUHFW UDPS  'LUHFWLRQDO LQWHUFKDQJHV SURYLGH VSHHG
DQGFDSDFLW\LPSURYHPHQWVRYHUFORYHUOHDIDQGGLDPRQGLQWHUFKDQJHV
$V PHQWLRQHG UDPSV DUH DOVR XWLOL]HG LQ WKH FRQQHFWLRQ RI IXOO\ FRQWUROOHGDFFHVV
IDFLOLWLHVZLWKIURQWDJHURDGV)URQWDJHURDGVDQGIURQWDJHURDGUDPSVPD\EHLQFRUSRUDWHG
LQWRWKHDERYHVL[LQWHUFKDQJHW\SHV)URQWDJHURDGUDPSVDUHRIWHQXWLOL]HGLQWKHFRQQHFWLRQ
RIWKHIUHHZD\ZLWKWKHIURQWDJHURDGEHWZHHQLQWHUFKDQJHV
$ PRUH LQGHSWK GLVFXVVLRQ RI WKH YDULRXV LQWHUFKDQJH W\SHV DQG WKHLU SRVVLEOH
FRQILJXUDWLRQV LV EH\RQG WKH VFRSH RI WKLV VWXG\ )RU IXUWKHU LQIRUPDWLRQ LQ WKLV DUHD WKH
UHDGHULVGLUHFWHGWRWKH7['27DQG$$6+72GHVLJQJXLGHV$QLQIRUPDWLYHGLVFXVVLRQRQ
PDQ\ RI WKH LVVXHV WR EH FRQVLGHUHG ZKHQ FKRRVLQJ DQ LQWHUFKDQJH FRQILJXUDWLRQ PD\ EH
IRXQG LQ WKHVH UHVRXUFHV ZKLFK LGHQWLI\ QRW RQO\ WKH VWUHQJWKV DQG ZHDNQHVVHV RI WKH
GLIIHUHQW FRQILJXUDWLRQV EXW DOVR VLWXDWLRQV ZKHUH D SDUWLFXODU IDFLOLW\ W\SH PD\ EH
DSSURSULDWH RU LQDSSURSULDWH $Q XQGHUVWDQGLQJ RI WKHVH LVVXHV FDQ IDFLOLWDWH SODQQLQJ DQG
GHVLJQGHFLVLRQV
5DPS7\SHV
)RU WKLV UHSRUW D UDPS LV GHILQHG LQ DFFRUGDQFH ZLWK WKH $$6+72 GHVLJQ JXLGH
ZKLFK VWDWHV WKDW ¦WKH WHUP ¨UDPS© LQFOXGHV DOO W\SHV DUUDQJHPHQWV DQG VL]HV RI WXUQLQJ
URDGZD\VWKDWFRQQHFWWZRRUPRUHOHJVDWDQLQWHUFKDQJH7KHFRPSRQHQWVRIDUDPSDUHD
WHUPLQDO DW HDFK OHJ DQG D FRQQHFWLQJ URDG XVXDOO\ ZLWK VRPH FXUYDWXUH DQG RQ D JUDGH§
7KH FRQQHFWLQJ URDGZD\ LV RIWHQ UHIHUUHG WR DV WKH UDPS SURSHU  7KLV GHILQLWLRQ GLIIHUV
VOLJKWO\IURPWKDWSURYLGHGLQ7['27©V2SHUDWLRQVDQG3URFHGXUHV0DQXDOZKLFKGHILQHVD
UDPSDVZKDW$$6+72UHIHUVWRDVWKHUDPSWHUPLQDODQGWKHSRUWLRQRIURDGZD\FRQQHFWLQJ
WRWKHUDPSWHUPLQDOVDVFRQQHFWLQJURDGZD\V
 

)LJXUH  LOOXVWUDWHV WKH GLIIHUHQW UDPS W\SHV 1RW LQFOXGHG LQ WKLV LOOXVWUDWLRQ LV D
IURQWDJHURDGUDPS7KHUDPSW\SHVVKRZQLQ)LJXUHDUHXWLOL]HGLQWKHFRQILJXUDWLRQRI
WKHSUHYLRXVO\GLVFXVVHGLQWHUFKDQJHV:KLOHWKHUHDUHQXPHURXVYDULDWLRQVRIWKHVHUDPSVLQ
XVHPRVWUDPSVILWURXJKO\LQWRRQHRIWKHUDPSW\SHVLOOXVWUDWHG6SHFLILFYDULDWLRQVRIWKH
VKDSHRIDUDPSLQHDFKFDWHJRU\PD\EHLQIOXHQFHGE\VXFKIDFWRUVDVWUDIILFSDWWHUQWUDIILF
YROXPHGHVLJQVSHHGWRSRJUDSK\FXOWXUHLQWHUVHFWLRQDQJOHDQGW\SHRIUDPSWHUPLQDO$OO
WKHUDPSVGLVFXVVHGDUHW\SLFDOO\RQHZD\7KHUDPSW\SHVVKRZQDUHGHVFULEHGEHORZ
'LDJRQDO  'LDJRQDO UDPSV DUH UHJXODUO\ XVHG LQ FRQQHFWLQJ D PLQRU QRQIXOO\
FRQWUROOHG DFFHVV IDFLOLW\ WR D IXOO\ FRQWUROOHGDFFHVV IDFLOLW\  7KH UDPS LQ )LJXUH 
LOOXVWUDWHVDQRQUDPSIURPWKHPLQRUURDGWRWKHIUHHZD\+RZHYHUGLDJRQDOUDPSVDUHDOVR
XWLOL]HG DV RIIUDPSV IURP WKH IUHHZD\ WR WKH PLQRU URDGZD\  &RPPRQO\ ERWK OHIW DQG
ULJKWWXUQLQJ PRYHPHQWV H[LVW DW WKH UDPS WHUPLQDO ZLWK WKH PLQRU URDG  'LDPRQG
LQWHUFKDQJHVW\SLFDOO\XWLOL]HGLDJRQDOUDPSV$W\SHRIGLDJRQDOUDPSXVXDOO\FDOOHGDVOLS
UDPSLVIUHTXHQWO\XVHGWRFRQQHFWDIUHHZD\WRDIURQWDJHURDG
2QH4XDGUDQW 5DPS  $V VKRZQ LQ )LJXUH  WKLV UDPS LV D W\SH RI ORRS UDPS
XWLOL]HGLQFRQQHFWLQJWZRQRQIXOO\FRQWUROOHGDFFHVVIDFLOLWLHV,QWKHLOOXVWUDWLRQWKHUHDUH
GRXEOH OHIW DQG ULJKW WXUQLQJ PRYHPHQWV DW ERWK HQGV RI WKH UDPS  ,W LV DOVR SRVVLEOH WR
KDYHGRXEOHWXUQLQJPRYHPHQWVDWMXVWRQHHQGRIWKHORRSZLWKDVLQJOHWXUQLQJPRYHPHQWDW
WKHRWKHUHQGRUVLQJOHWXUQLQJPRYHPHQWVDWERWKHQGV7KHORRSUDPSRIWHQLVPRUHLQGLUHFW
WKDQRWKHUUDPSW\SHV
/RRS DQG 6HPLGLUHFW  7KLV VHW RI UDPS FRQILJXUDWLRQV SURYLGHV D SRUWLRQ RI WKH
W\SLFDO¦WUXPSHW§OD\RXWV7KHFRQILJXUDWLRQVKRZQLVRIWHQUHIHUUHGWRDVDMXJKDQGOH7KH
VHPLGLUHFW UDPS SURYLGHV ZKDW ZRXOG EH D OHIWWXUQ PRYHPHQW DW DQ DWJUDGH LQWHUVHFWLRQ
WKURXJKDPRWLRQWRWKHULJKWIROORZHGE\DUHYHUVDORIGLUHFWLRQWRWKHGHVLUHGGLUHFWLRQ$
VHPLGLUHFWUDPSPD\DOVREHXVHGIRUULJKWWXUQVEXWXVXDOO\LVQRWEHFDXVHRWKHUUDPSVVXFK
DVGLDJRQDOUDPSVPD\EHXWLOL]HGIRUWKLVIXQFWLRQ7KHVHPLGLUHFWUDPSSURYLGHVIRUWUDYHO
GLVWDQFHVWKDWDUHOHVVWKDQWKDWRIDORRSUDPSEXWPRUHWKDQWKDWRIDGLUHFWLRQDOUDPS7KH
ORRSUDPSDVVRFLDWHGZLWKWKLVVHPLGLUHFWUDPSLVVHHQWRKDYHVLQJOHWXUQLQJPRYHPHQWVDW
ERWKHQGVDQGVDWLVILHVZKDWZRXOGEHDOHIWWXUQPRYHPHQWLQDQDWJUDGHLQWHUVHFWLRQ
/RRSDQG2XWHU&RQQHFWLRQ7KLVLVDQRWKHUH[DPSOHRIDORRSUDPSKDYLQJVLQJOH
WXUQPRYHPHQWVDWERWKHQGV  7KLV FRQILJXUDWLRQ DOORZV IRU D OHIWWXUQLQJ PRYHPHQW WR EH
PDGH ZLWKRXW DQ DWJUDGH FURVVLQJ  'ULYHUV LQVWHDG WUDYHO VWUDLJKW WKURXJK WKH LQWHUVHFWLRQ
WKHQ PDNH D ULJKW RQWR WKH ORRS UDPS DQG WUDYHO q WR WKH GHVLUHG IUHHZD\ GLUHFWLRQ
&RPSOHPHQWLQJWKHORRSUDPSLVDQRXWHUFRQQHFWLRQ7KLVUDPSSURYLGHVZKDWZRXOGKDYH
EHHQDULJKWWXUQPRYHPHQWDWDQDWJUDGHLQWHUVHFWLRQRIWKHWZRURDGZD\V
'LUHFWLRQDO2IWKHUDPSVGLVFXVVHGWKHGLUHFWLRQDOUDPSW\SLFDOO\RIIHUVWKHKLJKHVW
VSHHGV DQG FDSDFLW\ ZLWK WKH VKRUWHVW WUDYHO GLVWDQFHV  $V VKRZQ LQ )LJXUH  WKH
GLUHFWLRQDO UDPS VDWLVILHV D OHIWWXUQ PRYHPHQW WKURXJK D GLUHFW FRQQHFWLRQ RI WKH WZR
URDGZD\V


6RXUFH )LJXUH ;  $$6+72 5HI  S 

)LJXUH5DPSW\SHV
 

$V PHQWLRQHG WKH DERYH UDPS W\SHV IRUP WKH FRPSRQHQWV RI WKH GLVFXVVHG
LQWHUFKDQJHV)RUH[DPSOHDIXOOFORYHUOHDIZLOOFRQVLVWRIIRXUORRSVDQGRXWHUFRQQHFWLRQV
ZKLOH D WUXPSHW PD\ FRQVLVW RI WZR GLDJRQDO RU ULJKW GLUHFWLRQDO UDPSV ¥ RQH
VHPLGLUHFWLRQDODQGRQHORRSUDPS
5$03'(6,*1
7KH UHYLHZ RI WKH EDVLF HOHPHQWV RI GHVLJQ DQG WKH GLIIHUHQW UDPS W\SHV SURYLGHV D
IRXQGDWLRQIRUUHYLHZLQJFXUUHQWUDPSGHVLJQSUDFWLFHV7KH¦FXUUHQWSUDFWLFHV§DVGLVFXVVHG
LQWKHUHSRUWDUHEDVHGRQ7['27©V+LJKZD\'HVLJQ'LYLVLRQ©V2SHUDWLRQVDQG3URFHGXUHV
0DQXDODQGRQ$$6+72©V$3ROLF\RQ*HRPHWULF'HVLJQRI+LJKZD\VDQG6WUHHWV
7KH HIIHFW RI WKH FKRLFH RI UDPS GHVLJQ VSHHG RQ WKH YDULRXV JHRPHWULF IHDWXUHV DQG
RSHUDWLRQDOFKDUDFWHULVWLFVZLOOEHVHHQWKURXJKRXWWKLVVHFWLRQ
'HVLJQ6SHHG
7KHSULPDU\IRFXVRIWKLVVWXG\LVWKHFXUUHQWUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQWKHGHVLJQVSHHGRI
WKH LQWHUVHFWLQJ KLJKZD\ DQG WKH FKRLFH RI UDPS GHVLJQ VSHHG  &XUUHQW 7['27 SUDFWLFH
SUHVFULEHVWKDW¦DOOUDPSVDQGFRQQHFWLRQVVKDOOEHGHVLJQHGWROHDYHDQGHQWHUWKHWUDYHOHG
ZD\ RI WKH IUHHZD\ DW QR OHVV WKDQ  SHUFHQW  SHUFHQW XVXDO  SHUFHQW GHVLUDEOH RI D
IUHHZD\©VGHVLJQVSHHG§7DEOHUHIHUHQFHGIURPWKH$$6+72GHVLJQJXLGHUHIOHFWVWKH
GHVLJQ JXLGH YDOXHV IRU UDPS GHVLJQ VSHHG DQG KLJKZD\ GHVLJQ VSHHG  )LJXUH  LQ WKH
7['27GHVLJQJXLGHUHSURGXFHVWKHGHVLJQYDOXHVIRUDQGNPK
$FFRUGLQJ WR $$6+72 UDPS GHVLJQ VSHHGV VKRXOG DSSUR[LPDWH WKH ORZYROXPH
UXQQLQJ VSHHGV RQ LQWHUVHFWLQJ KLJKZD\V  :KHUH WKLV GHVLJQ VSHHG LV QRW SUDFWLFDO UDPSV
VKRXOG QRW EH GHVLJQHG DW OHVV WKDQ  SHUFHQW WKH GHVLJQ JXLGHOLQHV  )RU IUHHZD\ DQG
H[SUHVVZD\UDPSVRQO\WKRVHYDOXHVRIKLJKZD\GHVLJQVSHHGDERYHNPKDSSO\

7DEOH*XLGHYDOXHVIRUUDPSGHVLJQVSHHGDVUHODWHGWRKLJKZD\GHVLJQVSHHG

+LJKZD\ 'HVLJQ 6SHHG NPK        

5DPS 'HVLJQ 6SHHG NPK
8SSHU 5DQJH         
0LGGOH 5DQJH         
/RZHU 5DQJH         
&RUUHVSRQGLQJ 0LQLPXP 5DGLXV P 6HH 7DEOH ,,,
6RXUFH  $$6+72 7DEOH ; 5HI  S 
7KHVH GHVLJQ YDOXHV DUH FRQVLGHUHG WR DSSO\ WR WKH VKDUSHVW RU WKH FRQWUROOLQJ UDPS
FXUYH7KLVFXUYHZLOOXVXDOO\EHRQWKHUDPSSURSHUWKDWLVRQWKHURDGZD\FRQQHFWLQJWKH
WZRUDPSWHUPLQDOV7KHVHGHVLJQVSHHGVDUHQRWFRQVLGHUHGWRDSSO\WRWKHUDPSWHUPLQDOV


EHFDXVHWKHUDPSWHUPLQDOVVKRXOGEHSURYLGHGZLWKVSHHGFKDQJHIDFLOLWLHVDGHTXDWHIRUWKH
KLJKZD\ VSHHG LQYROYHG  $ GLVFXVVLRQ RI UDPS WHUPLQDO GHVLJQ LV SURYLGHG LQ VXEVHTXHQW
VHFWLRQV
(DUOLHU VHYHUDO GLIIHUHQW W\SHV RI UDPSV ZHUH GLVFXVVHG  $$6+72 SURYLGHV
UHFRPPHQGHGJXLGHOLQHVIRUGHWHUPLQLQJWKHGHVLJQVSHHGRIWKHIROORZLQJUDPSW\SHV
'LDJRQDO 5DPSV  :KHUH D GLDJRQDO UDPS LV XVHG IRU WKH ULJKW WXUQV RI D GLDPRQG
LQWHUFKDQJHDYDOXHLQWKHPLGGOHUDQJHLVSUDFWLFDO
/RRSV%HFDXVHLWLVQRWQRUPDOO\IHDVLEOHWRGHVLJQDORRSDWWKHXSSHUUDQJHYDOXHV
PLQLPXPYDOXHVXVXDOO\FRQWUROHDFKGHVLJQ$UHYLHZRIWKHKRUL]RQWDOFXUYDWXUHDQGVLJKW
GLVWDQFHVHFWLRQVHDUOLHULQWKLVUHSRUWVKRZWKHGLUHFWLPSDFWRIGHVLJQVSHHGRQFXUYHUDGLXV
'HVLJQVSHHGVDERYHNPKUHTXLUHODUJHDUHDVDQGORQJORRSVWKDWDUHUDUHO\SUDFWLFDOLQDQ
XUEDQVHWWLQJ/DUJHORRSVWHQGWREHFRVWO\DQGUHTXLUHWKDWOHIWWXUQLQJGULYHUVWUDYHOJUHDWHU
GLVWDQFHV7KHORRSGHVLJQVSHHGVKRXOGQRWEHOHVVWKDQNPKIRUKLJKZD\GHVLJQVSHHGV
RYHUNPK:KHUHFRQGLWLRQVDUHOHVVUHVWULFWLYHWKHORRSGHVLJQVSHHGPD\EHLQFUHDVHG
6HPLGLUHFWFRQQHFWLRQV'HVLJQVSHHGVEHWZHHQWKHPLGGOHDQGXSSHUUDQJHVVKRXOG
EHXVHGZLWKDPLQLPXPDFFHSWDEOHGHVLJQVSHHGRINPK$GGLWLRQDOO\LWLVW\SLFDOO\QRW
SUDFWLFDOWRXWLOL]HDGHVLJQVSHHGJUHDWHUWKDQNPKIRUVKRUWVLQJOHODQHUDPSV
'LUHFWFRQQHFWLRQV$VZLWKWKHVHPLGLUHFWUDPSWKHGHVLJQVSHHGIRUGLUHFWUDPSV
VKRXOGEHEHWZHHQWKHPLGGOHDQGXSSHUUDQJHVZLWKDGHVLUDEOHPLQLPXPGHVLJQVSHHGRI
NPK7KHPLQLPXPGHVLJQVSHHGVKRXOGQRWEHOHVVWKDQNPKLQDQ\FDVH
,QVLWXDWLRQVZKHUHDUDPSFRQQHFWVWZRLQWHUVHFWLQJKLJKZD\VWKHUDPSGHVLJQVSHHG
LVEDVHGRQWKHKLJKZD\KDYLQJWKHKLJKHUGHVLJQVSHHG+RZHYHULWPD\EHDFFHSWDEOHWR
YDU\WKHGHVLJQVSHHGZLWKWKHSRUWLRQRIWKHUDPSFORVHUWRWKHKLJKHUGHVLJQVSHHGKLJKZD\
EDVHG RQ WKH KLJKHU VSHHG DQG WKH SRUWLRQ RI WKH UDPS FORVHU WR WKH ORZHU GHVLJQ VSHHG
KLJKZD\EDVHGRQWKHORZHUVSHHG:KHUHWKHUDPSLVXVHGWRFRQQHFWDIUHHZD\WRDPDMRU
FURVVURDG RU VWUHHW IRUPLQJ DQ DWJUDGH LQWHUVHFWLRQ ZKHUH VLJQDO RU VLJQ FRQWURO PD\ EH LQ
HIIHFWWKHGHVLJQRIWKDWSRUWLRQRIWKHUDPSDWWKHFURVVURDGLVEDVHGRQLQWHUVHFWLRQGHVLJQ
FRQWUROV
6XSHUHOHYDWLRQDQG6LGH)ULFWLRQ)DFWRU
(DUOLHUGLVFXVVLRQZDVSUHVHQWHGRQWKHIDFWRUVDQGDVVXPSWLRQVWKDWDIIHFWWKHGHVLJQ
RI KRUL]RQWDO FXUYHV  7KLV GLVFXVVLRQ QRZ DSSOLHV GLUHFWO\ WR UDPS FXUYHV  :KLOH VLPSOH
FLUFXODU FXUYHV ZHUH WKH IRFXV RI WKDW GLVFXVVLRQ UDPSV PD\ DOVR XWLOL]H FRPSRXQG FXUYHV
DQGVSLUDOWUDQVLWLRQVWRPHHWVLWHFRQGLWLRQVDQGRWKHUFRQWUROV:KLOHWKHPHWKRGRORJ\IRU
UDPSFXUYHVGRHVQRWFKDQJHIURPWKHKRUL]RQWDOFXUYHGLVFXVVLRQWKHUHDUHVRPHGLIIHUHQFHV
LQ WKH OLPLWLQJ YDOXHV RI WKH VXSHUHOHYDWLRQ DQG VLGH IULFWLRQ IDFWRUV  $FFRUGLQJ WR WKH
$$6+72 GHVLJQ JXLGH UDPSV GHVLJQHG DW  NPK VKRXOG KDYH WKH VXSHUHOHYDWLRQ UDWHV
VKRZQLQ7DEOH7KHVHUDWHVDUHWREHDSSOLHGWRWKHGHVLJQRIFXUYHVDWLQWHUVHFWLRQV
%RWK7['27DQG$$6+72XWLOL]HWKHDERYHWDEOHWKRXJK7['27IROORZVWKHWDEOH
RQO\ IRU GHVLJQ VSHHGV RI  NPK DQG DERYH  7KHVH UDWHV KDYH EHHQ GHYHORSHG EDVHG RQ
 

GULYHU H[SHFWDWLRQ DW DQ LQWHUVHFWLRQ DQG VXEVHTXHQWO\ RQ UDPSV RI ORZHU GHVLJQ VSHHGV
$$6+72 VWDWHV WKDW GULYHUV DQWLFLSDWH WKH VKDUS FXUYHV DQG DFFHSW RSHUDWLRQ ZLWK VLGH
IULFWLRQIDFWRUVKLJKHUWKDQWKRVHRQ RSHQ KLJKZD\ FXUYHV   ,Q GHVLJQLQJ DQ LQWHUVHFWLRQ
FXUYHWKHGHVLUHLVWRSURYLGHDVPXFKVXSHUHOHYDWLRQDVSRVVLEOHSUHIHUDEO\LQWKHXSSHUKDOI
RUWKLUGRIWKHLQGLFDWHGUDQJHDQG:KHQDUDGLXVJUHDWHUWKDQWKHPLQLPXPIRUDJLYHQ
GHVLJQ VSHHG LV XVHG WKH FXUYH VKRXOG EH VXSHUHOHYDWHG DW OHVV WKDQ WKH PD[LPXP UDWH WR
DFKLHYHGHVLJQEDODQFH

7DEOH6XSHUHOHYDWLRQUDWHVIRUFXUYHVDWLQWHUVHFWLRQV

5DQJH LQ 6XSHUHOHYDWLRQ 5DWH GHFLPDO 

5DGLXV IRU ,QWHUVHFWLRQ &XUYHV ZLWK 'HVLJQ 6SHHG NPK RI
P      
 

  

   

    

     

      

      

      

      

      

      

127( ,W LV SUHIHUDEOH WR XVH VXSHUHOHYDWLRQ UDWH LQ XSSHU KDOI RU WKLUG RI LQGLFDWHG UDQJH

,Q DUHDV ZKHUH VQRZ RU LFH LV IUHTXHQW XVH PD[LPXP UDWH RI 

6RXUFH  $$6+72 7DEOH ,; 5HI  S 

$V VWDWHG 7DEOH  LV EDVHG RQ DQ DFFHSWDQFH RI KLJKHU VLGH IULFWLRQ IDFWRUV DW
LQWHUVHFWLRQFXUYHVDQGVXEVHTXHQWO\RQORZHUVSHHGUDPSV7KHKLJKHUVLGHIULFWLRQIDFWRUV
DUHEDVHGRQVHYHUDOVWXGLHVUHIHUHQFHGE\$$6+72WKDWZHUHFRQGXFWHGWRGHWHUPLQHODWHUDO
YHKLFOH SODFHPHQW DQG GLVWULEXWLRQ RI VSHHGV RQ LQWHUVHFWLRQ FXUYHV  7KHVH VWXGLHV XWLOL]HG
WKH WKSHUFHQWLOH VSHHG RI WUDIILF WR UHSUHVHQW WKH GHVLJQ VSHHG DVVXPLQJ WKDW WKH GHVLJQ
VSHHGLVXVXDOO\DGRSWHGE\WKHIDVWHUGULYHUV8VLQJWKHVLGHIULFWLRQIDFWRUVIRUKLJKVSHHGV
DVGHYHORSHGIRU7DEOHDVDQXSSHUOLPLWDQGDPD[LPXPORZVSHHGVLGHIULFWLRQIDFWRU
RI  LW EHFDPH SRVVLEOH WR GHYHORS D UHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ WKH WKSHUFHQWLOH VSHHG
DVVXPHGGHVLJQVSHHGDQGWKHVLGHIULFWLRQIDFWRUIRUWKHREVHUYHGYHKLFOHV
1RZXWLOL]LQJWKHVHVLGHIULFWLRQIDFWRUVDQGDVVXPSWLRQVIRUVXSHUHOHYDWLRQUDWHVWKDW
PD\ EH GHYHORSHG RQ DQ LQWHUVHFWLRQ PLQLPXP UDGLL IRU YDULRXV GHVLJQ VSHHGV ZHUH


GHYHORSHG7KHVXSHUHOHYDWLRQXWLOL]HGLQWKHGHWHUPLQDWLRQRIWKHPLQLPXPUDGLXVDFFRXQWV
IRULQWHUVHFWLRQFXUYHVW\SLFDOO\EHLQJRIVKRUWHUOHQJWKVDQGWKHUHIRUHQRWKDYLQJVXIILFLHQW
GLVWDQFHWRGHYHORSODUJHVXSHUHOHYDWLRQV  $$6+72 7DEOH,,, 7DEOH  RI WKLV UHSRUW
SUHVHQWVWKHFDOFXODWLRQRIPLQLPXPUDGLLIRUWKHGHVLJQVSHHGVIURPWRNPKEDVHGRQ
WKHGLVFXVVHGVLGHIULFWLRQIDFWRUVDQGVXSHUHOHYDWLRQDVVXPSWLRQV

7DEOH0LQLPXPOHQJWKVRIVSLUDOIRULQWHUVHFWLRQFXUYHV

'HVLJQ WXUQLQJ VSHHG NPK     

0LQLPXP UDGLXV P     
$VVXPHG &     
&DOFXODWHG OHQJWK RI VSLUDO P     
6XJJHVWHG PLQLPXP OHQJWK RI VSLUDO P     
&RUUHVSRQGLQJ FLUFXODU FXUYH     
RIIVHW IURP WDQJHQW P

6RXUFH  $$6+72 7DEOH ,,, 5HI  S 

$ FRPSDULVRQ RI WKH LQWHUVHFWLRQ VLGH IULFWLRQ IDFWRU ZLWK WKH RSHQ KLJKZD\ VLGH
IULFWLRQIDFWRUIURP7DEOHGHPRQVWUDWHVODUJHGLIIHUHQFHVDWWKHORZHUGHVLJQVSHHGVZLWK
GHFUHDVLQJ GLIIHUHQFHV DV WKH GHVLJQ VSHHG DSSURDFKHV  NPK  )RU H[DPSOH DW D GHVLJQ
VSHHGRINPKWKHGLIIHUHQFHLQILV ZKHUHDVDWDGHVLJQVSHHGRI
NPKWKHGLIIHUHQFHLVMXVW 
7KHUDPSGHVLJQW\SLFDOO\DIIHFWHGE\WKHDFFHSWDQFHRIKLJKHUVLGHIULFWLRQIDFWRUVDW
ORZHU GHVLJQ VSHHGV LV WKH ORRS UDPS  7DEOH  $$6+72 7DEOH ,; LQGLFDWHV WKDW D
ORRS UDPS ZLWK D GHVLJQ VSHHG RI  NPK ZLOO KDYH D PLQLPXP UDGLXV RI  P ZLWK DQ
DOORZDEOH VXSHUHOHYDWLRQ IURP  WR   7KH RSHQ URDG YHUVLRQ ZLWK WKH VDPH GHVLJQ
VSHHGZRXOGKDYHDUDGLXVRIPDQGDVXSHUHOHYDWLRQRUPIRUDVXSHUHOHYDWLRQRI
VHH7DEOH%HFDXVHGLUHFWDQGVHPLGLUHFWUDPSVDUHJHQHUDOO\GHVLJQHGIRUKLJKHU
VSHHGV DQG DUH ORQJHU VXSHUHOHYDWLRQ UDWHV DQG VLGH IULFWLRQ IDFWRUV FRPSDUDEOH WR WKRVH LQ
7DEOH  $$6+72 7DEOH ,,, ¦RSHQ URDG FRQGLWLRQV§ DUH FRPPRQO\ XVHG  )RU D
GLDPRQGUDPSWKHH[LWLVXVXDOO\KLJKVSHHGZLWKDWDQJHQWRUFXUYHGUDPSSURSHUDQGVWRS
RU \LHOG FRQGLWLRQV DW WKH UDPS IRUZDUG WHUPLQDO  7KH YHKLFOH©V GHFHOHUDWLRQ WR WKH FXUYH
GHVLJQVSHHGVKRXOGRFFXURQWKHDX[LOLDU\ODQHRIWKHH[LWZLWKIXUWKHUGHFHOHUDWLRQWRPHHW
WKHVWRSRU\LHOGFRQWUROVRFFXUULQJRQWKHUDPSSURSHU  7KXV VXSHUHOHYDWLRQ IRU WKH UDPS
SURSHU KDYLQJ D ORZHU GHVLJQ VSHHG DQG FHUWDLQO\ WKH IRUZDUG WHUPLQDO ZLOO EH EDVHG RQ
7DEOH¦LQWHUVHFWLRQFRQGLWLRQV§QRWRQ7DEOH¦RSHQURDGFRQGLWLRQV§
+DUZRRGDQG0DVRQRIIHUIXUWKHUGLVFXVVLRQRIWKHGLIIHUHQWVXSHUHOHYDWLRQVWKDW
PD\ EH DSSOLFDEOH LQ UDPS GHVLJQ  7KH\ VWDWH WKDW WKH $$6+72 UHDVRQ IRU WKH GLIIHUHQW
PHWKRGVXVHGLQGHWHUPLQLQJPLQLPXPUDGLLLVWKDW7DEOH$$6+727DEOH;DOVRPD\
EHXWLOL]HGLQGHWHUPLQLQJUDPSGHVLJQRQDUWHULDOVDQGFROOHFWRUV)RUWKHORZHUGHVLJQVSHHG
IDFLOLWLHVLWLVPRUHUHDVRQDEOHWRXVHWKHKLJKHUVLGHIULFWLRQIDFWRUVDVGLVFXVVHGHDUOLHU6R
 

IRU DUWHULDOV DQG FROOHFWRUV ZLWK GHVLJQ VSHHGV XQGHU  NPK +DUZRRG DQG 0DVRQ
UHFRPPHQGXWLOL]LQJ7DEOHLQWKHVDPHPDQQHUDVIRUIUHHZD\VRQO\XWLOL]LQJ$$6+72
7DEOHLQVWHDGRI7DEOH)LJXUHLVRIIHUHGE\+DUZRRGDQG0DVRQWRFODULI\WKH
XVHRI7DEOH

Functional Highway Design Speed (mph)

Classification 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70
Freeway or NOT
Expressway APPLICABLE
Minimum: Use
Arterial Table III - 6
Use Table III - 17
Desirable:
Collector Use Table III - 17 Use Table III - 6

6RXUFH )LJXUH  5HI  S 

)LJXUH+RUL]RQWDOGHVLJQFULWHULDIRUUDPSV

,WVKRXOGEHUHDGLO\QRWLFHGWKDWWKLVILJXUHFRQWUDGLFWVPXFKRIWKHHDUOLHUGLVFXVVLRQ
RQ WKH GHVLJQ RI ORRS UDPSV +DUZRRG DQG 0DVRQ DUH VWDWLQJ WKDW RQ D IUHHZD\ UDPS
UHJDUGOHVV RI WKH UDPS GHVLJQ VSHHG WKH RSHQ URDGVLGH IULFWLRQ IDFWRUV DQG VXSHUHOHYDWLRQ
VKRXOG EH XWLOL]HG  7KLV ILJXUH DSSHDUV WR EH LQ GLUHFW FRQIOLFW ZLWK WKH GLVFXVVLRQ LQ
$$6+72ZKHUHORRSUDPSVRIORZGHVLJQVSHHGDUHGHVLJQHGDFFRUGLQJWR7DEOHZKLFK
LV GLUHFWO\ GHSHQGHQW RQ 7DEOH  WKH ORZ VSHHG FULWHULD  +DUZRRG DQG 0DVRQ UHFRJQL]H
WKLVFRQWUDGLFWLRQEXWVWDWHWKH\EHOLHYHLWZDVQRWWKHLQWHQWLRQRI$$6+72WRVDQFWLRQWKH
ORZHUFXUYHUDGLLRQDIUHHZD\EHOLHYLQJLQVWHDGWKHFKRLFHRIGHVLJQFULWHULDLVLQWHQGHGWR
EH EDVHG RQ KLJKZD\ IXQFWLRQDO FODVVLILFDWLRQ DQG KLJKZD\ GHVLJQ VSHHG QRW RQ WKH UDPS
GHVLJQVSHHG7KLVLQWHUSUHWDWLRQLQFKRRVLQJUDPSGHVLJQFULWHULDDSSHDUVWREHVXSSRUWHGLQ
VXFKRWKHUOLWHUDWXUHDVWKH'HVLJQRI,QWHUFKDQJH$W*UDGH5DPS7HUPLQDOV
$GGLWLRQDO FRQFHUQV UHJDUGLQJ WKH VLGH IULFWLRQ IDFWRUV DQG VXEVHTXHQWO\
VXSHUHOHYDWLRQ KDYH EHHQ UDLVHG LQ RWKHU VWXGLHV  - .HOOHU  GLVFXVVHV VRPH RI WKHVH
FRQFHUQV$SULPDU\LVVXHLVWKHDSSOLFDWLRQWRWUXFNRSHUDWLRQZKHUHWKHOLPLWLQJIDFWRULV
¦OLNHO\WREHUROORYHUUDWKHUWKDQVNLGGLQJ§7KHVXSHUHOHYDWLRQUDWHVFXUUHQWO\UHFRPPHQGHG
E\$$6+72DUHVWDWHGDVKDYLQJDYHU\VPDOOPDUJLQRIVDIHW\.HOOHUUHIHUHQFHVRQHVWXG\
 LQ ZKLFK ¦WKH UHSRUW VWDWHV WKDW PRUH VXSHUHOHYDWLRQ LV UHTXLUHG WKDQ LV FDOOHG IRU E\
$$6+72SROLF\WRSURGXFHWKHLQWHQGHGODWHUDODFFHOHUDWLRQDWGHVLJQVSHHGIRUWKHVHGULYHUV
RQDQ$$6+72FULWHULDKLJKZD\FXUYH§
7KHLVVXHVLGHQWLILHGE\+DUZRRG0DVRQ.HOOHUDQGRWKHUVUDLVHVFRQFHUQVZLWKWKH
$$6+72JXLGHDQGVXEVHTXHQWO\WKH7['27JXLGH7ZRGLIIHUHQWLQWHUSUHWDWLRQVRIKRZ
WKH PLQLPXP UDPS GHVLJQ VKRXOG EH LPSOHPHQWHG KDYH EHHQ SUHVHQWHG  ,W EHFRPHV
LPSRUWDQWWRFODULI\DVSDUWRIDQ\VWXG\ZKDWGHVLJQSDUDPHWHUVDUHLQWHQGHGE\WKHPLQLPDO


