Smart Car Final

CHAPTER 1
SMART CAR SECURITY SYSTEM 1

1.1 INTRODUCTION
With the development and applications of many embedded techniques, car security
system design and analysis are constantly improving. Many new techniques, such as biometric recognition
technique, image processing technique, communication technique and so on, have been integrated into a
car security systems. At the same time, the amount of accident of cars still remains high, specially, lost.
So, one practicable car security system should be efficient, robust and reliable.
Traditional car security system rely on many sensors and costs a lot. When one car is
really lost, no more feedback could be valid to help people to find it back.We put forward the face
detection technique to be applied in car security system because this kind of technique is effective and
fast, and one alarm signal could be given to make an alarm or call the police and the host soundlessly with
the help of other modules in the system prototype.
Face detection techniques have been heavily studied in recent years, and it is an
important computer vision problem with application to surveillance, multimedia processing and consumer
products. Many new face detection techniques have been developed to achieve higher detection rate and
faster. One of the techniques used here is Principle Component Analysis (PCA)
In this proposed system
 Preach to the owner if some one tries to stolen
 Automated functions through image processing
 Security maintenance by behavior recognition
 Effective mobile communication for entire process
 GPS module obtains the precise locality by parsing received GPS signal

1.2 SOFTWARE AND HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS
a) software requirements:
Software : KEIL IDE, FLASH MAGIC, ORCAD
Operating system : WINDOWS XP
b) Hardware Requirements:
Hardware devices : DS89C430 Micro Controller, MAX232, GSM module, GPS module
Processor : P-4 or higher processor.
Memory : 64KB (minimum)
Ports : 2 Serial Ports.
Others : Integrating Unit, Web Camera

BLOCK DIAGRAM
Figure 1.1: Block Diagram of Smart Car Security System
1.3 WORKING
In this paper, we propose a low-cost extendable framework for embedded smart car security
system, which consists of a face detection subsystem, a GPS module, a GSM module and a
control platform. Comparing with traditional car security system, this system does not need any
sensor, and cost much less. Digital camera obtains pictures and then compresses them into jpg
format. The data could be handled by face detection classifiers to find out faces, which are
trained by PCA algorithm. Several methods have been applied to speedup the detection process,
such as the use of ESRAM by distribute the key code into it, and the high hit rate of cache
because the characteristics of image files and the data of cascade detector.
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM
LS1
Actuator 1 VC C _BAR
LS1 U 1
VC C _B AR E y e b lin k s e n s o r R 1 1K 2
1
1 39 2 1 2 Q 1 Alarm
38 P 0 .0 /A D 0 P 2 .0 /A 8 2 2
R 2 P 0 .1 /A D 1 P 2 .1 /A 9
2 37 2 3 BC 547
1
P 0 .2 /A D 2 P 2 .2 /A 1 0
3
Q 1 2 36 2 4
35 P 0 .3 /A D 3 P 2 .3 /A 1 1 2 5
BC 547 P 0 .4 /A D 4 P 2 .4 /A 1 2
34 2 6 VC C
R E S IS TO R P 0 .5 /A D 5 P 2 .5 /A 1 3 10uF P1
3
33 2 7
32 P 0 .6 /A D 6 P 2 .6 /A 1 4 2 8 5
C 1
P 0 .7 /A D 7 P 2 .7 /A 1 5 9
16
1 1 0 4
2
U 1
S E R IA L P O R T
2 P 1 .0 P 3 .0 /R X D 0 1 1 11 14 8
P 1 .1 P 3 .1 /TXD 0 T 1 IN T1O U T
V+
TXD
VC C
3 1 2 10 7 3
4 P 1 .2 /R XD 1 P 3 .2 /IN T 0 1 3 T 2 IN T2O U T 7
5 P 1 .3 /T X D 1 P 3 .3 /IN T 1 1 4 12 8 2
6 P 1 .4 P 3 .4 /T 0 1 5 R XD 9 R 1O U T R 2 IN 13 6
7 P 1 .5 P 3 .5 /T 1 1 6 R 2O U T R 1 IN 1
8 P 1 .6 P 3 .6 /W R 1 7 1
P 1 .7 P 3 .7 /R D C 3 C +
19 30 M A X232
18 X1 ALE 29 10uF 3
X2 PSEN C 1-
31 4 6
9 EA C 4 C 2+ V-
C 5
R ST
10uF
G N D
40 20 5 10uF
VC C VC C G N D C 2-
10uF P1
15
C 1 5 D S89C 450
9
16
4
2
U 1
S E R IA L P O R T
11 14 8
T 1 IN T1O U T
V+
TXD
VC C
10 7 3
T 2 IN T2O U T 7
12 8 2
R XD 9 R 1O U T R 2 IN 13 6
R 2O U T R 1 IN 1
1
C 3 C +
M A X232
10uF 3
C 1-
1
D 1
4 6
C 4 C 2+ V-
C 5
1 4 - + 2 IN 7805 OUT
10uF 1 D B106
G N D
5 10uF 2 GND
C 2- 2 R 3
1 0 0 u F /1 6 V
C 5
330E
15
9V AC C 6
3
4 7 0 u F /2 5 V
D 3
S S F -L X H 1 0 1
Fig 1.2 schematic diagram
1.4 POWER SUPPLY
1.4.1 Block Diagram

