‘Haauon BH. Crawonnenne poceuticeoro erepannwa 2 Coppemennioe poccniicxoe o6mecrs akTyaJIbHbie mpoO.1emb1 M MepcneKTHBbI pa3BHTHA CTAHOBJIEHHE POCCHMCKOF0 @EEPAJIM3MA B.H. Vpanop: Hucrityr couansito-niomerirecki wcesezonannli PAH BopneoreGcxutt nep., 2.13. .3., 121069, Mocksa, Poccua Desrepastism ~ opsa rocysaperaentoro yerpolicrwa, B OCHOBE KOTOPOTO AEKUT OGBEAMHEHHE HECKOTEKEK Focymapcrs (Hausioiamsto-rocyaapcTBeHbIe LIK AMHHNCTPaTHBHO-TeppHTOpHAISHBIe OOpasonaHHa) B emHKOe TocynaperBo (enepanniio) ¢ OGMHMH juIx Bcex KOnCTATYNHEH, 3AKOHONATENKCTBON, rpakMANcTBOM, enHHKIMT TpHAUANANH BsaHMOOTHOUIeHAT PenepaTsHO BracTH H cyBeKTos Denepauny (peneparHBHDIX oTHOMeHTH). Conepxanne Nocmenain perysIHpYeTCR perMOHATSHOM HM HANMOHANKHOR TOMTHKOH, oMpenesemtrx [feirpom commectio ¢ cyGxexrann Deepanntn. Odsemntemte rocyaapers (H Haposion) Kak TlOnHTHeCkaN HIER K MAKTHKa HMeeT IHTEMBMYIO HETOpHIO H ROcKOMHT emle K AHTHNHSIM BpemeHan. B JIpestem Prime cytmectsowanH Tak HastinaeMnte qeneparuBitre OGURA, cHOGONA KOTOPHIX OGecreNHBATaCh NOTOBOPOM H KOTOpHIe, HaXONsch MON BTacTEIO Puna, TOAKIOBATHCH ONPEeMEHHOM CAMOCTORTENSHOCTHIO B OTANRE OT NOAATHENK OOUIEH. “PACUMpAR CBOE BIUAHHE Ha mpyrne Hapomst, - miner B®. Kamu, - pamante NOAHOCTHIO NOAWNAAIN TORBKO TeX, KTO cHAIOM nbrTaLteA orerosts camocrorTensHocTs. C ApyrHwi OSuNMHaMH, NPEAMONMTABLINMH MEPHYIO HORMTHKY, OHM BoTyMAN B corosst, Mpasya, 8 Togasimomen GomsumHcTBe cxy'iaes Non BepxoBeHcTBOM Puma. OTHoULeHsI oxopMtntich IyTeM 3aKUOYeHHET TOTOBOPOR O MUpHBIX OTHOMEHTAX H Toproane...”[5, C. 210-211.] B cpeatme nexa xen peneparstma pasbitwarluce B OCHOBHOM B PaMKaX PeTHTHOSHEIX YNeHHH B ycnopitax panier KaniranisMa meH cowsa Tocyzapers omysiinH OTpaKeHNe B Tpyax H. MaxniavexaH, nosaiee - B tpysiax 2K. Kastbostua, Ix. Sloxka, Ill. Moxteckse, A. Tropro, XK. Korstopce, A. ne Toxawis 7.2 Cosnanne Coemmnennsix Liratop AMepaxi nasio Momubtit TOAYOK passitTIvo TeOpeTHYECKOM MBICIIH 8 3TOM vanpanzermn, TIpHiuxniansioe sHaveHne NA cosnaHNR amepuKattcKol exepauH mex noNOxeHHe, OGocHoBaHHoe BILTHBIM TloMHTHHECKHM jesTeReM H TeopeTHKOM JbxefiMcom MoaitconoM: “Mpexne Bcero, cureayer noMHNTs, ~ mca on n 1787 rosy, - TO CoOsHOe NPABHTENECTBO BOBCE He OONeIeHO BIACTHIO BRONIT i UpHMenaTS woe 3aKoHE, Ero opHCAHKLOM PACHPOCTPAHAETCH NHI Ha WIBECTHOE HHCKO YnOKeMil, KOTOPHE Kacaloven BCX “eHOR PeCHYGMUKH M KOTOPHIE He MOrYT GIT BBEAEHEI OTHHM HS MAX B OTHLENbIOCTH, TIpastresiocrea xe WTaToR MOTYT BOAT Ha CeOM TloneNeNHe O BCEX APYTHX BOMpOCAX, KOTOPHIE MOAKHIO peMaT 3 OTHCMEBHOCTH, H TAKIN O6pazoM OHH COXPAHAT AOIKHYIO BACT H OMKHiOe Moe HeaTesbHOCTH”[, C. 106.]. Paspa6oTatlibie B 9TH Toms TeopeTitieckHe NlocTyAATE JeTIM B NOCRENyIOMIEM B OcHOBY HlomMTHYECKO Mpakrukir pana crpast, w6pasuimx heneparwenyro PopMy rocyaapeTsenHoro yerpoticrsa. OcoBeno Gombutoe 3HaveHHe Mesa KOHLICTIUNA CyBepeHHTeTa, KOTOPBIM MO BSTMANAM HEKOTOPLIX AMePHKANCKHX TeopeTUKoR Gua wanenena denepauir B uenoM, Oxiako mpuiseras 8 1787 r. Koncruryuus CLA, orpaxasina Takoit nozxoR K cysepenurery, Obula ononHexa cooTwercTsyioweH nonpasKoil, xotopax raacwra; “Tlonomoyns, He npexcrasiemane wactosmel Koncrarynvet Coemmemsix Ulratos He sanpeuleHibe 0A OTACHBHBIX TaTOR, COXPaRAIOTCH COOTBETCTHEHHO 3a ITaTAMH HUH 3a HapoOM”[7, C. 32.]