 SHUFHQW GHVLJQ VWDQGDUG DQG LI WKH\ SURYLGH DFFHSWDEOH GHVLJQ  ,QFUHDVHG LPSRUWDQFH LV
QRZ SODFHG RQ GHWHUPLQLQJ QRW RQO\ WKH DFFHSWDEOHQHVV RI $$6+72 PLQLPXP GHVLJQ
VWDQGDUGVIRU7H[DVEXWDOVRRQFODULI\LQJWKHDFFHSWDEOHGHVLJQSDUDPHWHUVRIDQ\PLQLPXP
UDPSGHVLJQVSHHG
6LJKW'LVWDQFH
6LJKW GLVWDQFHV DORQJ UDPSV VKRXOG EH DW OHDVW DV JUHDW DV WKH VDIH VWRSSLQJ VLJKW
GLVWDQFH7KHFDOFXODWLRQVLQYROYHGLQGHWHUPLQLQJVDIHVWRSSLQJVLJKWGLVWDQFHRQKRUL]RQWDO
DQGYHUWLFDOFXUYHVGLVFXVVHGSUHYLRXVO\DSSO\GLUHFWO\WRUDPSV6LJKWGLVWDQFHLVDGGUHVVHG
LQWKH7['272SHUDWLRQVDQG3URFHGXUHV'HVLJQ*XLGHDVIROORZV

2Q DOO UDPSV DQG GLUHFW FRQQHFWLRQV WKH FRPELQDWLRQV RI JUDGH YHUWLFDO
FXUYHV DOLJQPHQWV DQG FOHDUDQFH RI ODWHUDO DQG FRUQHU REVWUXFWLRQV WR
YLVLRQ VKDOO EH VXFK DV WR SURYLGH VLJKW GLVWDQFH DORQJ VXFK UDPSV DQG
FRQQHFWLRQVIURPWHUPLQDOMXQFWLRQVDORQJWKHIUHHZD\FRQVLVWHQWZLWKWKH
SUREDEOHVSHHGVRIYHKLFOHRSHUDWLRQ

:LWKLQ WKH UDPS GHVLJQ VHFWLRQ WKH 7['27 JXLGH SURYLGHV D WDEOH IRU PLQLPXP
VWRSSLQJ VLJKW GLVWDQFH DQG GHVLUDEOH VWRSSLQJ VLJKW GLVWDQFH IRU YDULRXV GHVLJQ VSHHGV
:KLOHWKLVWDEOHLVQRWLQFOXGHGZLWKLQWKLVUHSRUWWKHVWRSSLQJVLJKWGLVWDQFHVDUHLGHQWLFDOWR
WKRVHIRXQGLQ$$6+727DEOHVKRZQHDUOLHU$GGLWLRQDOFRQVLGHUDWLRQVIURP$$6+72
LQFOXGH D UHFRPPHQGDWLRQ WKDW WKH IUHHZD\ SUHFHGLQJ DQ H[LW UDPS VKRXOG KDYH D VLJKW
GLVWDQFH IRU WKURXJK WUDIILF EDVHG RQ WKH KLJKZD\ GHVLJQ VSHHG WKDW H[FHHGV WKH PLQLPXP
VWRSSLQJVLJKWGLVWDQFHE\DWOHDVWSHUFHQW
*UDGHV
$$6+72UHFRPPHQGVWKDWUDPSVEHDVIODWDVSRVVLEOHEXWVWDWHVWKDW¦WKHIODWWHUWKH
JUDGLHQWRQDUDPSWKHORQJHU LW ZLOO EH EXW WKH HIIHFW RI WKH JUDGLHQW RQ WKH OHQJWK RI WKH
UDPSLVOHVVWKDQJHQHUDOO\WKRXJKW7KHFRQGLWLRQVDQGGHVLJQVDWUDPSWHUPLQDOVIUHTXHQWO\
KDYHDQHIIHFWHTXDOO\DVJUHDW§$UDPSZLOOW\SLFDOO\FRQVLVWRIDFHQWUDOSRUWLRQZLWKDKLJK
JUDGHZKLOHWKHUDPSWHUPLQDOVZLOOEHRIOHVVHUJUDGHV7KHOLPLWLQJJUDGLHQWRIWKLVFHQWUDO
SRUWLRQ RI WKH UDPS LV LQIOXHQFHG E\ WKH HIIHFW RI WKH VWHHSQHVV DQG OHQJWK RI WKH JUDGH RQ
YHKLFOHRSHUDWLRQVDQGE\WKHQHHGWRSURYLGHDGHTXDWHVLJKWGLVWDQFHVHHWKHYHUWLFDOFXUYH
GLVFXVVLRQUHJDUGLQJVLJKWGLVWDQFH,WLVUHDGLO\XQGHUVWRRGWKDWWKHUDPSGHVLJQVSHHGUDPS
ZLOO EH SUHGRPLQDQW LQ ERWK RI WKHVH IDFWRUV  7KH JHQHUDO $$6+72 JXLGHOLQHV IRU UDPS
JUDGLHQWV IROORZ DQ H[SHFWDWLRQ WKDW KLJKHU UDPS GHVLJQ VSHHGV ZLOO KDYH IODWWHU JUDGLHQWV
7KH$$6+72JHQHUDOFULWHULDDUHDVIROORZV

,WLVGHVLUDEOHWKDWDVFHQGLQJJUDGLHQWVRQUDPSVZLWKDGHVLJQVSHHGRI
NPKEHOLPLWHGWRWRSHUFHQWWKRVHIRUNPKVSHHGWRWRSHUFHQW
 

WKRVH IRU D  WR  NPK VSHHG WR  WR  SHUFHQW DQG WKRVH IRU D  WR 
NPKVSHHGWRWRSHUFHQW:KHUHWRSRJUDSKLFFRQGLWLRQVGLFWDWH JUDGHV
VWHHSHUWKDQGHVLUDEOHPD\EHXVHG2QHZD\GHVFHQGLQJJUDGLHQWVQRUDPSV
VKRXOGEHKHOGWRWKHVDPHJHQHUDOPD[LPXPVEXWLQVSHFLDOFDVHVWKH\PD\
EHSHUFHQWJUHDWHU

7KHUDPSWHUPLQDOJUDGHVDUHODUJHO\GHWHUPLQHGE\WKHWKURXJKURDGSURILOHV
7KH 7['27 VWDQGDUGV GLIIHU VOLJKWO\ IURP WKRVH GHVFULEHG LQ WKH $$6+72
GLVFXVVLRQ7['27XWLOL]HVWKHVDPHYHUWLFDOFXUYHUHODWLRQVKLSVDV$$6+72H[FHSWWKDWLW
XVHVWKHPLQLPXPOHQJWKIRUFUHVWYHUWLFDOFXUYHVGLVFXVVHGLQWKHYHUWLFDOFXUYHVHFWLRQIRU
GHWHUPLQLQJWKHPLQLPXPOHQJWKRIUDPSFUHVWDQGVDJYHUWLFDOFXUYHV7KLVUHVXOWVLQVKRUWHU
PLQLPXPVDJYHUWLFDOFXUYHVDWVSHHGVEHORZDNPKGHVLJQVSHHGDQGORQJHUPLQLPXP
VDJYHUWLFDOFXUYHVDWVSHHGVDERYHNPK7KH7['27JXLGHDOVRVWDWHVWKDWWKH¦WDQJHQW
RUFRQWUROOLQJJUDGHRQUDPSVVKRXOGEHDVIODWDVSRVVLEOHDQGSUHIHUDEO\VKRXOGEHOLPLWHG
WRSHUFHQWRUOHVV§%HFDXVHWKLVVWDQGDUGGRHVQRWDFFRXQWIRUGLIIHULQJGHVLJQVSHHGVDV
GRHVWKH$$6+72PDQXDOLWLVDPRUHFRQVHUYDWLYHVWDQGDUG
2WKHU5DPS'HVLJQ,VVXHV
,Q JHQHUDO UDPSV VKRXOG EH GHVLJQHG DV VLQJOHODQH IDFLOLWLHV ZLWK SURYLVLRQ IRU
HPHUJHQF\ SDUNLQJ ZKHUH WKH FDSDFLW\ RI D RQHODQH UDPS LV QRW VXIILFLHQW D WZRODQH
IDFLOLW\PD\EHSURYLGHG$OVRULJKWKDQGUDPSVDUHFRQVLGHUHGVXSHULRUWROHIWKDQGUDPSV
LQRSHUDWLRQDQGVDIHW\FKDUDFWHULVWLFV
:KLOHQRWWKRURXJKO\GLVFXVVHGLQWKLVUHSRUWEHFDXVHLWLVQRWFULWLFDOWRDFFHSWDEOH
PLQLPXP GHVLJQ D UDPS GHVLJQ ZLOO SUREDEO\ UHTXLUH VXSHUHOHYDWLRQ UXQRII WKURXJK D
VXSHUHOHYDWLRQWUDQVLWLRQ,IWKHPLQLPXPUDPSOHQJWKGRHVQRWSURYLGHDGHTXDWHOHQJWKIRU
WKLVVXSHUHOHYDWLRQWUDQVLWLRQWKHQWKHUDPSZLOOUHTXLUHOHQJWKHQLQJRUWKHGHVLJQVSHHGDQG
VXSHUHOHYDWLRQ FKRVHQ ZLOO QHHG WR EH UHYLVLWHG  /RRS UDPSV SURYLGH DQ H[DPSOH ZKHUH
VXSHUHOHYDWLRQ PXVW W\SLFDOO\ EH GHYHORSHG LQWR DQG RXW RI WKH UDPS SURSHU  $OVR QRW
GLVFXVVHGLQWKLVUHSRUWDUHUDPSJRUHGHVLJQDQGSDYHPHQWZLGWKV:KLOHUHODWHGWRKLJKZD\
DQGUDPSGHVLJQVSHHGVDQGLPSDFWHGE\WKHW\SHRIUDPSDQGUDPSGHVLJQWKHHIIHFWRIJRUH
GHVLJQDQGUDPSSDYHPHQWZLGWKLVQRWFULWLFDOWRWKHUDPSGHVLJQTXHVWLRQVXQGHUVWXG\)RU
DQ LQGHSWK UHYLHZ RI WKHVH WRSLFV WKH UHDGHU LV GLUHFWHG WR WKH 7['27 PDQXDO DQG WR WKH
$$6+72GHVLJQJXLGH
5DPS7HUPLQDOV
0XFKRIWKHGLVFXVVLRQRIUDPSGHVLJQWKXVIDUKDVFHQWHUHGRQWKHGHVLJQRIWKHUDPS
SURSHUPLQLPXPFXUYHUDGLXVVXSHUHOHYDWLRQVLGHIULFWLRQDQGJUDGH'LVFXVVHGQH[WLVWKH
GHVLJQ RI WKH UDPS WHUPLQDO WKDW LV WKH SRUWLRQ RI WKH UDPS DGMDFHQW WR WKH WKURXJK WUDYHO
ZD\7KHUHDUHWZRGLVWLQFWRSHUDWLQJVFHQDULRVIRUUDPSWHUPLQDOV$UDPSWHUPLQDOPD\EH
IUHHIORZZLWKWUDIILFPHUJLQJRUGLYHUJLQJDWIODWDQJOHVVXFKDVUDPSVDGMDFHQWWRDIUHHZD\
RUWKHUDPSPD\WHUPLQDWHWRDPLQRUURDGVXFKDVDFORYHUOHDIUDPSLQWRWKHFURVVURDGDWDQ


LQWHUFKDQJH )UHHIORZ UDPSV UHSUHVHQW WKH DUHD RI LQWHUHVW IRU WKLV UHSRUW DQG WKXV IRU WKH
GHVLJQ GLVFXVVLRQ WKDW IROORZV  'LVFXVVLRQ RI WKH RWKHU UDPS W\SH PD\ EH IRXQG LQ WKH
7['27DQG$$6+72GHVLJQJXLGHV
*HQHUDO5DPSWHUPLQDOGHVLJQPXVWDFFRXQWIRUVLJKWGLVWDQFHDQGWKHGHVLJQRIWKH
UDPS SURSHU  7KH $$6+72 PDQXDO SUHVHQWV D FRQFLVH H[DPSOH RI VRPH LPSRUWDQW
FRQVLGHUDWLRQV

3URILOHV RI UDPS WHUPLQDOV VKRXOG EH GHVLJQHG LQ DVVRFLDWLRQ ZLWK KRUL]RQWDO
FXUYHVWRDYRLGVLJKWUHVWULFWLRQVWKDWZLOODGYHUVHO\DIIHFWRSHUDWLRQV$WDQ
H[LW LQWR D UDPS RQ D GHVFHQGLQJ JUDGH D KRUL]RQWDO FXUYH DKHDG VKRXOG QRW
DSSHDU VXGGHQO\ WR D GULYHU XVLQJ WKH UDPS  ,QVWHDG WKH LQLWLDO FUHVW YHUWLFDO
FXUYH VKRXOG EH PDGH ORQJHU DQG VLJKW GLVWDQFH RYHU LW LQFUHDVHG VR WKDW WKH
EHJLQQLQJDQGWKHGLUHFWLRQRIWKHKRUL]RQWDOFXUYHDUHREYLRXVWRWKHGULYHULQ
VXIILFLHQWWLPHIRUVDIHRSHUDWLRQ$WDQHQWUDQFHWHUPLQDOIURPDUDPSRQDQ
DVFHQGLQJ JUDGH WKH SRUWLRQ RI WKH UDPS DQG LWV WHUPLQDO LQWHQGHG IRU
DFFHOHUDWLRQVKRXOGFORVHO\SDUDOOHOWKHWKURXJKODQHSURILOHWRSHUPLWHQWHULQJ
GULYHUVWRKDYHDFOHDUYLHZDKHDGWRWKHVLGHDQGWRWKHUHDURQWKHWKURXJK
URDG

'HVLUDEO\UDPSWHUPLQDOVDUHSODFHGEHIRUHWKHLQWHUFKDQJHDQGRQWKHULJKWKDQGVLGH
RI WKH IUHHZD\  $GHTXDWH VLJKW GLVWDQFH PXVW EH SURYLGHG RQ WKH IUHHZD\ EHIRUH WKH UDPS
WHUPLQDOWRDOORZIRUGHFLVLRQPDNLQJDQGPDQHXYHULQJ$OVRFRQVLGHUDWLRQPXVWEHJLYHQ
WRWKHUDPSWHUPLQDOSODFHPHQWYLVjYLVWKHGLVWDQFHEHWZHHQWKHIUHHIORZWHUPLQDODQGWKH
VWUXFWXUH  ,I WKH WHUPLQDO PXVW EH SODFHG RQ WKH IDU VLGH RI WKH VWUXFWXUH WKHQ DGHTXDWH
GLVWDQFH VKRXOG EH DOORZHG VR H[LWLQJ GULYHUV DIWHU SDVVLQJ WKH VWUXFWXUH KDYH D GLVWDQFH
VXIILFLHQWIRUYLHZLQJWKHWHUPLQDODQGIRUPDQHXYHULQJLQZKDWHYHUZD\QHFHVVDU\IRUVDIH
H[LWLQJ7\SLFDOO\WKHGLVWDQFHUHTXLUHGEHWZHHQDUDPSSUHFHGLQJWKHLQWHUFKDQJHVWUXFWXUH
DQG WKH VWUXFWXUH LV QRW DV JUHDW DV WKH GLVWDQFH UHTXLUHG EHWZHHQ WKH VWUXFWXUH DQG D UDPS
WHUPLQDORQWKHIDUVLGH
6SHHG&KDQJH /DQHV  7KH VSHHGFKDQJH ODQH LV D FULWLFDO SRUWLRQ RI DQ\ UDPS
WHUPLQDO GHVLJQ  )RU WKLV GLVFXVVLRQ WKH $$6+72 GHILQLWLRQ RI WKH VSHHGFKDQJH ODQH LV
DGRSWHGZKHUHWKHVSHHGFKDQJHODQHUHIHUVWR¦WKHDGGHGSDYHPHQWMRLQLQJWKHWUDYHOZD\RI
WKHKLJKZD\ZLWKWKDWRIWKHWXUQLQJURDGZD\DQGGRHVQRWQHFHVVDULO\LPSO\DGHILQLWHODQHRI
XQLIRUP ZLGWK§  7KH VSHHGFKDQJH ODQH LV FRPPRQO\ UHIHUUHG WR DV WKH DFFHOHUDWLRQ RU
GHFHOHUDWLRQ ODQH  ,W LV ZLWKLQ WKH VSHHGFKDQJH ODQHV WKDW PRWRULVWV H[LWLQJ WKH IUHHZD\
GHFHOHUDWH WR WKH UDPS SURSHU GHVLJQ VSHHG DQG HQWHULQJ PRWRULVWV DFFHOHUDWH WR D VSHHG
DGHTXDWH IRU PHUJLQJ ZLWK WKURXJK WUDIILF  7R DFFRPPRGDWH WKLV WKH OHQJWK RI WKH VSHHG
FKDQJH ODQH VKRXOG EH ORQJ HQRXJK WR HQDEOH D GULYHU WR FKDQJH VSHHG LQ D VDIH DQG
FRPIRUWDEOHPDQQHUIURPWKHKLJKZD\VSHHGWRWKHUDPSVSHHG$VVWDWHGLQWKH$$6+72
GHVLJQJXLGHDSULPDU\FRQVLGHUDWLRQIRUDFFHOHUDWLRQODQHOHQJWKLVWKHQHHGIRUDGLVWDQFH
VXIILFLHQWWRSHUPLWVSHHGDGMXVWPHQWVRIERWKWKHWKURXJKDQGHQWHULQJYHKLFOHVVRHQWHULQJ
 

YHKLFOHVPD\ILQGDQGPDQHXYHULQWRDJDSEHIRUHWKHDFFHOHUDWLRQ ODQH  $ ODWHU VHFWLRQ RI

WKLVUHSRUWZLOOSURYLGHDQLQGHSWKUHYLHZRIIUHHZD\JDSDFFHSWDQFHDQGPHUJLQJ
:KHQ FRQVLGHULQJ IUHHZD\ UDPS WHUPLQDOV DQG VSHHGFKDQJH ODQHV WKHUH DUH WZR
EDVLFGHVLJQVWDSHUDQGSDUDOOHO7KHWDSHUW\SHLQYROYHVGLUHFWHQWU\RUH[LWRIWKHYHKLFOHDW
DIODWDQJOHWKHSDUDOOHOW\SHXWLOL]HVDQDGGHGODQHIRU VSHHG FKDQJHV  ,Q WKHRU\ WKH WDSHU
W\SH ILWV ZHOO ZLWK GULYHUV© GHVLUHG SDWKV DQG UHGXFHV WKH DPRXQW RI VWHHULQJ FRQWURO
QHFHVVDU\ HVSHFLDOO\ RQ H[LW UDPSV  +RZHYHU WKH WDSHU W\SH HQWUDQFH UDPS UHTXLUHV WKH
GULYHU WR WLPHVKDUH EHWZHHQ DFFHOHUDWLQJ JDS VHDUFK DQG VWHHULQJ WDVNV   )LJXUH 
IURP WKH $$6+72 GHVLJQ JXLGH LOOXVWUDWHV ERWK GHVLJQ W\SHV IRU VLQJOHODQH HQWUDQFHV
ZKLOH)LJXUHLOOXVWUDWHVERWKGHVLJQW\SHVIRUH[LWV
7DSHU7\SH(QWUDQFHV:KHQSURSHUO\GHVLJQHGWKHWDSHUW\SHHQWUDQFHIXQFWLRQV
VPRRWKO\DWDOOYROXPHVLQFOXGLQJWKHGHVLJQFDSDFLW\RIWKHPHUJLQJDUHD7KH$$6+72
GHVLJQJXLGHUHFRPPHQGVWKDWWKHHQWUDQFHUDPSEHEURXJKWLQWRWKHIUHHZD\DWDUDWHRI
WR  EHWZHHQ WKH RXWHU HGJH RI WKH DFFHOHUDWLRQ ODQH WR WKH LQVLGH HGJH RI WKH IUHHZD\
7KHGHVLUHRIWKH$$6+72VWDQGDUGVLVWRFUHDWHDWDSHUW\SHGHVLJQVXFKWKDWDYHKLFOHPD\
UHDFKDVSHHGDSSUR[LPDWHO\NPKOHVVWKDQWKHDYHUDJHKLJKZD\UXQQLQJVSHHGE\WKHSRLQW
WKHOHIWHGJHRIWKHUDPSPHHWVWKHULJKWHGJHRIWKHWUDYHOZD\)RUFRQVLVWHQF\$$6+72
VHWVWKLVSRLQWWREHZKHUHWKHULJKWHGJHRIWKH UDPS DQG WUDYHO ZD\ DUH  P DSDUW  7KH
OHQJWKUHTXLUHGIRUDYHKLFOHWRDFKLHYHDVSHHGNPKEHORZWKHDYHUDJHUXQQLQJVSHHGLV
UHIHUUHG WR E\ $$6+72 DV WKH DFFHOHUDWLRQ OHQJWK /D WKLV LV VKRZQ LQ )LJXUH   7KLV
OHQJWKLVW\SLFDOO\PHDVXUHGIURPWKHHQGRIWKHJRYHUQLQJFXUYHRQWKHUDPSSURSHUWRZKHUH
WKHULJKWHGJHVRIWKHUDPSSURSHUDQGWKURXJKODQHDUHPDSDUW7KLVGLVWDQFHLVEDVHGRQ
WKH VSHHG GLIIHUHQWLDO EHWZHHQ WKH DYHUDJH UXQQLQJ VSHHG RQ WKH FXUYH HQWUDQFH DQG WKH
KLJKZD\7DEOH$$6+727DEOH;JLYHVWKHYDOXHRIWKLVGLVWDQFHIRUYDULRXVFXUYH
GHVLJQVSHHGVDQGKLJKZD\GHVLJQVSHHGFRPELQDWLRQV7KHVRXUFHRIWKHVHOHQJWKVZLOOEH
GLVFXVVHG LQ D ODWHU VHFWLRQ RI WKLV UHSRUW  ,Q DGGLWLRQ WR WKH PLQLPXP DFFHOHUDWLRQ OHQJWK
GHWHUPLQHG WKH $$6+72 GHVLJQ JXLGH UHTXLUHV D FKHFN WR GHWHUPLQH WKDW D PLQLPXP JDS
DFFHSWDQFHOHQJWKLVPHWVHH)LJXUH$GMXVWPHQWVDUHDOVRSURYLGHGIRUWKHH[LVWHQFH
RIJUDGHVOHQJWKHQLQJ/DRQXSJUDGHVDQGGHFUHDVLQJ/DRQGRZQJUDGHV
3DUDOOHO 7\SH (QWUDQFH  2Q WKH SDUDOOHO W\SH UDPS WKH YHKLFOH LV DVVXPHG WR
DFFHOHUDWHWRWKHQHDUIUHHZD\VSHHGQHFHVVDU\IRUPHUJLQJRQWKHSDUDOOHODFFHOHUDWLRQODQH
$W WKH HQG RI WKH DFFHOHUDWLRQ ODQH WKHUH LV D WDSHU WR JXLGH D YHKLFOH RQWR WKH IUHHZD\
WKURXJKODQHV  $$6+72 UHFRPPHQGV D  P WDSHU IRU KLJKZD\ GHVLJQ VSHHGV XS WR 
NPK7KHGLIIHUHQFHEHWZHHQWKHWZRW\SHVRIUDPSVWDSHUDQGSDUDOOHOLVQRWWKHPLQLPXP
DFFHOHUDWLRQOHQJWKUHTXLUHGEXWUDWKHUWKHSRLQWZKHUHLWLVPHDVXUHG)RUWKHSDUDOOHOW\SH
WKHHQWUDQFHOHQJWKRIWKHDFFHOHUDWLRQODQHLVPHDVXUHGIURPWKHSRLQWZKHUHWKHOHIWHGJHRI
WKH UDPS PHHWV WKH ULJKW HGJH RI WKH IUHHZD\ WR WKH EHJLQQLQJ RI WKH WDSHU WKDW LV
DFFHOHUDWLRQRQWKHSDUDOOHOW\SHUDPSRFFXUVLQWKHODQHSDUDOOHOWRWKHIUHHZD\WKURXJKODQHV
GRZQVWUHDPIURPWKHSRLQWRIFRQYHUJHQFHRIWKHIUHHZD\DQGUDPSZKHUHDVDFFHOHUDWLRQRQ
WKHWDSHUW\SHUDPSRFFXUVRQWKHUDPSSURSHUXSVWUHDPIURPWKHSRLQWRIFRQYHUJHQFHRIWKH


WZRURDGZD\V$QH[FHSWLRQWRWKLVPD\RFFXUZKHUHDSDUDOOHOW\SHUDPSKDVDODUJHUDGLXV
XSVWUHDPRIWKHFRQYHUJHQFHSRLQWDQGZKHUHWKHPRWRULVWVYLHZRIWKHIUHHZD\ZKLOHRQWKH
UDPSLVXQREVWUXFWHG8QGHUWKHVHFRQGLWLRQVSDUWRIWKHUDPSSURSHUPD\EHXVHGDVSDUWRI
WKH DFFHOHUDWLRQ OHQJWK  :KHUH WKH IUHHZD\ DQG UDPS DUH DQWLFLSDWHG WR FDUU\ YROXPHV
DSSUR[LPDWLQJWKHGHVLJQFDSDFLW\RI WKH PHUJLQJ DUHD $$6+72 UHFRPPHQGV D PLQLPXP
OHQJWK RI DW OHDVW  P SOXV WDSHU  )LJXUH  LOOXVWUDWHV D W\SLFDO SDUDOOHO W\SH HQWUDQFH
UDPSWHUPLQDODQGWKHPLQLPXPDFFHOHUDWLRQGLVWDQFHIRUSDUDOOHOW\SHVSHHGFKDQJHDVJLYHQ
E\7DEOH
THRU LANES NOSE WIDTH 0.6m - 3.0m

Lg 3.6m

TYP. 4.8m
La

50:1 TO 70:1 TAPER

A FOR HIGH SPEED FACILITIES
- A - TAPERED DESIGN

THRU LANES NOSE WIDTH 0.6m - 3.0m

P.T.

Lg 90m MIN.
TYP. 3.6m
La

- B - PARALLEL DESIGN
A
NOTES:
1. La IS THE REQUIRED ACCLERATION
LENGTH AS SHOWN IN TABLE X-4 OR X-5.

2. POINT A CONTROLS SAFE SPEED ON THE

RAMP. La SHOULD NOT START BACK ON
THE CURVATURE OF THE RAMP UNLESS
THE RADIUS EQUALS 300m OR MORE.

3. Lg IS REQUIRED GAP ACCEPTANCE

LENGTH. Lg SHOULD BE A MINIMUM OF
90m to 150m DEPENDING ON THE NOSE
WIDTH.

4. THE VALUE OF La OR Lg. WHICHEVER

PRODUCES THE GREATEST DISTANCE
DOWNSTREAM FROM WHERE THE NOSE
WIDTH EQUALS 0.6m IS SUGGESTED
FOR USE IN THE DESIGN OF THE RAMP
ENTRANCE.

6RXUFH )LJXUH ; $$6+72  5HI  S 

)LJXUH7DSHUHGDQGSDUDOOHOHQWUDQFHUDPSGHVLJQV
 

7DSHU7\SH([LW7KHWDSHUW\SHH[LWJHQHUDOO\SURYLGHVDFOHDULQGLFDWLRQRIWKHSRLQW
RIGHSDUWXUHIURPWKHWKURXJKODQHVDQGILWVZHOOLQWRWKHSDWKSUHIHUUHGE\PRVWGULYHUV7KH
W\SLFDO GLYHUJHQFH DQJOH RI WKH WDSHU W\SH H[LW LV EHWZHHQ ƒ DQG ƒ  )LJXUH  VKRZV D
W\SLFDO WDSHUHG GHVLJQ  $$6+72 VWDWHV WKDW GHFHOHUDWLRQ W\SLFDOO\ EHJLQV DIWHU WKH YHKLFOH
OHDYHV WKH WKURXJKODQHV DQG VKRXOG EH FRPSOHWHG EHIRUH WKH YHKLFOH UHDFKHV WKH SRLQW RI
OLPLWLQJ GHVLJQ VSHHG RQ WKH UDPS SURSHU  0XFK OLNH WKH WDSHU HQWUDQFH UDPS WKH
GHFHOHUDWLRQ GLVWDQFH PD\ EH FRQVLGHUHG WR EH WKH SRLQW ZKHUH WKH UDPS ODQH DQG WKUXZD\
ODQH©VULJKWHGJHVDUH  P DSDUW WR WKH SRLQW JRYHUQLQJ WKH VDIH VSHHG RQ WKH UDPS  7KLV
GLVWDQFHPXVWEHDGHTXDWHWRDOORZWKHYHKLFOHWRGHFHOHUDWHIURPWKHKLJKZD\VSHHGWRWKH
GHVLUHG UDPS VSHHG ZKLFK PD\ EH D FRPSOHWH VWRS VKRXOG WKH UDPS WHUPLQDWH LQWR D
FURVVURDGRUDFULWLFDOVSHHGGHWHUPLQHGE\WKHUDPSFXUYDWXUH7KHGHFHOHUDWLRQGLVWDQFHLV
FDOFXODWHGLQPXFKWKHVDPHPDQQHUDVWKHDFFHOHUDWLRQGLVWDQFHIRUHQWUDQFHUDPSV7DEOH
 $$6+72 7DEOH ; JLYHV GHFHOHUDWLRQ GLVWDQFHV IRU YDULRXV KLJKZD\ GHVLJQ
VSHHGUDPSGHVLJQVSHHGFRPELQDWLRQV
3DUDOOHO7\SH([LW7KHSDUDOOHOW\SHH[LWWHUPLQDOLVVLPLODUWRWKHSDUDOOHOHQWUDQFH
UDPS*HQHUDOO\WKHVSHHGFKDQJHODQHEHJLQVZLWKDWDSHUPUHFRPPHQGHGIROORZHG
E\ D GHFHOHUDWLRQ ODQH RI OHQJWK JLYHQ LQ 7DEOH   7KH OHQJWK RI WKH GHFHOHUDWLRQ ODQH LV
PHDVXUHGIURPWKHSRLQWZKHUHWKHULJKWHGJHVRIWKHWKURXJKODQHDQGVSHHGFKDQJHODQHDUH
PDSDUWWRWKHSRLQWZKHUHWKHUDPSDQGURDGZD\VHSDUDWH$VZLWKWKHHQWUDQFHUDPSD
SRUWLRQRIWKHUDPSSURSHUPD\EHXVHGDVSDUWRIWKHGHFHOHUDWLRQOHQJWKLIWKDWSRUWLRQRIWKH
UDPS KDV D ODUJH UDGLXV RI FXUYDWXUH  $OVR ERWK SDUDOOHO DQG WDSHU W\SH UDPS GHFHOHUDWLRQ
OHQJWKV DUH DGMXVWHG IRU JUDGHV ZLWK GHFHOHUDWLRQ OHQJWK LQFUHDVLQJ RQ GRZQJUDGHV DQG
GHFUHDVLQJRQXSJUDGHV
$JDLQOLNHWKHWZRHQWUDQFHUDPSW\SHVLWLVDVVXPHGWKDWRQWKHSDUDOOHOW\SHUDPS
GHFHOHUDWLRQRFFXUVEHIRUHWKHULJKWHGJHRIWKHIUHHZD\DQGOHIWHGJHRIWKHUDPSVHSDUDWH
ZKHUHDV RQ WKH WDSHU W\SH WKH GHFHOHUDWLRQ LV DVVXPHG WR RFFXU DIWHU WKH WZR URDGZD\V
VHSDUDWH  $$6+72 UHFRJQL]HV WKDW RQ WKH SDUDOOHO W\SH UDPS WHUPLQDO PRWRULVWV GR QRW
DOZD\VXWLOL]HWKHGHFHOHUDWLRQODQHLQVWHDGWKH\PD\GHFHOHUDWHLQWKHWKURXJKODQHDQGZDLW
WRPDQHXYHURQWRWKHUDPSZKHQLQWKHYLFLQLW\RIWKHH[LWQRVH7KLVVLWXDWLRQVHHPVPRVW
SUHYDOHQWXQGHUORZYROXPHFRQGLWLRQV
7KLVREVHUYDWLRQKDVEHHQYHULILHGE\UHVHDUFKWKDWKDVVKRZQWKDWHYHQZKHQDUDPS
LVRIWKHSDUDOOHOW\SHQHDUO\DOOH[LWLQJYHKLFOHVWHQGWRGULYH GLUHFWO\ IRU WKH UDPS SURSHU
QRW IXOO\ XWLOL]LQJ WKH SDUDOOHO VSHHGFKDQJH ODQH EXW HVVHQWLDOO\ XWLOL]LQJ WKH VDPH SDWK DV
ZKHQH[LWLQJRQDWDSHUW\SHGHVLJQ ,Q RQH VWXG\  WKH UHVHDUFKHUV IRXQG WKDW
EHWZHHQ  SHUFHQW WR  SHUFHQW RI WKH YHKLFOHV REVHUYHG EHJDQ WR HQWHU WKH GHFHOHUDWLRQ
ODQH EHIRUH WKH HQG RI WKH WDSHU VHFWLRQ DOWKRXJK LW ZDV QRW XQWLO WKH HQG RI WKH SDUDOOHO
VHFWLRQ WKDW  SHUFHQW WR  SHUFHQW RI WKH YHKLFOHV ZHUH HQWLUHO\ ZLWKLQ WKH GHFHOHUDWLRQ
ODQH


3.6 m
‘L’ as shown in Table X-6 with
adjustments in Table X-5

2° - 5° Divergence Typical
A
- A - TAPERED DESIGN - TANGENT

3.6 m
‘L’ as shown in Table X-6 with
adjustments in Table X-5

Divergence varies along the length

A

- B - TAPERED DESIGN - CURVILINEAR

3.6 m
‘L’ as shown in Table X-6 with
75 m adjustments in Table X-5

A
- C - PARALLEL DESIGN

A POINT CONTROLLING SAFE SPEED AT RAMP

(Source: Figure X-74, AASHTO, 1994, Ref. 1, p. 950-951)

6RXUFH )LJXUH ; $$6+72  5HI  S 

)LJXUH7DSHUHGDQGSDUDOOHOH[LWUDPSGHVLJQV
 

7DEOH0LQLPXPDFFHOHUDWLRQOHQJWKVIRUHQWUDQFHWHUPLQDOVZLWKIODWJUDGHV
RISHUFHQWRUOHVV
Acceleration Length, L (m)
For Entrance Curve Design Speed (km/h)
Stop
Condition 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Highway Speed
Design Reached, and Intial Speed, V'a (km/h)
Speed, V Va
(km/h) (km/hh) 0 20 28 35 42 51 63 70
50 37 60
60 45 100 85 70
70 53 145 125 110 85 50
80 60 195 180 165 135 100 55
90 67 275 260 240 210 175 130 50
100 75 370 345 330 300 265 220 145 55
110 81 430 405 390 360 330 285 210 120
120 88 520 505 500 470 445 400 335 245

