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A2 4 PDF
A2 4 PDF
A2 4 PDF
Na slici je prikazan element od ogrjevne žice koji se napaja romjrnjivim naponom u(t).
Električka nadomjesna shema sastoji se od serijski spojenih induktiviteta L I temperaturno
ovisnog otpornika R (ϑ ) .
i L
Nadomjesna
shema
u ϑ R (ϑ ) u R (ϑ )
POD = K ⋅ ϑ + σϑ 4 .
Rješenje:
Nadomjesna shema: L; R (ϑ )
i i L
U(t) ϑ R (ϑ ) R (ϑ )
U(t)
POD = K ⋅ ϑ + σϑ 4
a) Diferencijalne jednadžbe
1. električnog kruga
2. temperaturne promjene - promjena toplinske energije u žici
di
L = U (t ) − R(ϑ )i (1)
dt
dϑ
cm = PDO − POD = R(ϑ )i 2 − Kϑ − σϑ 4 (2)
dt
b) Stacionarno stanje
Razlika: Pri istoj efektivnoj vrijednosti ulaznog napona temperatura će biti veća pri
zagrijavanju istosmjernim naponom, jer nema induktivnog dijela otpora.
U daljnjem razmatranju obrađivat će se ponašanje pri istosmjernom ulaznom naponu U0.
U radnoj točki vrijedi:
R0 i 0 = U 0 (3a)
R0 = R(1 + αϑ ) (3b)
d∆i ∂
L = ∆U − (R(ϑ ) ⋅ i ) 0 ⋅ ∆ϑ − ∂ (R(ϑ ) ⋅ i ) 0 ⋅ ∆i = ∆U − αR ⋅ i0 ⋅ ∆ϑ − R0 ∆i (4a)
dt ∂ϑ ∂i
d∆ϑ ∂ ∂
cm
dt
=
∂i
(
R(1 + αϑ ) ⋅ i 2 − Kϑ − σϑ 4 ) 0
⋅ ∆i +
∂ϑ
(
R(1 + αϑ ) ⋅ i 2 − Kϑ − σϑ 4 ) 0
⋅ ∆ϑ =
[ ]
= 2 R0 i0 ∆i + R ⋅ i02 ⋅ α − K − 4σϑ 03 ⋅ ∆ϑ (4b)
d∆i
L = ∆U − αRi0 ∆ϑ − R0 ∆i /: U 0 = R0 i0 (izraz 4)
dt
L d ∆i ∆U αR ∆i
= − ∆ϑ − - ostaje problem ∆ϑ
R0 dt i0 U 0 R0 i0
R0 − R ϑ0
R0 = R(1 + αϑ0 ) ⇒ ϑ0 = - uvrstimo u prethodni izraz
αR ϑ0
L d ∆i ∆U αR R0 − R ∆ϑ ∆i
⋅ ⋅ = − ⋅ ⋅ −
R0 dt i0 U 0 R0 αR ϑ 0 i0
L d ∆i ∆i ∆U R0 − R ∆ϑ
⋅ + = − ⋅ (5a)
R0 dt i0 i0 U0 αR ϑ0
c ⋅ m ⋅ ϑ0 ⋅
d ∆ϑ
⋅
dt ϑ0
[
+ K ⋅ ϑ0 + 4 ⋅ σ ⋅ ϑ04 + ( R0 − R) ⋅ i02 ⋅ ]
∆ϑ
ϑ0
= 2 ⋅ R0 ⋅ i 0 ⋅
∆i
i0
c ⋅ m ⋅ ϑ0 d ∆ϑ 1 K ⋅ ϑ0 + 4 ⋅ ϑ04 R0 − R ∆ϑ ∆i
⋅ ⋅ + + ⋅ = (5b)
2 ⋅ U 0 ⋅ i0 dt ϑ0 2 U 0 ⋅ i0 R0 ϑ 0 i0
(R0 − R ) ⋅ i02 i R − R
= (R0 − R ) ⋅ 0 = 0
U 0 ⋅ i0 U0 R0
∆i
Ukoliko izraz (5b) za uvrstimo u (5a) dobivamo:
i0
L c ⋅ m ⋅ ϑ0 d 2 ∆ϑ 1 L K ⋅ ϑ0 + 4 ⋅ σ ⋅ ϑ04 R0 − R c ⋅ m ⋅ ϑ0 d ∆ϑ
⋅ ⋅ + ⋅ ⋅ − + ⋅ ⋅ +
R0 2 ⋅ U 0 ⋅ i0 dt 2 ϑ0 2 R0 U 0 ⋅ i 0 R 0 U 0 ⋅ i
0 dt ϑ
0
1 K ⋅ ϑ0 + 4 ⋅ σ ⋅ ϑ04 R0 − R ∆ϑ ∆U
+ ⋅ + ⋅ =
2 U 0 ⋅ i0 R0 ϑ 0 U0
∆U ∆ϑ
= x(t ) - ulaz = y (t ) - izlaz
U0 ϑ0
d2y dy
a 2 2 + a1 + a0 y = x
dt dt
S1
S1 S2 S1 , S2
S2