. Tlogueprimax eoGxoaumocth “pasnenenus cyBepenureTa”, tor me Thx.Moancon nican: “Y napona, cnmoventioro 8 enMHyIO Halo, RePXOBHaR BACT TONHOCTSIO MpHHawIeKUT —HALBOHANBHOMy saKoHomaTensWomy oprany. Y cooOilecrs, coemmMBmHxcR ¢ TOM HIM MHOM UeMbIO, RepXoReHCTRO puuatexut wactuuo OSmecONsHOMY, @ YACTHIHO MYRHUNTANbHEIM SAKOHORATENLHSIM opratiam. B niepBoM ‘Hysae nce MecTHbIe BNIACTH ORIHIGUOTCR BEpXOBHOHL, KOTOPAK NOIKSYETCA MpasoM NPOBEPATH MX, HANpABMAT pacnyckats. Bo BTOpOM caysae MeCTHBIE KTH MYRMIUINAMbBIe BACH OOpasyloT CAMOQOCTATOTHY:O H He3aBHCHMy!O BeTBb REPXOBHOM BIIACTH, KOTOpAX TAK XE He MOMMNAAAeT NOL LOPHCAMKNIETO OOuEcorOsHOF BIACTH, KaK 4! Ta He BXOINT B IOPHCANKUMO MECTHBIX HA MYHHUMTANGHBX BracTel B OTREeHHOM elt cihepe nemtembuoctu. CyexcTeeHHo, B TOM OTHONeHHH mpenvaraeMoe mpaBHTensctso Hembaa CHMNTaTe HALMOHAMBHEIM, NOCKOMBKY €TO TOPHCAHKIGAK PACTPOCTpAHAeTCA sAHLNL Ha pA OTOBOPCHHBIX MPEAMETOB, TOTTI ak nce OcTaMbuBIe OCTaIOTeA B MONHOM H HepynIMMOM cyBepeHHOM BesEHHM OTHENbHBIX mITaTOB"(9, C.259.].2 Becriune PYIH, cepun Counavorses, 2001, Nel: C.21 =27 Kouuemunia “zenmsoro cygepenureta” Kak cojepmatenbHoe apo TeopH dexepamirama nomysna pacnpocrpaxenne u n Enpone oMmuupozata 10 nocnemHen wersepta XIX 8, Oxia noayuwia aambneiimee pasentue 8 tpyzax A, te Toxeiina.Ero dynmanentansibill tpya “O memoxpatun » AMepuxe” (T. 1-2, 18351.) Guu nepesexest na pycckti sik H os128AN sHaNrTeNDHBIT HHTEpeC B Poceu, Tin Pocenn onurr CLUA 1 sanantioenponelickix rocyzapcrs He unten Gomsuroro stiayenia. PoceHt & 3ToM onpoce msia CROW nyTeM, 0 eM riHcaslH MHOTMe wetcaurTestH. O¥eH apKO H TOUHO utcan O6 3TOM, HaNpHMED, VLA. Hinsun: “Pocess wMtesia TonbKO ana MYTH: WIM CTepeTECR M He GBITs, HIM SaMEpHTS cBOH HeOGospuMBe Oxpani! opyxxiem # rocynaperseHHOit sracTHIo... PoccH nolan 370 GpeMma H TloHeCa ero; H ocymecTBUTA emuiernetoe & ntupe mustenne”(4, C. 12.) EnMucreHusim B wipe mmacHies Poccns cTana H noToMy, #70, peulas mpoBreMsx caoero rocysapermeHHOTO Yyerpoticrsa, ova cTpemiviach COXpaHHTs Bee Hapo, SSKIKH, KYAISTYPK, Hem KOPeMHBIM OGpasoM oTAMTAZIAC oF aMepuKauickiX WIM 3anannoesponelicKx mpapativrX Kiaccos. OG stow Toxe mcr HLA. Aneun: “He HeKOpeHIT, He TOMABITTE, He NOPABOTHTS Hy xYIO KpOBb; He 3AMYUIMTE HHOTLMEMEHHYIO Ht HHOCAABHYIO 2H3AD; a ars Beem %KHBNG, AIXANHe W BenuKyIo PomuHy. MaiirH Ty AyXoByIO rayGuny, M IApHHy, W rH6KoCTH TwopYeckoro aKra, B Tolle KOTOEIX KAKTOE AKMOWEMOE MLleMA HAULIO Gel ceGe MecTO H cBOGOAY NocKITEHO ugecTi - ostait xouReTas, apyrue pacuneras. Hano GsiT0 cosnaTs AYXOBIYIO, KYETYPHYIO H MpaBonyi0 Potity JUIN BoeTo TOF pasHororOCOrO HeNOBeYECKOTO Mops; BCEX COBMOCTH, BCX NPHMEPHTS, BEM AAT MOMITKCH NO-CHOEMY, TpYIUITHCA M1O-CBOeMy M1 JIYHIDINX OTOBCIOAY BORTEN B FocymapeTBeHHOe HM KYqBTYPHOe cxportenscrs0"[4, C. 13. Cosnars “ayxonnylo, KYATYpHyIO Hl AMpasoRy!O pomMHy” WIA BCeX, KTO ai B PoceHH — 97a aqaa TOMMUNPODATA, M_PeUINTe €€ MONO GKLIO TOTBKO MYTEM cHLAbHOTO rocyAAperBeHHOTO emNHORLACTHD. Teppitropwamorioe pacuupentte 3a cxeT cHLTBHOM tleuTpanbAOl BACT MpHBEAD K PoxNeHIH PoccnticKoit nnneputs Poccua, Syay'it uwmepHel, MOHAPXHMECKIIM, YHHTApHM, 0 CYTH, FOCystapeTBOM, HNesIa B CBOEM cocTaKE ‘reppitropiianbnuie eqHTMMK, OTAHVAKOUIECK avisTesbHBIM cHOEOGpAsHeM TO cROeMY foAMTHeCKOMY yerpoiictay x npezocrannessin 6M npasant{ I, C. 41-53.) Hapcxaa muracTh UNA Ha COXpaKeHHe rtox06KOTO cnocoGpasiiA, —pYKOBORCTBYac cooOpaxCHHAMH ntenoctiocrit rocyapersa, Moxkio w KasiecTae npuMepa Ma3BaTs TaKHte cocTaBHIbie YaCTH poccuticKoti urepHt, kax Montma, Dasinanans, Beccapadus, Byxapa 1 1.1. B uenoM ae B COCTaB HiMlepHR BXOAMTH ryGepRAH, KpaR, oGnacTH, KHMACCTBA, INMATE. Cymecraeriim MoMenTom 8 HcTOPHH poccuiickoro denepamnMa Gusto HANHYHe AoroBOpHEIX navan BXOKEHUA B CoCTAB poccuIICKOTO rocysapeTHa pasmiINLIX TepprropHarbHLIX oGpasowaniit. Tak, Ha norosopHoii ocsione B coctan Poccu Bolla B pasvoe apes Baunkupis, Kanwarxus, Yepanva, Monaasna, Tpyaua, Boctownan Apmens, AsepGainxan, Kasaxcran # apyrue seein. Hx sxoxaenne m0 cyuecrey