SOURCE: AASHTO, 1994, AASHTO, Table X-4, Ref. 1, Page 945

Va 12' V'a Va
V'a L

TAPER TYPE PARALLEL TYPE

7['276SHHG&KDQJH/DQH'HVLJQ
7KH SUHFHGLQJ GLVFXVVLRQ RI VSHHGFKDQJH ODQHV FRQFHQWUDWHG RQ WKH $$6+72
DSSURDFKWRVSHHGFKDQJHODQHGHVLJQ7['27KDVDGRSWHGVWDQGDUGGHVLJQVWKDWGLIIHUIURP
WKLVDSSURDFK)LJXUHVWKURXJKVKRZVHYHUDORIWKH7['27VWDQGDUGGHVLJQVIURP
WKH7['27GHVLJQJXLGH
(QWUDQFH5DPSV
$ UHYLHZ RI 7['27©V VWDQGDUG UDPS GHVLJQV UHYHDOV WKDW 7['27 UHFRPPHQGV RQH
VWDQGDUG WDSHU W\SH HQWUDQFH UDPS GHVLJQ IRU DOO VLQJOHODQH HQWUDQFH UDPSV  7KLV GHVLJQ
FRQVLVWVRIWKUHHVHFWLRQVDPVHFWLRQXSVWUHDPRIWKHJRUHDPVHFWLRQDWD
WDSHUGRZQVWUHDPRIWKHJRUHDQGDPVHFWLRQWDSHUHGDWZKLFKVHUYHVWRUHGXFH
WKHDFFHOHUDWLRQODQHZLGWKIURPPWRP7KLVGHVLJQGLIIHUVIURPWKH$$6+72GHVLJQ


LQ WKDW RQO\ RQH VWDQGDUG VSHHGFKDQJH ODQH OHQJWK LV XWLOL]HG ZKHUHDV $$6+72 XWLOL]HV
YDU\LQJVSHHGFKDQJHODQHOHQJWKVDFFRUGLQJWR7DEOH

7DEOH0LQLPXPGHFHOHUDWLRQOHQJWKVIRUH[LWWHUPLQDOVZLWKIODWJUDGHV
RISHUFHQWRUOHVV
'HFHOHUDWLRQ /HQJWK / P

)RU 'HVLJQ 6SHHG RI ([LW &XUYH 9

NPK

6WRS

&RQGLWLRQ       

+LJKZD\ 6SHHG

'HVLJQ 5HDFKHG )RU $YHUDJH 5XQQLQJ 6SHHG RQ ([LW &XUYH 9

D NPK

6SHHG 9 9D

NPK NPK        

     

      

       

        

         

         

         

         

6285&( $$6+72 5HI  7DEOH ; S 

$ FRPSDULVRQ RI WKH 7['27 GHVLJQ ZLWK WKH $$6+72 GHVLJQ VKRZV WKDW DW ORZHU
GHVLJQVSHHGVWKH7['27GHVLJQPD\SURYLGHOHVVOHQJWKWKDQWKH$$6+72GHVLJQ,IWKH
7['27DFFHOHUDWLRQODQHOHQJWKLVPHDVXUHGEDVHGRQWKH$$6+72PHWKRGRORJ\LHQRW
LQFOXGLQJWKHPWRPZLGWKWDSHUVHFWLRQWKHSURYLGHGDFFHOHUDWLRQODQHOHQJWKZRXOG
EHWKHVXPRIWKHILUVWWZRVHFWLRQVP&RPSDUHGZLWK$$6+72WKLVOHQJWKZRXOG
EHLQVXIILFLHQWIRUDIUHHZD\GHVLJQVSHHGRINPKDQGUDPSGHVLJQVSHHGVRINPKRU
OHVV D IUHHZD\ GHVLJQ VSHHG RI  NPK DQG UDPS GHVLJQ VSHHGV RI  NPK RU OHVV RU D
IUHHZD\GHVLJQVSHHGRINPKDQGUDPSGHVLJQVSHHGVRINPKRUOHVV7KHUHIRUHWKH
7['27GHVLJQZLOOQRWSURYLGHDVXIILFLHQWOHQJWKFRPSDUHGZLWK$$6+72IRUDQG
NPK IUHHZD\V ZKHQ WKH PLQLPXP UDPS GHVLJQ VSHHG RI  SHUFHQW RI WKH IUHHZD\ GHVLJQ
VSHHGLVXWLOL]HG,IKDOIRIWKHWKLUGVHFWLRQPRIWKHPWDSHUVHFWLRQRIWKH7['27
GHVLJQ LV LQFOXGHG LQ WKH DFFHOHUDWLRQ ODQH OHQJWK DQG WKLV WRWDO OHQJWK LV FRPSDUHG ZLWK
$$6+72 WKH 7['27 GHVLJQ ZRXOG VDWLVI\ WKH PLQLPXP UHTXLUHPHQWV IRU WKH  DQG 
NPK IUHHZD\ GHVLJQ VSHHGV EXW QRW D  NPK IUHHZD\ GHVLJQ VSHHG  7KH HQWLUH WDSHU
OHQJWK LQ WKH 7['27 GHVLJQ ZRXOG QHHG WR EH LQFOXGHG WR VDWLVI\ WKH UHTXLUHG DFFHOHUDWLRQ
ODQHOHQJWKIRUDNPKIUHHZD\DFFRUGLQJWR$$6+72
 

,W VKRXOG EH QRWHG WKDW WKH SUHFHGLQJ GLVFXVVLRQ HVSHFLDOO\ WKDW RI WKH 7['27
DFFHOHUDWLRQ ODQH OHQJWK EHLQJ RQO\  P LV D ZRUVWFDVH VFHQDULR  $FFRUGLQJ WR WKH
$$6+72VWDQGDUGVLWPD\EHSRVVLEOHWRLQFOXGHPRUHRIWKHUDPS OHQJWK XSVWUHDP RI WKH
7['27P VHFWLRQ DV SDUW RI WKH DFFHOHUDWLRQ ODQH OHQJWK  7KH LQFOXVLRQ RI PRUH RI WKH
XSVWUHDP OHQJWK ZRXOG EH FDVH VSHFLILF GHSHQGLQJ RQ WKH GULYHU©V DELOLW\ WR YLHZ WKH URDG
LH QRW EHLQJ KDPSHUHG E\ JUDGHV REVWUXFWLRQV DQG FXUYDWXUH  &OHDUO\ VRPH RI WKH
7['27 GHVLJQV ZRXOG DOORZ IRU LQFOXVLRQ RI DGGLWLRQDO XSVWUHDP OHQJWK  %HFDXVH WKH
7['27VWDQGDUGGHVLJQGRHVQRWVSHFLILFDOO\DGGUHVVXSVWUHDPGHVLJQIRUDOOFDVHVLWLVQRW
SRVVLEOH WR PDNH D JHQHUDO VWDWHPHQW DV WR KRZ PXFK LI DQ\ RI WKH XSVWUHDP UDPS OHQJWK
VKRXOGEHLQFOXGHGLQVDWLVI\LQJWKH$$6+72UHFRPPHQGHGUDPSDFFHOHUDWLRQODQHOHQJWKV
/DWHULQWKLVUHSRUWERWKWKH7['27DQG$$6+72GHVLJQVZLOOEHVHHQWREHEDVHGRQWKH
VDPHPDWHULDO
([LW5DPSV
7KH 7['27 H[LW UDPS GHVLJQ IROORZV WKH $$6+72 GHVLJQ PRUH FORVHO\ WKDQ WKH
DFFHOHUDWLRQODQHGHVLJQ7KH7['27VWDQGDUGH[LWUDPSLVRIWKHWDSHUW\SHZLWKYDU\LQJ
GHFHOHUDWLRQODQHOHQJWKVGHSHQGHQWRQUDPSDQGIUHHZD\GHVLJQVSHHGV,Q7['27)LJXUH
)LJXUHWKLVUHSRUWDWDEOHRIGHFHOHUDWLRQODQHOHQJWKVIRUYDULRXVIUHHZD\GHVLJQ
VSHHGUDPS GHVLJQ VSHHG FRPELQDWLRQV LV SUHVHQWHG  7KLV WDEOH LV VLPLODU WR 7DEOH  WKH
$$6+72 UHFRPPHQGHG GHFHOHUDWLRQ OHQJWKV 7\SLFDOO\ WKH 7['27 DQG $$6+72
UHFRPPHQGHG GHFHOHUDWLRQ ODQH OHQJWKV DUH ZLWKLQ ‘ P RI HDFK RWKHU  7KH SULPDU\
GLIIHUHQFHEHWZHHQWKHWZRGHVLJQJXLGHVLVWKDW WKH $$6+72 WDEOH SURYLGHV UDPS OHQJWKV
IRU D PDLQOLQH GHVLJQ VSHHG RI  NPK ZKHUHDV WKH 7['27 JXLGH SURYLGHV UDPS OHQJWKV
RQO\IRUPDLQOLQHVSHHGVDVORZDV NPK  ,Q DGGLWLRQ WKH 7['27 JXLGH SURYLGHV UDPS
OHQJWKV IRU  NPK DQG  NPK IUHHZD\ GHVLJQ VSHHGV ZKHUHDV WKH $$6+72 JXLGH
SURYLGHVUDPSOHQJWKVRQO\IRUIUHHZD\GHVLJQVSHHGVXSWRNPK$OVRLQFOXGHGZLWK
WKH7['27GHFHOHUDWLRQODQHOHQJWKVWDEOHDUHDGMXVWPHQWVWKDWVKRXOGEHPDGHWRWKHOHQJWKV
WR DFFRXQW IRU JUDGHV  7KHVH DGMXVWPHQWV DUH WKH VDPH DV WKRVH UHFRPPHQGHG LQ WKH 
$$6+72JXLGH,QDVXEVHTXHQWVHFWLRQRIWKLVUHSRUWLWZLOOEHVKRZQWKDWWKH$$6+72
DQG7['27GHFHOHUDWLRQODQHOHQJWKWDEOHVDUHGHULYHGIURPWKHVDPHVRXUFH


)LJXUH7['27RQHZD\IURQWDJHURDGUDPSV
 

)LJXUH7['27WZRZD\IURQWDJHURDGUDPSVZLWKWXUQDURXQG


)LJXUH7['27WZRZD\IURQWDJHURDGUDPSVZLWKRXWWXUQDURXQG
 

)LJXUH7['27UDPSWUDQVLWLRQVGHWDLOV


)LJXUH7['27W\SLFDOH[LWUDPSVZLWKRXWIURQWDJHURDGV
 

)LJXUH7['27FKDQQHOL]HGH[LWDQGHQWUDQFHUDPSV


2WKHU7['275DPS2SHUDWLRQV,VVXHV
7['27XWLOL]HVWZRGLIIHUHQWDSSURDFKHVWRUHVWULFWLQJDFFHVVRQDFRQWUROOHGDFFHVV
IDFLOLW\  2QH PHWKRG WR FRQWURO DFFHVV LQYROYHV WKH XVH RI 6WDWH RI 7H[DV SROLFH WR FRQWURO
GULYHZD\DFFHVVVXEMHFWWRFHUWDLQFRQGLWLRQV+%3ODQQHG)UHHZD\$VHFRQGPHWKRG
QRQ+%3ODQQHG)UHHZD\LVWRFRQWURODFFHVVVROHO\E\SURYLVLRQRIIURQWDJHURDGV,W
ZDV GLVFXVVHG HDUOLHU WKDW IURQWDJH URDG UDPSV PD\ EH XVHG EHWZHHQ LQWHUFKDQJHV RU EH
LQFRUSRUDWHGLQWRLQWHUFKDQJHV7RDYRLGRSHUDWLRQDOSUREOHPVSRVVLEO\LQFOXGLQJEORFNDJH
DW WKH PHUJH SRLQW RI WKH UDPS DQG IURQWDJH URDG DV D UHVXOW RI TXHXH VWRUDJH 7['27 KDV
GHYHORSHGH[LWUDPSWRFURVVVWUHHWVHSDUDWLRQGLVWDQFHUHTXLUHPHQWV)LJXUHIURPWKH
7['27 GHVLJQ JXLGH VKRZV WKH SUHIHUUHG PLQLPXP DQG DEVROXWH PLQLPXP VHSDUDWLRQ
GLVWDQFHEHWZHHQWKHIURQWDJHURDGUDPSPHUJHDQGFURVVVWUHHW7KLVGLVWDQFHLVEDVHGRQ
DFFRPPRGDWLQJZHDYLQJEUDNLQJDQGVWRUDJHIRUWUDIILF
'(9(/230(172)&855(175$03'(6,*167$1'$5'6
7KXV IDU WKH UHDGHU KDV EHHQ SUHVHQWHG ZLWK WKH HOHPHQWV RI UDPS GHVLJQ  %RWK
7['27 DQG $$6+72 GHVLJQ VWDQGDUGV KDYH EHHQ UHYLHZHG ZLWK VLPLODULWLHV DQG
GLIIHUHQFHVKLJKOLJKWHG7REHWWHUXQGHUVWDQGWKHVHGHVLJQVDQGWKHLUDSSOLFDELOLW\WRWRGD\©V
WUDIILF FRQGLWLRQV LW LV QHFHVVDU\ WR UHYLHZ WKH SURFHVV E\ ZKLFK WKHVH GHVLJQV ZHUH
GHYHORSHG8QIRUWXQDWHO\QHLWKHUWKH7['27PDQXDOQRUWKH$$6+72PDQXDO
SURYLGHPXFKLQVLJKWLQWRWKHUHDVRQLQJEHKLQGWKHUHFRPPHQGHGUDPSGHVLJQVWDQGDUGV$
EHWWHUVRXUFHIRUWKHUDWLRQDOHLQKHUHQWLQERWK$$6+72©VDQG7['27©VFXUUHQWGHVLJQLV$
3ROLF\ RQ *HRPHWULF 'HVLJQ RI 5XUDO +LJKZD\V  SXEOLVKHG E\ WKH $PHULFDQ
$VVRFLDWLRQ RI 6WDWH +LJKZD\ 2IILFLDOV $$6+2 ZKLFK KDV HYROYHG LQWR WKH FXUUHQWGD\
$$6+72  7KH JXLGH LV RQH LQ D VHULHV RI FRQWLQXLQJ XSGDWHV WKDW KDV OHG WR WKH 
$$6+72 GHVLJQ PDQXDO  )RU FODULILFDWLRQ EHWZHHQ WKH GHVLJQ PDQXDOV WKLV JXLGH ZLOO EH
UHIHUUHG WR DV WKH  $$6+2 JXLGH ZLWK WKH  $$6+72 GHVLJQ JXLGH PDQXDO
FRQWLQXLQJWREHUHIHUUHGWRDVWKH$$6+72GHVLJQJXLGHRU$$6+72JXLGH
'HVLJQ6SHHG
2QH RI WKH PRVW IXQGDPHQWDO SDUDPHWHUV DIIHFWLQJ D GHVLJQ LV WKH DYHUDJH GHVLJQ
VSHHG  ([DPLQDWLRQ RI $$6+72 DQG 7['27 GHVLJQ VWDQGDUGV VKRZV WKDW RQFH D GHVLJQ
VSHHGLVGHWHUPLQHGWKHFULWLFDOVSHHGGHWHUPLQLQJDFWXDOGHVLJQIHDWXUHVHJODQHOHQJWKV
FXUYH UDGLL LV WKH DVVXPHG DYHUDJH UXQQLQJ VSHHG RI YHKLFOHV IRU WKDW GHVLJQ VSHHG  7KLV
DYHUDJHUXQQLQJVSHHGLVORZHUWKDQWKHGHVLJQVSHHGDQGPD\EHVHHQLQ7DEOHZKHUHWKH
PLQLPXPVWRSSLQJVLJKWGLVWDQFHIRUSDUWLFXODUGHVLJQVSHHGVLVEDVHGRQDQDVVXPHGGHVLJQ
VSHHG  $YHUDJH UXQQLQJ VSHHGV DUH EDVHG RQ ORZYROXPH FRQGLWLRQV PHDQLQJ WKDW WKH
FKDUDFWHULVWLFVRIWKHURDGZD\VKRXOGEHJRYHUQLQJYHKLFOHVSHHGVDQGQRWLQWHUDFWLRQVZLWK
RWKHUYHKLFOHV7KHDYHUDJHUXQQLQJVSHHGVXVHGLQWKH7['27PDQXDODQGWKH
$$6+72 PDQXDO DUH ILUVW VHHQ LQ WKH  $$6+2 JXLGH ZLWK WKHVH VSHHGV DSSDUHQWO\
 

EDVHG RQ VWXGLHV IURP WKH ILIWLHV DQG VL[WLHV  7KH HDUOLHU  $$6+2 JXLGH VXJJHVWV
UXQQLQJVSHHGVWKDWDUHVLJQLILFDQWO\ORZHUWKDQWKRVHRIWKHJXLGH
$ TXHVWLRQ H[LVWV DV WR ZKHWKHU WKHVH DVVXPHG DYHUDJH UXQQLQJ VSHHGV DUH VWLOO
DFFXUDWH XQGHU WRGD\©V FRQGLWLRQV  2QH  VWXG\ 6SHHG (VWLPDWHV IRU 5RDGZD\ 'HVLJQ
DQG7UDIILF&RQWUROVXJJHVWVWKDW WKH VSHHG HVWLPDWHV XVHG DUH VLJQLILFDQWO\ EHORZ WKH
DFWXDO VSHHGV  2QH HVWLPDWH LQGLFDWHG WKDW DV PXFK DV  SHUFHQW RI REVHUYHG WUDIILF
H[FHHGHGSRVWHGVSHHGOLPLWVZKLFKDUHRIWHQQHDUWKHDVVXPHGORZYROXPHUXQQLQJVSHHG
$GGLWLRQDOHYLGHQFHLQVXSSRUWRIWKHJURZLQJEHOLHIWKDWWKHDVVXPHGDYHUDJHUXQQLQJVSHHGV
DUHXQUHDOLVWLFPD\EHIRXQGLQWKHPHWKRGRORJ\RI1&+536SHHG&KDQJH/DQHV)LQDO
5HSRUW,QWKLVVWXG\WKHVSHHGXVHGWRGHWHUPLQHWKHUHTXLUHGOHQJWKRIDVSHHGFKDQJHODQH
ZDVWKHGHVLJQVSHHGLWVHOIQRWWKH$$6+72UXQQLQJVSHHG
2QH VWXG\ SHUIRUPHG LQ &DQDGD LQ   REVHUYHG VSHHGV RQ D VHULHV RI H[LW
UDPSVDWWKHSRLQWRIPD[LPXPFXUYDWXUHDQGFRPSDUHGWKHVHVSHHGVWRWKHGHVLJQVSHHGRI
WKHUDPS%HFDXVHWKHVHZHUHH[LVWLQJUDPSVGHVLJQVSHHGVZHUH GHWHUPLQHG DFFRUGLQJ WR
VXSHUHOHYDWLRQUDWHVDQGFXUYHUDGLLRIWKH$$6+2JXLGH7DEOHVKRZVWKHUHVXOWV
RIWKHVHREVHUYDWLRQV
:KLOHIRUDOOVL[LQWHUFKDQJHVWKHWKSHUFHQWLOHVSHHGLVOHVVWKDQWKHGHVLJQVSHHG
LW LV VHHQ WKDW WKH WK SHUFHQWLOH VSHHG DW IRXU RI WKH VL[ UDPSV ZDV REVHUYHG WR EH DW RU
DERYH WKH GHVLJQ VSHHG  7KLV LV FULWLFDO EHFDXVH GHVLJQ LV RIWHQ EDVHG RQ WKH WK RU WK
SHUFHQWLOHVQRWWKHWKSHUFHQWLOHVVRDVWRFUHDWHGHVLJQVWKDWDUHDGHTXDWHIRUWKHPDMRULW\
RIGULYHUV,WDOVRVKRXOGEHUHDOL]HGWKDWWKHWZRUDPSVZKHUHWKHREVHUYHGVSHHGDWWKHWK
SHUFHQWLOHGLGQRWUHDFKRUH[FHHGWKHGHVLJQKDGGHVLJQVSHHGVRIDQGNPKZKLFK
H[FHHGHGWKHNPKIUHHZD\VSHHGOLPLWDWWKHWLPHRIWKHVWXG\
*XLGH9DOXHVIRU5DPS'HVLJQ6SHHG
'LVFXVVHG HDUOLHU ZDV $$6+72 7DEOH ; 7DEOH  WKLV UHSRUW ZKLFK SURYLGHV
JXLGHOLQHVRQUDPSGHVLJQVSHHGV2QHRIWKHHDUOLHVWUHFRPPHQGDWLRQVIRUGHVLJQVSHHGRI
UDPSVPD\EHIRXQGLQ3URSRVHG'HVLJQ6WDQGDUGVIRU,QWHUUHJLRQDO+LJKZD\V
,QWKLVGRFXPHQWWKHUHFRPPHQGDWLRQZDVWKDW¦DOOUDPSVDQGFRQQHFWLRQVZRXOGEHGHVLJQHG
WR HQDEOH YHKLFOHV WR OHDYH DQG HQWHU WKH KLJKZD\ DW  RI WKH KLJKZD\©V GHVLJQ VSHHG§
2YHU WLPH FKDQJHV KDYH EHHQ PDGH WR WKLV UHFRPPHQGDWLRQ UHVXOWLQJ LQ 7DEOH   7KLV
WDEOHLQLWVFXUUHQWIRUPILUVWDSSHDUHGLQWKHPDQXDO%HIRUHWKLVWKHUHFRPPHQGDWLRQV
ZHUHVOLJKWO\GLIIHUHQWZLWK$$6+72KDYLQJJXLGHVRQO\IRUGHVLUDEOHDQGPLQLPXPUDPS
GHVLJQVSHHGVQRWIRUWKHWKUHHUDQJHVXSSHUPLGGOHDQGORZHUDVVHHQWRGD\)LJXUH
VKRZV WKH SURJUHVVLRQ RI WKH $$6+72 UHFRPPHQGDWLRQV IURP WKH RULJLQDO  GHVLJQ
JXLGHWRWKHJXLGH:KLOHLQDOOFDVHVWKHXSSHURUGHVLUDEOHUHFRPPHQGHGUDPSGHVLJQ
VSHHGLVDSSUR[LPDWHO\WKHDYHUDJHORZYROXPHUXQQLQJVSHHGIRUWKHIUHHZD\GHVLJQVSHHG
WKH PLQLPXP DQG PLGGOH UDQJHV GR QRW DSSHDU WR KDYH D FRUUHODWLRQ ZLWK D WUDIILF
FKDUDFWHULVWLF RU GHVLJQ SDUDPHWHU  1R OLWHUDWXUH KDV EHHQ IRXQG WKDW UHYHDOV WKH VRXUFH RI
WKHVHUHFRPPHQGDWLRQVRUUHDVRQIRUWKHFKDQJHVLQHDFKVXEVHTXHQWXSGDWH


EXIT RAMP TO CROSS

STREET SEPARATION DISTANCE
1500
Separation
Distance

Street
Cross
Ex
it
Exit Ramp to Cross Street Separation Distance 2 (Feet)

Frontage
Road

1000

Desirable

Preferred
Minimum

Minimum
500

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

1
Total Frontage Road Volume (Vehicles Per Hour)

1 Includes exit ramp volume

2 Based on accommodating traffic weaving, braking, and storage for

typical traffic control and distribution conditions. For additional information,
see Research Report 178-2F by C.J. Messer, et al, TTI, 1976.

Figure 4-46. Refers to Paragraph 4-602(A)6

(Source: Figure 4-46, Ref. 5, p. 4-89)

6RXUFH )LJXUH  5HI  S 

)LJXUH7['27H[LWUDPSWRFURVVVWUHHWVHSDUDWLRQ
 

7DEOH2EVHUYHGH[LWUDPSVSHHGV

2EVHUYHG 6SHHGV PSK DW 3RLQWV RI 0D[LPXP &XUYDWXUH

,QWHUVHFWLRQ 'HVLJQ
6SHHG RI
    
([LW PSK
3HUFHQWLOH 3HUFHQWLOH 3HUFHQWLOH 3HUFHQWLOH 3HUFHQWLOH

'L[RQ 5RDG      

,VOLQJWRQ $YH      

:HVWRQ 5RDG      

.HHOH 6WUHHW      

'XIIHULQ 6WUHHW      

    

$YHQXH 5RDG      

,QFOXGHV GHOD\HG YHKLFOHV

'HOD\HG YHKLFOHV RPLWWHG

6RXUFH 9HKLFOH 2SHUDWLQJ &KDUDFWHULVWLFV RQ 2XWHU /RRS 'HFHOHUDWLRQ /DQHV RI ,QWHUFKDQJHV 2-+53
5HSRUW 1R  0DUFK  7DEOH  SS 

7KH  $$6+2 JXLGH SUHVHQWDWLRQ RI WKH GHVLJQ RI VSHHGFKDQJH ODQHV SURYLGHV PRUH
LQIRUPDWLRQWKDQODWHUGHVLJQJXLGHVRQWKHGHULYDWLRQRIGHVLJQVWDQGDUGVWKH$$6+2
JXLGH DOVR SURYLGHV PXFK RI ZKDW LV IRXQG LQ WKH  $$6+2 JXLGH 7KH  PDQXDO
GHILQHVDVSHHGFKDQJHODQHDV¦DQDX[LOLDU\ODQHLQFOXGLQJWDSHUHGDUHDVSULPDULO\IRUWKH
DFFHOHUDWLRQ RU GHFHOHUDWLRQ RI YHKLFOHV HQWHULQJ RU OHDYLQJ WKH WKURXJK WUDIILF ODQHV  7KH
WHUP VSHHGFKDQJH ODQH GHFHOHUDWLRQ ODQH RU DFFHOHUDWLRQ ODQH DV XVHG KHUHLQ DSSOLHV
EURDGO\ WR WKH DGGHG SDYHPHQW MRLQLQJ WKH WUDYHOHG ZD\ RI WKH KLJKZD\ ZLWK WKDW RI WKH
WXUQLQJURDGZD\DQGGRHVQRWQHFHVVDULO\LPSO\DGHILQLWHODQHRIXQLIRUPZLGWK§:KLOHQRW
FOHDUO\ GHILQHG DV VXFK WKH  $$6+2 JXLGH GRHV EHJLQ WR UHFRJQL]H WKH WZR PDMRU
FRPSHWLQJ VSHHGFKDQJH ODQH GHVLJQV QDPHO\ SDUDOOHO DQG WDSHU  7KH JXLGH GLVWLQJXLVKHV
EHWZHHQ WKH EHQHILWV RI WKH WZR E\ VWDWLQJ WKDW GULYHUV SUHIHU WR XVH D GLUHFW UDWKHU WKDQ D
UHYHUVHSDWKLHWDSHUGHVLJQWKRXJKXQGHUKHDY\ WUDIILFYROXPHVWKHUHLVDWHQGHQF\IRU
GULYHUVWRXWLOL]HPRUHRIWKHGHFHOHUDWLRQODQHIROORZLQJDUHYHUVHFXUYHSDWKLHSDUDOOHO
GHVLJQ)RUERWKGHFHOHUDWLRQDQGDFFHOHUDWLRQODQHVWKHUHLVDFOHDUEXWQRWGLUHFWO\VWDWHG
IDYRULQJRIWKHWDSHUW\SHGHVLJQ


1954 AASHO
Highway design speed, mph 30 40 50 60 70
Ramp design speed, mph
Desirable 25 35 40 45 50
Minimum 15 20 25 30 30
Corresponding minimum radius, feet
Desirable 150 300 430 550 690
Minimum 50 90 150 230 230
Source: Table IX-2, 1954 A Policy on Geometric Design of Rural Highways, pp. 393

1965 AASHO
Highway design speed, mph 30 40 50 60 65 70 75 80
Ramp design speed, mph
Desirable 25 35 45 50 55 60 60 65
Minimum 15 20 25 30 30 30 35 40
Corresponding minimum radius, feet
Desirable 150 300 550 690 840 1040 1040 1260
Minimum 50 90 150 230 230 230 300 430
Source: Table IX-2, 1965 A Policy on Geometric Design of Rural Highways, pp. 531

1973 AASHTO
Highway design speed, mph 30 40 50 60 65 70
Ramp design speed, mph
Desirable 25 35 45 50 55 60
Minimum 15 20 25 30 30 30
Corresponding minimum radius, feet
Desirable 150 300 550 690 840 1040
Minimum 50 90 150 230 230 230
Note: Ramp design speeds above 30 mph seldom are applicable to loops
Source: Table J-1, 1973 A Policy on Design of Urban Highways and Arterial Streets, pp. 545

1984 AASHTO
Highway Design Speed (mph) 30 40 50 60 65 70
Ramp Design Speed (mph)
Upper Range (85%) 25 35 45 50 55 60
Middle Range (70%) 20 30 35 45 45 50
Lower Range (50%) 15 20 25 30 30 35
Corresponding Minimum Radius (ft) SEE TABLE III-6
Source: Table X-1, 1984 A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets, pp. 1012

1990 AASHTO
Highway Design Speed (mph) 30 40 50 60 65 70
Ramp Design Speed (mph)
Upper Range (85%) 25 35 45 50 55 60
Middle Range (70%) 20 30 35 45 45 50
Lower Range (50%) 15 20 25 30 30 35
Corresponding Minimum Radius (ft) See Table III-6
Source: Table X-1, 1990 A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets, pp. 960

)LJXUH+LVWRULFDO$$6+72UDPSGHVLJQVSHHGUHFRPPHQGDWLRQV
 

7KH LPSURYHG  $$6+72 JXLGH KLJKOLJKWV WKH GLIIHUHQFHV EHWZHHQ WKH WZR
GHVLJQW\SHV GLVFXVVHV GHVLJQ FRQVLGHUDWLRQV DQG SURYLGHV VRPH FODULILFDWLRQ LQ PHDVXULQJ
DQG SURYLGLQJ WKH VSHHGFKDQJH ODQH ZLWK WKH SURSHU OHQJWK RQFH FKRVHQ  +RZHYHU DQ
H[DPLQDWLRQRIWKH$$6+2JXLGHOHDGVWRWKHFRQFOXVLRQWKDWPRVWGHVLJQYDOXHVDUH
WKH VDPH DV WKRVH LQ WKH  $$6+72 JXLGH  ,QWHUHVWLQJO\ PDQ\ RI WKH GHVLJQ YDOXHV
IRXQG LQ WKH  7['27 GHVLJQ JXLGH DUH DOVR IURP WKH  $$6+2 JXLGH ZKHUHDV D
VLPSOHFRPSDULVRQRIWKH$$6+72GHVLJQJXLGHZLWKWKH7['27JXLGHPD\OHDG
RQH WR EHOLHYH WKDW FHUWDLQ GHVLJQ YDOXHV ZHUH GHYHORSHG VHSDUDWHO\  7R GHPRQVWUDWH DQG
SURYLGH LQVLJKW LQWR ERWK WKH FXUUHQW 7['27 DQG $$6+72 GHVLJQ VWDQGDUGV WKH UDWLRQDOH
EHKLQGWKHGHVLJQRIWKHWDSHUDQGGHFHOHUDWLRQDQGDFFHOHUDWLRQODQHVZLOOEHSUHVHQWHG
7DSHU6HFWLRQ
2QHRIWKHILUVWGHVLJQDVSHFWVFRYHUHGLQWKHVSHHGFKDQJHODQHGHVLJQLVWDSHUWKDW
LVWKHWDSHUDWWKHHQGRUEHJLQQLQJRIWKHVSHHGFKDQJHODQH¥QRWWREHFRQIXVHGZLWKWKH
WDSHUW\SHVSHHGFKDQJHODQHGHVLJQ:KLOHFXUUHQW$$6+72GHVLJQUHFRPPHQGVDWDSHURI
PIRUHQWUDQFHUDPSVDQGPWDSHUIRUH[LWUDPSVSDUDOOHOW\SHGHVLJQVSHHGVXSWR
NPK DQG 7['27 XWLOL]HV D WDSHU VHFWLRQ RI  P LQ DFFHOHUDWLRQ ODQH GHVLJQ WKH 
JXLGHUHFRPPHQGHGYDULDEOHWDSHUOHQJWKVDFFRUGLQJWR7DEOH
7KHVH WDSHU OHQJWKV ZHUH EDVHG RQ SDVVLQJ SUDFWLFHV RQ WZRODQH KLJKZD\V DV
GHWHUPLQHG LQ D  VWXG\   7KLV VWXG\ IRXQG WKDW GHSHQGLQJ RQ WUDIILF FRQGLWLRQV D
SDVVLQJYHKLFOHZRXOGVKLIWODWHUDOO\RQHODQHLQWRVHFRQGV)URPWKLVLWZDVDVVXPHG
WKDWWKHWLPHUHTXLUHGIRUDGULYHUWRVKLIWIURPDWKURXJKODQHWRDVSHHGFKDQJHODQHZDV
VHFRQGVPLQLPXPWRVHFRQGVGHVLUDEOHOHDGLQJWRDYDOXHRIVHFRQGVIRUGHVLJQ7KH
WDSHUOHQJWKIRUDSDUWLFXODUGHVLJQVSHHGLVWKHQVLPSO\EDVHGRQWKHGLVWDQFHWUDYHOHGGXULQJ
VHFRQGVDWWKHDYHUDJHUXQQLQJVSHHG7KXVDVLPSOLILFDWLRQRIWKLVWDEOHZRXOGEHIRUD
PWDSHUIRUVSHHGVXQGHUNPKDVQRZXVHGE\$$6+72IRUSDUDOOHOW\SHHQWUDQFH
UDPSV$$6+72XWLOL]HVDWDSHUOHQJWKIRUGHVLJQVSHHGVFORVHUWRNPKIRUSDUDOOHOW\SH
H[LWUDPSV$QH[SODQDWLRQIRUWKHGLIIHUHQWWDSHUOHQJWKXVHGLQWKH$$6+72ZDVQRW
IRXQGLQUHYLHZLQJWKHOLWHUDWXUH7KHVRXUFHIRUWKH7['27WDSHUOHQJWKZLOOEHGLVFXVVHGLQ
WKHDFFHOHUDWLRQODQHVHFWLRQ
:KLOHWKHVHFRQGWLPHWRVKLIWODQHVLVEDVHGRQDVWXG\WKLVPRYHPHQWKDV
EHHQVWXGLHGPRUHUHFHQWO\,QWKH1&+53UHSRUW6SHHG&KDQJH/DQHVDVWXG\RI
WKHGLVWULEXWLRQRIWLPHVREVHUYHGIRUDGULYHUWRVWHHUIURPWKHDFFHOHUDWLRQODQHFRPSOHWHO\
RQWRWKHDGMDFHQWIUHHZD\ODQHZDVFRPSOHWHG7KLVVWXG\IRXQGDSSUR[LPDWHO\
DQG  VHFRQGV WR EH WKH WK WK DQG WK SHUFHQWLOH VSHHGV UHVSHFWLYHO\ ZLWK DQ
DYHUDJH RI  VHFRQGV  7KHVH YDOXHV WRJHWKHU ZLWK WKH OLNHOLKRRG WKDW YHKLFOH DQG GULYHU
FKDUDFWHULVWLFV KDYH FKDQJHG VLQFH WKH  VWXG\ OHDG WR WKH FRQFOXVLRQ WKDW WDSHU GHVLJQ
FOHDUO\QHHGVWREHUHYLVLWHGDVDVWHSWRZDUGSRVVLEO\XSGDWLQJWKHGHVLJQVWDQGDUGV