oaHaiano, To poccaiicKoli MHOroHALHOHATEHOM rocyTapeTBeHHOCTH GBUIH HEsHANANBHO MpHcyuIN a7eMeETDL Genepamana, Hannine yiMTapHbix 6 deaeparHeHN Haan cosma1o ocHOBY sia MporuBopeuMil, 0x MpotmpoGopcrsa jByx TeHMeRLHT: enepamaMa x yHHTapHaMa. “B wapcKoit PoccHn stenanner nombre JHeueITpanMBonat ynpaaieKMe, pasrpaHKHTk TOMHOMONNA, Te. pakTHYECKHM MpocMaTpHBANHCh B rocyapeTneHHioM yetpolicre mpisHaku (benepamwana”{1, C. 17-18} Tlocae xtaGpscxol! pesomouuu Coserckas Poccus, a satem Conercknti Cots Guim oGeasnetst eneparamaein rocynapeTBow. TipiimumiansHo BaxHeiM 8 OTOH caxaH Gstn0 MpmsTHe pesomouM Tpersi BeepoccuticKn cves0M Coneroa » smape 1918r. “O deaeparsisx yapexnetoax PoccuiicKol Pecny6ankn”, nyxKre 1-M KoTOpOH B uactiioerit ronopiiocs: “Poccutickak CoumanucrasecKas Conercxan peciyGulaka yupexkiaeres Ha ocHoBe aoSponosbHoro co1osa HaponoB Poccit, Kak cenepaitna coneTeKEx pecty6aux 3T¥x Haponos”” B myxKre S-M Ht 6-M pews una 0 pasrpamnriennn cibeps AeaTesbuocTH dbeslepalIbHBIX H MECTHBIX OpraHos BulacTH H OTMeNa:TOC, ‘vTo “Bee MecTHBle sea peUlaIoTes eKMONHTeNSHO MecTabIMH CoReTaMK” H jase “LleHTpanbHas ConeToKaK nracts oGmava cHeAHTs sa coBMOReHHeM OcHOS erepams x MpencrannxeT PoccHlicKyio Denepaumo Cosetos ee wenom. Ha leHTpanbHylo Blac poMLaraeTcs TakKE MposemeHHe MePONPHATH, OcytecTBHMEIX ‘mums & OGulerocysapeTseHHOM MacurTabe, MPHYeM, ONHAKO, He DOIDKHBI OTS RAPyWIaeME MpaBa OTHETEMBIX, BeTyRMOUNNX B pestepantno, oBnacTeH"[3]. : ‘Cosnanue demepatiast paccMaTpusaroce Mpexute BCeTO KaK cpeCTBO paspellleHs HAuMOHATEHOTO BoTPoCa 'B MioronanMonaTBHOH crpane. Hcropiieckn nepsoli Gstila cosnaria Poccuticxan Penepania (ee oGpasonanne saxpenia Koneratyua PC@CP 1918 roaa). Ee rasa ocobemmocts 3akmowanach B TOM, YTO OHA GbiTa ‘ocHonaxa Ha aBToHOMHH. Bropoll ucropnseckH sossuniiret Gopwolt Gsina 3axaskascKax Denepanna. Ona npocymtecraowasa ¢ 1922 no 1936 rr. m satem BxomMBIUNe & Hee pecniyGnMKu BoMLH HenocpeICTBEHHO B COCTAB cccr, ‘ B ormmue ot PC@CP 3axanxascxaa Denepauins ocHossisasacs Ha noroBope.‘Hoanon B.H, Crawonseuse pocemtioxoro gexepanira, 23 Conetexuit Cotos Kak Honas opma enepamimt Gein ocHonaH Ha cyBepemmreTe cBOHX cyGBeKToR 1 oGpenuin Kak yHMTapHBte, TAK H deseparuaHoe (PCCP) rocyaapersa. OcHopHbIMH MpmHusa nocTpoeHia conercxoli peepaunn — GbLTH MpowOSTIaMeHs: pHi OGpoBoMHOCTH OBLeAHBEHNA cyGrexton, Hx paBHOnpanHocrs, jeMoKpariwecKait ueHTpariM. Ho TtABHBIM GiLT HauvORANbABITt MPH octpoenn penepaue. B cocrase Conerckoro Corsa Hacuursmanocs 15 cowsmeix pecrySmx, 20 antoniomnbix pecnyGaux, 8 aBToHlOMHBX oGnacteli M10 aBTOHOMHBIX OxpyroB. STA MpOMOSTKAR H CTOXHAA CHCTeMA MpaKTiTIecKH yipanns7ack crporo UeHrpammoganio Ha ocHOne eAWHOH m1a scex Koncriryunn CCCP x copercKoro sakonogarembersa, [AABHBIM CRATBIRAIONUIM B eHHOe HeTOe 3ReHOM Guta KOMMYHHCTHNECKaN naprita, ponoguan ero nonrtika. Boxbioii 2HaT0K conetcKoil HETOPHH, HaBeCTHBIH aNrAKlicKHHl yuenuIh Qasapa Kapp, xapaictepiaya oTy TeILICHUo, 8 YaCTHOCTH OTMeALT: “pacTyillee CocPeLOTOYeHE WIACTH, BbIpAxCHHOS B ‘cemosaBisnx oxHia 2a mpyroll KonieiTyunm PCCP CCCP, Teweumu x samene cbexepanssbix ops peanbHocri#o yHuTapHoro rocysaperea HM HeadpeKTHBHOCTS KOHCTHTyuHONHOTO KoHTponA GMM B ompenieneHHoM cabiene YCTyNKOH saTaHyBWeMycA pesmBrHallHOMy loslOKeKMIO B crpave, Bops6a 3a cyutectnosanne, cxoxt KoTOpOli Beera Noa RONPOCOM, HHKOTHA He cosMaeT arMocéepHi, G:1arompHATHOH ALIA ‘ReMeHTpaNUsallAn BAACTH HLAH JUIA CMATHEHHA ee cypoBocTH”{6, C. 323.]