7DEOH$$6+2JXLGDQFHIRUOHQJWKVRIWDSHUIRUXVHLQFRQMXQFWLRQZLWKIXOOZLGWK
VSHHGFKDQJHODQHV

+LJKZD\ GHVLJQ VSHHG PSK        

$YHUDJH UXQQLQJ VSHHG PSK        

0LQLPXP OHQJWK IW        

/HQJWK RI WDSHU URXQGHG        

6RXUFH 7DEOH 9,, $ 3ROLF\ RQ *HRPHWULF 'HVLJQ RI 5XUDO +LJKZD\V $$6+2  

'HFHOHUDWLRQ/DQHV
7KH$$6+2JXLGHEDVHVWKHGHFHOHUDWLRQODQHOHQJWKRQWKUHHIDFWRUV¦DWKH
VSHHGDWZKLFKGULYHUVPDQHXYHURQWRWKHDX[LOLDU\ODQHEWKHVSHHGDWZKLFKGULYHUVWXUQ
DIWHU WUDYHUVLQJ WKH GHFHOHUDWLRQ ODQH F WKH PDQQHU RI GHFHOHUDWLQJ RU WKH GHFHOHUDWLRQ
IDFWRUV§
7KHILUVWIDFWRU¥WKHVSHHGDWZKLFKGULYHUVPDQHXYHURQWRWKHDX[LOLDU\ODQH¥LV
EDVHGRQWKHDVVXPSWLRQWKDWZKHQVKLIWLQJLQWRWKHGHFHOHUDWLRQODQHPRVWGULYHUVWUDYHODWD
VSHHGQRJUHDWHUWKDQWKDWRIWKHORZYROXPHDYHUDJHUXQQLQJVSHHG7KHVPDOOSHUFHQWDJHRI
GULYHUV ZKR WUDYHO DW KLJKHU VSHHGV DUH DVVXPHG WR EH DOHUWHG WR WKH H[LW E\ VLJQV DQG LQ
UHVSRQVHDUHDVVXPHGWRVORZGRZQWRWKHUXQQLQJVSHHGE\WKHEHJLQQLQJRIWKHWDSHU
7KH VHFRQG IDFWRU ¥ WKH VSHHG DW ZKLFK WKH GULYHUV WXUQ DIWHU WUDYHUVLQJ WKH
GHFHOHUDWLRQODQH¥LVDVVXPHGWREHWKHUXQQLQJVSHHGRIWKHVKDUSRUFRQWUROOLQJFXUYHRI
WKHUDPSSURSHU'HWHUPLQDWLRQRIWKLVUXQQLQJVSHHGLVEDVHGRQ7DEOH9,,SDJHLQ
WKHJXLGH7KLVWDEOHLVH[DFWO\WKHVDPHDV7DEOH,,,LQWKHJXLGHDQGKDVEHHQ
SUHYLRXVO\ GLVFXVVHG LQ WKH SUHVHQWDWLRQ RI UDPS GHVLJQ 7DEOH  LQ WKLV UHSRUW  7KH
GLIIHUHQFH EHWZHHQ WKH DYHUDJH UXQQLQJ VSHHGV RQ WKH IUHHZD\ DQG WKH FRQWUROOLQJ FXUYH LV
WKHQ WDNHQ WR EH WKH VSHHG GLIIHUHQWLDO XVHG LQ WKH GHWHUPLQDWLRQ RI WKH GHFHOHUDWLRQ ODQH
OHQJWK
7KHWKLUGIDFWRU¥WKHPDQQHURIGHFHOHUDWLRQRUWKHGHFHOHUDWLRQIDFWRUV¥LVEDVHG
RQJHQHUDOREVHUYDWLRQVDQGVHYHUDOOLPLWHGVWXGLHV,WZDVGHWHUPLQHGWKDWWKHGHFHOHUDWLRQ
SURFHVVRFFXUVLQWZRVWHSVGHFHOHUDWLRQLQJHDUDQGGHFHOHUDWLRQZKLOHEUDNLQJ7KHGHVLJQ
YDOXHVIRUWKHVHUDWHVDUHEDVHGRQVHYHUDOVWXGLHVFRQGXFWHGSULPDULO\LQWKHODWHWKLUWLHV
 DQG   $ GLVFXVVLRQ RI WKHVH VWXGLHV DQG WKH DSSURSULDWHQHVV RI FRQWLQXLQJ WR XWLOL]H
WKHLUUDWHVLQWRGD\©VGHVLJQVLVUHVHUYHGXQWLODIWHUWKHGLVFXVVLRQRIDFFHOHUDWLRQODQHV
)RU GHVLJQ SXUSRVHV GHFHOHUDWLRQ LQ JHDU LV DVVXPHG WR RFFXU IRU  VHFRQGV  7KH
GLVWDQFH WUDYHOHG GXULQJ WKLV WLPH LV EDVHG RQ GHFHOHUDWLRQ FKDUDFWHULVWLFV GHWHUPLQHG LQ
6SHHG&KDQJH5DWHVIRU3DVVHQJHU9HKLFOHVRI)LJXUHWDNHQIURPWKH
$$6+2JXLGHDQG EDVHG RQ WKLV VWXG\ LV XWLOL]HG LQ GHWHUPLQLQJ WKH GLVWDQFH WUDYHOHG DQG
VSHHG UHDFKHG ZKHQ EHJLQQLQJ IURP VRPH LQLWLDO VSHHG DQG GHFHOHUDWLQJ LQ JHDU IRU 
 

VHFRQGV)RUVSHHGFKDQJHODQHGHVLJQWKHLQLWLDOVSHHGLVWKHDYHUDJHUXQQLQJVSHHGRIWKH
IUHHZD\
7KHVHFRQGSRUWLRQRIWKHGHFHOHUDWLRQODQHOHQJWK¥GHFHOHUDWLRQZKLOHEUDNLQJ¥LV
EDVHGRQWKHVWXG\$FFHOHUDWLRQDQG'HFHOHUDWLRQ&KDUDFWHULVWLFVRI3ULYDWH3DVVHQJHU
9HKLFOHVDQGWKHVWXG\'HFHOHUDWLRQ'LVWDQFHVIRU+LJK6SHHG9HKLFOHV7KH
ILUVWVWXG\DFWXDOO\LVIRUGHFHOHUDWLRQFKDUDFWHULVWLFVZKLOHDSSURDFKLQJDVWRSVLJQEXWLW
ZDV DVVXPHG IRU WKH GHVLJQ RI WKH VSHHGFKDQJH ODQHV WKDW WKH GHFHOHUDWLRQ UDWHV ZRXOG EH
FKDUDFWHULVWLF RI WKRVH IRU DSSURDFKLQJ WKH WXUQLQJ URDGZD\  )URP WKHVH VWXGLHV D
¦FRPIRUWDEOH§RYHUDOOUDWHRIGHFHOHUDWLRQZKLOHEUDNLQJIURPDVSHHGRINPKZDVIRXQG
WREHDSSUR[LPDWHO\PSHUVHFRQGDQGWKHUDWHLVDVVXPHGWRGHFUHDVHDVWKHVSHHG
GHFUHDVHV  WR DSSUR[LPDWHO\  P SHU VHFRQG DW  NPK  7KHVH ¦FRPIRUWDEOH§ UDWHV
ZHUHDVVXPHGDFFHSWDEOHIRUGHVLJQVWDQGDUGV)LJXUHWDNHQIURPWKH$$6+2
JXLGH VKRZV WKH GLVWDQFH WUDYHOHG GXULQJ EUDNLQJ  )RU WKLV ILJXUH WKH LQLWLDO VSHHG LV WKH
VSHHG UHDFKHG DW WKH HQG RI WKH  VHFRQG GHFHOHUDWLRQ LQ JHDU DQG WKH ILQDO VSHHG LV WKH
DYHUDJHUXQQLQJVSHHGIRUWKHWXUQLQJURDGZD\

80
75

70
70
65 55

60 50
60
Initial Speed - MPH

45
d
con

on

on
ec

ec
2 se

40
3s

4s

50
MPH
ACH ED 35
SPE ED RE
30
40
25
20
30

20
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Distance Traveled - Feet
Distance Traveled During Deceleration in Gear Without Use of Brakes
-A-

6RXUFH )LJXUH 9,, 5HI  S 

)LJXUH$$6+2GLVWDQFHWUDYHOHGGXULQJGHFHOHUDWLRQ


7RVXPPDUL]HWKHOHQJWKRIWKHGHFHOHUDWLRQODQHLVFDOFXODWHGLQWKH$$6+2
E\ DVVXPLQJ WKDW D YHKLFOH  LV WUDYHOLQJ DW DQ LQLWLDO VSHHG DW WKH EHJLQQLQJ RI WKH
GHFHOHUDWLRQODQHHTXDOWRWKHDYHUDJHUXQQLQJVSHHGRIWKHKLJKZD\GHFHOHUDWHVLQJHDUIRU
 VHFRQGV WUDYHOLQJ D GLVWDQFH WKDW PD\ EH GHWHUPLQHG IURP )LJXUH  DQG  WKHQ
GHFHOHUDWHVZKLOHEUDNLQJDWDUDWHDFFRUGLQJWR)LJXUHWRWKHDYHUDJHUXQQLQJVSHHGRI
WKH WXUQLQJ URDGZD\  $FFRUGLQJ WR WKH  $$6+2 JXLGH ¦OHQJWKV EDVHG RQ WKHVH
DVVXPSWLRQV SHUPLW D GULYHU WR GHFHOHUDWH FRPIRUWDEO\ DQG VDIHO\ ZKHQ KH DSSURDFKHV WKH
GHFHOHUDWLRQODQHDWWKHDYHUDJHUXQQLQJVSHHGRIWKHKLJKZD\§
$VDILQDOSRLQWLWVKRXOGEHXQGHUVWRRGWKDWWKLVGHVLJQLVEDVHGRQSDVVHQJHUYHKLFOH
RSHUDWLRQ:KLOHWKH$$6+2JXLGHUHFRJQL]HVWKDWWUXFNVUHTXLUHDORQJHUGHFHOHUDWLRQ
GLVWDQFH IRU WKH VDPH VSHHG GLIIHUHQWLDO LW LV DVVXPHG WKDW ¦ORQJHU ODQHV DUH QRW MXVWLILHG
EHFDXVHDYHUDJHVSHHGVRIWUXFNVDUHJHQHUDOO\OHVVWKDQWKRVHRISDVVHQJHUFDUV§
%DVHGRQWKHPHWKRGRORJ\GLVFXVVHG)LJXUH9,,LVSUHVHQWHGLQWKH$$6+2
PDQXDO DQG UHSURGXFHG LQ WKLV UHSRUW DV 7DEOH   7KLV SUHVHQWDWLRQ LV SDUWLDOO\
XQQHFHVVDU\ EHFDXVH D FRPSDULVRQ RI WKLV WDEOH DQG 7DEOH  $$6+72  7DEOH ;
UHYHDOV WKHVH WDEOHV KDYH H[DFWO\ WKH VDPH GHVLJQ YDOXHV  7KH RQO\ QXPHULFDO GLIIHUHQFH LV
WKDW7DEOHYHUVLRQJLYHVGHVLJQYDOXHVIRUKLJKZD\GHVLJQVSHHGVRIDQG
NPKZKHUHDV7DEOHYHUVLRQSURYLGHVGHVLJQYDOXHVRQO\DVKLJKDVNPK

80
Initial Speed When Brakes Are Applied - MPH

30
70 P H
0M
E D5 20
A CH 0

D RE 40
H
60 EE MP
SP 0
D4
HE
E AC
50 DR
EE
SP

40
30
0
20
30
Leisurely Rate
Comfortable Rate
20
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Distance Traveled - Feet
Distance Traveled While Braking
-B-

6RXUFH )LJXUH 9,, 5HI  S 

)LJXUH$$6+2GLVWDQFHWUDYHOHGZKLOHEUDNLQJ
 

7KHUH LV RI FRXUVH D UHDVRQ IRU SUHVHQWLQJ ERWK YHUVLRQV  $Q H[DPLQDWLRQ RI WKH
VSHHGFKDQJHODQHGUDZLQJVLQWHQGHGWRDVVLVWWKHGHVLJQHULQSURSHUO\DSSO\LQJWKHYDOXHV
VKRZV D FULWLFDO GLIIHUHQFH LQ WKH PHWKRGRORJ\ RI DSSO\LQJ WKH GHVLJQ OHQJWKV  7KH 
$$6+2JXLGHDVVXPHVWKHWDSHUWREHSDUWRIWKHWRWDOVSHHGFKDQJHODQHOHQJWKZKHUHDVWKH
 $$6+72 JXLGH WUHDWV WKH WDSHU DV DQ DGGLWLRQDO OHQJWK  7KLV PHDQV WKDW ZKLOH QRW
DOWHULQJDQ\RIWKHIXQGDPHQWDOGDWDRQZKLFKWKHOHQJWKVDUHGHULYHGLHDYHUDJHUXQQLQJ
VSHHGVDFFHOHUDWLRQDQGGHFHOHUDWLRQUDWHVWKH$$6+72JXLGHGHFHOHUDWLRQODQHVDUH
HVVHQWLDOO\  P W\SLFDO WDSHU OHQJWK ORQJHU WKDQ WKH  $$6+2 OHQJWKV  7KH SULPDU\
GLIIHULQJ DVVXPSWLRQ EHWZHHQ WKH WZR PDQXDOV VHHPV WR EH WKDW WKH  $$6+2 JXLGH
DVVXPHVWKDWGHFHOHUDWLRQLQJHDURFFXUVZKLOHWKHYHKLFOHVKLIWVIURPWKHIUHHZD\ODQHWRWKH
GHFHOHUDWLRQ ODQH ZKLOH WKH  $$6+72 JXLGH DVVXPHV GHFHOHUDWLRQ LQ JHDU GRHV QRW
EHJLQ XQWLO WKH YHKLFOH KDV FRPSOHWHO\ HQWHUHG WKH GHFHOHUDWLRQ ODQH  7KLV VKLIW LQ ZKDW LV
DVVXPHGDSSHDUVWRKDYHRFFXUUHGEHWZHHQWKH$$6+2JXLGHWKHEOXHERRNDQGWKH
 $$6+72 JXLGH WKH UHG ERRN >@ ,Q UHYLHZLQJ WKH OLWHUDWXUH IRU WKLV UHSRUW QR
OLWHUDWXUHKDVEHHQGLVFRYHUHGWKXVIDUWKDWH[SODLQVWKHUDWLRQDOHEHKLQGWKLVFKDQJHZLWKWKH
UHGERRNDFWXDOO\UHIHUULQJWKHUHDGHUWRWKHEOXHERRNIRUDQH[SODQDWLRQRIKRZWKHVSHHG
FKDQJHODQHGHVLJQYDOXHVDUHGHULYHG

7DEOH$$6+2OHQJWKVIRUGHFHOHUDWLRQODQHV

L = Length of Deceleration Lane – Feet

Highway Average for Design Speed of Exit Curve – MPH (V1)
Design Running
Speed, Speed, Stop 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
MPH MPH Condition
(V) (Va) For Average Running Speed on Exit Curve – MPH (Va)

0 14 18 22 26 30 36 40 44
30 28 235 185 160 140 --- --- --- --- ---
40 36 315 295 265 235 185 155 --- --- ---
50 44 435 405 385 355 315 285 225 175 ---
60 52 530 500 490 460 430 410 340 300 240
65 55 570 540 530 490 480 430 380 330 280
70 58 615 590 570 550 510 490 430 390 340
75 61 660 630 610 590 560 530 470 440 390
80 64 700 680 660 640 610 580 530 490 450

Deceleration in Gear Comfortable Braking

(Fig. VII - 15A) 3 sec. (Fig. VII - 15B)
Va
Val

V - Design speed of highway Vl - Design speed of exit curve

Va - Average running speed on highway Val - Average running speed on exit curve

6RXUFH )LJXUH 9,, 5HI  S 



7DEOH9,,IURPWKH$$6+2EOXHERRNLVVKRZQDV7DEOHLQWKLVUHSRUW
7KLV WDEOH ¥ D URXQGLQJ RI WKH YDOXHV RI 7DEOH  ¥  ZDV GHYHORSHG IRU GHWHUPLQLQJ
VSHHGFKDQJHODQHOHQJWKVIRUGHVLJQ7KLVURXQGHG YHUVLRQ RI WKH GHFHOHUDWLRQ ODQH OHQJWK
IRUGHVLJQZDVGURSSHGLQVXEVHTXHQWYHUVLRQVRIWKHJXLGHDQGZLWKWKH
ODWHU YHUVLRQV XVLQJ WKH UDZ QXPEHUV IRXQG LQ 7DEOH   ,QWHUHVWLQJO\ WKH GHFHOHUDWLRQ
OHQJWKWDEOHLQ)LJXUHLQWKH7['27PDQXDO)LJXUHLQWKLV UHSRUW LV H[DFWO\ WKH
VDPH DV WKH URXQGHG YHUVLRQ RI WKH $$6+2  JXLGH GHVLJQ OHQJWKV  7KLV UHYHODWLRQ
SURYLGHV DQ LPSRUWDQW OLQN EHWZHHQ WKH 7['27 DQG $$6+72 JXLGHV WKDW LV QRW UHDGLO\
DSSDUHQWLQWKHFRPSDULVRQRIWKHODWHVWYHUVLRQVRIWKHVHJXLGHVWKDWLVWKH7['27YDOXHV
DUHEDVHGRQWKHVDPHVWXGLHVDQGPHWKRGRORJ\DVWKHFXUUHQW$$6+72YDOXHV$WWKLVWLPH
WKHUHKDVEHHQQROLWHUDWXUHIRXQGWRH[SODLQZK\$$6+72FHDVHGXVLQJWKHURXQGHGWDEOHRU
ZK\7['27GLGQRWFKDQJHWRWKHUDZGHVLJQOHQJWKVDORQJZLWK$$6+72
$FFHOHUDWLRQ/DQHV
$V ZLWK WKH GHFHOHUDWLRQ ODQHV WKH  $$6+2 JXLGH RIIHUV OLWWOH JXLGDQFH LQ
FKRRVLQJ EHWZHHQ WKH SDUDOOHO DQG WDSHU W\SH VSHHGFKDQJH ODQHV  7KHUH DSSHDUV WR EH DQ
XQVWDWHG DVVXPSWLRQ WKDW PRVW DFFHOHUDWLRQ ODQHV ZLOO EH RI WKH WDSHU W\SH DW D  WDSHU
ZLWK WKH JXLGH SURYLGLQJ RQO\ D EULHI PHQWLRQ WKDW VRPH GHVLJQHUV PD\ SUHIHU D SDUDOOHO
DFFHOHUDWLRQODQHZLWKDPRUHDFXWHWDSHUDWWKHHQG  7KH  WDSHU LV UHDGLO\ VHHQ DV WKDW
FDUULHGLQWRWKH7['27VWDQGDUGGHVLJQV)LJXUHVWKURXJKDQGWKH$$6+72
WDSHUW\SHGHVLJQVZLWKWKHH[FHSWLRQRI$$6+72UHFRPPHQGLQJDUDQJHIURPWR
7KH$$6+2JXLGHEDVHVWKHOHQJWKRIWKHDFFHOHUDWLRQODQHRQVHYHUDOIDFWRUV
¦D WKH VSHHG DW ZKLFK GULYHUV PHUJH ZLWK WKURXJK WUDIILF E WKH VSHHG DW ZKLFK GULYHUV
HQWHUWKHDFFHOHUDWLRQODQHVDQGFWKHPDQQHURIDFFHOHUDWLQJRUWKHDFFHOHUDWLRQIDFWRUV
DQGPD\GHSHQGRQ WKH UHODWLYH YROXPHV RI WKH WKURXJK DQG HQWHULQJ WUDIILF§  0DQ\ RI WKH
UDWLRQDOHV DQG DVVXPSWLRQV XVHG DUH VLPLODU WR WKRVH RI WKH GHFHOHUDWLRQ ODQHV DOORZLQJ IRU
WKLVUHYLHZRIDFFHOHUDWLRQODQHVWREHOHVVGHWDLOHG
)RU WKH ILUVW DQG VHFRQG IDFWRUV WKH  $$6+2 JXLGH VWDWHV WKDW D VDWLVIDFWRU\
PHUJLQJ RSHUDWLRQ ZRXOG EH DFKLHYHG E\ D YHKLFOH RQ WKH DFFHOHUDWLRQ ODQH HQWHULQJ WKH
IUHHZD\WKURXJKODQHDWDVSHHGNPKOHVVWKDQWKHDYHUDJHUXQQLQJVSHHGRIWKHIUHHZD\
$OVRWKLVYHKLFOHLVDVVXPHGWRHQWHUWKHDFFHOHUDWLRQODQHDWDVSHHGHTXDOWRWKHFRQWUROOLQJ
VSHHGRIWKHUDPSSURSHU7KHUHIRUHWKHVSHHGGLIIHUHQWLDOIRUGHWHUPLQLQJWKHOHQJWKRIWKH
DFFHOHUDWLRQODQHLVWKHGLIIHUHQFHEHWZHHQWKHDYHUDJHUXQQLQJVSHHGRIWKHIUHHZD\OHVV
NPKDQGWKHDYHUDJHUXQQLQJVSHHGRIWKHFRQWUROOLQJFXUYHRQWKHUDPSSURSHU,WZLOOEH
VHHQ ZKHQ GLVFXVVLQJ RWKHU PRGHOLQJ DSSURDFKHV WKDW WKH  NPK LQFUHPHQWDO GLIIHUHQFH
DVVXPHGE\$$6+2PD\QRWKROG)RUH[DPSOHLWKDVEHHQVXJJHVWHGWKDWGULYHUVGRQRW
PHUJH LQ UHVSRQVH WR VRPH WKUHVKROG VSHHG GLIIHUHQWLDO EXW LQVWHDG PHUJH DW DQ\ VSHHG
GLIIHUHQWLDO GHSHQGHQW RQ VRPH RWKHU HOHPHQW VXFK DV YHKLFXODU DQJXODU YHORFLW\ 
YHKLFXODUDQJXODUYHORFLW\LVH[SODLQHGLQDODWHUVHFWLRQRIWKLVUHSRUW
 

7DEOH$$6+2GHVLJQOHQJWKIRUVSHHGFKDQJHODQHV

All Main Highways

Flat Grades - 2 Percent or Less
Design speed of
turning roadway 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
curve, mph Stop
Minimum curve Condition
50 90 150 230 310 430 550 690
radius, feet
Design Length
Speed of of
Total length of DECELERATION lane, including taper, feet:
Highway, taper,
mph feet
40 190 325 300 275 250 200
50 230 425 400 375 350 325 275
60 270 500 500 475 450 425 400 325 300
65 290 550 550 525 500 475 450 375 325
70 300 600 575 550 550 525 500 425 400 350
75 315 650 625 600 600 575 525 475 450 400
80 330 700 675 650 650 600 575 525 475 450
Design Length
Speed of of
Total length of ACCELERATION lane, including taper, feet:
Highway, taper,
mph feet
40 190 325 250 225
50 230 700 625 600 500 400
60 270 1125 1075 1000 900 800 600 400
70 300 1550 1500 1400 1325 1225 1000 825 575
NOTE: Uniform 50:1 tapers are recommended where lengths of acceleration lanes exceed 1300 feet, o
where design speeds exceed 70 mph, or elsewhere if appropriate and space permits.
SOURCE AASHO, 1965 A Policy on Geometric Design of Rural Highways, Table VII-10, page 351

$V ZLWK GHFHOHUDWLRQ UDWHV WKH PDQQHU RI DFFHOHUDWLRQ RU WKH DFFHOHUDWLRQ UDWHV DUH
GHWHUPLQHGSULPDULO\IURPVWXGLHVFRPSOHWHGLQWKHODWHWKLUWLHV7KHVHVWXGLHVSURGXFHGERWK
HVWLPDWHV RI PD[LPXP DQG QRUPDO DFFHOHUDWLRQ UDWHV  0D[LPXP DFFHOHUDWLRQ UDWHV ZHUH
IRXQGWRYDU\EHWZHHQDSSUR[LPDWHO\NPKVNLORPHWHUVSHUKRXUSHUVHFRQGDWNPK
DQGNPKVDWNPK1RUPDODFFHOHUDWLRQUDWHVRIGULYHUVZHUHVWDWHGWREHGLIILFXOW
WR PHDVXUH DQG IRXQG WR YDU\ FRQVLGHUDEO\ GHSHQGHQW RQ LQGLYLGXDO GULYHU FKDUDFWHULVWLFV
&XUYH $ LQ )LJXUH  UHSUHVHQWV WKH DFFHOHUDWLRQ UDWHV XVHG LQ WKH FDOFXODWLRQ RI
DFFHOHUDWLRQODQHOHQJWKV7KHVHUDWHVDUHDSSUR[LPDWHO\SHUFHQWRIIXOODFFHOHUDWLRQUDWHV
&XUYH&GHWHUPLQHGGXULQJWKHVDPHVWXG\,QWKLVVWXG\WKHQRUPDODFFHOHUDWLRQUDWHZDV
REVHUYHGWRGHFUHDVHLQDQRQOLQHDUIDVKLRQDVVSHHGLQFUHDVHG
)LJXUH  EDVHG RQ WKH DFFHOHUDWLRQ UDWHV IURP WKH  VWXG\ DOORZV IRU WKH
GHWHUPLQDWLRQ RI WKH DFFHOHUDWLRQ ODQH OHQJWKV  $ WDEOH ZDV DOVR SURGXFHG IRU YDULRXV
FRPELQDWLRQV RI IUHHZD\ DQG UDPS GHVLJQ VSHHGV  7KLV WDEOH LV QRW UHSURGXFHG IRU WKLV


UHSRUWDVLWLVH[DFWO\WKHVDPHDVWKHWDEOHIRUWKHGHWHUPLQDWLRQRIDFFHOHUDWLRQODQHVLQWKH
 $$6+72 JXLGH 7DEOH  WKLV UHSRUW  $V ZLWK WKH GHFHOHUDWLRQ ODQH OHQJWKV WKH
 $$6+2 PDQXDO SURYLGHG D URXQGHG VHW RI YDOXHV WR EH XVHG ZLWK D GHVLJQ WKDW ZDV
VXEVHTXHQWO\ GURSSHG LQ ODWHU GHVLJQ PDQXDOV  7KHVH YDOXHV PD\ EH VHHQ LQ 7DEOH 
LQFOXGHGLQWKHGHFHOHUDWLRQODQHVHFWLRQRIWKLVUHSRUW
7ZRDGGLWLRQDOSRLQWVVKRXOGEHUHHPSKDVL]HG)LUVWLWLVLPSRUWDQWWRUHDOL]HWKDW
WKH  $$6+2 GHVLJQ FRQVLGHUV WKH WDSHU WR EH SDUW RI WKH VSHHGFKDQJH ODQH OHQJWK
7KHUHIRUHZKLOHGHVLJQYDOXHVDUHWKHVDPHQXPHULFDOO\LQWKHDQGPDQXDOVWKH
 PHDVXUHPHQW PHWKRG ZLOO UHVXOW LQ ORQJHU DFFHOHUDWLRQ ODQH OHQJWKV  6HFRQGO\ WKH
GHVLJQV DUH EDVHG RQ WKH DFFHOHUDWLRQ FKDUDFWHULVWLFV RI SDVVHQJHU FDUV  7KH  $$6+2
JXLGH DGGUHVVHV WKLV LVVXH E\ VWDWLQJ WKDW UHTXLUHG WUXFN DFFHOHUDWLRQ GLVWDQFHV ZRXOG EH
¦žHQWLUHO\RXWRIUHDVRQ$VORZHUHQWU\RIWUXFNVDQGEXVHVLVXQDYRLGDEOHDQGJHQHUDOO\
DFFHSWHG E\ WKH WUDYHOLQJ SXEOLF§  1RQHWKHOHVV LW LV IXUWKHU UHFRPPHQGHG WKDW ZKHUH KLJK
YROXPHV RI WUXFNV DUH DQWLFLSDWHG ORQJHU DFFHOHUDWLRQ ODQHV EH XWLOL]HG RU RWKHU VSHFLDO
WUHDWPHQWVFRQVLGHUHG

70
Normal Acceleration:
A - BPR, 1937
60 B - Yale, 1947
Full Acceleration:
C - BPR, 1937
G
D - Oregon (high gear), 1937
50 E - Gen. Motors (high gear), 1936
E F - Gen. Motors (high gear), 1949
D F
G - BPR, 1949
Speed (mph)

40
C

30

A
20

B
10

0
1 2 3 4
Acceleration Rate at Various Speeds (mph per second)
6RXUFH )LJXUH 9,, 5HI  S 

)LJXUH$FFHOHUDWLRQUDWHVIRUSDVVHQJHUYHKLFOHV
 

50
50
Speed Reached - MPH

40
40
30 0

30 20
ph
0 d-m
Spee
ial
Init Normal Acceleration
20 Passenger Vehicles
Level Grade
0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400
Distance Traveled - Feet

Va
Val
L

6RXUFH )LJXUH 9,, 5HI  S 

)LJXUH1RUPDODFFHOHUDWLRQRQOHYHOJUDGHV

$VZLWKGHFHOHUDWLRQODQHVLWLVSRVVLEOHWRFRQQHFWWKH$$6+2GLUHFWO\WRERWK
WKH  $$6+72 JXLGH DQG WKH  7['27 JXLGH  $OUHDG\ LW KDV EHHQ VHHQ WKDW WKH
DFFHOHUDWLRQ ODQH OHQJWKV IURP WKH  $$6+2 JXLGH DUH XWLOL]HG LQ WKH  $$6+72
JXLGH,WLVORJLFDOWKHQWRDVVXPHWKDWWKHUHLVDOVRDFRQQHFWLRQEHWZHHQWKH7['27
GHVLJQ JXLGH DFFHOHUDWLRQ ODQH OHQJWK DQG WKH HDUOLHU $$6+2 ZRUN  $Q H[DPLQDWLRQ RI
7['27©V VWDQGDUG GHVLJQV UHYHDOV WKDW DOO 7['27 DFFHOHUDWLRQ ODQHV IRU VLQJOHODQH UDPSV
DUHGHVLJQHGLQWKHVDPHJHQHUDOPDQQHUXWLOL]LQJDWDSHUW\SHGHVLJQ7KHVWDQGDUGGHVLJQ
FRQVLVWVRIWKUHHVHFWLRQVDPVHFWLRQXSVWUHDPRIWKHPHHWLQJSRLQWRIWKHULJKWODQH
RIWKHIUHHZD\DQGWKHOHIWODQHRIWKHUDPSDPVHFWLRQWDSHUHGDWIURPWKHHQG
RIWKHPVHFWLRQWRZKHUHWKHULJKWHGJHRIWKHUDPSDQGIUHHZD\ODQHVDUHPDSDUW
DQGDPWDSHUVHFWLRQDW7KLVOHDGVWRDWRWDODFFHOHUDWLRQODQHOHQJWKLQFOXGLQJ
WDSHURIP
&RPSDUHGZLWKWKHURXQGHGDFFHOHUDWLRQOHQJWKWDEOHPVDWLVILHVDOOGHVLJQ
OHQJWKVIRUIUHHZD\GHVLJQVSHHGVRIDQGNPKLQDGGLWLRQPIDOOVEHWZHHQUDPS