. Onmaxo ciryaniia ® cyGweKrax coneTcKoll esepauinit co apeMeHeM ckctambisaviach TaKHM O6PAI0M, "TO cocpetoTouenie BnacTH 8 HeHTpe BOULTO B NpoTHBOPeNHE ¢ HeOGXOANMOCTEIO ee seLIeHTpAmHAUME 4 NepenasH Gombuitix MomHoMoNnit Ha MecTa. HeoBxoslMMocTs panlkanbHENX HSMeHeHMIE B TOM HaNpABACHHH, XOTA H ocosMananacs onperenenHoit wacrbio napruiivoro pykoso”cTRa, BoBpeMa He Guula ocylecraneHa, a IHpHHMMaeMble Mepst HOCIDIA NasuINaTHBHLIH XapakTep HM BBIIHIBATH BCE GOLUIE HeLOROMIbCTBO HANWOHATEHBIX Mtr, BO2TmaRAMOIIEK coIOsHBIe pecrryGANKH, Pasean CCCP cosa npuumnuatsHo HoByto ciyanino ana Poccws, TpoGnesa ytaeprneHHs HOROTO, nemoxpariteckoro dedlepatinaa crana Ha oBecrKy as. CepbesMbte HsMeHeH nporoULMH yke B CaMOM avane 90-X rr., Noone oummcanua PeneparHBHOTO RoroBopa (sapt 1992 r.) M npunaTia Koucturyunn Pm (aexaGps 1993 r.). B coomuercraim c oTHMit AOKYMeHTaMH cyOneKrant Deepali CTAIK BBICTYNATH He TOEKO Haunosianbubie (HauWoNansHO-TeppHTOpHAsbHIsIe), HO M AAMMNCTpaATHBHO-TeppHrTopHasbHBLe OOpAsoBaHs. Poccaticknit Penepamioan maiavaNbHo ckcranBIEATeA He TONSKO KaK ¢bopMa opraninaaniis MextAKMOTAM otmourenntii, Hom Kax dopMta TepprrTopuassHol opranisauwn. K cyGbextam denepaunn Gem oTHecentt 21 pecnyGnHKa, 6 xpaen, 49 oGnacreit, oxtia aBToHoMNa oGnacrs, 10 aaTOHOMMUIX OxpyroB M 2 ropona Genepansuoro momumnenna. Boe 89 cyGnexron enepauun Guan oGeanneusi Koncrimryuneit Po PARHONPABHUMH, XOTA TAKOBLIMH TAK M HE cram, Kak ormeeHo 8 Konermmynun PO, cratye pecnyb:uK onpenenanea Koncrityuiielt PO 1 Koxcrirrynmelt PecnyOnmxn, a crarye apyrix cy6sexros - Konerurywieli Po ut yerapamn 9tHx cySpextos. KpoMe toro, suis pasibix Kateropuit cy6neKron Pe pasmunein oKasaLten TRopaiox peuleHs BONpOCOS © pasrpAHTMeHHH MpeAMETOR HEAeHHA H TlomHOMONHH c GeepambHEIMM opranantit rocymapeTBeHHofi BHaCTH. Foree toro, » 90-e roms aKTHBHO wen Mpoulece HaseeHHR GONKUINMA OTHOMONREMHE cyOBEKTOR oenepanunt, sro cosmaBaro pexnocbinKH K ux OGocobeHMO. B ena3H ¢ TeM, #7 PecnyOmHKH npeaCTaRAOT HauwowanbHo-rocysapeTBeHHble OOPALOBAHKA, WK NPETeHHA Ha OOOCOOeHHOCTS NpHOGpeTaIoT HepenKO rHuveckyio oxpacky. B cnysanx, Kora HanWOHANbHBIe IMMTHI NpeTENAyTOT Ha BOI TIONHOTY BAACTH ¥ GombUIHIE onWoMowis, eM 270 mipexyemotpeio Kowcturtyumelt PO, mosHuxaet cHTyauHx WanHoHANBIHO opitentmposannoro cenaparHaata. Tlo Muiewo MHOTHX HecrenoBarenel, BlauMooTHoMIeHHA cyGbeKTos Denepaunu c LleHrpoM aBAmMOT CoGOIt hommnasrry pasnirri poccutcKofi rocyjapcrsenioctH, MOTeHLHaN KOTOPO!! BO MHOTOM 3aBMCHT OT perHoHon. “Ynlacnenowanluble OT TOTANMTApHOrO PeKUMa CrepeoTiMst COsHAHNA, cBRIAHHE C AMKTaTOM LleHTpa, - onweran 5. Catnxos, - ¢ HemGexnocrsio mopoxnaot npoTuBoselicraHe nepubepyn, ycummpaIoT evrpobexnbte Ternenumi. Moxto yTaepacIaTE, WTO so cepeaMe 1994 r. Hapacrasia onacHOCTS MpeupauteH it pornsopesuit mexay Ieirpom W perHoHaMi B OcHOBHIOe MpoTiiopesHe coBpemeHHOTO poccwiicKoro ‘oGulectsa, cnoco6Hoe mpunecTa x pacnany Pocemm”[13, C. 7.). Crrryaunia nocne 1994 r. Xora M HecKombKO uaMeNIAcD, Ho OcTpoTa MpoTuBopesll Mexay LleHTpOM perwoHaMi 8 uenOM coxpaNinach, COXpaHMuINch M UeHTpOGERUU, rpanivauine ceniaparHnMOM TEHTEHIOU. B nacroamiee opema Poccuitcxar Deslepauts HMeeT B cBOeM CocTaRE BECKMA OTANYaIOMUSECH, C TONKH pena omira FocymapeTBeniioro crpowrresbcTsa, perwoui. HexoTopHle Hs WAX HMeIOT ReckMa JUINTENDHDIE NO BpeMeHHE rocysapeTBeNMe TpaNMNN, MpyrHe nenaIOT TomBKO Meppsie waru B TOM HanpaBrenvL Hx TperesOHM tia HANOHAMHO-TocystapcTmenMy'O caMONAeHTUuKAMH acto He BCTpeYAIOT OTRHOrO TOMMAHHA H BOCTPHENMAOTCA Kak YpesMepHe. [lonbITKH ONPABTAHHA NOAOGHOTO TOXONA MPOABIAOTCA B oGoconanun unex “oma Hanna - oso Tocynaperso”. B WacTomUIee BPeMs. MpaKTH¥eCkH Roe perHonl PoccHlt aanmorer MHOTOHALUIOHATLBIME 1 PeaTMAlnNs TaKOTO MORXOAa Mora Gst ToABKO crrOcOGCTBOBATS24 Becruux PYH, cepua Coxouaroner, 2001, Nel. C.21-27, Paspyienio emuicTBa M WenocTHocTH crpaHBI. SacTyKHBAeT BHUMAHNA B 9TOH chxsH nomxon Ada B.A. Tlevenesa, ytmepxqaomtero, 470 ctpaveriueckoll wenbio PoccHm Kak sleMoxpaTnHeckoro ‘eneparupuioro rocyaapersa nomKHO crate “caoGoaHOe H caMOCTORTeNbHHOe pasBATHE KAKIOM HALUN BHYTPH MHoronauoranbHOro poccHicKorO TocysapcTBa, HO HE B eMule AoBeeHHOTO 20 a6cypxia Npasa Hani Ha caMoonpeneseHne, BIVIOTs 0 OTHENeHHR, a B GOpMe caMoll UINPOKO!L KyabTYpHO-HauonaNbHOli awronomnn”[15,C.20,}. Mvorme — nonwatuaveckie —rocymaperea Mpa Meniomaylor —MucTHTTyT SKCTeppHTOpHANbHOlt KYAIBTYPHO-HauNOHANBNOH ABTOHOMHM KaK jLoMoMHAIOUTyIo cHcTeMy ¢eneparuBHorO yetpolicrsa crpyxtypy. HMeHHo otia nosBoxser HaliTH ONTHMANBHKIe TYTH CoXpaHeHNA HauWoHaTEHOTO CaoeoOpaaiin H YRORIeTBOPHAT /CHCTBRTEABHEIX, @ HE MHMIMBIX, MPOMKTOBAMEBIX aMOMIWIMH HaLWOHAmEHBIX ‘mutt, noTpeGuocrelt. Becte ¢ Tem, mpouecc cratosneniia poccuiicxoro demepamema ne oGomenca 6¢3 Kpaituoctell u epeKocos. OcoGeHHo 310 npomBHoce B “napaKe cyBepeniTeTos”, nocHeNCTBHA KOTOPOO eule He BIOAHE cH. Tlepaisii mous TonyoK K cysepeMIBauN GiIN cHeTaH eme pyKoBORCrBOM ConeTcKoro Co1o3a, ‘OGbaRHBILEM 0 paBtlonpaBioM yuacrHMH cOLOSHEIX pecryGIHK H ABTOHOMEBIX OGpasoBantit B pagpaborKe HOBOTO CoroaHoro orowopa. Sta, Kasalocs Obi, eMoKpaTiNeckas Mepa sHauKTembHo CHITA HexOBONCTBO WauHoHanbHBIx OMT B COlOsHLIX pecttyGmHKaX, MOATOMKHY® Hx K GopK6e 3a cBOH COOCTRCHAHII cysepeHHTeT. Tlocne paszana Coserexoro Coiosa sce aBToHoMHbie OG1acTH (KpoMe ontol!) oGuaBHUIK ceOa pecrtySmuKaMH WBMECTE C Vike CYILECTBOBABIIUIMK saRBUAH 0 CBOEM cyBepeHTeTe. Bce 9TO BMECTE BIATOC COIMAO CABELL HoTenuMan cenapaTioma 1 ueRTpoGexNBIX TeHAeNUH. TIpunATErH 31 mapra 1992 r. Deneparnmsiit zorovop ‘OcraHopil stor “apa”, XOTA, KOHEYHO, He PeuILT BCEX BOTIPOCOS (K TOMY 2ke ero HlogTcaIH He BCC cyGBEKTHL ®exepaumn; Taraperan 4 Yewns ero He nognucant). B nocieayiomes, @ espare 1994 r., 641m noanucan Aorosop ¢ Tarapcranom “O pasrpanivenun npeaMeTos BeNeHHA H B3AHMHOM seserMposanUH romHOMOGHi Mexky OprananH rocyaapcTseHHolt Bact PecnyOnnxu Tarapcran”. Corsiacio atomy Jjoronopy PecryGauKa Tavaperan Hony4Wia siasMTenbHy!O caMocrosTeMbHOCTS B peleHMH He TORDKO BHYTpeMINX, HOH BHCUIFLETORETHMECKHT Ht BHEITHESKOHOMHMeCKHX BOTPOCOB, Tipussrrue storo Jloronopa noposiiio npHHuNMIaTEHO HOBYIO KOMLMGWO, © KoTopoit H saapia ETpesnzeHT Taraperana M, Ulainines: “Lemp wzer wa rioanucaswe xorosopos ¢ pecnySamKasm, Gore Toro, He CTanAapribIxX, @ pasTMBIX HO OGReMy mepemaBaeMBIX pyr Apyry noMHOMOUN, MO XapaKrepy ssanmootHomenuit, Ho HaM elle NpexCTOHT OeRHT HETHHHOE 3HaMeHHe 9TOTO TOKyMeHTa. Kora Poccas Gyaer ao6neatuca npusencHHa B cooTsercraMe Koncruryustit pecny6mnx ¢ OcHoRHuin destepasbiisiM 3aKOHOM, W9Ta npoSeNa soaHKHeT B oTHoMIeHuM TarapcraHa, Tora M MpOsBITTCs ciMna 9TOFO AOKyMeNTTa, OH Tosca a OcHOBe MpHSHaHHN ABYX KOHCTITTyLN, a sHaNT, TaTapcraH GyneT TawKE TOMMOMOYeH MOCTABHT® BOTIPOC 0 Rpwaenennn otxenbMbIxX crate Pocenticxoit Koxicrityusm p coorsercraim co caoeli”[I4, C. 8]. B stott TosHUMH OTPHUAETCH NO CyTH NpHMAT GexepaTEHBIX SakOHOB (OcHOBHOTO 3aKOHA) Has. pecnyBaNKAHcKHMsL Takoro poza KommEHH Hony4Wia JoBOABHO MHPoKOE PacnpoctpaxeHMe, HecooTRercrane pecryGsmKawckoro JakononatenscTea enepanbiomy cTato ABHBIM, Ho yous LlesTpa NO cHX Mop He yBerriamcs yertexoM. Mecrusie pnactu sBio He cHewiaT mpHsecTH B COOTBeTCTAMe NPHHATHIe 3aKOHONATENBMBIE KTH, a enepansail Llewrp ne pacttonaraet MexaMisMaMH NPHY:xEHA K TOMY. AvanHa TpakTHKK coppemeHHoro poccitiicKoro denepaTHsMa, mpoOeM ero craHORNeHHA H passiTTus, BistoNaeT B KaNlecTBe OGsIaTeNLHOTO SneMeHTa KOOPAMHANIHO 1 COrNACOBAHMe ABYX ypoaneli_vnpaBReNHE (oGwedenepamniiit