GHVLJQ VSHHGV RI  DQG  NPK IRU D  NPK IUHHZD\ GHVLJQ VSHHG  5HFDOO WKDW WKH
PLQLPDOGHVLJQVSHHGRIDUDPSLVWREHSHUFHQWRIWKHIUHHZD\GHVLJQVSHHGLHNPK
IRU D  NPK IUHHZD\ 7KLV VXSSRUWV WKH DVVXPSWLRQ WKDW WKH 7['27 VWDQGDUG GHVLJQ LV
EDVHG RQ WKH  $$6+2 PHWKRGRORJ\  ,W ZRXOG VHHP WKDW 7['27 GHVLJQ RIILFLDOV
GHFLGHGWRXWLOL]HRQHVWDQGDUGGHVLJQWKDWVDWLVILHGDOODFFHSWDEOHUDPSIUHHZD\GHVLJQVSHHG
FRPELQDWLRQV$FFRUGLQJO\IRUDQ\VLWXDWLRQRWKHUWKDQWKHNPKIUHHZD\DQGNPK
UDPSWKHPD[LPXPDFFHOHUDWLRQODQHOHQJWKFDVH7['27©VGHVLJQZRXOGEHFRQVHUYDWLYH
DFFRUGLQJWRWKHPHWKRGRORJ\XWLOL]LQJDORQJHUOHQJWKWKDQ$$6+2UHFRPPHQGHG
7RIXUWKHUFRQQHFWWKH7['27VWDQGDUGGHVLJQWRWKH$$6+2PHWKRGRORJ\D
FODULILFDWLRQRIWKHWDSHUVHFWLRQLVLQRUGHU$VQRWHGHDUOLHUWKH$$6+2JXLGHXWLOL]HG
YDU\LQJ OHQJWKV RI WDSHU VHFWLRQV EXW LQ WKH WDSHU W\SH DFFHOHUDWLRQ ODQH GHVLJQ WKH JXLGH
UHFRPPHQGVDWDSHUIRUWKHVSHHGFKDQJHODQH7KHUHIRUHDWWKHHQGRIWKHDFFHOHUDWLRQ
ODQHWKHWDSHUVHFWLRQLQZKLFKWKHODQHLVUHGXFHGIURPDPWRPZLGWKZRXOGEHHTXDO
WRPPXOWLSOLHGE\RUP¥H[DFWO\ZKDWLVXVHGLQWKH7['27GHVLJQ7KLVLV
DSSUR[LPDWHO\GRXEOHWKHWDSHUOHQJWKXVHGLQDSDUDOOHOW\SHGHVLJQ
$FFHOHUDWLRQDQG'HFHOHUDWLRQ5DWHV
$VVHHQWKHYDOXHVXVHGIRUWKHDFFHOHUDWLRQDQGGHFHOHUDWLRQUDWHVGLUHFWO\LQIOXHQFH
WKH VSHHGFKDQJH ODQH OHQJWK  2ZLQJ WR WKH IXQGDPHQWDO LPSRUWDQFH RI DFFHOHUDWLRQ DQG
GHFHOHUDWLRQUDWHVVRPHGLVFXVVLRQRIWKHRULJLQDOVWXGLHVLQZKLFKWKH\ZHUHGHWHUPLQHGLV
SUHVHQWHG DORQJ ZLWK ODWHU OLWHUDWXUH RQ WKH FRQWLQXHG DSSOLFDELOLW\ RI WKHVH UDWHV  :KLOH D
ODUJHJURXSRIVWXGLHVZDVSHUIRUPHGDURXQGWKHVDPHHUDPRVWRIWKHGHVLJQUDWHVDUHEDVHG
RQ 6SHHG&KDQJH 5DWHV RI 3DVVHQJHU 9HKLFOHV RI   ZLWK $FFHOHUDWLRQ DQG
'HFHOHUDWLRQ&KDUDFWHULVWLFVRI3ULYDWH3DVVHQJHU9HKLFOHVRIDQG'HFHOHUDWLRQ
'LVWDQFHV IRU +LJK6SHHG 9HKLFOHV RI   FRQWULEXWLQJ WR WKH GHFHOHUDWLRQZKLOH
EUDNLQJGHVLJQUDWHV
6SHHG&KDQJH 5DWHV RI 3DVVHQJHU 9HKLFOHV  ZDV D VWXG\ XQGHUWDNHQ E\ ' :
/RXW]HQKHLVHU RI WKH 86 %XUHDX RI 3XEOLF 5RDGV WR GHWHUPLQH QRUPDO DFFHOHUDWLRQ RU
¦XQKXUULHGFRQWURO§RIDW\SLFDOGULYHUIXOODFFHOHUDWLRQSRVVLEOHE\W\SLFDOGULYHUVDQGPRWRU
GHFHOHUDWLRQZKLOHLQJHDUQREUDNLQJ6L[SDVVHQJHUYHKLFOHVZHUHXVHGIRUWKLVVWXG\WZR
VF\OLQGHURQHF\OLQGHUDQGWKUHHVRQHF\OLQGHUDQGWZRF\OLQGHU
YHKLFOHV  (DFK YHKLFOH ZDV GULYHQ E\ PXOWLSOH GULYHUV GXULQJ WHVWLQJ  1R WUXFNV RU EXVHV
ZHUH LQFOXGHG LQ WKLV VWXG\  $OO YHKLFOHV ZHUH PDQXDO WUDQVPLVVLRQ DV WKH DXWRPDWLF
WUDQVPLVVLRQZDVUDUHLQ
$FFHOHUDWLRQDQGGHFHOHUDWLRQUDWHVZHUHGHWHUPLQHGE\WDNLQJVWRSZDWFKUHDGLQJVDW
NPKLQFUHPHQWV1RUPDODFFHOHUDWLRQYDOXHVZHUHGHWHUPLQHGEDVHGRQDVHULHVRIWULDOV
ZLWKYDULRXVLQLWLDODQGILQDOVSHHGVLQFOXGLQJWRWRWRWRWR
WRWRWRDQGWRNPK'HFHOHUDWLRQLQJHDUWULDOVLQFOXGHGWR
WRWRWRDQGWRNPK)LJXUHVKRZVWKHFDOFXODWHGVSHHG
WLPH DFFHOHUDWLRQ FXUYHV IRU QRUPDO DQG IXOO DFFHOHUDWLRQ DQG )LJXUH  VKRZV WKH
 

FDOFXODWHGVSHHGWLPHPRWRUGHFHOHUDWLRQFXUYHV7DEOHSUHVHQWVWKHDFWXDOVSHHGWLPH
LQIRUPDWLRQ IURP WKH VWXG\  )URP WKLV WDEOH WKH UHOHYDQW  $$6+2 JXLGH GHFHOHUDWLRQ
DQG DFFHOHUDWLRQ UDWH ILJXUHV PD\ EH JHQHUDWHG  )RU H[DPSOH XWLOL]LQJ 7DEOH  WR
GHWHUPLQH WKH GLVWDQFH WUDYHOHG ZKLOH DFFHOHUDWLQJ IURP  WR  NPK D OHQJWK RI
 PLVFDOFXODWHG8WLOL]LQJ)LJXUHEDVHGRQWKH$$6+2
JXLGHWKHOHQJWKLVDSSUR[LPDWHO\WKLVVDPHYDOXH
,Q 7DEOH  WKH UDWHV DUH WKH DYHUDJH IRU HDFK  PSK LQWHUYDO DQG WKH GLVWDQFH LV
FDOFXODWHGEDVHGRQWKHWLPHHODSVHGDQGWKHDYHUDJHVSHHGIRUHDFKLQWHUYDO

7DEOH6SHHGFKDQJHGLVWDQFHV5HI

7LPH 5DWH DQG 'LVWDQFH RI 6SHHG &KDQJH IRU  PSK ,QFUHPHQWV

EDVLF GDWD GHULYHG IURP WULDO UXQV RQ PRGHUQ SDVVHQJHU YHKLFOHV

1RUPDO $FFHOHUDWLRQ )XOO $FFHOHUDWLRQ 'HFHOHUDWLRQ LQ *HDU

6SHHG PSK

7LPH 5DWH 'LVWDQFH 7LPH 5DWH 'LVWDQFH 7LPH 5DWH 'LVWDQFH

6HF 0SKSV )HHW 6HF 0SKSV )HHW 6HF 0SKSV )HHW

      

      

         

         

         

         

         

         

         

         

         

         

         

         

6RXUFH 7DEOH  6SHHG&KDQJH 5DWHV RI 3DVVHQJHU 9HKLFOHV ': /RXW]HQKHLVHU

+LJKZD\ 5HVHDUFK %RDUG  S 

$QDVVXPSWLRQLQWKLVVWXG\LVWKDWIXOODFFHOHUDWLRQUDWHVDUHPHFKDQLFDOO\FRQWUROOHG
ZKHUHDV QRUPDO DFFHOHUDWLRQ LV D IXQFWLRQ RI GULYHU FKDUDFWHULVWLFV  7R GHWHUPLQH QRUPDO
DFFHOHUDWLRQUDWHVWKHWHVWGULYHUVZHUHLQVWUXFWHGWRGULYH¦QRUPDOO\§7KHVWXG\UHFRJQL]HG
WKDW WKH WHVW GULYHUV ZHUH PRUH DZDUH RI WKHLU DFFHOHUDWLRQ GXULQJ WKH VWXG\ WKDQ ZRXOG
RUGLQDULO\ EH WKH FDVH XQGHU W\SLFDO IUHHZD\ FRQGLWLRQV SRVVLEO\ FDXVLQJ WKH UDWHV WR GLIIHU
VOLJKWO\ IURP DFWXDO ¦QRUPDO§ DFFHOHUDWLRQ UDWHV  +RZHYHU WKH UDWHV ZHUH FRQVLGHUHG


DFFHSWDEOH IRU GHVLJQ EHFDXVH WKH\ DJUHHG ZLWK UHVXOWV IURP RWKHU VWXGLHV DQG DSSHDUHG
VXIILFLHQWO\EHORZIXOODFFHOHUDWLRQUDWHV
7KH VWXG\ $FFHOHUDWLRQ DQG 'HFHOHUDWLRQ &KDUDFWHULVWLFV RI 3ULYDWH 3DVVHQJHU
9HKLFOHVRILVRQHRIWKHVRXUFHVXWLOL]HGIRUGHWHUPLQLQJIRUSDVVHQJHUYHKLFOHV
WKHPD[LPXP¦FRPIRUWDEOH§GHFHOHUDWLRQUDWHZKLOHEUDNLQJ,QDGGLWLRQWKLVVWXG\ORRNHGDW
PD[LPXP DFFHOHUDWLRQ UDWHV DQG IUHHZKHHOLQJ GHFHOHUDWLRQ UDWHV  :KLOH WKHVH UDWHV DUH QRW
GLUHFWO\ XWLOL]HG LQ WKH  $$6+2 JXLGH WKH JXLGH GRHV UHIHU WR WKLV VWXG\ DV VKRZLQJ
JHQHUDODJUHHPHQWZLWKWKHXWLOL]HGUDWHV

70

60
60
20 to
Speed Reached - Miles Per Hour

50 0
70 o7
to 0t 50
20 o 50 0 to
20 t
40
o 40 40
20 t 0 to
30

30
0 to
20
Normal Acceleration
Full Acceleration
10

0
0 5 10 15 30 25 30 35
Time - seconds
6RXUFH )LJXUH  5HI  S 

)LJXUH$$6+2VSHHGWLPHDFFHOHUDWLRQ
 

60

50
Speed Reached - Miles Per Hour

60
40 to
20

50
to
10
30
40
to
10

20 30 t
o 10

10

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time - seconds
6RXUFH )LJXUH  5HI  S 

)LJXUH$$6+2VSHHGWLPHGHFHOHUDWLRQ

7R GHWHUPLQH D FRPIRUWDEOH GHFHOHUDWLRQ UDWH D VWRSFRQWUROOHG LQWHUVHFWLRQ ZDV

REVHUYHG ZKHUH YHKLFOHV ZHUH GHFHOHUDWLQJ IURP UXUDO KLJKZD\ VSHHGV  7KH YHKLFOHV ZHUH
FRQVLGHUHG WR EH RSHUDWHG XQGHU QRUPDO FRQGLWLRQV DQG WKH GULYHUV ZHUH XQDZDUH WKDW WKH\
ZHUHXQGHUREVHUYDWLRQ7RGHWHUPLQHWKHGHFHOHUDWLRQUDWHVVXFFHVVLYHLQWHUYDOVRI
DQGPZHUHPHDVXUHGIURPWKHVWRSOLQH7KHWLPHIRUDYHKLFOHWRWUDYHOWKURXJK
HDFKLQWHUYDOZDVUHFRUGHGZLWKREVHUYDWLRQVUHMHFWHGIRUYHKLFOHVQRWEURXJKWWRDFRPSOHWH
VWRS)LJXUHVKRZVWKHVSHHGDQGGHFHOHUDWLRQFXUYHVIRUWKHYHKLFOHVDSSURDFKLQJWKH
VWRS VLJQ  ,W ZDV REVHUYHG WKDW YHKLFOHV WKDW ZHUH WUDYHOLQJ DW KLJKHU VSHHGV EHIRUH
GHFHOHUDWLQJ WHQGHG WR GHFHOHUDWH DW KLJKHU UDWHV WKURXJKRXW WKH VWRSSLQJ PDQHXYHU DQG WR
EHJDQGHFHOHUDWLRQDWDGLVWDQFHIDUWKHUIURPWKHVWRSEDU7KLVREVHUYDWLRQLVVXSSRUWHGE\D
 VWXG\ ZKHUH LW ZDV REVHUYHG ¦WKDW KLJK VSHHG YHKLFOHV KDG PD[LPXP YDOXHV RI ERWK
DFFHOHUDWLRQ DQG GHFHOHUDWLRQ ZLWK ORZHU VSHHG YHKLFOHV KDYLQJ OHVV H[WUHPH YDOXHV§ >@
7KHUHIRUH LW ZDV FRQFOXGHG LQ WKH  VWXG\ WKDW RQO\ YHKLFOHV WKDW EHJDQ GHFHOHUDWLRQ DW
KLJKHUVSHHGVKDGDUDWHRIGHFHOHUDWLRQWKDWH[FHHGHGNPKVDQGWKDWNPKVFRXOG
SUREDEO\EHFRQVLGHUHGWKHPD[LPXPUDWHRIGHFHOHUDWLRQWKDWFRXOGRFFXUZLWKRXWSDVVHQJHU
GLVFRPIRUW


70 Deceleration in Miles Per Hour Per Second 14.0

Length of Test Section

60 12.0
50-60 Miles Per Hour
Speed in Miles Per Hour

50 10.0
40-50
Speed
40 8.0
30-40

30 6.0
20-30

50-
20 4.0 60 M
40- iles P
50 er Ho
30- ur Limit of High Gear Deceleration
20- 40
10 2.0 30 Deceleration

0 0.0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1,000 1,100 1,200
Distance to Stop Button in Feet
6RXUFH )LJXUH  5HI  S 

)LJXUH6SHHGGLVWDQFHUHODWLRQVKLSV

$ VHFRQG VWXG\ XWLOL]HG E\ WKH  $$6+2 PDQXDO LV 'HFHOHUDWLRQ 'LVWDQFHV RU
+LJK6SHHG 9HKLFOHV   :KLOH WKH LQIRUPDWLRQ XVHG IURP WKLV VWXG\ FRQFHUQV WKH
GHWHUPLQDWLRQRI¦FRPIRUWDEOH§GHFHOHUDWLRQUDWHVWKHVWXG\DOVRLQFOXGHVDGHWHUPLQDWLRQRI
PD[LPXP GHFHOHUDWLRQ GHFHOHUDWLRQ GXH RQO\ WR HQJLQH EUDNLQJ LQFOXGLQJ DLU DQG UROOLQJ
UHVLVWDQFH DQG GHFHOHUDWLRQ GXH RQO\ WR DLU DQG UROOLQJ UHVLVWDQFH  7KH GDWD FDOFXODWHG DUH
VWDWHGWREHUHSUHVHQWDWLYHRIDQXPEHURIYHKLFOHVRIGLIIHUHQWPDNHVDQGPRGHOVDOWKRXJK
WKH SDUWLFXODU YHKLFOHV DUH QRW OLVWHG LQ WKH VWXG\ H[FHSW IRU D PHQWLRQ WKDW ILIWHHQ YHKLFOHV
ZHUHIURPWKHPRGHO\HDU
:KHUHDV GULYHUV ZHUH XQDZDUH WKDW WKH\ ZHUH REVHUYHG LQ WKH SUHYLRXV VWXG\ WKLV
VWXG\ ZDV SHUIRUPHG RQ WKH *HQHUDO 0RWRUV 3URYLQJ *URXQGV DQG XVHG HLJKW GLIIHUHQW WHVW
GULYHUVDOOFRQVLGHUHGH[SHULHQFHG6SHHGVZHUHREVHUYHGDQGGLVWDQFHPHDVXUHPHQWVPDGH
XVLQJDILIWKZKHHOVSHHGRPHWHUDQGFRXQWHU7KHUHVXOWVRIWKHGHWHUPLQDWLRQRIFRPIRUWDEOH
GHFHOHUDWLRQUDWHVZKLOHEUDNLQJIURPNPKDUHVKRZQLQ7DEOH7KHGHFHOHUDWLRQ
UDWHVVKRZQDUHDYHUDJHVEDVHGRQLQLWLDOVSHHGVDQGVWRSSLQJGLVWDQFHV,W ZDV FRQFOXGHG
WKDWWKHDYHUDJHGHFHOHUDWLRQUDWHIRUFRPIRUWVKRXOGQRWH[FHHGPSHUVHF
 

:KLOH WKH VRXUFHV IRU WKH DFFHOHUDWLRQ DQG GHFHOHUDWLRQ UDWHV IRU GHVLJQ LQ WKH 
$$6+72 JXLGH DQG WKH  7['27 JXLGH DUH VWXGLHV IURP WKH ODWH WKLUWLHV DQG HDUO\
IRUWLHV VLPLODU VWXGLHV KDYH EHHQ SHUIRUPHG PRUH UHFHQWO\  2QH VRXUFH IRU PRUH UHFHQW
DFFHOHUDWLRQDQGGHFHOHUDWLRQUDWHVLVWKH7UDQVSRUWDWLRQDQG7UDIILF(QJLQHHULQJ+DQGERRN
&KDUWVIURPWKLVKDQGERRNDQGWKHVWXG\DUHSUHVHQWHGWRDLGWKHUHDGHULQJDLQLQJ
VRPHLQVLJKWLQWRWKHFKDQJLQJFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRIYHKLFOHVDQGGULYHUEHKDYLRUV)LJXUH
UHSUHVHQWV WKH VSHHGGLVWDQFH UHODWLRQVKLSV REVHUYHG GXULQJ PD[LPXP UDWH DFFHOHUDWLRQ IRU
SDVVHQJHU FDUV FLUFD  YHKLFOHV RQ OHYHO  SHUFHQW DQG  SHUFHQW JUDGHV DQG WZR
D[OHVLQJOHXQLWWUXFNVRQOHYHODQGSHUFHQWJUDGHV$GMDFHQWWRWKLVLV)LJXUHWDNHQ
IURPWKH 6SHHG&KDQJH 5DWHV RI 3DVVHQJHU 9HKLFOHV D  UHSRUW VKRZLQJ WKH PD[LPXP
DFFHOHUDWLRQUDWHVIRUSDVVHQJHUYHKLFOHVRQOHYHOURDGV$FRPSDULVRQRIDFFHOHUDWLRQUDWHV
VKRZVPD[LPXPUDWHVRIWKHODWHUPRGHOYHKLFOHVWREHVXEVWDQWLDOO\JUHDWHUWKDQWKRVHRIWKH
WKLUWLHV©YHKLFOHV)RUH[DPSOHWKHGLVWDQFHWRDFFHOHUDWHIURPWRNPKGHFUHDVHVIURP
VOLJKWO\PRUHWKDQPWRVOLJKWO\OHVVWKDQPDSSUR[LPDWHO\DSHUFHQWGHFUHDVH
DQGWKHGLVWDQFHWRDFFHOHUDWHIURPWRNPKGHFUHDVHVIURPQHDUO\PWRQHDUO\
P DSSUR[LPDWHO\ D  SHUFHQW GHFUHDVH  7KH KDQGERRN DOVR OLVWV PHDVXUHG QRUPDO
DFFHOHUDWLRQDQGGHFHOHUDWLRQUDWHVZKLFKDUHUHSURGXFHGLQ7DEOH

7DEOH&RPIRUWDEOHGHFHOHUDWLRQUDWHVIURP5HI

6WRSVIURPPSK

`
&RPIRUWDEOH WR SDVVHQJHUV 

 IW  IW SHU VHF DYHUDJH
3UHIHUUHG E\ GULYHU 

`
8QGHVLUDEOH E\ QRW DODUPLQJ WR SDVVHQJHUV

 IW  IW SHU VHF DYHUDJH
'ULYHU ZRXOG UDWKHU QRW XVH 

6HYHUH DQG XQFRPIRUWDEOH WR SDVVHQJHUV 6OLGHV

`
SDFNDJHV DQG REMHFWV RII VHDWV 

 IW  IW SHU VHF DYHUDJH
'ULYHU FODVVHV DV DQ HPHUJHQF\ VWRS 

6RXUFH 7DEOH  'HFHOHUDWLRQ 'LVWDQFHV IRU +LJK 6SHHG 9HKLFOHV (UQHVW ( :LOVRQ +LJKZD\ 5HVHDUFK

5HFRUG  S 



Distance from Start (m)

0 152.4 304.8 457.2 609.6
70 112.6

d
oa
Passenger

lr
cars

ve
Le
60 96.5

e
ad
ade

gr
r
%g

%
+10
50 +6 80.5
d
el roa
Lev
Speed achieved (mph)

Speed achieved (kph)

40 64.4

30 48.3

2-axle single-unit truck

(12,000 lb)

20 32.2
+6% grade

10 16.1

0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 0

Distance from Start (feet)
6RXUFH )LJXUH  5HI  S 

)LJXUH6SHHGGLVWDQFHUHODWLRQVKLSV
 

70

Spee
60 d Rea
che
d -M
Initial Speed - Miles Per Hour

iles
50 Pe
rH
ou
r 70
40
60

30 50

20
40

10
30
20
10

0
0 400 800 1,200 1,600 2,000 2,400
Acceleration Distance - feet
6RXUFH )LJXUH  5HI  S 

)LJXUH6SHHGGLVWDQFHUHODWLRQVKLSV

7DEOH1RUPDODFFHOHUDWLRQDQGGHFHOHUDWLRQUDWHVIURP5HI

6SHHG &KDQJH $FFHOHUDWLRQV 'HFHOHUDWLRQV

PSK NPK PSK

V NPKV PSK
V NPKV

     

     

     

     

     

     

6RXUFH 7DEOH  7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ DQG 7UDIILF (QJLQHHULQJ +DQGERRN

QG HGLWLRQ ,QVWLWXWH RI 7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ (QJLQHHUV S



7KHVHGDWDZHUHREWDLQHGXVLQJDWHVWYHKLFOHWRPDWFKWKHVSHHGFKDQJHUDWHVRIFDUV
LQWUDIILFDQGWRPHDVXUHDFFHOHUDWLRQDQGGHFHOHUDWLRQUDWHV$FFHOHUDWLRQUDWHVDUHEDVHGRQ
SDVVHQJHU FDUV VWDUWLQJ XS DIWHU D WUDIILF VLJQDO WXUQV JUHHQ DQG RQ SDVVLQJ RQ D IRXUODQH
GLYLGHGKLJKZD\
$ FRPSDULVRQ RI WKHVH QRUPDO DFFHOHUDWLRQ UDWHV ZLWK WKRVH IURP WKH  VWXG\
7DEOHOHDGVWRWKHFRQFOXVLRQWKDWDQLQFUHDVHLQ¦FRPIRUWDEOH§DFFHOHUDWLRQUDWHVKDV
RFFXUUHG)RUH[DPSOHIRUWKHNPKLQWHUYDOWKHQRUPDOUDWHLQFUHDVHVIURPWR
NPKV DQ DSSUR[LPDWH LQFUHDVH RI  SHUFHQW  $Q HYHQ KLJKHU LQFUHDVH RI DSSUR[LPDWHO\
SHUFHQWLVVHHQLQWKHWRNPKVSHHGFKDQJHLQWHUYDOIURPWRNPKV7KH
QRUPDODFFHOHUDWLRQUDWHVIRUWKHPRUHUHFHQWGDWDLQWKHWRDQGWRNPKVSHHG
FKDQJH LQWHUYDOV H[FHHG HYHQ WKH IXOODFFHOHUDWLRQ UDWHV RI WKH  GDWD  ,W KDV EHHQ
VXJJHVWHG WKDW SDUW RI WKH UHDVRQ IRU WKH VXEVWDQWLDO GLIIHUHQFH LQ QRUPDO DFFHOHUDWLRQ UDWHV
EHWZHHQWKHWZRVWXGLHVLVWKHGLIILFXOW\LQGHILQLQJ¦QRUPDO§DFFHOHUDWLRQ&OHDUO\WKH
$$6+72GHVLJQYDOXHVDUHPRUHFRQVHUYDWLYHWKDQWKRVHRIWKH7UDQVSRUWDWLRQDQG7UDIILF
(QJLQHHULQJ +DQGERRN  2OVRQ  ZKR UHIHUHQFHV IXUWKHU LQYHVWLJDWLRQV RI UDPSV DQG
VSHHGFKDQJHODQHVIRXQGWKDWWKHKDQGERRNYDOXHVZHUHPRUHUHSUHVHQWDWLYHWKDQWKRVH
LQWKHVWXG\
$FFHOHUDWLRQUDWHFKDUDFWHULVWLFVZHUHIXUWKHUVWXGLHGLQ$FFHOHUDWLRQ&KDUDFWHULVWLFV
RI /DWH0RGHO $XWRPRELOHV   7KLV VWXG\ H[DPLQHG PRGHO \HDU YHKLFOHV LQ  
  DQG  E\ JDWKHULQJ SDVVHQJHU FDU DFFHOHUDWLRQ UDWH GDWD IURP &RQVXPHU
5HSRUWV 0RWRU 7UHQG DQG &DU DQG 'ULYHU PDJD]LQHV  :KLOH LW ZDV VHHQ WKDW YHKLFOHV
DFWXDOO\KDGGHFUHDVLQJPD[LPXPDFFHOHUDWLRQUDWHFDSDFLWLHVEHWZHHQDQGLQDOO
FDVHVWKHPD[LPXPUDWHVH[FHHGHGWKRVHRIWKHODWHWKLUWLHV©YHKLFOHVXVHGE\$$6+72,W
ZDV HYLGHQW LQ WKLV VWXG\ WKDW D  YHKLFOH ZDV DEOH WR DFFHOHUDWH WR D VSHHG LQ D PXFK
VKRUWHUGLVWDQFHWKDQWKRVHYHKLFOHVXVHGLQWKHVWXGLHV
6RPHRIWKH ORVV LQ DFFHOHUDWLRQ UDWH RYHU WKH VHYHQWLHV PD\ EH DWWULEXWHG WR IHGHUDO
PDQGDWHVIRUIXHOHIILFLHQWFDUVDUHVSRQVH WR WKH HQHUJ\ FULVLV LQ WKH HDUO\ VHYHQWLHV >@
:KLOH QR VLPLODU VWXGLHV IRU HLJKWLHV© DQG QLQHWLHV© YHKLFOHV KDYH EHHQ IRXQG WKH WUHQG LQ
DXWRPRELOH SXUFKDVHV KDV FOHDUO\ JRQH DZD\ IURP WKH OLJKWFDU WUHQG RI WKH VHYHQWLHV  $V
VSRUW XWLOLW\ YHKLFOHV DQG SLFNXS WUXFNV EHFRPH EHVWVHOOLQJ YHKLFOHV LW ZRXOG FOHDUO\ EH D
YDOLGDVVXPSWLRQWKDWWKHPD[LPXPDFFHOHUDWLRQFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRIWKHDYHUDJHYHKLFOHWRGD\
VWLOO JUHDWO\ H[FHHG WKRVH RI WKH WKLUWLHV© YHKLFOHV 7KLV DVVXPSWLRQ LV VXSSRUWHG E\ 6WXDUG
ZKRVHREVHUYDWLRQVDWDQLQWHUVHFWLRQVKRZHGWKDWODWHPRGHOYHKLFOHVKDG
WKHKLJKHVWDYHUDJHDFFHOHUDWLRQUDWHVDQGWKDWROGHUYHKLFOHVKDGORZHUDYHUDJHDFFHOHUDWLRQ
UDWHV
2OVRQ  SUHVHQWV VRPH GLVFXVVLRQ RQ EDVLQJ VSHHGFKDQJH ODQH OHQJWKV RQ WKH
KLJKHU XSGDWHG DYHUDJH DFFHOHUDWLRQ YDOXHV DW WKH VDPH WLPH KH UHDOL]HV WKDW WKHVH KLJKHU
UDWHV ZRXOG VXEVWDQWLDOO\ UHGXFH WKH FXUUHQW $$6+72UHFRPPHQGHG VSHHGFKDQJH ODQH
OHQJWKV$EHOLHILVH[SUHVVHGWKDW¦VXFKGUDVWLFFKDQJHVVKRXOGEHH[DPLQHGFULWLFDOO\§7KH
PHWKRGRORJ\ XVHG LQ WKH  $$6+2 PDQXDO GLG QRW PRGHO WKH JDS DFFHSWDQFH SURFHVV
 

2OVRQUHFRJQL]HVWKDWWKHORQJHUOHQJWKVDVGHWHUPLQHGE\WKHPRUHFRQVHUYDWLYHUDWHV
PD\EHZDUUDQWHGIRUHQWHULQJYHKLFOHVVHHNLQJDJDS
&OHDUO\WKHUHH[LVWVVRPHXQFHUWDLQW\DERXWWKHDFWXDODFFHOHUDWLRQUDWHVWKDWZRXOGEH
EHVWVXLWHGIRU GHVLJQ  ,W ZRXOG DSSHDU WKDW HYHQ WKRXJK WKH UDWHV IURP WKH WKLUWLHV PD\ EH
ORZHUWKDQWKRVHXVHGE\GULYHUVWRGD\WKHGHILFLHQFLHVLQWKH$$6+72VSHHGFKDQJHODQH
PRGHOLHJDSDFFHSWDQFHPD\UHTXLUHWKHVHFRQVHUYDWLYHUDWHVWRDVVXUHDGHTXDWHOHQJWKV
WKDW LV E\ XSGDWLQJ DFFHOHUDWLRQ DQG GHFHOHUDWLRQ UDWHV DQG XWLOL]LQJ WKH FXUUHQW $$6+72
PHWKRGRORJ\XQUHDOLVWLFDOO\ORZVSHHGFKDQJHODQHOHQJWKVPRVWOLNHO\ZRXOGUHVXOW:KLOH
LWLVSRVVLEOHWKDWWKH$$6+72OHQJWKVDQGGHVLJQVWDQGDUGVXVHGDUHDFFHSWDEOHIRU7['27
XVH DQ\ VWXG\ RI UDPS RSHUDWLRQV WR GHWHUPLQH LI DGHTXDWH GHVLJQV DUH EHLQJ LPSOHPHQWHG
ZRXOGFHUWDLQO\EHMXVWLILHG7KHUHDUHDWOHDVWWKUHHSRVVLEOHRXWFRPHVZKHQUHYLHZLQJWKH
VSHHGFKDQJH ODQH GHVLJQ  WKH GHVLJQV DUH WRR FRQVHUYDWLYH WKH  DFFHOHUDWLRQ
GHFHOHUDWLRQUDWHVDUHWRRFRQVHUYDWLYHDQGVKRUWHUOHQJWKVPD\EHMXVWLILDEOHWKHGHVLJQV
DUH DFFHSWDEOH WKH  UDWHV SURSHUO\ FRPSHQVDWH IRU PRGHO GHILFLHQFLHV DQG  WKH
GHVLJQVDUHLQDGHTXDWHWKHUDWHVGRQRWDGHTXDWHO\FRPSHQVDWHIRUPRGHOGHILFLHQFLHV
$&&,'(176
2QH DVSHFW RI UDPS GHVLJQ ¥ DQG GHVLJQ LQ JHQHUDO ¥ WKDW KDV EHHQ VSRUDGLFDOO\
VWXGLHGRYHUWKHSDVWGHFDGHVLVWKHHIIHFWRIJHRPHWULFIHDWXUHVRQDFFLGHQWUDWHV2QHRIWKH
PRVW WKRURXJK DQG IUHTXHQWO\ UHIHUHQFHG UHSRUWV RQ WKH UHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ DFFLGHQWV DQG
GHVLJQLV$QDO\VLVDQG0RGHOLQJRI5HODWLRQVKLSVEHWZHHQ$FFLGHQWVDQGWKH*HRPHWULFDQG
7UDIILF&KDUDFWHULVWLFVRIWKH,QWHUVWDWH6\VWHP7KLVVWXG\EDVHGRQGDWDIURPWZHQW\
VWDWHV FRQVLGHUHG VXFK LWHPV DV QXPEHU RI ODQHV GHVLJQ VSHHG ODQH ZLGWK PD[LPXP
FXUYDWXUH SDYHPHQW W\SH JUDGH VWRSSLQJ VLJKW GLVWDQFH QXPEHU RI LQIRUPDWLRQ DQG
DGYHUWLVLQJVLJQVOLJKWLQJYROXPHDQGSHUFHQWRIFRPPHUFLDOYHKLFOHV7KHVWXG\SUHVHQWHG
VHYHUDO ILQGLQJV RI LQWHUHVW DPRQJ WKHP  WKDW LQFUHDVHG WUDIILF YROXPHV UHVXOWHG LQ DQ
LQFUHDVHG QXPEHU RI DFFLGHQWV  WKDW WUDIILFRULHQWHG YDULDEOHV LH YROXPH SHUFHQW RI
WUXFNV FRQWULEXWHG PRVW WR WKH YDULDQFH LQ DFFLGHQWV RQ WKH LQWHUVWDWH V\VWHP  WKDW
JHRPHWULFVDORQHDFFRXQWHGIRURQO\DVPDOOSRUWLRQRIWKHYDULDQFHLQDFFLGHQWVDQGWKDW
QRUHODWLRQVKLSFRXOGEHGHWHUPLQHGEHWZHHQWKHJHRPHWULFVVWXGLHGDQGIDWDOLWLHV
7KHWKLUGDQGIRXUWKSRLQWVLQYROYLQJJHRPHWULFVDUHFODULILHGZLWKLQWKHUHSRUW7KH
LQWHQWLQSUHVHQWLQJWKHVHSRLQWVLVQRWWRVKRZWKDWJHRPHWULFVGRQRWLPSDFWDFFLGHQWUDWHV
IRU VXUHO\ SRRU JHRPHWULFV ZLOO DIIHFW DFFLGHQWV LQVWHDG WKHVH SRLQWV DUH PHDQW WR VXJJHVW
WKDW FXUUHQW SUH DW WKH WLPH RI WKH VWXG\ GHVLJQ VWDQGDUGV ZHUH JHQHUDOO\ DW D SRLQW
ZKHUHLPSURYHPHQWVRUYDULDWLRQVLQJHRPHWULFVZRXOGKDYHOLWWOHLPSDFWRQDFFLGHQWV7KH
VLWHVFKRVHQIRUVWXG\E\HDFKFRQWULEXWLQJVWDWHZHUHVXSSRVHGO\¦UHSUHVHQWDWLYH§ORFDWLRQV
UDWKHU WKDQ KLJKDFFLGHQW ORFDWLRQV  7KLV VHOHFWLRQ SURFHVV SUREDEO\ HOLPLQDWHG IURP VWXG\
WKRVHLQWHUFKDQJHVDQGUDPSVZKHUHXQGHUGHVLJQHGJHRPHWULFIHDWXUHVZRXOGFDXVHH[FHVVLYH
DFFLGHQWV  %DVHG RQ WKHVH FRQVWUDLQWV LW ZDV VHHQ WKDW WUDIILF YDULDEOHV DQG JHRPHWULFV
DFFRXQWHG IRU  SHUFHQW WR  SHUFHQW RI WKH YDULDQFH LQ DFFLGHQWV ZLWK WKH UHPDLQLQJ


DVVXPHG WR EH DFFRXQWHG IRU E\ RWKHU IDFWRUV LH ZHDWKHU GULYHU YHKLFOH  $GGLWLRQDOO\
ZKHQ RQO\ LQWHUFKDQJH JHRPHWULFV ZHUH FRQVLGHUHG  SHUFHQW WR  SHUFHQW RI WKH DFFLGHQW
YDULDQFHZDVDFFRXQWHGIRULQPRVWFDVHV
,QFRQVLGHULQJWKHHIIHFWVRIJHRPHWULFVWKHVWXG\UHSRUWHGVRPHLQWHUHVWLQJILQGLQJV
2I WKH WKUHH IXOO LQWHUFKDQJH W\SHV VWXGLHG WKH IXOO FORYHUOHDI DSSHDUHG WR EH WKH PRVW
GDQJHURXV WKRXJK WKH IXOO GLDPRQG DQG IXOO VOLS UDPS GLDPRQG KDG VLPLODU DFFLGHQW UDWHV
&XULRXVO\ IRU ORZ PDLQOLQH YROXPHV IHZHU WKDQ  YHKLFOHV SHU GD\ WKH IXOO GLDPRQG
DSSHDUHG VDIHU WKDQ WKH SDUWLDO FORYHUOHDI WKRXJK DV YROXPH LQFUHDVHG WKLV UHODWLRQVKLS
UHYHUVHG  $OVR WKH KDOI GLDPRQG ZDV WKH VDIHVW RI DOO W\SHV RI LQWHUFKDQJHV VWXGLHG
,QGLYLGXDOO\DQXPEHURILWHPVDSSHDUHGWRKDYHPL[HGHIIHFWVRQDFFLGHQWUDWHVZLWKDFWXDO
HIIHFWV GHSHQGLQJ RQ WKH SDUWLFXODU VLWXDWLRQ LH LQWHUFKDQJH W\SH UDPS W\SH QXPEHU RI
ODQHV 7KHVH LWHPV LQFOXGHG GHVLJQ VSHHG FXUYDWXUH JUDGLHQW GLIIHUHQFH EHWZHHQ H[LW DQG
HQWUDQFHUDPSVOLJKWLQJDQGSDYHPHQWPDUNLQJV
$V PHQWLRQHG VWDWHV VXSSRVHGO\ VXEPLWWHG ¦UHSUHVHQWDWLYH§ GDWD IRU DQDO\VLV LQ WKLV
VWXG\+RZHYHUDVPDOOIUDFWLRQRIWKHGDWDVXEPLWWHGGLGVHHPWRKDYHH[FHSWLRQDOO\KLJK
DFFLGHQWIUHTXHQFLHV)RUWKHVHLQWHUFKDQJHVDVHSDUDWHIDLOXUHDQDO\VLVZDVSHUIRUPHG7KLV
DQDO\VLV EHWWHU KLJKOLJKWHG WKH HIIHFWV RI XQXVXDO GHVLJQ IHDWXUHV JHRPHWULFV DQG WUDIILF
FKDUDFWHULVWLFVQRWVHHQLQWKH¦UHSUHVHQWDWLYH§VDPSOHV)LJXUHVKRZVWKHUHVXOWVEDVHG
RQ WKH DQDO\VLV RI UDPSV KDYLQJ XQXVXDOO\ KLJK DFFLGHQW IUHTXHQFLHV  :KLOH LW LV VHHQ WKDW
DFFLGHQWV DUH VWLOO PRVW IUHTXHQWO\ FDXVHG E\ WKH HIIHFWV RI KLJK WUDIILF YROXPHV DGGLWLRQDO
LQIRUPDWLRQ UHODWLQJ WR JHRPHWULFV LQGLFDWHV  WKDW GHVLJQ VSHHGV WKDW DUH WRR ORZ FDQ
LQFUHDVHDFFLGHQWIUHTXHQF\DQGWKDWRQPRVWRIWKHUDPSW\SHVSRRUJHRPHWULFIHDWXUHV
VKRUW VSHHGFKDQJH ODQH VKDUS FXUYDWXUH DQG WRR VKRUW VWRSSLQJ VLJKW GLVWDQFH FDQ DOVR
LQFUHDVHDFFLGHQWIUHTXHQF\
0RUHUHFHQWO\DGGLWLRQDODFFLGHQWH[SHULHQFHUHVXOWVZHUHSXEOLVKHGLQ$FFLGHQWVDQG
6DIHW\ $VVRFLDWHG ZLWK ,QWHUFKDQJHV RI    :KLOH QR RULJLQDO GDWD FROOHFWLRQ RU
DQDO\VLV ZDV SHUIRUPHG IRU WKLV VWXG\ LW GLG SURYLGH D UHYLHZ RI GDWD DQG H[SHULHQFH IURP
RWKHUUHVHDUFKHIIRUWV6RPHRIWKHFRQFOXVLRQVRIWKLVVWXG\ZHUH

‡ 5LJKWVLGHDQGRXWHUFRQQHFWLRQUDPSVVKRZHGDQLQFUHDVHLQDFFLGHQWVUDWHVZLWK
LQFUHDVLQJPD[LPXPFXUYDWXUHH[FHSWLQUXUDODUHDV
‡ 2XWHUUDPSVLQXUEDQDUHDVWHQGWRVKRZLQFUHDVLQJDFFLGHQWUDWHVZLWKLQFUHDVLQJ
DYHUDJHGDLO\WUDIILF
‡ 6WUDLJKW RXWHUFRQQHFWLRQ UDPSV W\SLFDOO\ KDYH ORZHU DFFLGHQW UDWHV WKDQ FXUYHG
RXWHUFRQQHFWLRQV
‡ 2IIUDPSVKDYHFRQVLGHUDEO\KLJKHUDFFLGHQWUDWHVWKDQRQUDPSV
‡ 5DPSV LQ JHQHUDO ZHUH IRXQG WR KDYH WKH VDPH DFFLGHQW UDWHV UHJDUGOHVV RI
XSJUDGHRUGRZQJUDGHZLWK KRUL]RQWDO FXUYDWXUH EHLQJ D PRUH VLJQLILFDQW IDFWRU
LQDFFLGHQWUDWHV
 

‡ /HIWVLGHDQGVFLVVRUUDPSVKDYHWKHKLJKHVWDFFLGHQWUDWHVZLWKGLDPRQGUDPSV
KDYLQJWKHORZHVWUDWHV
‡ 7UXFN ORVVRIFRQWURO DFFLGHQWV DUH W\SLFDOO\ RI WKH UROORYHU RU MDFNNQLIH W\SHV

‡ 7UXFNUROORYHUDFFLGHQWVW\SLFDOO\RFFXURQ UDPSV ZKHQ WKH WUXFN VSHHG H[FHHGV
GHVLJQVSHHGV
‡ %RWK UROORYHU DQG VNLGGLQJ SRWHQWLDO PXVW EH FKHFNHG ZKHQ GHVLJQLQJ UDPS
KRUL]RQWDOFXUYHVWRDFFRPPRGDWHWUXFNV
‡ :KHUHDVKDUSFXUYHPXVWEHQHJRWLDWHGDWWKHERWWRPRIDUDPSJUDGHLWPD\EH
LOODGYLVHGWRIROORZWKH$$6+72SROLF\WKDWSHUPLWVUDPSGRZQJUDGHVRIXSWR
SHUFHQW
‡ &ROOHFWRUGLVWULEXWRUURDGVVKRXOGEHFRQVLGHUHGLQKLJKYROXPHLQWHUFKDQJHV
‡ 7KH UHODWLYH VDIHW\ RI DQ XUEDQ LQWHUFKDQJH LV HQKDQFHG ZKHUH  P RU ORQJHU
DFFHOHUDWLRQRUDX[LOLDU\ODQHVDUHSURYLGHG
‡ $FFLGHQW UDWHV DUH UHGXFHG ZKHUH GHFHOHUDWLRQ ODQHV RI  P RU ORQJHU DUH
XWLOL]HG

7KH DERYH SRLQWV DUH WDNHQ SULPDULO\ IURP 7ZRPH\  EXW DV WKLV SDSHU LV D
V\QRSVLVRIRWKHUHIIRUWVRULJLQDOVRXUFHVDUHUHIHUHQFHGLQSDUHQWKHVHVIRUPRVWVWDWHPHQWV
$FFLGHQW DQDO\VLV LV RIWHQ GLIILFXOW WR SHUIRUP JLYHQ WKH LQKHUHQW SUREOHPV LQ GDWD
FROOHFWLRQ  $FFLGHQW UHFRUGV DUH RIWHQ LQFRPSOHWH LQDFFXUDWH RU WRR YDJXH WR DOORZ IRU
PHDQLQJIXO DQDO\VLV  )RU H[DPSOH WR DFTXLUH WKH TXDQWLW\ RI LQIRUPDWLRQ QHHGHG IRU WKH
$QDO\VLV DQG 0RGHOLQJ RI 5HODWLRQVKLSV EHWZHHQ $FFLGHQWV DQG WKH *HRPHWULF DQG 7UDIILF
&KDUDFWHULVWLFV RI WKH ,QWHUVWDWH 6\VWHP VWXG\  DFFLGHQW GDWD ZHUH JDWKHUHG E\ 
GRFXPHQWV RI DFFLGHQWV REVHUYHG  LQVXUDQFH FRPSDQ\ UHFRUGV DQG  URYLQJ REVHUYHUV
GHSOR\HGRQDKRXUEDVLVLQFRQMXQFWLRQZLWKRWKHUWUDIILFVWXGLHV,QRWKHUVWXGLHVSROLFH
UHFRUGVDQGRUDFFLGHQWGDWDDFFXPXODWHGE\YDULRXVGHSDUWPHQWVRIWUDQVSRUWDWLRQZHUHXVHG


Direct or
Variable [1] Ramps of Slip Outer Semi-direct
Diamond Ramps Connections Connections Loops

1.High Traffic Volumes, mainline

2. High Traffic Volumes, ramps

3. Unit Length – unusually long

– unusually short

4. Length of Adjoining speed

change lane – Too short

5. Type of Area – Urbanized

6. Intensity of Lighting – Too low

7. Design Speed, Too low

8. Max. Grade, Too steep

9. Max. Curvature, Too sharp

10. Min. stopping sight distance,

Too low
11. Distance from nose to point of
high curvature – Too short
12. Structure and guard rail clearance,
Too small

13. Delineators – Absence of

14. Type of crossroad

(or frontage road for slip ramps)
15. Traveling speed at time of accident,
Too high
16. Percent commercial traffic,
Too high
17. Percent Out-of-state traffic,
Too high
18. Right and left shoulder type,
presence of barrier curbs

19. Edge Markings – Absence of

Judged to have serious causative effect on accidents.

Judged to have considerable causative effect on accidents.
Judged to have some causative effect on accidents.
Judged to have slight causative effect on accidents.
Judged to have no causative effect on accidents.
[1] See Appendix V for specific values of each variable.

6RXUFH %DVHG RQ )LJXUH  5HI  S 

)LJXUH$FFLGHQWH[SHULHQFHYHUVXVFDXVDWLYHIDFWRUV
 

2WKHUSRLQWVKDYHEHHQUDLVHGLQDQRWKHUVWXG\LQZKLFKWKHJHQHUDOFRQFOXVLRQ
ZDVWKDWFXUUHQW$$6+72GHVLJQVWDQGDUGVVSHFLILFDOO\RSHQURDGKRUL]RQWDOFXUYHGHVLJQ
SDUDPHWHUVSURYLGHVDIH RSHUDWLRQ IRU ERWK SDVVHQJHU FDUV DQG WUXFNV  +RZHYHU DFFLGHQWV
UROORYHUDQGVNLGGLQJZHUHREVHUYHGWRRFFXUDWXQGHVLUDEOHOHYHOVZKHQXQUHDOLVWLFGHVLJQ
VSHHGV ZHUH XVHG  :KHUH $$6+72 GHVLJQ DVVXPSWLRQV LH VSHHG RI YHKLFOH DUH QRW
YLRODWHGDGHTXDWHPDUJLQVRIVDIHW\DUHSURYLGHGEXWZKHUHYHKLFOHVH[FHHGGHVLJQVSHHGV
XQVDIHFRQGLWLRQV¥FRQGLWLRQVWKDWKHLJKWHQWKHSRWHQWLDOIRUDFFLGHQWV¥PD\UHVXOW7KLV
FRQFOXVLRQXQGHUVFRUHVWKHQHHGIRUFDUHIXOFRQVLGHUDWLRQRIGHVLJQVSHHGDQGFHUWDLQO\
OHDGV RQH WR DW OHDVW TXHVWLRQ ZKHWKHU WKH $$6+72 DOORZDQFH RI PLQLPXP UDPS GHVLJQ
VSHHGVDWSHUFHQWRIWKHIUHHZD\GHVLJQVSHHGLVUHDVRQDEOH
7KHVWXGLHVSHUIRUPHGKDYHKDGVRPHFRQIOLFWLQJILQGLQJV:KLOHRQHVWXG\IRXQGQR
DFWXDOUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQJHRPHWULFVDQGDFFLGHQWVRWKHUVIRXQGWKDWLPSURYHGJHRPHWULF
VWDQGDUGV FRXOG UHGXFH DFFLGHQWV  ,Q DQ\ FDVH LQVLJKWIXO UHVXOWV DQG FRQFOXVLRQV ZHUH
REWDLQHG GHVSLWH WKH GLIILFXOWLHV LQYROYHG LQ GDWD FROOHFWLRQ DQG DQDO\VLV  6RPH FRUUHODWLRQ
EHWZHHQVRPHRIWKHDFFLGHQWUHVXOWVDQGUHVXOWVREWDLQHGE\DWWHPSWVDWPRGHOLQJWKHUDPS
DQGVSHHGFKDQJHODQHVZLOOEHVHHQLQWKHQH[WVHFWLRQ
5(68/76)52027+(502'(/6
7KH PHWKRGRORJ\ XVHG LQ WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI WKH $$6+72 PRGHO RI WKH VSHHG
FKDQJH ODQH OHQJWK KDV EHHQ GLVFXVVHG LQ GHWDLO  2WKHU UHVHDUFKHUV DQG DJHQFLHV KDYH
DWWHPSWHG WR UHILQH WKH $$6+72 DSSURDFK RU WR GHYHORS QHZ PHWKRGRORJLHV IRU WKH
PRGHOLQJ RI WKH UDPS WRIURP IUHHZD\ PDQHXYHU  7KH GHWDLOV RI WKHVH PRGHOV DORQJ ZLWK
VRPHRIWKHLUVWUHQJWKVDQGZHDNQHVVHVDUHSUHVHQWHGLQJUHDWHUGHWDLOLQDVXEVHTXHQWVHFWLRQ
RI WKLV UHSRUW  7KLV VHFWLRQ GLVFXVVHV VRPH RI WKH UHVXOWV DQG FRQFOXVLRQV RI WKRVH VWXGLHV
SHUWDLQLQJWRWKH$$6+72DSSURDFKDQGWRRWKHUPRGHOV
$ PRGHO RI IUHHZD\ PHUJLQJ ZDV GHYHORSHG EDVHG RQ GULYHU EHKDYLRU LQ 'ULYHU
%HKDYLRU0RGHORI0HUJLQJE\0LFKDHOVDQG)D]LR,QJHQHUDOWKHPRGHOGLYLGHGWKH
PHUJLQJ SURFHVV LQWR LQLWLDO UDPS FXUYH WUDFNLQJ DQG WUDQVLWLRQ WR WKH VSHHGFKDQJH ODQH D
UHSHWLWLYHSURFHVVRIDFFHOHUDWLRQDQGJDSVHDUFKDQGDILQDOVWHHULQJWRWKHIUHHZD\ODQHRU
DERUWLQJ WKH PHUJH  7KLV PRGHO ZDV WHVWHG DJDLQVW GDWD REWDLQHG IURP  PHUJHV ZKLFK
LQFOXGHGERWKFXUYHGDQGWDQJHQWFRQQHFWRUVWRWKHVSHHGFKDQJHODQH$PDMRUGHYLDWLRQRI
WKLV PRGHO IURP WKH $$6+72 PHWKRGRORJ\ LV WKH FRQFHSW RI DQ LWHUDWLYH SURFHVV EHWZHHQ
DFFHOHUDWLRQ DQG JDS VHDUFK WKDW LV WKH WZR HYHQWV GR QRW RFFXU VLPXOWDQHRXVO\ DQG DUH
SHUIRUPHG LQ D UHSHWLWLYH SURFHVV RQH DIWHU WKH RWKHU  ,W ZDV GHWHUPLQHG WKDW DIWHU RQH
DFFHOHUDWLRQJDS VHDUFK WULDO  SHUFHQW RI WKH YHKLFOHV KDG PHUJHG DIWHU WZR WULDOV 
SHUFHQWKDGPHUJHGDQGDIWHUWKUHHWULDOVSHUFHQWKDGPHUJHG%DVHGRQWKHPRGHOLQJRI
WKLV EHKDYLRU DQG RQ WKH RWKHU DVSHFWV RI WKH PRGHO VSHHGFKDQJH ODQH OHQJWKV ZHUH
GHYHORSHGIRUUDPSGHVLJQVSHHGYVIUHHZD\ODQHYROXPHV)LJXUHVKRZVWKHOHQJWKRI
VSHHGFKDQJH ODQHV IRU YDULRXV UDPS GHVLJQ VSHHGV UHTXLUHG IRU WKH WK SHUFHQWLOH JDS
DFFHSWDQFH


900
1200
1400
800 1600
1800
2000
700
SCLL FT

600

500

400

300

200
25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45
Ramp Design Speed M/H

6RXUFH )LJXUH  5HI  S 

)LJXUH6SHHGFKDQJHODQHOHQJWKVE\UDPSGHVLJQVSHHGIRUWK
SHUFHQWLOHJDSDFFHSWDQFH

7KHUH DUH VHYHUDO QRWDEOH FRQFOXVLRQV WKDW PD\ EH GUDZQ IURP WKLV VWXG\  7KH ILUVW
LQYROYHVWKHUDWHDWZKLFKWKHUHFRPPHQGHGOHQJWKRIWKHVSHHGFKDQJHODQHGHFUHDVHVDVWKH
UDPSGHVLJQVSHHGLQFUHDVHV)RUH[DPSOHDWDIUHHZD\YROXPHRISFSOSKSDVVHQJHU
FDUV SHU ODQH SHU KRXU D  SHUFHQW LQFUHDVH LQ UDPS GHVLJQ VSHHG IURP  WR  NPK
UHVXOWV LQ D  SHUFHQW GHFUHDVH LQ UHFRPPHQGHG VSHHGFKDQJH ODQH OHQJWK  :KLOH WKH
$$6+72 PHWKRGRORJ\ DOVR OHDGV WR GHFUHDVLQJ VSHHGFKDQJH ODQH OHQJWKV DV UDPS GHVLJQ
VSHHG LQFUHDVHV WKH UDWH RI LQFUHDVH LV VXEVWDQWLDOO\ KLJKHU  )RU WKH VDPH H[DPSOH EXW
XWLOL]LQJWKH$$6+72PHWKRGRORJ\RQDIUHHZD\ZLWKDNPKGHVLJQVSHHGWKHUHLVD
QHDUO\  SHUFHQW UHGXFWLRQ LQ VSHHGFKDQJH ODQH OHQJWK UHFRPPHQGHG  7KH LURQ\ RI WKLV
VWXG\LVWKDWLWOHDGVWKHUHDGHUWRWKHFRQFOXVLRQWKDWWKH$$6+72JXLGHPD\SURYLGHEHWWHU
RSHUDWLRQDWORZUDPSGHVLJQVSHHGWKDQLWGRHVDWKLJKUDPSGHVLJQVSHHGV)RUH[DPSOH
EDVHGVWULFWO\RQDFRPSDULVRQRIWKHYDOXHVIURPWKHVHWZRVWXGLHVIRUDNPKIUHHZD\
WKH $$6+72 JXLGH ZKHQ FRPSDUHG ZLWK 0LFKDHOV DQG )D]LR ZRXOG SURYLGH WKH VDPH RU
ORQJHUOHQJWKVIRUUDPSGHVLJQVSHHGVRIDQGNPKDQGVKRUWHUOHQJWKVIRUUDPSGHVLJQ
VSHHGV RI  DQG  NPK  $OWKRXJK FDXWLRQ PXVW EH H[HUFLVHG LQ GLUHFWO\ FRPSDULQJ WKLV
VWXG\ZLWK$$6+72RZLQJWRWKHOLPLWHGVDPSOHVL]HDQGSRWHQWLDOGLIIHUHQFHVLQPHDVXULQJ
VSHHG FKDQJH OHQJWK WKH WUHQG WRZDUG UHGXFLQJ WKH VSHHGFKDQJH ODQH OHQJWK DW D UDWH OHVV
WKDQWKDWXWLOL]HGE\$$6+72LVFOHDU7KLVFRQFOXVLRQLVVXSSRUWHGE\WKHDFFLGHQWDQDO\VLV
LQWKHSUHYLRXVVHFWLRQZKHUHUHFRPPHQGHGPLQLPXPVSHHGFKDQJHODQHOHQJWKVDUHKLJKHU
WKDQWKRVHUHFRPPHQGHGE\$$6+72IRUWKHKLJKHUUDPSGHVLJQVSHHGV
 

$VHFRQGSRLQWRILQWHUHVWLQWKLVVWXG\LVWKDWWKHUHTXLUHGOHQJWKRIDVSHHGFKDQJH
ODQHGHFUHDVHVDVWKHUDPSYROXPHLQFUHDVHV7KHUHDVRQIRUWKLVZDVDQDVVXPSWLRQWKDWWKH
IUHHZD\ VSHHG GHFOLQHG DV WKH YROXPH LQFUHDVHG  0HDQ IUHHZD\ VSHHGV IRU WKLV DQDO\VLV
ZHUH EDVHG RQ WKH +LJKZD\ &DSDFLW\ 0DQXDO >@  7KH LPSRUWDQFH RI WKLV SRLQW LV WKDW
ZKHQVWXG\LQJWKHRSHUDWLRQRIVSHHGFKDQJHODQHVWKHFULWLFDORSHUDWLRQIRUGHWHUPLQLQJWKH
DFFHSWDELOLW\RIWKHGHVLJQPD\DFWXDOO\RFFXUGXULQJRIISHDNORZHUYROXPHSHULRGV
$PRUHGHWDLOHGVWXG\ZLWKZKLFKWKHDERYHVWXG\ZDVFRQQHFWHGLVWKHXQSXEOLVKHG
1&+536SHHG&KDQJH/DQHV)LQDO5HSRUWRI7KLVVWXG\ZDVZLGHUDQJLQJ
HYDOXDWLQJ FXUUHQW GHVLJQ JXLGHOLQHV IRU VSHHGFKDQJH ODQHV GHYHORSLQJ D PRGHO RI VSHHG
FKDQJHODQHRSHUDWLRQDQGGHYHORSLQJQHZJXLGHOLQHVIRUVSHHGFKDQJHODQHGHVLJQ/LNHWKH
PRGHO LQ WKH SUHYLRXV VWXG\ WKLV PRGHO DWWHPSWHG WR EHWWHU FDSWXUH WKH LQIOXHQFH RI WUDIILF
IORZ FKDUDFWHULVWLFV DQG GULYHU EHKDYLRU  7KH PRGHOV GHYHORSHG DWWHPSWHG WR LQWHJUDWH WKH
KXPDQIDFWRUGLPHQVLRQZLWKJHRPHWU\DQGYHKLFOHRSHUDWLRQDOFKDUDFWHULVWLFV,QDGGLWLRQWR
$$6+72UHTXLUHPHQWVIRUVSHHGFKDQJHODQHGHVLJQWKLVVWXG\DOVRFRQVLGHUHGPLQLPL]LQJ
WKHGLVUXSWLRQWRIUHHZD\IORZPHHWLQJGULYHUH[SHFWDWLRQVDQGDYRLGLQJRYHUODSSLQJFRQWURO
UHTXLUHPHQWV IRU WKH GULYHU  )RU H[DPSOH WKLV VWXG\ GHILQHV LGHDO HQWUDQFH UDPS GHVLJQ DV
¦RQH ZKLFK PLQLPL]HV WKH OLNHOLKRRG RI RYHUORDG DQG LV DGDSWHG WR WKH EHKDYLRUDO
UHTXLUHPHQWVRIWKHHQWU\SURFHVV§)XUWKHUPRUHWKHGHVLJQREMHFWLYHVKRXOGEHWR¦SURYLGH
DVWDWLFDQGG\QDPLFHQYLURQPHQWWKDWKDVPD[LPXPSUHGLFWDELOLW\IRUWKHGULYHU§)RUWKLV
VWXG\GHVLJQZDVEDVHGRQWKHWKGULYHUSHUFHQWLOHPHDQLQJWKDWSHUFHQWRIWKHGULYHUV
VKRXOGEHDEOHWRFRPSOHWHWKHUHTXLUHGPDQHXYHULHHQWU\PDQHXYHULQDVKRUWHUOHQJWK
WKDQUHFRPPHQGHG
7KHUH DUH VRPH GLIIHUHQFHV EHWZHHQ WKH DVVXPSWLRQV RI WKLV VWXG\ DQG WKRVH RI WKH
$$6+72VWXG\)RUH[DPSOHWKH$$6+72PRGHOEDVHVVSHHGFKDQJHOHQJWKVRQRSHUDWLQJ
VSHHGV ZKLFK DUH ORZHU WKDQ WKH GHVLJQ VSHHGV ZKHUHDV 1&+53  DVVXPHV RSHUDWLQJ
VSHHGVHTXDOGHVLJQVSHHGV,QDGGLWLRQWKH$$6+72JXLGHGHILQHVWKHVSHHGFKDQJH
ODQHWREHJLQRUHQGDWWKHPWDSHU1&+53XVHVWKHPSRLQW$OVRWKH1&+53
PRGHO XWLOL]HV VHYHUDO VSHHGV DORQJ WKH OHQJWK RI WKH UDPS DQG GRHV QRW XWLOL]H WKH  NPK
GLIIHUHQWLDO VSHHG EHWZHHQ WKH UDPS YHKLFOH DQG IUHHZD\ RSHUDWLRQ DV D PHUJLQJ WKUHVKROG
LQVWHDG XWLOL]LQJ DQ DQJXODU YHORFLW\ WKUHVKROG  7KHVH GLIIHUHQFHV KLJKOLJKW WKH FKDQJLQJ
DSSURDFKWRZDUGPRGHOLQJVSHHGFKDQJHODQHV
:KHQFRPSDUHGWRWKH$$6+72VSHHGFKDQJHODQHOHQJWKGHVLJQYDOXHVWKHPRGHOV
GHYHORSHG LQ WKLV VWXG\ SURGXFHG VOLJKWO\ VKRUWHU OHQJWKV DW KLJK IUHHZD\ VSHHGV DQG
VLJQLILFDQWO\ ORQJHU DW PRGHUDWHWRORZ IUHHZD\ VSHHGV IRU DFFHOHUDWLRQ ODQH OHQJWKV DQG
VLJQLILFDQWO\ ORQJHU GHFHOHUDWLRQ ODQH OHQJWKV IRU DOO IUHHZD\ DQG UDPS VSHHGV  7DEOH 
SURYLGHV D W\SLFDO FRPSDULVRQ RI UHFRPPHQGHG DFFHOHUDWLRQ ODQH OHQJWKV E\ $$6+72 DQG
1&+53   ,Q WKLV WDEOH WKH $$6+72 YDOXHV KDYH EHHQ DGMXVWHG WR EH FRPSDUDEOH WR
1&+53OHQJWKVDGHWDLOHGH[SODQDWLRQRIDGMXVWPHQWVLVJLYHQLQWKH 1&+53 UHSRUW
7KLVWDEOHVXJJHVWV$$6+72PD\EHWRRTXLFNO\UHGXFLQJWKHVSHHGFKDQJHODQHOHQJWKVDV


VSHHGGLIIHUHQWLDOVGHFUHDVHLHWKH$$6+72NPKIUHHZD\NPKUDPSFRPELQDWLRQ
VHHPVLQVXIILFLHQWZKLOHWKH$$6+72NPKIUHHZD\NPKUDPSFRPELQDWLRQVHHPV
PRUHWKDQVXIILFLHQWZKHQFRPSDUHGZLWK1&+53
$VPHQWLRQHGWKH GHFHOHUDWLRQ ODQH OHQJWKV GHWHUPLQHG LQ WKLV VWXG\ ZHUH JHQHUDOO\
KLJKHU WKDQ WKRVH UHFRPPHQGHG LQ $$6+72  7DEOH  FRPSDUHV 1&+53 
UHFRPPHQGHGGHFHOHUDWLRQOHQJWKVZLWKWKRVHRI$$6+727KH1&+53VSHHGFKDQJH
ODQH OHQJWKV /VFO DUH VHHQ WR YDU\ IURP  SHUFHQW WR  SHUFHQW RI WKH OHQJWKV
UHFRPPHQGHG E\ $$6+72  7KLV VWXG\ DOVR REVHUYHG RQ H[LVWLQJ H[LW UDPSV WKH
SKHQRPHQRQRIYHKLFOHVEHJLQQLQJWRVORZGRZQEHIRUHHQWHULQJWKHVSHHGFKDQJHODQHZLWK
WKLVEHLQJHVSHFLDOO\SUHGRPLQDQWRQVKRUWHUH[LWUDPSV

7DEOH&RPSDULVRQRI1&+53DQG$$6+72YDOXHVIRUDFFHOHUDWLRQODQHOHQJWK
IURP5HI

Acceleration Lane Length (ft)

V'f (mph)
70 60 50
Vr'
(mph) 3-35 AASHTO 3-35 AASHTO 3-35 AASHTO
0 --- --- --- --- --- ---
15 --- --- --- --- --- ---
30 2,162 2,795 1,933 2,070 1,431 1,345
40 2,107 2,795 1,669 2,070 1,628 1,345
50 1,899 2,795 1,941 2,070 --- ---
60 2,230 2,795 --- --- --- ---
1
Vo = 30 mph
Lane 1 Volume = 1,800 peph
Ramp Volume = 200 peph

6800$5<
7KHVHVWXGLHV KDYH FOHDUO\ UDLVHG GRXEWV DERXW WKH DSSOLFDELOLW\ RI $$6+72 GHVLJQ
DQGDFFRUGLQJO\7['27GHVLJQVWDQGDUGVEDVHGRQ$$6+727KHUHLVWKHSRVVLELOLW\WKDW
$$6+72©VDFFHSWDQFHRIDPLQLPXPUDPSGHVLJQVSHHGRISHUFHQWRIWKHIUHHZD\GHVLJQ
VSHHG LV LQDGHTXDWH PRUHRYHU DW KLJK VSHHGV WKH UHFRPPHQGHG $$6+72 OHQJWKV PD\ EH
WRR VKRUW  :KHQ FRQVLGHULQJ WKH SRWHQWLDO SUREOHP IRU 7['27 HQWUDQFH UDPS GHVLJQ
VWDQGDUGV VRPH RI WKH KLJKHU UDPS VSHHG GHVLJQ FRQFHUQV DUH DOOHYLDWHG EHFDXVH 7['27
XWLOL]HVDVLQJOHGHVLJQWKDWSURYLGHVOHQJWKVJUHDWHUWKDQWKH$$6+72UHFRPPHQGHGOHQJWKV
IRUKLJKHUUDPSGHVLJQVSHHGV+RZHYHUWKH7['27GHVLJQKDVEHHQVKRZQWREHSRVVLEO\
VKRUWHU WKDQ WKDW UHFRPPHQGHG LQ WKH  JXLGH IRU ORZ UDPS GHVLJQ VSHHGV  :KHQ
FRQVLGHULQJ GHFHOHUDWLRQ 7['27©V VWDQGDUG GHVLJQ IDFHV WKH VDPH LVVXHV DV GRHV
$$6+72©VGHVLJQEHFDXVHWKHOHQJWKVLWXVHVDUHVLPSO\DURXQGHGYHUVLRQRIWKH$$6+72
OHQJWKV
 

,Q GLVFXVVLQJ WKH $$6+72 DFFHOHUDWLRQ DQG GHFHOHUDWLRQ UDWHV VHYHUDO SRVVLELOLWLHV
ZHUHPHQWLRQHGDVWRWKHLUDSSOLFDELOLW\LQWRGD\©VGHVLJQ2QHSRVVLELOLW\ZDVWKDWWKH
DFFHOHUDWLRQ DQG GHFHOHUDWLRQ UDWHV PLJKW QRW DGHTXDWHO\ FRPSHQVDWH IRU GHILFLHQFLHV LQ WKH
$$6+72PRGHO7KHVHVWXGLHVZRXOGOHDGWRWKHFRQFOXVLRQWKDWWKLVLVWKHOLNHO\VLWXDWLRQ

7DEOH([LWPRGHOFRPSRQHQWDQDO\VHVIURP5HI
Vd' = 70 mph LSCL
AASHTO as % of
Vc' LDS LSC tg LDG Vg' LDB Db LSCL Length AASHTO
(mph) (ft) (ft) (f/s/s) (ft) (mph) (ft) (f/s/s) (ft) (ft) (%)
0 578 154 6.5 605 45.7 354 9.8 1,113 915 122
15 578 154 5.5 521 58.8 360 9.7 1,035 905 114
20 578 154 4.5 433 60.8 366 9.7 953 895 106
25 578 154 3.5 342 62.9 372 9.7 868 875 99
30 578 154 3 295 63.9 375 9.2 825 845 98
40 578 154 3 295 63.9 375 7.1 825 745 111
45 578 154 3 295 63.9 375 5.9 825 705 117
50 578 154 3 295 63.9 375 4.6 825 605 ---
Vd' = 60 mph LSCL
AASHTO as % of
Vc' LDS LSC tg LDG Vg' LDB Db LSCL Length AASHTO
(mph) (ft) (ft) (f/s/s) (ft) (mph) (ft) (f/s/s) (ft) (ft) (%)
0 509 132 3 251 53.9 345 9.1 728 765 95
15 509 132 3 251 53.9 345 8.4 728 735 99
20 509 132 3 251 53.9 345 7.8 728 725 100
25 509 132 3 251 53.9 345 7.1 728 695 105
30 509 132 3 251 53.9 345 6.3 728 675 108
35 509 132 3 251 53.9 345 5.3 728 625 116
40 509 132 3 251 53.9 345 4.1 728 565 129
45 509 132 3 251 53.9 345 2.8 728 505 144
50 509 132 5 404 49.8 --- --- 536 425 ---
Vd' = 50 mph LSCL
AASHTO as % of
Vc' LDS LSC tg LDG Vg' LDB Db LSCL Length AASHTO
(mph) (ft) (ft) (f/s/s) (ft) (mph) (ft) (f/s/s) (ft) (ft) (%)
0 433 110 3 207 43.9 311 6.7 628 625 100
15 433 110 3 207 43.9 311 5.9 628 600 105
20 433 110 3 207 43.9 311 5.3 628 575 109
25 433 110 3 207 43.9 311 4.5 628 545 115
30 433 110 3 207 43.9 311 3.6 628 505 124
35 433 110 8 492 33.7 --- --- 602 455 132
40 433 110 5 330 39.8 --- --- 440 395 111
45 433 110 4 270 41.8 --- --- 433 325 133
50 433 110 3 207 43.9 --- --- 433 --- ---

6RXUFH %DVHG RQ 7DEOH  5HI  S 


 &+$37(56859(<2)'(6,*135$&7,&(

,Q DGGLWLRQ WR H[DPLQLQJ WKH KLVWRU\ DQG LPSOLFDWLRQV RI UDPS GHVLJQ VSHHG FULWHULD
FXUUHQW SUDFWLFH ZDV DOVR VWXGLHG  'XULQJ WKH OLWHUDWXUH UHYLHZ ZH GHWHUPLQHG WKDW WKH
1DWLRQDO &RRSHUDWLYH +LJKZD\ 5HVHDUFK 3URJUDP©V 1&+53©V 6WXG\ 6SHHG&KDQJH
/DQHV )LQDO 5HSRUW ZDV SRWHQWLDOO\ XVHIXO  3DUW RI WKDW VWXG\ LQFOXGHG D VXUYH\ RI VL[W\
DJHQFLHVLQFOXGLQJDOOILIW\VWDWHWUDQVSRUWDWLRQDJHQFLHVUHJDUGLQJVSHHGFKDQJHODQHGHVLJQ
SUDFWLFHV $OWKRXJK WKH VXUYH\ GDWD ZHUH QRW SXEOLVKHG ZH ORFDWHG RQH RI WKH RULJLQDO
FRQWUDFWRUVZKRJUDFLRXVO\SURYLGHGDZRUNLQJSDSHUGHVFULELQJVXUYH\UHVXOWV(YHQWKRXJK
WKHVXUYH\GRHVQRWH[SOLFLWO\DGGUHVVUDPSGHVLJQVSHHGWKHFRUHUDPSGHVLJQVSHHGLVVXHLV
UHDOO\VSHHGFKDQJHZKLFKWKHVXUYH\GRHVGHDOZLWKGLUHFWO\7KHOLVWRIVXUYH\UHVSRQGHQWV
LVSURYLGHGDV7DEOHDQGDTXDQWLWDWLYHVXPPDU\RIUHVXOWVLVSURYLGHGDV7DEOH7KH
VSHHGFKDQJHODQHVXUYH\ZDVVXPPDUL]HGLQSDUWDVIROORZV