H pervonansanit), sbiscHeHMe npoTHBopesHi Menkay HMMH. B ocHoBe ato npaxtHKn ‘eH He TOMBKO ONBIT KONCTIYLHOHHOTO PeryAUpOBAHNA, HO 1 KOHCTHTYLWONHO-OTOBOPHOTO. B acrosmee spemst doropopaa ut corautemn oxBaxeHO oKos0 50 cyGnexros PD. [put ato cnenyeT SECTS, HTO OHM HMeIOT H OSuIHe HepTEI, H creUMpHeCKHE. OxeRHAHO, HaspeTa HeoOXoMUMOCT cBoero pora ‘CHCTeMaTIBALM NOAMHCAHHBIX LOTOBOPOB H cormamenHH Mexay LletTpOM n cySBeKTann Denepannn. B cpsst C TeM, 870 perHonaTHsauINy rocysApCTBEHHOM AHHH KAK TeWIEHLUE MPOSBARETCR BCE Gonee ABHIO, TAKOTO Pom ‘Ham craniosrrca oco60 HeoGxommmbim. Kak sepHo 3aMeTHT TlocTosHHDIit mpencrasHTens PO npx Exponelickwx cooGwecrsax, Guieumi! npegcenarens Toccosera PecnyGmxs Tarapcran B.H. JInxaves, “henepanam aia Poccnn - crpasist MHOTOHAUMOHaNSHOl, MomEKoHeccHoHanbHOlL - Gombule YeM mpocTo ‘hopma rocynaperaestoro yerpoiicrsa, Oro n craGwimsHOCTs rocysapersa, ero GesonacHocTs, Gananc MHTepecoB Lernpa a peronios, orrunmsaunie ux ssanmoseficrsna”[8, C. 9. B stom KpaTKOM novoxeHMn ckazaHo © MHOroM. Kak TlOKa3aNH COOMTHA NOCTEAHUK Jer, CAMBIM CHOXKHBIM ABAACTCA flocTINKeHHe Ganatica uHTepecos eaepansHoro LeHTpa u cyOseKToR Denepauun. Orcyrcraue nono6oro Ganatica emNT B OCHOBE MHOTHX MpOTHBOPe Ht B HX OTHOWEHUAX. Onno He cnocoGerayet onramusamm exepatustiiix oTHomeRMiL cymlecTayIoulan npaxTHKa “TOTOBOpHBIX NPHBIMIerHA”, KOTOPHNH B TOR WI MEOH Mepe TloNsayiores Bamxoproctan, Taraperan, Caxa Gixytna), Yamyprus, Csepaionckar w HinkeropomcKax oGiacts a HexoTopste spyrue. ‘akTsl Takoro ponaHsavon B.H. Crauionnenne pocealicxoro Qexepania 25 Cosnalor evo Bposle HerACHO! KOMCTITYUHH perHOHOB B HX CTpeMMeHNN nonysuTD y Lletpa Te HAH MuBE swsrotsl. HTo eyuecTay, Bce 970 YennuBaeT acHMMeTpHIO B caMOH enepalvin, TO, EctecTBeHHO, BbaKIDAeT HOBIE HMNY.IbcH COMMAMEHO-TOMHTHELeCKOfl HaNpwxCHHOCTH. Moxsio cormacurtca ¢ BuIBOROM 2.4.8. M.C. Koxona 0 TOM, a0 “s Tol WIM HHO Mepe mpoTuBopedTs Mexay ‘PeslepanbrsiMit It perHOnaLHLIMIC OpraHlaMit FocynapeTBeHHOlk BNACTH OXBaTSIRAIOT caMBIit WUpOKHIL cmekrp Bonpoco - pasHOractia KOHCTHTYNHONHO-TonHTHMEcKOTO XapakTepa, paslie NOMXON 8 DKOHOMHMecKOM PeDOPMHPOBARHH, MEKHAMOHATBREIe OTHOUCHR, COUMATBHMe rapanTHN uM MHOTOe apyroe"[2, C. 53.]. Koxewio, mvoroe onpeneaserca tem, 470 @enepanbasili Lenrp ne sbionuset coon oGasaren.cTaa nepex pernoHaMH, He OGnanaR HeOGXOMHMBIMM JUIN 9TOTO pecypcaMH. OzNaKO sen0 He TONBKO B 3TOM, Oven RaxHa cBOeBpeMeHiiAR nepeopHeHTaNKA HeHTpANbHOMt RNACTH Ha MeHee UeHTpamoBAHHyIO Gopmy cpexeparmanux oTHomeHHit B UeEHOM H MexGIOMKETHBIX OTHOWeNMi B siactHocTH. TlocremHe onpesensior oven MHoroe B XapaKtepe ssanMooTHOIieHMt LlesTpa M cyGsexton Denepaun, 8 UX BsAHMHOft samirrepecosaniocT#, Havano hopwuposania MexO1onkeTHEIX oTHOMIeNH oTHOCHTeR K NepHORy 1992 ~ 1993 rr. 1 copmanaer ¢ mpoueccom mpuvatmauii. B >TO BpeMa npowsomer nepeHoc He OGecreveHHEIX AOxONAMH pacxoaHDIx TOTHOMOWH Ha perHoHATbHBle GiosckeTBI, TO OGycMOBAHBAIO HepaMMOHANBHyIO GiowKeTHYIO NONTHKY nnpaktiky Ha MecTax. Tlo cymectsy, 8 1993 r. nayanock Gopmupovante sxcnepHMeHTansioro GiomkeTHoro ¢eaepanirna, OcHopaHHoro He Ha focTaToRHO paspaGoTaHMoll H NeToCTHOH HOpMATHBHO-3aKOHOMATEMBHOR Gaze, @ Ha CKETOMHDIX BaKOWAX O deepANbHOM GiosKeTe, NpesiiMeNTCKHX YxasaX H HELOMCTREHADIX HHICTPYKUNETX. ITO MpHBenO K BOspacTaNTO puaticonoll caMocrosTemsHocTH cyOseKTOB @emepauliH, —HecornacopanHocTH Hau1oroso-GlomkeTHOfl TONHTUKH Mt pocty akTH¥ecKOrO HepaBHOTpasHa cyGueKTOR Detepallun B iosmxeTHO! eipepe. Yersipe pecnyGmuxn (Baukoprocrax, Kapenus, Tarapcras, ‘Akytua) nonyyin ocoGmit pexum™ BaanmorelicrBHs c PeslepanbHbiM GrOTKETOM, NTO HE MOTO HE BHISBATH HEIOBONECTBO B APYTHK perHoHA. Hlocneyiomme roms (1994 — 1997) He sHeCAM CKONDKO-HMOYAb SHAMITTEMBHBX YOMeHeHHTE B MemO1omKETHBIE OTHOTICHHA, B nenom, « xomy 90-x rr, o6maa cHetema GiomxeTHOro dpezepamisMa HaXOmHTaCH B HesaBepMIeHHOM COCTORHHTH, HTO He MOTTO He CKAsaTECR Ha pasBHTHNK dbenepaniGMa B tleOM. K TOMY 7Ke B MaCCOBOM COsHAHIIE cbopnposanics mpencrannenva 0 HecnpaxeaTHBOM XapaKTepe camoro GiomKeTHOrO dyenepamitsMa. Xapaxrepust 8 3Tofl cass pesynsTars onpocos HaceneHiR, MpoBomHMBte [leHTPOM COUROTOTHH HANHOHABABIX H pervonanbusx otHowexnit CII PAH. Tak, pecnounentam satasatca sompoc: “B yenonuax SKOHOMMMeCKOTO KPHEHCA OGOCTpHICR BOMPOC Oo BKTANe KAXKTOTO perHOHA B OGmepoccHticKoe AOCTORHHE. Canraere sam Bet, To Baur pero aet Gomsme apyriM, Nem MOnyaeT OT HIN (CTOMBKO CE, CKOTEKO ony'aer, tact MeHEiMe, eM rlony‘aeT)”. Tlonasnstoutee GosbumHHICTRO OTMEYATO, TO IMEHHO HX PerwoH set Gombute ApyrHM pervoHaM, vem nomysaer oT Hux. TlonoGHBIM OGpaxom oTseTHAN, HanpHmep, 52% onpomennuix » 1997 r, areneit OpexGypra, 45% onpourentmsx 8 Yamypran, 30% - B Xaxacmn, 47.2% - 6 Bamixoprocraref 11, C. 143,152,162,170.] Bromxerssiit enepanisn, wbipaxaiouuil eauticrbo o6weienepambinix m perHoNanbHBIx HHTepecoR, Coniiolt CTopox, H coOGosHEIK OT HEOTPABMAHHIX AHICMPOTOPUMM, BHISBAHABIX HENOMEpHEMMH MPeTEHSHAMH Ha pHBMDIETHN HeKOTOPSIX PerHOHOB, ¢ APYTO!, MOKET H NOMKCH CTaTb BAxMeMIRIKIM HETETpUPYIOUTAM (axTOpOM » paseuTi poceutickoro ¢bestepaminMta, YerteusHoe peuienue oToft 2aa%H Mpano sanHeuT oT MHOFHX OGCTORTENECTS H NpeXe BceTO OF TOTO, KaKat Gyner m6paxia Mozen» GromkeTHoro hexepamHswa. Heme neficTayIomad GlomwKeTHaR clicteMa ocHOBaHa sa ueruipex coctasmmouunx: nonoxomubtit Hanor, HJIC, axusei w Hanor Ha npHOLLTB. OHM cocTaBsOT Gonee 80% ROXONOB KOHCOMHTNPORAHHOTO GlONLKETA H HeTOMAyIOTeR GIOMKETAMH PasHOro YPOBHA B MopAIKe NoseBOTO ysacrn[10, C.19-23.]. Tlepauie tpu otiocatca x demepansomy vanoronomy cOopy, a mlocreniax uMecT Be CraBKtt duxcupowaia denepanbitan H perHoHansias, YcTaHanMHnaeMaR MECTHBIMH BNaCTAMH HM OrpaHiNeHtias BepXHHIM Mpexerom dexepanbHoK crapKn, B cooTRETCTBHH C POccHiicKHM 3aKOHOMATEMbCTIOM LOXoAbI TeppHTOpHaNbuBIX 6lOMKETOR COCTORT TaBHEIM OGpAsOM HS 3AKPCIUICHHDIX 3a HHMI PeTYsIHPYEMBIX OXOH0B, HCTONFINKH KOTOPEEX HeMOCTORHI Kak ommevaiot vcciesorarenn, HenocraTkOM Tako Mosent sB/IACTOA YOMMUINAR WeHTpAAHSAUA duickameubrx dyiKtl CCurryauito ocioxHmoT H MHOTOuMcaeHHBIe (paKTH He BBITONHENHA CBOHX OGNBATENLCTB KAK PerHOHAMM, TaK Tentpom. Pervioxsi He niepewcamoT waroros 8 ueHTpanbHEti Giomker, a LlerTp mpousaonbHo Menser nporiopuun pacrpeneseniix Hanoros, yMeHBIIAR TAKUM OGpasoM uHAHCOBLIe BOSMOKHOCTH perHorioB. ITO CravoBuTeR OHOiL 18 THABHEX MpHTHH KOHpAUKTOS MexAy LleHTpOM H perHOHaMH. K Tomy xe OOOH26 oct PY/IH, cepwa Coxmrarorns, 2001, Yel. C.21-27 SKOHOMHUECKHI KORGIMKT HepenKO MpHOGpeTaer HauMOHANEHy!o HAH cyry6o NomNTHYeCKyIO OKpacky. Be 370 [BMecTe B3ATOC CepEesHO OCHORHRET Beck MPOUeCC CAHORTEHAR M pasBHTHA PocculicKoro enepauita TIpenorsparits Taxoro posia KONpIHKTH BOIMOKHO, Meme Bcero, NocpexctBoM Gone TOHOrO BEIOAHEHWA OGOIOANBIX OGwTaTENSCTE, ¢ ONHOM CTOPOHEL, H CHOeBpeMeHHOH rocyzapeTBeHHolt HosepARKO!L elicteirenbHo NY :KIAIOUDIXCR B Heli PerHOHOB, a HE TEX, KTO YMeeT Aye ANAT C erepANbIbIMHs BAACTAMH. TocysapeTnenman no.utepxka 8 TaKoll CHTyaLIUM meet GonbuLOl couMambHO-NONITHMECKHH CMBICH, TOCKONBKY rosbonser oGecreMeTD rparklaNaM, MPOXTBAIONUEM B «IEMPECCHBHEIX PerHOHAX, BOSMOKHOCT MOMIOBATKR ‘npanamut n ceoOoxan, rapattTuposasisimn Koxcruryunel PO. Peansioe oKaaue CBOeBpeMeHHION ceneKTHBHOK MomepRKH perviowam npeanozaraet B KavecrBe oGasaTenbHoH! Mepst orpaGorky