)RUW\WKUHH VXUYH\V ZHUH UHWXUQHG DQG UHYLHZHG    $ PDMRULW\ RI WKH

DJHQFLHV FRQWDFWHG XVH $$6+72 DV WKH EDVLV IRU VSHHGFKDQJH ODQH GHVLJQ
+RZHYHU D VLJQLILFDQW QXPEHU RI DJHQFLHV LQFRUSRUDWH VWDQGDUGV RWKHU WKDQ
$$6+72©V IRU FHUWDLQ GHVLJQ HOHPHQWV VXFK DV PLQLPXP OHQJWKV RI
DFFHOHUDWLRQ DQG GHFHOHUDWLRQ ODQHV DQG WDSHU UDWHV  7KH JUHDWHVW GHVLJQ
GLIIHUHQFH OLHV LQ PLQLPXP DFFHOHUDWLRQ ODQH OHQJWK ZKHUH VWDQGDUGV UDQJH
IURP  IHHW WR  IHHW OHVV WKDQ WKH $$6+72 UHFRPPHQGHG  IHHW
PLQLPXP6HYHUDODJHQFLHVXVHFRPSOH[WDEOHVWRGHWHUPLQHDSSURSULDWHWDSHU
UDWHV DQG DFFHOHUDWLRQ ODQH OHQJWKV  1HDUO\ DOO DJHQFLHV ZKLFK UHVSRQGHG
HLWKHU H[FHHG RU FRPSO\ ZLWK $$6+72 UHFRPPHQGDWLRQV IRU GHFHOHUDWLRQ
ODQHOHQJWKV7KHVXUYH\UHVXOWVDOVRVKRZHGWKDWWKHPDMRULW\SHUFHQWRI
UHVSRQGLQJGHVLJQDJHQFLHVXVHERWKSDUDOOHODQGWDSHUW\SHGHVLJQGHSHQGLQJ
RQ WKH ORFDWLRQ DQG IUHHZD\ FRQGLWLRQV  7KH UHPDLQLQJ DJHQFLHV XVH HLWKHU
WDSHU RU SDUDOOHO W\SH GHVLJQ H[FOXVLYHO\ ZLWK WDSHU EHLQJ SUHGRPLQDQWO\
IDYRUHG7KHUHVXOWVRIWKLVVXUYH\DJUHHGZLWK%DNHU©VUHYLHZRIWHQVWDWH
GHVLJQPDQXDOV,QWHUHVWLQJO\VHYHUDOUHVSRQGHQWVWRWKLVVXUYH\FRQWLQXH WR
EDVH WKHLU GHVLJQ JXLGHOLQHV RQ $$6+72©V %OXH DQG 5HG %RRNV UDWKHU WKDQ
WKHPRUHUHFHQW*UHHQ%RRN
7KHVHFRQGVHFWLRQRIWKHVXUYH\SHUWDLQHGWRZKDWPHDVXUHVGHVLJQHUV
XVHWRHYDOXDWHWKHRSHUDWLRQDOHIIHFWLYHQHVVRIVSHHGFKDQJHODQHV*UHDWHVW
LPSRUWDQFH ZDV SODFHG RQ WKH VSHHG GLIIHUHQFH EHWZHHQ WKURXJK WUDIILF DQG
PHUJLQJGLYHUJLQJ YHKLFOHV  $FFHOHUDWLRQGHFHOHUDWLRQ UDWHV DQG WKH DYHUDJH
RUFULWLFDOJDSDFFHSWHGDWPHUJHZHUHDOVRFRQVLGHUHGUHDVRQDEOHPHDVXUHV
RIRSHUDWLRQDOHIIHFWLYHQHVV7KHSRLQWRIHQWU\H[LWDORQJWKHPHUJHGLYHUJH
DUHD WKH IUHHZD\ VSHHG WKURXJK WKH PHUJHGLYHUJH DUHD DQG WKH QXPEHU RI
EUDNLQJV WKURXJK WKH PHUJHGLYHUJH DUHD ZHUH QRW FRQVLGHUHG WR EH HIIHFWLYH




PHDVXUHV RI RSHUDWLRQ  6HYHUDO UHVSRQGHQWV PHQWLRQHG RWKHU PHDVXUHV RI

RSHUDWLRQVXFKDVUDPSDQGIUHHZD\WUDIILFYROXPHVDFFLGHQWUDWHVDQGGULYHU
XQGHUVWDQGLQJ

7DEOH1&+53VXUYH\UHVSRQGHQWVIURP5HI

67$7('(6,*1$*(1&,(6

$ODEDPD 0RQWDQD
$ODVND 1HZ+DPSVKLUH
&DOLIRUQLD 1HZ-HUVH\
&RORUDGR 1HZ0H[LFR
&RQQHFWLFXW 1HZ<RUN
)ORULGD 1RUWK'DNRWD
+DZDLL 2KLR
,GDKR 2NODKRPD
,OOLQRLV 2UHJRQ
,QGLDQD 3HQQV\OYDQLD
,RZD 5KRGH,VODQG
.DQVDV 6RXWK'DNRWD
.HQWXFN\ 7H[DV
/RXLVLDQD 8WDK
0DU\ODQG 9HUPRQW
0DVVDFKXVHWWV 9LUJLQLD
0LFKLJDQ :DVKLQJWRQ
0LQQHVRWD :LVFRQVLQ
0LVVLVVLSSL :\RPLQJ
0LVVRXUL

27+(5'(6,*1$*(1&,(6

)HGHUDO+LJKZD\$GPLQLVWUDWLRQ7$06+'5(QJLQHHULQJ-DFN(/HLVFK $VVRFLDWHV
 

7DEOH6XPPDU\RIVSHHGFKDQJHODQHVXUYH\UHVSRQVHIURP5HI

(Total Responses - 45)

DESIGN
Design Differences (As a Percentage of Total Respondents) Preferred Ramp Types
AASHTO Taper Design Acc./Dec. Parallel
Compliance Length Width Rate Vehicle Rate Other Parallel Taper & Taper
89% 20% 2% 16% 2% 2% 7% 9% 24% 67%

MEASURES OF OPERATION
Speed Entry Freeway Number of Accel./Decel. Average
Difference Point Speed Brakings Rate Gap Other
Mean Rank 1.8 4.5 4.2 4.3 2.8 3.5 5.3
Standard 1.0 1.8 1.4 1.5 1.3 1.5 2.7
Deviation

%DVHG RQ WKH UHVSRQVH IURP WKH VXUYH\ RI GHVLJQ DQG RSHUDWLRQDO
H[SHULHQFHWHQGHVLJQDJHQFLHVZHUHVHOHFWHGIRUDPRUHLQGHSWKIROORZXS
LQWHUYLHZ  7KH VHOHFWLRQ FULWHULD ZHUH GHVLJQHG VR DV WR LQFOXGH D
FRPSUHKHQVLYH UHSUHVHQWDWLRQ RI VSHHGFKDQJH ODQH GHVLJQ JXLGHOLQHV ERWK
TXDOLWDWLYHO\DQGJHRJUDSKLFDOO\7KHGHVLJQDJHQFLHVVHOHFWHG IRU IROORZXS
LQWHUYLHZV LQFOXGHG WKH WUDQVSRUWDWLRQ GHSDUWPHQWV RI WKH VWDWHV RI 1HZ
0H[LFR0DVVDFKXVHWWV2UHJRQ/RXLVLDQD&DOLIRUQLD2KLR0DU\ODQG1HZ
+DPSVKLUH0LVVRXULDQG0LVVLVVLSSL7KHSXUSRVHRIWKHLQWHUYLHZVZDVWR
JDWKHU VSHFLILF LQIRUPDWLRQ RQ GHVLJQ FULWHULD ZKLFK H[SHULHQFHG GHVLJQHUV
FXUUHQWO\LQFOXGHRUIHHOVKRXOGEHLQFOXGHGLQWKHGHVLJQSURFHVV
5HYLHZ RI WKH LQWHUYLHZ UHVXOWV FOHDUO\ VKRZHG WKDW FXUUHQW GHVLJQ
SUDFWLFHV IRU VSHHGFKDQJH ODQHV YDU\ EHWZHHQ VWDWHV  $$6+72 JXLGHOLQHV
DUHXVXDOO\XVHGDVDEDVLVIURPZKLFKHDFKVWDWHGHVLJQDJHQF\LQFRUSRUDWHV
LWV RZQ XQLTXH GHVLJQ FULWHULD  0RVW VWDWHV FRQIRUP ZLWK $$6+72
UHTXLUHPHQWV IRU PLQLPXP VSHHGFKDQJH ODQH OHQJWK DQG DGMXVW WKH OHQJWK
GHSHQGLQJ RQ ORFDO FRQGLWLRQV VXFK DV JUDGLHQW UDPS W\SH DQG FXUYDWXUH
VSHHG GLIIHUHQWLDO DQG WUXFN SHUFHQWDJHV  $$6+72 PHQWLRQV WKH HIIHFW RI
KLJK SHUFHQWDJHV RI KHDY\ YHKLFOHV RQ VSHHGFKDQJH ODQH OHQJWK DOWKRXJK
GRHV QRW SURYLGH DQ\ TXDQWLWDWLYH DGMXVWPHQW FULWHULD  0DU\ODQG 2KLR DQG
&DOLIRUQLD KDYH SUHSDUHG WKHLU RZQ XQLTXH GHVLJQ JXLGHOLQHV  0RVW RI WKH
GHVLJQFULWHULDKDYHUHVXOWHGIURPH[SHULHQFHZLWKWKHH[FHSWLRQRI&DOLIRUQLD
ZKLFK SHUIRUPHG LQKRXVH UHVHDUFK RYHU DQ H[WHQGHG SHULRG +5% %XOOHWLQ
7KH2KLR'27GHILQHVVSHHGFKDQJHODQHOHQJWKDVDIXQFWLRQRI


WKUHH GLIIHUHQW FODVVHV RI IDFLOLWLHV  7KH SXUSRVH RI WKH FODVV V\VWHP LV WR
VHSDUDWH UXUDO XUEDQ DQG OLPLWHG DFFHVV FRQWURO KLJKZD\ GHVLJQ  $OO RI WKH
VWDWHV LQWHUYLHZHG XVH ERWK SDUDOOHO DQG WDSHU GHVLJQV VRPHWLPHV LQ
FRPELQDWLRQ6HYHUDOVWDWHVQRWHGWKDWLQIROORZLQJ$$6+72©VJXLGHOLQHVIRU
DWDSHUHGDFFHOHUDWLRQODQHGHVLJQWKHUHLVVRPHFRQIXVLRQDVWRZKHWKHUWKH
HQWLUH WDSHU OHQJWK VKRXOG EH LQFOXGHG LQ WKH DFFHOHUDWLRQ ODQH OHQJWK
$OWKRXJK ERWK UDPS W\SHV DUH XVHG WKH SHUFHSWLRQ RI GULYHU EHKDYLRU RQ D
SDUDOOHO YHUVXV WDSHUHG GHVLJQ GLIIHUHG  2KLR DQG 0DU\ODQG IHHO D SDUDOOHO
HOHPHQW LQ DQ DFFHOHUDWLRQ ODQH RIIHUV WKH PRWRULVW WKH RSSRUWXQLW\ WR VFDQ
IUHHZD\WUDIILFIRUDQDFFHSWDEOHJDS&RQYHUVHO\VHYHUDORWKHUVWDWHVIHHOWKDW
SDUDOOHO DFFHOHUDWLRQ ODQHV GR QRW RSHUDWH ZHOO DQG SURYLGH WKH SHUFHSWLRQ WR
WKH GULYHU RI DQ DX[LOLDU\ ODQH  7KHVH ODWWHU VWDWHV IHHO WKDW D WDSHUHG GHVLJQ
JLYHVWKHGULYHUDEHWWHUYLHZRIWKHIUHHZD\DQGDGGVWRWKHQDWXUDOPHUJLQJ
SURFHVV$OORIWKHVWDWHVLQWHUYLHZHGSUHIHUWDSHUHGGHFHOHUDWLRQODQHV
1RQH RI WKH VWDWHV LQWHUYLHZHG KDYH H[SHULHQFHG DQ\ VLJQLILFDQW
RSHUDWLRQDO SUREOHPV UHODWHG WR HLWKHU $$6+72 RU LQKRXVH GHVLJQ FULWHULD
5HYLHZRIDFFLGHQWUHFRUGVLVWKHSULPDU\LIQRWH[FOXVLYHPHDVXUHRIVSHHG
FKDQJH ODQH SHUIRUPDQFH  $FWXDO ILHOG REVHUYDWLRQ GDWD FROOHFWLRQ DQG
DQDO\VLVLVOLPLWHG,QDQHIIRUWWRLGHQWLI\FULWLFDOGHVLJQIDFWRUVFRPPHQWVRQ
VXJJHVWHG IDFWRUV ZHUH UHTXHVWHG IURP HDFK GHVLJQHU  $V H[SHFWHG WKH
FRPPHQWVYDULHG KRZHYHU D SDUWLDO FRQVHQVXV ZDV UHDFKHG  ,Q JHQHUDO WKH
GHVLJQHUVLQWHUYLHZHGIHOWWKDWJUDGLHQWYROXPHVSHHGWUXFNSHUFHQWDJHDQG
DQJOH RI PHUJH DUH LPSRUWDQW LI QRW FULWLFDO GHVLJQ IDFWRUV ZKLFK VKRXOG EH
LQFOXGHG LQ VSHHGFKDQJH ODQH GHVLJQ JXLGHOLQHV  $OWKRXJK PRVW RI WKH
GHVLJQHUV DJUHHG WKDW DQJOH RI PHUJH LV DQ LPSRUWDQW GHVLJQ IDFWRU VHYHUDO
QRWHG WKDW LW ZDV RQO\ D IDFWRU RQ WKH ROGHU GHVLJQV EXW FRQWLQXHG
FRQVLGHUDWLRQVKRXOGEHJLYHQLQRUGHUWRPDLQWDLQVPDOOPHUJHDQJOHVRQQHZ
GHVLJQV  /DQHZLGWK ZDV YLHZHG DV D FRQVWDQW ZKLOH GULYHU W\SH ZDV QRW
FRQVLGHUHG DQ LPSRUWDQW GHVLJQ IDFWRU  6HYHUDO RI WKH GHVLJQHUV HVSHFLDOO\
WKRVH IDPLOLDU ZLWK XUEDQ IUHHZD\ GHVLJQ VXJJHVWHG WKDW D PHWKRG RI
GHOLQHDWLQJXUEDQYHUVXVUXUDOGHVLJQSRVVLEO\VLPLODUWR2KLR©VFODVVLILFDWLRQ
V\VWHPVKRXOGEHLQFOXGHGLQGHVLJQJXLGHOLQHV&RQVLGHUDWLRQRIKRUL]RQWDO
DQG YHUWLFDO VLJKW GLVWDQFHV LV QHFHVVDU\ EXW LV XVXDOO\ DFFRXQWHG IRU LQ WKH
GHVLJQ0RVWRIWKHGHVLJQDJHQFLHVLQWHUYLHZHGXVHDVLQJOHGHVLJQYHKLFOH
DOWKRXJKVHYHUDOGHVLJQHUVQRWHGWKDWWKHSHUFHQWDJHDQGW\SHRIWUXFN WUDIILF
FDQKDYHDVWURQJLPSDFWRQWKHGHVLJQ7KLVVXJJHVWVWKDWDQLPSURYHGGHVLJQ
YHKLFOH LQFRUSRUDWLQJ WUXFN FKDUDFWHULVWLFV RU D TXDQWLWDWLYH PHWKRG RI
DGMXVWLQJDFFHOHUDWLRQGHFHOHUDWLRQODQHOHQJWKGXHWRKHDY\WUXFNWUDIILFPD\
EHDSSURSULDWH,QSXWRQWKHFDQGLGDWHUHVHDUFKVLWHVREWDLQHGIURPWKHHDUOLHU
VXUYH\ZDVDOVRUHFHLYHGGXULQJWKHLQWHUYLHZV
 

5HVXOWVRI'HVLJQ([SHULHQFH5HYLHZ
%RWK WKH GHVLJQ H[SHULHQFH TXHVWLRQQDLUH DQG WKH LQGHSWK LQWHUYLHZV
SURYLGHG LQVLJKW LQWR WKH SUDFWLFDO DSSOLFDWLRQV RI FXUUHQW $$6+72 GHVLJQ
FULWHULD)URP WKH GHVLJQHU©V YLHZSRLQW VHYHUDO GHILFLHQW DUHDV RI $$6+72
JXLGHOLQHV ZHUH LGHQWLILHG  ,QLWLDOO\ WKH 5HVHDUFK 7HDP DWWHPSWHG WR GHILQH
VSHFLILF PHDVXUHV RI HIIHFWLYHQHVV ZKLFK PLJKW EH XVHG E\ GHVLJQHUV WR
HYDOXDWHVSHHGFKDQJHODQHSHUIRUPDQFH$OWKRXJKVHYHUDOUHDVRQDEOH02(V
ZHUH LGHQWLILHG LQ WKH GHVLJQ H[SHULHQFH TXHVWLRQQDLUH IXUWKHU GLVFXVVLRQ
GXULQJWKHLQGHSWKLQWHUYLHZVVKRZHGWKDWQHDUO\DOOGHVLJQDJHQFLHVXVHRQO\
DFFLGHQWGDWDIRUVSHHGFKDQJHODQHHYDOXDWLRQ/LWWOHRUQRILHOGREVHUYDWLRQV
DUH SHUIRUPHG  7KHUHIRUH LW VHHPV XQUHDVRQDEOH WR DVVXPH WKDW GHVLJQ
DJHQFLHV ZLOO HYDOXDWH VSHHGFKDQJH ODQH RSHUDWLRQ EDVHG RQ ILHOG REVHUYHG
FULWLFDOJDSVVSHHGGLIIHUHQFHRUDFFHOHUDWLRQGHFHOHUDWLRQUDWHV
'HVLJQHUV GLG H[SUHVV WKH QHHG IRU FODULILFDWLRQ RI VHYHUDO $$6+72
GHVLJQ HOHPHQWV  2QH VXFK HOHPHQW LV WR SURYLGH D TXDQWLWDWLYH PHWKRG RI
LQFRUSRUDWLQJ KLJK SHUFHQWDJHV RI KHDY\ YHKLFOHV LQWR WKH GHVLJQ SURFHVV
6LPLODUO\ GHVLJQ GLIIHUHQFHV ZLWKLQ UXUDO DQG XUEDQ DUHDV QHHG WR EH
DGGUHVVHG  )XUWKHU HYDOXDWLRQ RI GULYHU EHKDYLRU RQ VSHHGFKDQJH ODQHV
HVSHFLDOO\ DV LW UHODWHV WR UXUDO YHUVXV XUEDQ DUHDV LV QHFHVVDU\  )LQDOO\
DOWKRXJKOLWWOHPHQWLRQZDVPDGHRIWKHLPSRUWDQFHRIWUDIILFFRQWUROGHYLFHV
RQ VSHHGFKDQJH ODQHV IXUWKHU UHVHDUFK HVSHFLDOO\ DV LW UHODWHV WR GULYHU
EHKDYLRUDSSHDUVWREHZDUUDQWHG,QSDUWLFXODUUDPSPHWHULQJZLWKLQXUEDQ
DUHDV PD\ KDYH D VLJQLILFDQW LPSDFW RQ WKH RSHUDWLRQ RI DFFHOHUDWLRQ ODQHV
6LPLODU WR WKH UHVXOWV RI WKH OLWHUDWXUH UHYLHZ IHZ GHVLJQHUV PHQWLRQHG DQ\
SUREOHPV ZLWK GHFHOHUDWLRQ ODQHV  7KHUHIRUH LW PD\ EH DSSURSULDWH WR GLUHFW
PRUH RI WKH UHVHDUFK HIIRUW WRZDUGV DFFHOHUDWLRQ ODQH RSHUDWLRQ DQG GHVLJQ
HVSHFLDOO\GXULQJWKHGDWDFROOHFWLRQHIIRUW

6LJQLILFDQW ILQGLQJV GHYHORSHG WKURXJK WKH VXUYH\ LQFOXGHG DPRQJ RWKHUV 

DFFHOHUDWLRQRSHUDWLRQVDUHYLHZHGDVPRUHSUREOHPDWLFWKDQGHFHOHUDWLRQGULYHUEHKDYLRU
GXULQJ VSHHG FKDQJHV LV QRW ZHOO FKDUDFWHUL]HG  YLUWXDOO\ DOO DJHQFLHV UHO\ XSRQ DFFLGHQW
H[SHULHQFH DV WKH SULPDU\ SHUIRUPDQFH HYDOXDWLRQ PHDVXUH  YHU\ OLWWOH RSHUDWLRQDO GDWD
GHVFULELQJVSHHGFKDQJHRUUDPSRSHUDWLRQVDUHFROOHFWHGDQGDOODJHQFLHVGRQRWXVHWKH
VDPHGHVLJQFULWHULD$GGLWLRQDOO\HIIHFWVRIFRQWUROGHYLFHVVSHFLILFDOO\UDPSPHWHULQJDUH
QRWZHOONQRZQ
$OWKRXJK WKLV VXUYH\ ZDV FRQGXFWHG DOPRVW  \HDUV DJR PDMRU FKDQJHV LQ WKHVH
ILQGLQJVDUHQRWYHU\OLNHO\7KHOLWHUDWXUHUHYLHZFRQILUPHGWKDWOLWWOHRSHUDWLRQDOGDWDKDYH
EHHQFROOHFWHGHLWKHUE\DJHQF\ DFWLYLWLHV RU UHVHDUFK HIIRUWV  7KH UHVHDUFK WHDP WKHUHIRUH
UHFRPPHQGV WKDW WKRVH HIIRUWV WKDW ZRXOG EH H[SHQGHG RQ D FXUUHQW IROORZXS VXUYH\ EH
H[SHQGHGRQRWKHUPRUHSURGXFWLYHZRUNWDVNV+RZHYHUVRPHYDOXDEOHLQIRUPDWLRQZRXOG


EHDOPRVWFHUWDLQO\SURGXFHGE\DVXUYH\GHVLJQHGVSHFLILFDOO\WRGHDOZLWKWKHLVVXHVRIWKLV
VWXG\7KHUHIRUHDQHZVXUYH\LQVWUXPHQWKDVEHHQGHVLJQHGDQGLVSURYLGHGDV)LJXUH
,I WKH 7['27 SURMHFW GLUHFWRU DQG DGYLVRU\ SDQHO UHFRPPHQG FROOHFWLRQ RI DGGLWLRQDO
QDWLRQDOSUDFWLFHGDWDWKHUHVHDUFKWHDPLVSUHSDUHGWRILQDOL]HDQGGLVWULEXWHWKLVLQVWUXPHQW
6800$5<
'HVLJQ SUDFWLFH ZDV H[DPLQHG WKURXJK WKH H[WHQVLYH ILUVW FKDSWHU OLWHUDWXUH UHYLHZ
ZKLFKOHGWRGLVFRYHU\RIDVSHHGFKDQJHODQHQDWLRQZLGHVXUYH\5HVXOWVRIWKHVXUYH\WHQG
WRFRQILUPLQWXLWLYHFRQFHSWVUDWKHUWKDQVXJJHVWFKDQJHVLQVWXG\GLUHFWLRQ$OWKRXJKDQHZ
VXUYH\LQVWUXPHQW KDV EHHQ GHYHORSHG FRQGXFWLQJ D QHZ VXUYH\ GRHV QRW VHHP LPSHUDWLYH
DQGUHVRXUFHVWKDWZRXOGEHH[SHQGHGRQWKDWHIIRUWFRXOGEHYHU\SURGXFWLYHO\XVHGLQWKH
GDWDFROOHFWLRQHIIRUWVXJJHVWHGLQ&KDSWHU
 

6XUYH\4XHVWLRQQDLUH
4XHVWLRQV $ WR $ DUH JHQHUDO TXHVWLRQV UHJDUGLQJ ZKDW VRXUFHV \RXU DJHQF\ XWLOL]HV IRU UDPS GHVLJQ
JXLGHOLQHV

$ )RU UDPS GHVLJQ LQFOXGLQJ WKH UDPS WHUPLQDO DW WKH IUHHZD\ DQG WKH UDPS SURSHU GRHV \RXU DJHQF\ XWLOL]H
WKH $$6+72 GHVLJQ JXLGH DQ DJHQF\ GHVLJQ JXLGH RU ERWK" &LUFOH RQH
$$6+72 JXLGH RQO\ $JHQF\ JXLGH RQO\ %RWK

$ ,I LQ TXHVWLRQ $ \RX DQVZHUHG ¦ERWK§ ZKLFK PDQXDO LV FRQVLGHUHG WR SURYLGH PLQLPXP DFFHSWDEOH
GHVLJQ YDOXHV" &LUFOH RQH
$$6+72 JXLGH $JHQF\ JXLGH
$ ,I LQ TXHVWLRQ $ \RX UHVSRQGHG WKDW \RXU DJHQF\ XWLOL]HV DQ DJHQF\ GHVLJQ PDQXDO WR SURYLGH PLQLPXP
GHVLJQ YDOXHV DUH DQ\ RI WKHVH YDOXHV LQ UHJDUG WR UDPS GHVLJQ OHVV WKDQ WKRVH UHFRPPHQGHG LQ
$$6+72" &LUFOH RQH
<HV 1R
$ ,V \RXU DJHQF\ FXUUHQWO\ GHVLJQLQJ QHZ SURMHFWV DFFRUGLQJ WR PHWULF RU (QJOLVK GHVLJQ JXLGHOLQHV"
&LUFOH RQH
0HWULF (QJOLVK
4XHVWLRQV % WR % UHODWH WR $$6+72 7DEOH ; ZKLFK LV DWWDFKHG WR WKLV VXUYH\ 7KLV WDEOH SURYLGHV
JXLGHOLQHV IRU XSSHU PLGGOH DQG ORZHU UDQJH UDPS GHVLJQ VSHHG LQ UHODWLRQ WR WKH KLJKZD\ GHVLJQ VSHHG

% 'RHV \RXU DJHQF\ XWLOL]H 7DEOH ; DV VKRZQ" &LUFOH RQH

<HV 1R
% ,I \RX DQVZHUHG ¦1R§ WR TXHVWLRQ % SOHDVH PDUNXS 7DEOH ; DWWDFKHG WR WKLV VXUYH\ RU DWWDFK WR WKLV
VXUYH\ D FRS\ RI \RXU DJHQF\©V JXLGHOLQHV UHJDUGLQJ UDPS GHVLJQ VSHHG
% ,I \RX DQVZHUHG ¦<HV§ WR TXHVWLRQ % GRHV \RXU DJHQF\ SURYLGH DQ\ DGGLWLRQDO VLGHOLQHV EH\RQG ZKDW
PD\ EH IRXQG LQ WKH $$6+72 JXLGH LQ UHJDUGV WR ZKDW FRQGLWLRQV XSSHU PLGGOH RU ORZHU UDQJH GHVLJQ
YDOXHV VKRXOG RU PXVW EH XVHG" &LUFOH RQH
<HV 1R
% ,I \RX DQVZHUHG ¦<HV§ WR TXHVWLRQ % SOHDVH DWWDFK D EULHI VXPPDU\ RI \RXU DJHQF\©V JXLGH RU D FRS\ RI
WKH DSSURSULDWH SDJHV IURP \RXU GHVLJQ JXLGH

)LJXUH1HZVXUYH\TXHVWLRQQDLUH


4XHVWLRQV & WR & UHODWH WR WKH GHVLJQ RI UDPS WHUPLQDOV VSHFLILFDOO\ VSHHGFKDQJH ODQHV RQ KLJKZD\V

& ,Q GHVLJQLQJ UDPS WHUPLQDOV VSHFLILFDOO\ IRU D VLQJOHODQH HQWUDQFHH[LW UDPS GRHV \RXU DJHQF\ XWLOL]H
SDUDOOHO W\SH GHVLJQ RQO\ WDSHU W\SH GHVLJQ RQO\ RU ERWK"
(QWUDQFH UDPSV &LUFOH RQH
SDUDOOHO RQO\ WDSHU RQO\ ERWK
([LW UDPSV &LUFOH RQH
SDUDOOHO RQO\ WDSHU RQO\ ERWK
& ,I \RX DQVZHUHG ¦ERWK§ IRU HLWKHU H[LW RU HQWUDQFH UDPSV SOHDVH SURYLGH D URXJK HVWLPDWH LI SRVVLEOH RI
WKH SHUFHQWDJH RI SDUDOOHO W\SH DQG WDSHU W\SH UDPS GHVLJQV WKDW \RXU DJHQF\ KDV GHVLJQHG RU LV FXUUHQWO\
GHVLJQLQJ
(QWUDQFH UDPSV 3OHDVH ILOO LQ LI DSSURSULDWH
SHUFHQW SDUDOOHO W\SHBBBBBB SHUFHQW WDSHU W\SHBBBBBB
([LW UDPSV 3OHDVH ILOO LQ LI DSSURSULDWH
SHUFHQW SDUDOOHO W\SHBBBBBB SHUFHQW WDSHU W\SHBBBBBB
& )RU WKH GHVLJQ RI WKH DFFHOHUDWLRQ ODQH OHQJWK IRU DQ HQWUDQFH UDPS WKH $$6+72
JXLGH SURYLGHV 7DEOH ; VHH VXUYH\ DWWDFKPHQWV 'RHV \RXU DJHQF\ XWLOL]H WKLV WDEOH DV VKRZQ"
<HV 1R
& ,I \RX DQVZHUHG ¦1R©© WR TXHVWLRQ & SOHDVH PDUNXS 7DEOH ; WR UHIOHFW \RXU DJHQF\©V JXLGHOLQHV RU
DWWDFK WR WKLV VXUYH\ D FRS\ RI WKH DSSURSULDWH SDJHV RI \RXU DJHQF\ JXLGHOLQH
& )RU WKH GHVLJQ RI WKH GHFHOHUDWLRQ ODQH OHQJWK IRU DQ H[LW UDPS WKH $$6+72 JXLGH
SURYLGHV 7DEOH ; VHH VXUYH\ DWWDFKPHQWV 'RHV \RXU DJHQF\ XWLOL]H WKLV WDEOH DV VKRZQ"
<HV 1R
& ,I \RX DQVZHUHG ¦1R©© WR TXHVWLRQ & SOHDVH PDUNXS 7DEOH ; WR UHIOHFW \RXU
DJHQF\©V JXLGHOLQHV RU DWWDFK WR WKLV VXUYH\ D FRS\ RI WKH DSSURSULDWH SDJHV RI \RXU
DJHQF\ JXLGHOLQH

)LJXUH1HZVXUYH\TXHVWLRQQDLUHFRQWLQXHG
 

4XHVWLRQV ' DQG ' VSHFLILFDOO\ UHIHU WR WKH GHVLJQ RI ORRS UDPSV

,Q WKH GHVLJQ RI UDPSV $$6+72 7DEOH ; UHIHUV WKH GHVLJQHU WR 7DEOH ,,, IRU WKH FRUUHVSRQGLQJ PLQLPXP
UDGLXV IRU WKH GHVLJQ VSHHG FKRVHQ ,Q WKH $$6+72 WH[W DFFRPSDQ\LQJ 7DEOH ; LW PD\ EH LQWHUSUHWHG WKDW IRU
D ORRS UDPS FRQQHFWLQJ WR D KLJKZD\ WKH VXSHUHOHYDWLRQ DQG PLQLPXP UDGLXV PD\ EH EDVHG RQ $$6+72 7DEOH
,,, 7DEOHV ,,, DQG ,,, DUH LQFOXGHG LQ WKH VXUYH\ DWWDFKPHQWV
' ,I \RXU DJHQF\ XWLOL]HV WKH $$6+72 JXLGH LQ ORRS UDPS GHVLJQ GRHV \RXU DJHQF\ XWLOL]H GHVLJQ YDOXHV
IURP 7DEOH ,,, RU 7DEOH ,,," &LUFOH RQH
8VH 7DEOH ,,, 8VH 7DEOH ,,,
' ,I \RXU DJHQF\ GHVLJQV D ORRS UDPS DFFRUGLQJ WR DQ DJHQF\ GHVLJQ JXLGH WKDW GLIIHUV IURP WKH $$6+72
UHFRPPHQGDWLRQV SOHDVH PDUN 7DEOH ,,, WR UHIOHFW WKHVH FKDQJHV RU DWWDFK D FRS\ RI WKH DSSURSULDWH
SDJHV IURP \RXU DJHQF\©V GHVLJQ JXLGH
4XHVWLRQV ( WR ( UHODWH WR UHVHDUFK HIIRUWV

( $UH \RX DZDUH RI DQ\ UHVHDUFK FXUUHQWO\ EHLQJ SHUIRUPHG E\ \RXU DJHQF\ LQ WKH
DUHD RI UDPS GHVLJQ RU DQ DUHD UHODWHG WR UDPS GHVLJQ" &LUFOH RQH
<HV 1R
( ,I \RX DQVZHUHG ¦<HV§ WR TXHVWLRQ ( SOHDVH SURYLGH LI SRVVLEOH D EULHI V\QRSVLV RI WKLV HIIRUW RQ WKH
IROORZLQJ SDJH RU DWWDFK DQ\ LQIRUPDWLRQ WR WKLV VXUYH\ WKDW \RX IHHO PD\ EH XVHIXO
( 3OHDVH IHHO IUHH WR DGG DQ\ DGGLWLRQDO FRPPHQWV RQ WKH IROORZLQJ SDJH
$JDLQ WKDQN \RX IRU SDUWLFLSDWLQJ LQ WKLV YHU\ LPSRUWDQW VXUYH\ ,I \RX DUH DYDLODEOH IRU VRPH IROORZXS
TXHVWLRQV SOHDVH OLVW EHORZ D SKRQH QXPEHU RU HPDLO DGGUHVV ZKHUH ZH PD\ UHDFK \RX

)LJXUH1HZVXUYH\TXHVWLRQQDLUHFRQWLQXHG


+LJKZD\ 'HVLJQ 6SHHG PSK      

5DPS 'HVLJQ 6SHHG PSK
8SSHU 5DQJH       
0LGGOH 5DQJH       
/RZHU 5DQJH       
&RUUHVSRQGLQJ 0LQLPXP 5DGLXV IW 6HH 7DEOH 

6RXUFH  $$6+72 7DEOH ; *XLGH YDOXHV IRU UDPS GHVLJQ VSHHG DV UHODWHG WR KLJKZD\ GHVLJQ VSHHG

(QJOLVK 9HUVLRQV
$$6+72 7DEOH ;
$FFHOHUDWLRQ /HQJWK / IW IRU (QWUDQFH &XUYH 'HVLJQ 6SHHG PSK
+LJKZD\ 6WRS
&RQGLWLRQ        
'HVLJQ 6SHHG
6SHHG 5HDFKHG $QG ,QLWLDO 6SHHG 9 D PSK
PSK 9D PSK
c