HOpMaTUBHO-MeTOMMIeCKOH CHCTeMBI OUEHKH PeabiKx mloTpebHocTeli B nogOGHOM NojUlepAKe, HOBLIIMEHNE OTBETCTHEHHOCTH MECTHDIX BaCTell 3a HenOALIOBAKHe MpemOCTABIEMEN Lernpos cpeiicTe, sasaxkenntit KOETpOnG H Ts1acHOCTS. Poulan 9TH BOMpocei, HeNIKIA He YUNTHBATS TAKOTO OGBEKTHBHOTO mBNeHNA, KAK HapacTante paspsina B ayulesom GiomKeTHOM OGecTIeYeHHM pervoHOB, MITYeM MPAKTHMECKH we OTIUIIGOUUKCA TO cBOeMy DKOHOMHYECKOMY H COMMaNLHOMY NoTeHUWaTy (KanpHMtep, Bearopox ~ Tavapcran: » 1992 r. - coornomenne V1.5; a8 1997 r. - ye 1/3). TlucGanane syuiensix pacxoxoR Mexay caMbiM Gorarsim H caNem Gent pernonaMls He yMenburaeTeA, a ysenmuusaetes: 8 1992 r. on Gai 15,5 (pasa), a 8 1997 r, ~ 22,5. Ecrectaexto, wr0 rlooGtaa cHryauiix Moxer ToabKo YcuMHTL uetTpoGerKHMe Mpoueccsi a Pocculicko Dexepaunu. “Tlostomy, - otwevaer rapa aammnnctpaunn BexroposcKolt oGnacta E.C.CapyeHko, - oxox x crpyktype i ébopMuiponaniio MexGIO.0KeTHBIX OTHOUICHH HyAHO NepecmarpHeaTs. Hi Mot HoLLepAKHBACM B STO CRABH ... KOHLeMTO npannensctaa” ... oO MATOSIOLKETHEIM OTHOMEHHAM, B OcHOBE KOTOPO!! AYWEDEIe OlomKeTHbIe AOXONK [ACXONLI, CKOPPEKTUPOBANHBIE Ha CTONMOCTS COUMAMHEIX CTARAApTO: HM NPOKUTOMHLI MMUIMYM. Baxkuo, To6bi 9Ta KOLMEMUNA, KOHIETUNEE MOAKOXA K peIEHINO MpoGreNBt ¢ epABHLIX, FOCYsApCTBEHABIX MOSM, nommorwract ® xWBHB”[12, C. 61.) Fasnoft npeanocsikoii ce pearmnaniit sbixercs HaNHYHe rocynapeTBeHHO!i BMH, NOCTeMOBATEABHOCTH H euicoxofi ommererventiocTH Kak Penepantitoro LlenTpa, Tak H cyGxeKros enepaunu. Ee peayasrarom yer SHaMNTeNbHAA ONTIMINAINIA MexOIOWKETHBX OTHOMeHHT, a, cTanO GuITs, - HM pasBiTHe poccxiicKoro enepanianca B enoM. AWTEPATYPA A6dyaamunos P.P., Bormenxoea J1.®., Hpos 10... Penepaiuas.» ucropwn Pocem. Ku. 1. -M., 1992. 1 2. Actuaverpusnias enepauns: pata m Hetspa, pecnyGnwk v oGzacredl. ~ M., 1998. 3. Tasera Bpenentoro PaGovero u Kpecrsantcxoro Mpasitrenscrea. - 31 stsapa 1918, NetT 4. noun H.A. O Pocent,- M., 1991, 5. Kazu B.b, Pssire nae esepann weopm tenovewecr | Coumamsvo-rysaierapiine aia, 199 6. Kapp 9. Hictopus Conetexoit Pocewt.T. 1. -M., 1990 7. Konieruryuvn sapySexuix rocynapcrs. - M., 1996 8) JTuxaves B. Onsrr cornamiennit mexay Mocxaoit Kasausio // HT-pernonst, (Ipiroxenne x Hesapicnmoii rasere). 1999, Ne. 9. Moducon M. Denepamcr Ne 14. K napoay urara Ho10-Hopx. i! Penepanncr: Mommuyeckte acce Anexcaninpa Tassunsrona, Jpxefinca Moyutcona i Jbxouta Jes. - M., 1994, 10, Paapimie 610;0xeTHoro Genepartinua B yenoBHRX repexoaHOro nepHona i! PocewlicKHe perwonbs, 1999. Nel TL. Poceus: Llesrrp 1 pernowst. Buin. 2.-M., 1998. 12. Caavenko B.C. A —9a mpuopuer o6utepocceticen unrTepecos...! Deneparustibie OTHOMEHUR H perHOHAm Has comuanano-akonoMieveckas nomtTHKa, 1999. No 2. 13, Caduxos @.B. “Leip ~ pernou”: npo6.xent ssaxwoorHowiena //Conmonornyeckue necnexosantin, 1997. Ne8 14, Haiamues M. Ywnerapnoi Poccnt se Byaer i! Mockoscxne nopoct, 1994. No 27, 15, StHonomme, = M., 1993. Ne 2. Peup wer 0 xonuemue, paspaGartinasmelicn npasieresscrnom EM. MpuwaKona.Hoouoo BH. Cranoaneune poceiexoro eepannna 27 FORMATION OF FEDERALISM IN RUSSIA V.N. Ivanov The Institute of Social and Political Research, The Russian Academy of Sciences Borisoglebski per., 13. bl. 3,, 121069, Moscow, Russia The problem of federalism is being regarded in the article not in the special political aspect, but in the more general social- historical aspect. The article contains brief information on the history of this problem, on different approaches to it’s theoretical understanding. The author gives a characteristic of real sta‘e of the system of federative relations, which formed in Russia in the last decades of the XX century