        
   ¥ ¥ ¥ ¥ ¥ ¥ ¥ ¥
       ¥ ¥ ¥ ¥
         ¥ ¥
          
          

6285&( $$6+72  $ 3ROLF\ RQ *HRPHWULF 'HVLJQ RI +LJKZD\V DQG 6WUHHWV 7DEOH ; 3DJH 
0LQLPXP DFFHOHUDWLRQ OHQJWKV IRU HQWUDQFH WHUPLQDOV ZLWK IODW JUDGHV RI  SHUFHQW RU OHVV
$$6+72 7DEOH ;

)LJXUH1HZVXUYH\TXHVWLRQQDLUHFRQWLQXHG
 

'HFHOHUDWLRQ /HQJWK / IW IRU 'HVLJQ 6SHHG RI ([LW &XUYH 9 PSK c

+LJKZD\ 6WRS
&RQGLWLRQ        
+LJKZD\ $YHUDJH
'HVLJQ 5XQQLQJ )RU $YHUDJH 5XQQLQJ 6SHHG RQ ([LW &XUYH 9 D PSK
6SHHG 9 6SHHG 9D
c

PSK PSK
        
      ¥ ¥ ¥ ¥ ¥
        ¥ ¥ ¥
          ¥
          
          
          

6RXUFH $$6+72  $ 3ROLF\ RQ *HRPHWULF 'HVLJQ RI +LJKZD\V DQG 6WUHHWV 7DEOH ; SDJH 
0LQLPXP GHFHOHUDWLRQ OHQJWKV IRU H[LW WHUPLQDOV ZLWK IODW JUDGHV RI  SHUFHQW RU OHVV

7$%/( 

'HVLJQ WXUQLQJ VSHHG 9 PSK       

6LGH )ULFWLRQ )DFWRU
I       
$VVXPHG PLQLPXP VXSHUHOHYDWLRQ H       
7RWDO HI       
&DOFXODWHG PLQLPXP UDGLXV 5 IW       
6XJJHVWHG FXUYDWXUH IRU ¥ GHVLJQ
5DGLXV ¥ PLQLPXP IW       
'HJUHH RI FXUYH ¥ PD[LPXP ¥ ¥     
$YHUDJH UXQQLQJ VSHHG PSK       
1RWH )RU GHVLJQ VSHHGV RI PRUH WKDQ  PSK XVH YDOXHV IRU RSHQ KLJKZD\ FRQGLWLRQV
6RXUFH  $$6+72 7DEOH ,,,  SS 

)LJXUH1HZVXUYH\TXHVWLRQQDLUHFRQWLQXHG

 &+$37(5'$7$&2//(&7,213/$1

7KH&KDSWHUOLWHUDWXUHUHYLHZDQDO\VLVLQGLFDWHGWKDWWKHUHLVQRFOHDUEDVLVIRUWKH
ORZHUUDPSGHVLJQVSHHGYDOXHVSDUWLFXODUO\SHUFHQWRIIUHHZD\GHVLJQVSHHGSURYLGHGLQ
WKH$$6+72DQG7['27JXLGHOLQHV7KDWDQDO\VLVVXJJHVWHGWKDWLQIDFW WKH ORZ YDOXHV
FRXOG EH SUREOHPDWLF  $W WKH VDPH WLPH WKH VXUYH\ RI FXUUHQW SUDFWLFH LGHQWLILHG QRW RQO\
VLJQLILFDQW YDULDELOLW\ DPRQJ GHVLJQ DJHQFLHV UHJDUGLQJ VSHHGFKDQJH ODQH JXLGHOLQHV EXW
DOVRDOPRVWQRDYDLODELOLW\RIRSHUDWLRQDOUDPSGDWD$FFRUGLQJO\WKHFROOHFWLRQRISULPDU\
GDWDGHVFULELQJUDPSRSHUDWLRQVUHSUHVHQWVDZD\RIUHVROYLQJWKHTXHVWLRQVUHJDUGLQJUDPS
GHVLJQVSHHGJXLGHOLQHV7KHIROORZLQJGHVFULEHVDSODQIRUWKDWGDWDFROOHFWLRQHIIRUW
'$7$&2//(&7,21&21&(376
7ZRSRVVLEOHDSSURDFKHVPLJKWEHXVHGLQFROOHFWLQJGDWDHQDEOLQJUDPSGHVLJQVSHHG
JXLGHOLQH HYDOXDWLRQ  ,Q RQH DSSURDFK WKH GDWD FROOHFWLRQ HIIRUW FRXOG EH GHVLJQHG WR EH
VXIILFLHQWO\ H[WHQVLYH WR SHUPLW GHULYDWLRQ RI WRWDOO\ QHZ JXLGHOLQHV ZKLFK FRXOG EH
FRPSDUHG ZLWK WKH H[LVWLQJ QXPEHUV WKHUHE\ YDOLGDWLQJ RU VXJJHVWLQJ UHYLVLRQV  7KLV
DSSURDFK ZKLOH SRWHQWLDOO\ VDWLVI\LQJ UHTXLUHV YHU\ H[WHQVLYH TXDQWLWLHV RI GDWD  $QRWKHU
DSSURDFKPLJKWFRQFHQWUDWHGDWDFROOHFWLRQRQWKRVHH[LVWLQJJXLGHOLQHHOHPHQWVWKDWDUHPRVW
OLNHO\WREHWURXEOHVRPH7KLVDSSURDFKLVDWWUDFWLYHEHFDXVHLWRIIHUVWKHRSSRUWXQLW\WRGHDO
HIIHFWLYHO\ZLWKWKHPRVWFULWLFDOTXHVWLRQVDQGUHTXLUHVIDUOHVVHIIRUW7KHSODQGHYHORSHG
KHUHFRQWDLQVHOHPHQWVRIERWKDSSURDFKHV
$ FRQFHSWXDO GDWD FROOHFWLRQ SODQ LV SUHVHQWHG LQ PDWUL[ IRUP LQ 7DEOH 
9LGHRWDSLQJ LV FRQVLGHUHG WKH PRVW GHVLUDEOH PHWKRG RI VLPXOWDQHRXVO\ FDSWXULQJ DOO
SRWHQWLDOO\ VLJQLILFDQW LQIRUPDWLRQ  +RZHYHU H[WHQVLYH YLGHR GDWDUHGXFWLRQ H[SHULHQFH
LQGLFDWHVWKDWWKLVDSSURDFK HQWDLOV VLWH VHWXS YLGHRWDSLQJ DQG GDWD UHGXFWLRQ IRU HDFK GDWD
VHW DW HDFK VLWH DQG UHTXLUHV URXJKO\ WZR ZHHNV  7KXV ZLWK URXJKO\ WZHOYH PRQWKV© GDWD
FROOHFWLRQ WLPH DYDLODEOH WZHQW\IRXU GDWD VHWV FDQ EH VWXGLHG DQG WKHVH ZRXOG EH LGHDOO\
FROOHFWHGDWWZHOYHVLWHV
$V LQGLFDWHG LQ WKH PDWUL[ WKUHH UDPS FRQILJXUDWLRQV WZR UDPS W\SHV WZR GHVLJQ
VSHHGVDQGWZRWUDIILFYROXPHOHYHOVDUHDGGUHVVHG+RZHYHULQIRUPDWLRQREWDLQHGWKURXJK
WKHOLWHUDWXUHUHYLHZDQGLQWKH&KDSWHUVXUYH\RISUDFWLFHLQGLFDWHVDOOFHOOVLQWKLVPDWUL[
DUHQRWHTXDOO\LPSRUWDQW(QWUDQFHUDPSVLWXDWLRQVDUHSRVVLEO\PRUHSUREOHPDWLFWKDQH[LWV
DQGWKRVHKDYLQJVKRUWOHQJWKV RU ORZ GHVLJQ VSHHGV DUH SUREDEO\ WKH ZRUVW FDVHV  ,I WKHVH
FRQFHSWXDO LGHDV DUH WUXH FHOOV      DQG  PLJKW EH FRQVLGHUHG KLJKHVW SULRULW\
HIIRUWV  +RZHYHU HDFK ORZ GHVLJQ VSHHG RU VKRUW UDPS FDVH LV PDWFKHG WR D KLJK GHVLJQ
VSHHG RU ORQJ UDPS FDVH DQG FRPSDULVRQV RI RSHUDWLRQDO GDWD IRU WKHVH SDLUV DUH H[WUHPHO\
LPSRUWDQW7KHUHIRUHFHOOVDQGDUHDOPRVWHTXDOO\KLJKSULRULW\EHFDXVH
RIWKHQHHGIRUFRPSDUDWLYHLQIRUPDWLRQ




7DEOH&RQFHSWXDOEDVLFGDWDFROOHFWLRQSODQ

5DPS &RQILJXUDWLRQ
7DSHU 3DUDOOHO /RRS
5DPS 7\SH 5DPS 7\SH 5DPS 7\SH
(QWUDQFH ([LW (QWUDQFH ([LW (QWUDQFH ([LW
'HVLJQ 6SHHG 'HVLJQ 6SHHG 'HVLJQ 6SHHG 'HVLJQ 6SHHG 'HVLJQ 6SHHG 'HVLJQ 6SHHG
/RZ +LJK /RZ +LJK /RZ +LJK /RZ +LJK /RZ +LJK /RZ +LJK
7UDIILF 7UDIILF 7UDIILF 7UDIILF 7UDIILF 7UDIILF 7UDIILF 7UDIILF 7UDIILF 7UDIILF 7UDIILF 7UDIILF
9ROXPH 9ROXPH 9ROXPH 9ROXPH 9ROXPH 9ROXPH 9ROXPH 9ROXPH 9ROXPH 9ROXPH 9ROXPH 9ROXPH
/ + / + / + / + / + / + / + / + / + / + / + / +
                       

,IWKH7['27SUHIHUUHGUDPSGHVLJQLVWKHWDSHUUDWKHUWKDQWKHSDUDOOHOFRQILJXUDWLRQ
WKHQHHGIRUWKHSDUDOOHOFRQILJXUDWLRQLQWKHGDWDFROOHFWLRQSODQPLJKWEHTXHVWLRQHG%RWK
UDPSFRQILJXUDWLRQVDUHLQXVHDORQJ7H[DVIUHHZD\VKRZHYHULIIXWXUHGHVLJQVJHQHUDOO\GR
QRWHPSOR\WKHSDUDOOHOFRQILJXUDWLRQRSHUDWLRQDOGDWDSUREDEO\QHHGQRWEHFROOHFWHG
,I DOO H[LW UDPSV DQG WKH SDUDOOHO FRQILJXUDWLRQ ZHUH HOLPLQDWHG IURP WKH EDVLF SODQ
HLJKWFHOOVZRXOGUHPDLQZLWKDEXGJHWRIWZHQW\IRXUGDWDVHWVWKUHHUHSOLFDWHVLWHVFRXOGEH
DFTXLUHGIRUHDFKFHOO%HFDXVHUHSOLFDWHREVHUYDWLRQVDWPXOWLSOHVLWHVIRUHDFKH[SHULPHQWDO
FRQGLWLRQ DUH DOPRVW HVVHQWLDO IRU XQGHUVWDQGLQJ GULYHU EHKDYLRUDO LVVXHV WKLV FRQFHSW
IHDWXULQJUHSOLFDWHVLVKLJKO\GHVLUDEOH

7DEOH&RQFHSWXDOPRGLILHGGDWDFROOHFWLRQSODQ
5DPS &RQILJXUDWLRQ
7DSHU /RRS
5DPS 7\SH 5DPS 7\SH
(QWUDQFH ([LW (QWUDQFH ([LW
'HVLJQ 6SHHG 'HVLJQ 6SHHG 'HVLJQ 6SHHG 'HVLJQ 6SHHG
/RZ +LJK /RZ +LJK /RZ +LJK /RZ +LJK
7UDIILF 7UDIILF 7UDIILF 7UDIILF 7UDIILF 7UDIILF 7UDIILF 7UDIILF
9ROXPH 9ROXPH 9ROXPH 9ROXPH 9ROXPH 9ROXPH 9ROXPH 9ROXPH
5DPS &RQILJXUDWLRQ
       
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
5HSOLFDWHV 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
 

6,7(6(/(&7,21&216,'(5$7,216
&DQGLGDWH YLGHR GDWD FROOHFWLRQ VLWHV PXVW LQFOXGH WKH GHVLUHG JHRPHWULF IHDWXUHV
DSSURSULDWH WUDIILF GHPDQGV DQG DQ HOHYDWHG REVHUYDWLRQ SRVLWLRQ LGHDOO\ D WDOO EXLOGLQJ
'DWD IRU VHYHUDO VXFK VLWHV LQ +RXVWRQ DQG $XVWLQ KDYH EHHQ FROOHFWHG DQDO\]HG DQG ZLOO
EHFRPHSDUWRIWKHVWXG\GDWDEDVH+RZHYHUDWOHDVWWZHQW\DGGLWLRQDOVLWHVZLOOEHUHTXLUHG
WR ILOO WKH FHOOV RI WKH PRGLILHG SODQ LQFOXGLQJ UHSOLFDWHV  3RWHQWLDO VLWHV LQ 6DQ $QWRQLR
'DOODV)RUW:RUWK(O3DVR&RUSXV&KULVWLDQG+RXVWRQZLOOEHH[DPLQHG3HUVRQQHOZLWK
WKH WUDIILF FRQWURO FHQWHUV LQ 6DQ $QWRQLR DQG +RXVWRQ LQGLFDWH D IHZ VLWHV FXUUHQWO\ XQGHU
YLGHRVXUYHLOODQFHPD\EHDSSURSULDWH+RZHYHURZLQJWRFDPHUDSRVLWLRQVDQGJHRPHWULF
UDPSIHDWXUHVWKHQXPEHURIVXFKORFDWLRQVLVDSSDUHQWO\TXLWHOLPLWHG
7KH&KDSWHUVWDWHRISUDFWLFHUHYLHZLQGLFDWHGDQDSSDUHQWQHHGIRUGLVFULPLQDWLRQ
EHWZHHQUXUDODQGXUEDQGHVLJQFULWHULD$OWKRXJKOHVVVWULQJHQWFULWHULDIRUUXUDOGHVLJQPLJKW
EHVHQVLEOHGHVLJQLQJWKLVGDWDFROOHFWLRQHIIRUWWRPHHWWKDWQHHGGRHVQRWVHHPDSSURSULDWH
8VHUFRVWVUHVXOWLQJIURPUDPSRSHUDWLRQDODQGVDIHW\GHILFLHQFLHVDUHPXFKJUHDWHULQXUEDQ
DUHDV EHFDXVH RI ODUJHU WUDIILF GHPDQGV  7KHUHIRUH FRQFHQWUDWLRQ RI WKH UHVHDUFK HIIRUW RQ
XUEDQ ORFDWLRQV VHHPV KLJKO\ GHVLUDEOH $FFRUGLQJO\ UXUDO GDWD FROOHFWLRQ VLWHV DUH QRW
UHFRPPHQGHGDVKLJKSULRULW\FKRLFHV
'(3(1'(179$5,$%/(6
$OO TXDQWLWLHV SUHVHQWHG LQ WKH EDVLF DQG PRGLILHG GDWD PDWULFHV IURP UDPS
FRQILJXUDWLRQ WR WUDIILF YROXPH DUH SRWHQWLDO LQGHSHQGHQW RU SUHGLFWRU YDULDEOHV
$GGLWLRQDOO\ VSHFLILF FKDUDFWHUL]DWLRQV RI JHRPHWULF IHDWXUHV DW HDFK GDWD FROOHFWLRQ VLWH
LQFOXGLQJ ODQH ZLGWKV FXUYH UDGLL ODQH OHQJWKV JUDGHV DQG RWKHU HOHPHQWV DUH SRWHQWLDO
LQGHSHQGHQWRUSUHGLFWRUYDULDEOHV'HSHQGHQWRUSUHGLFWHGYDULDEOHVZLOOOLNHO\LQFOXGHUDPS
YHKLFOH SRVLWLRQ VSHHG DFFHOHUDWLRQ DQG LQWHUDFWLRQ ZLWK IUHHZD\ YHKLFOHV 7KH 
+LJKZD\&DSDFLW\0DQXDO+&0&KDSWHUGHDOVZLWKIUHHZD\HQWUDQFHDQGH[LWUDPSVLW
GHILQHV D IUHHZD\ LQIOXHQFH DUHD LQ WKH YLFLQLW\ RI UDPSV DV LQFOXGLQJ WKH WZR ULJKWPRVW
IUHHZD\PDLQODQHVDQGH[WHQGLQJURXJKO\PXSRUGRZQVWUHDPIURPWKHUDPSJRUH$
VLPLODU GHILQLWLRQ KDV EHHQ XVHG LQ SUHYLRXV UDPS VWXGLHV E\ WKH UHVHDUFK WHDP DQG ZLOO EH
WHQWDWLYHO\ DGRSWHG KHUH  :LWKLQ WKH LQIOXHQFH DUHD IUHHZD\ IORZ DQG GHQVLW\ ZLOO EH
PHDVXUHGXVLQJVKRUWPXOWLSOHPLQXWHWLPHLQWHUYDOVDQGVSDFHPHDQVSHHGZLOOEHLQIHUUHG
IURPWKHIORZDQGGHQVLW\3RVLWLRQVSHHGWLPHKLVWRULHVRIUDPSYHKLFOHVZLOOEHGHWHUPLQHG
7KHVH GDWD FDQ EH XVHG ERWK WR GHULYH SUHGLFWLYH UDPS YHKLFOH WUDMHFWRU\ PRGHOV DQG WR
FRPSDUHGULYHUEHKDYLRURQKLJKDQGORZGHVLJQVSHHGUDPSV
$&&,'(17+,6725<
$V LQGLFDWHG LQ WKH &KDSWHU  VXUYH\ LQIRUPDWLRQ PRVW DJHQFLHV HYDOXDWH VSHHG
FKDQJHIDFLOLWLHVXVLQJSULPDULO\DFFLGHQWGDWD&HUWDLQO\DFFLGHQWH[SHULHQFHLVDQLQGLFDWRU
RIJHRPHWULFGHVLJQSUREOHPVDQGPXVWEHLQFOXGHGLQWKHVHGDWDFROOHFWLRQHIIRUWV8VHRI
DFFLGHQWGDWDDVWKHSULPDU\HYDOXDWLRQPHDVXUHLQWKLVVWXG\ZRXOGDOPRVWFHUWDLQO\SURYHWR


EHSUREOHPDWLFRZLQJWRWKHUHSRUWHGOHYHORIGHWDLOUHJDUGLQJVSHFLILFORFDWLRQ QDWXUH DQG

FDXVHRIPRVWDFFLGHQWV$GGLWLRQDOO\VWDWHODZGRHVQRWUHTXLUHUHSRUWLQJRIPLQRUSURSHUW\
GDPDJH RQO\ DFFLGHQWV DQG UHSRUWV RI PDQ\ PDMRU DFFLGHQWV DUH QHYHU HQWHUHG LQWR WKH
DSSURSULDWHGDWDEDVH
5HFRJQL]LQJWKHSUREOHPVDVVRFLDWHGZLWKDFFLGHQWGDWDZHQRQHWKHOHVVUHJDUGVDIHW\
DVDQHVVHQWLDOHYDOXDWLRQWRROWKDWVKRXOGEHLQFOXGHG7KXVDFFLGHQWGDWDZLOOEHUHTXHVWHG
IRUDOOVLWHVLQYROYHGLQWKHRSHUDWLRQDOGDWDFROOHFWLRQHIIRUW$FFLGHQWKLVWRULHVIRUDOOVLWHV
ZLOOEHFRPHDQRWKHUGHSHQGHQWRUSUHGLFWHGYDULDEOHLQWHUPVRIWKLVH[SHULPHQW5HODWLYHO\
FRPSOHWHDFFLGHQWKLVWRU\GDWDZLOOSHUPLW ERWK GLUHFW FRPSDULVRQV EHWZHHQ KLJK DQG ORZ
GHVLJQVSHHGVLWHVDQGSUHGLFWLYHPRGHOGHYHORSPHQW
([SDQVLRQ RI WKH DFFLGHQW KLVWRU\ DQDO\VLV WR LQFOXGH PRUH UDPS FDVHV WKDQ DUH
LQFOXGHG LQ WKH RSHUDWLRQDO GDWD FROOHFWLRQ ZRXOG EH YHU\ GHVLUDEOH  3DVW H[SHULHQFHV ZLWK
DYDLODEOH DFFLGHQW GDWDEDVHV LQGLFDWH WKLV H[SDQVLRQ PD\ QRW EH IUXLWIXO RZLQJ WR D ODFN RI
SUHFLVHDFFLGHQWUHSRUWGDWD+RZHYHUWKHUHVHDUFKWHDPLQWHQGVWRPDNHDFRQFHUWHGHIIRUW
WRH[WHQGWKHDQDO\VLVXVLQJDFFLGHQWKLVWRU\LQIRUPDWLRQ
63(&,$//2235$03&216,'(5$7,216
,Q WKH FRQWH[W RI WKLV GLVFXVVLRQ ORRS UDPSV DUH FKDUDFWHUL]HG DV DQ\ UDPS ZKHUH
KRUL]RQWDO FXUYDWXUH LV D GRPLQDQW SRVVLEO\ VSHHGOLPLWLQJ HOHPHQW  6XFK JHRPHWULF
IHDWXUHVFRPPRQO\RFFXULQGLUHFWLRQDODQGFORYHUOHDILQWHUFKDQJHVDVZHOODVLQWUXPSHWDQG
< FRQILJXUDWLRQV  6LWHV ZLWK HOHYDWHG REVHUYDWLRQ SRVLWLRQV HQDEOLQJ KLJKOHYHO YLGHR GDWD
FROOHFWLRQ DV HQYLVLRQHG IRU WDSHU W\SH UDPSV PD\ QRW EH SRVVLEOH  ,I VXFK VLWHV PXVW EH
LQFOXGHGFKDVHFDURUIORDWLQJFDUPHWKRGVPD\EHVXEVWLWXWHGIRUYLGHREDVHGUDPSYHKLFOH
VSHHG WLPH KLVWRU\  2EVHUYHU DQGRU LQIUDUHG VHQVRU WHFKQRORJ\ PLJKW EH VXEVWLWXWHG IRU
YLGHREDVHGIUHHZD\IORZGDWD6XFKVXEVWLWXWLRQVIRUSUHIHUDEOHYLGHRGDWDFROOHFWLRQPD\
UHTXLUH VSHFLDO VFKHGXOLQJ DQG DQDO\VLV DGDSWDWLRQV  6SHFLDO FDUH PXVW DOVR EH WDNHQ LQ
PDWFKLQJSDLUVRIKLJKDQGORZGHVLJQVSHHGORRSUDPSVVXFKWKDWWKH\FRQIRUPLQWHUPVRI
JHRPHWULF DQG GULYHU EHKDYLRUDO HOHPHQWV  )RU H[DPSOH GULYHU EHKDYLRU LQ D ORZGHVLJQ
VSHHGORRSRIDUXUDOFORYHUOHDILQWHUFKDQJHPLJKWGLIIHUVRVXEVWDQWLDOO\IURPGULYHUEHKDYLRU
LQ D KLJKGHVLJQVSHHG XUEDQ GLUHFWLRQDO LQWHUFKDQJH WKDW FRPSDULVRQV RI VXFK D UDPS SDLU
PLJKWEHSUREOHPDWLF
6800$5<
&RQFHSWXDO EDVLF DQG PRGLILHG GDWD FROOHFWLRQ SODQV KDYH EHHQ SUHVHQWHG IHDWXULQJ
RSHUDWLRQDO DQG DFFLGHQW KLVWRU\ HOHPHQWV  7KH SODQV DWWHPSW WR PDWFK SDLUV RI ORZ DQG
KLJKGHVLJQVSHHG UDPSV VR DV WR SHUPLW GLUHFW RSHUDWLRQDO DQG VDIHW\ FRPSDULVRQV  ,I
DGHTXDWH DFFLGHQW KLVWRU\ GDWD FDQ EH SURFXUHG WKH VDIHW\ FRPSDUDWLYH DQDO\VLV FDQ EH
H[WHQGHG WR FRYHU DGGLWLRQDO FDVHV  7KH SUHIHUUHG PHWKRG RI RSHUDWLRQDO GDWD FROOHFWLRQ LV
KLJKOHYHOYLGHRWKRXJKWKLVPHWKRGFDQEHVXSSOHPHQWHGRUUHSODFHGE\RWKHUOHVV UREXVW
WHFKQLTXHVLIQHFHVVDU\
 5()(5(1&(6

 $PHULFDQ $VVRFLDWLRQ RI 6WDWH +LJKZD\ DQG 7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ 2IILFLDOV $$6+72 $
3ROLF\RQ*HRPHWULF'HVLJQRI+LJKZD\VDQG6WUHHWV:DVKLQJWRQ'&

 & ( /HH &ODVV 1RWHV &( 0 $GYDQFHG *HRPHWULF 'HVLJQ 7KH 8QLYHUVLW\ RI
7H[DVDW$XVWLQVSULQJ

 :LOOLDP 5 0F6KDQH DQG 5RJHU 3 5RHVV 7UDIILF (QJLQHHULQJ 3UHQWLFH +DOO
(QJOHZRRG&OLIIV1-

 * -RKDQVVRQ DQG . 5XPDU ¦'ULYHUV© %UDNH 5HDFWLRQ 7LPHV§+XPDQ )DFWRUV 9RO
1R)HEUXDU\SS

 6WDWH 'HSDUWPHQW RI +LJKZD\V DQG 3XEOLF 7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ 6'+37 +LJKZD\ 'HVLJQ
'LYLVLRQ2SHUDWLRQVDQG3URFHGXUHV0DQXDO6'+37)HEUXDU\

 $PHULFDQ $VVRFLDWLRQ RI 6WDWH +LJKZD\ 2IILFLDOV $$6+2 $ 3ROLF\ RQ *HRPHWULF
'HVLJQRI5XUDO+LJKZD\V:DVKLQJWRQ'&

 ' : /RXW]HQKHLVHU 6SHHG&KDQJH 5DWHV RI 3DVVHQJHU 9HKLFOHV +LJKZD\ 5HVHDUFK
%RDUGSS

 & : 3ULVN 3DVVLQJ 3UDFWLFHV RQ 5XUDO +LJKZD\V +LJKZD\ 5HVHDUFK %RDUG
3URFHHGLQJV

 6SHHG&KDQJH /DQHV )LQDO 5HSRUW 1DWLRQDO &RRSHUDWLYH +LJKZD\ 5HVHDUFK 3URJUDP
1&+53 7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ 5HVHDUFK %RDUG 75% 1DWLRQDO 5HVHDUFK &RXQFLO 15&
3URMHFW'HFHPEHU

 ( ( :LOVRQ 'HFHOHUDWLRQ 'LVWDQFHV IRU +LJK6SHHG 9HKLFOHV +LJKZD\ 5HVHDUFK
%RDUG3URFHHGLQJVSS




 -RKQ %HDOH\ $FFHOHUDWLRQ DQG 'HFHOHUDWLRQ &KDUDFWHULVWLFV RI 3ULYDWH 3DVVHQJHU
9HKLFOHV+LJKZD\5HVHDUFK%RDUG3URFHHGLQJVSS

 7UDIILF 3HUIRUPDQFH DW 8UEDQ 6WUHHW ,QWHUVHFWLRQV  7HFKQLFDO 5HSRUW 1R  <DOH
%XUHDXRI+LJKZD\7UDIILF

 3 / 2OVRQ ' ( &OHYHODQG 3 6 )DQFKHU / 3 .RVW\QLXN DQG / : 6FKQHLGHU
3DUDPHWHUV$IIHFWLQJ6WRSSLQJ6LJKW'LVWDQFH1&+535HSRUW75%15&-XQH


 : 6 +RPEXUJHU / ( .HHIHU DQG : 5 0F*UDIW 7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ DQG 7UDIILF
(QJLQHHULQJ +DQGERRN 6HFRQG (GLWLRQ ,QVWLWXWH RI 7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ (QJLQHHUV
3UHQWLFH+DOO,QF(QJOHZRRG&OLIIV1-

 - 1 +RRNHU 2SWLPDO 'ULYLQJ IRU 6LQJOH9HKLFOH )XHO (FRQRP\ 7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ
5HVHDUFK3DUW$9ROXPH$1XPEHU0D\SS

 $$6+72 $ 3ROLF\ RQ 'HVLJQ RI 8UEDQ +LJKZD\V DQG $UWHULDO 6WUHHWV :DVKLQJWRQ
'&

 ' ( +HDUQH DQG - ( &ODUN ¦$FFHOHUDWLRQ &KDUDFWHULVWLFV RI /DWH0RGHO
$XWRPRELOHV§7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ5HVHDUFK5HFRUG

 5 / 6WXDUG $FFHOHUDWLRQ &KDUDFWHULVWLFV RI D 3DVVHQJHU &DU DW D 6WRS&RQWURO
,QWHUVHFWLRQPDVWHU©VWKHVLV7KH8QLYHUVLW\RI7H[DVDW$XVWLQ

 - ' +D\ZRUG : ( )XVHWWL DQG - 0LFKHOH ,PSURYHG 2SHUDWLRQV IRU 5DPSV DQG
6SHHG&KDQJH/DQHV([HFXWLYH6XPPDU\  5HSRUW 1R )+:$5' $XJXVW


 +DUROG /XQHQIHOG ¦+XPDQ )DFWRUV $VVRFLDWHG ZLWK ,QWHUFKDQJH 'HVLJQ )HDWXUHV§
7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ5HVHDUFK5HFRUG1RSS
 

 -07ZRPH\0/+HFNPDQ-&+D\ZDUGDQG5-=XN¦$FFLGHQWVDQG6DIHW\
$VVRFLDWHG ZLWK ,QWHUFKDQJHV§ 7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ 5HVHDUFK 5HFRUG 1R  SS


 ':+DUZRRGDQG-00DVRQ-U¦5DPS0DLQOLQH6SHHG5HODWLRQVKLSVDQG'HVLJQ
&RQVLGHUDWLRQV§7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ5HVHDUFK5HFRUG1RSS

 )UDQN - .RHSNH ¦5DPS ([LW(QWUDQFH 'HVLJQ  7DSHU 9HUVXV 3DUDOOHO DQG &ULWLFDO
'LPHQVLRQV§7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ5HVHDUFK5HFRUG1RSS

 -$.HOOHU¦,QWHUFKDQJH5DPS*HRPHWULFV$OLJQPHQWDQG6XSHUHOHYDWLRQ'HVLJQ§
7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ5HVHDUFK5HFRUG1RSS

 &:3OXPPHU-U0DUWLQ73LHWUXFKDDQG-00DVRQ-U'HVLJQRI,QWHUFKDQJH$W
*UDGH5DPS7HUPLQDOV7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ5HVHDUFK5HFRUG1RSS

 - $ &LULOOR 6 . 'LHW] DQG 5 / %HDWW\ $QDO\VLV DQG 0RGHOLQJ RI 5HODWLRQVKLSV
%HWZHHQ $FFLGHQWV DQG WKH *HRPHWULF DQG 7UDIILF &KDUDFWHULVWLFV RI WKH ,QWHUVWDWH
6\VWHP 2IILFH RI 5HVHDUFK DQG 'HYHORSPHQW 7UDIILF 6\VWHPV 'LYLVLRQ 86
'HSDUWPHQWRI7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ)HGHUDO+LJKZD\$GPLQLVWUDWLRQ%35

 &KDUOHV 0 1REOH 7KRXJKWV RQ +LJKZD\ 'HVLJQ 5HVHDUFK DV 5HODWHG WR 6DIHW\ RI
9HKLFOH2SHUDWLRQ+LJKZD\5HVHDUFK%RDUGSS

 500LFKDHOVDQG-)D]LR¦'ULYHU%HKDYLRU0RGHORI0HUJLQJ§75%5HSRUW
+XPDQ3HUIRUPDQFHDQG+LJKZD\9LVLELOLW\'HVLJQ6DIHW\DQG0HWKRGVSS

 &RQWUROOHG $FFHVV ([SUHVVZD\V LQ 8UEDQ $UHDV  $ 6\PSRVLXP +LJKZD\ 5HVHDUFK
%RDUG%XOOHWLQ1R:DVKLQJWRQ'&-XO\

 ' : /RXW]HQKHLVHU 3URSRVHG 'HVLJQ 6WDQGDUGV IRU ,QWHUUHJLRQDO +LJKZD\V
+LJKZD\5HVHDUFK%RDUGSS


 316HQHYLUDWQHDQG01,VODP¦6SHHG(VWLPDWHVIRU5RDGZD\'HVLJQDQG7UDIILF
&RQWURO§ 7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ 5HVHDUFK 5HFRUG 1R  6DIHW\ 5HVHDUFK (QIRUFHPHQW
6SHHG2OGHU'ULYHUVDQG3HGHVWULDQVSS

 0 0 'DYLV DQG . 0 :LOOLDPV 9HKLFOH 2SHUDWLQJ &KDUDFWHULVWLFV RQ 2XWHU /RRS
'HFHOHUDWLRQ /DQHV RI ,QWHUFKDQJHV 'HSDUWPHQW RI &LYLO (QJLQHHULQJ 8QLYHUVLW\ RI
7RURQWR7RURQWR2QWDULR2-+531R0DUFK

 - * <DWHV 5HODWLRQVKLS %HWZHHQ &XUYDWXUH DQG $FFLGHQW ([SHULHQFH RQ /RRS DQG
2XWHU &RQQHFWLRQ 5DPSV +LJKZD\ 5HVHDUFK 5HFRUG  15& :DVKLQJWRQ '&
SS

 5$/XQG\7KH(IIHFWRI5DPS7\SHDQG*HRPHWU\RQ$FFLGHQWV+LJKZD\5HVHDUFK
5HFRUG15&:DVKLQJWRQ'&SS

 5(UYLQ0%DUQHV&0DF$GDPDQG56FRWW,PSDFWRI6SHFLDO*HRPHWULF)HDWXUHV
RQ7UXFN2SHUDWLRQVDW ,QWHUFKDQJHV 7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ 5HVHDUFK ,QVWLWXWH 8QLYHUVLW\ RI
0LFKLJDQ$QQ$UERU

 - $ &LULOOR ,QWHUVWDWH 6\VWHP $FFLGHQW 5HVHDUFK 6WXG\ ,, ,QWHULP 5HSRUW 3DUW ,
+LJKZD\5HVHDUFK5HFRUG1DWLRQDO5HVHDUFK&RXQFLO:DVKLQJWRQ'&$XJXVW
SS

 6SHFLDO5HSRUW+LJKZD\&DSDFLW\0DQXDO75%15&:DVKLQJWRQ'&

 -&*OHQQRQ751HXPDQDQG-(/HLVK6DIHW\DQG2SHUDWLRQDO&RQVLGHUDWLRQV
IRU'HVLJQRI5XUDO+LJKZD\&XUYHV5HSRUW5')+:$86'27