The ac voltage, typically 220V rms, is connected to a transformer, which steps that ac voltage
down to the level of the desired dc output. A diode rectifier then provides a full-wave rectified
voltage that is initially filtered by a simple capacitor filter to produce a dc voltage. This resulting
dc voltage usually has some ripple or ac voltage variation.
A regulator circuit removes the ripples and also remains the same dc value even if the input dc
voltage varies, or the load connected to the output dc voltage changes. This voltage regulation is
usually obtained using one of the popular voltage regulator IC units.
TRANSFORMER RECTIFIER FILTER IC REGULATOR LOAD
Fig 1.4.1 Block Diagram of Power supply
1.4.2 Working principle
Transformer
The potential transformer will step down the power supply voltage (0-230V) to (0-6V) level.
Then the secondary of the potential transformer will be connected to the precision rectifier,
which is constructed with the help of op–amp. The advantages of using precision rectifier are it
will give peak voltage output as DC, rest of the circuits will give only RMS output.
Bridge rectifier

When four diodes are connected as shown in figure, the circuit is called as bridge rectifier. The
input to the circuit is applied to the diagonally opposite corners of the network, and the output is
taken from the remaining two corners.
Let us assume that the transformer is working properly and there is a positive potential, at point
A and a negative potential at point B. the positive potential at point A will forward bias D3 and
reverse bias D4.
The negative potential at point B will forward bias D1 and reverse D2. At this time D3 and D1
are forward biased and will allow current flow to pass through them; D4 and D2 are reverse
biased and will block current flow.
The path for current flow is from point B through D1, up through RL, through D3, through the
secondary of the transformer back to point B. this path is indicated by the solid arrows.
Waveforms (1) and (2) can be observed across D1 and D3.
One-half cycle later the polarity across the secondary of the transformer reverse, forward biasing
D2 and D4 and reverse biasing D1 and D3. Current flow will now be from point A through D4,
up through RL, through D2, through the secondary of T1, and back to point A. This path is
indicated by the broken arrows. Waveforms (3) and (4) can be observed across D2 and D4. The
current flow through RL is always in the same direction. In flowing through RL this current
develops a voltage corresponding to that shown waveform (5). Since current flows through the
load (RL) during both half cycles of the applied voltage, this bridge rectifier is a full-wave
rectifier.
One advantage of a bridge rectifier over a conventional full-wave rectifier is that with a given
transformer the bridge rectifier produces a voltage output that is nearly twice that of the
conventional full-wave circuit.
This may be shown by assigning values to some of the components shown in views A and B.
assume that the same transformer is used in both circuits. The peak voltage developed between
points X and y is 1000 volts in both circuits. In the conventional full-wave circuit shown—in

view A, the peak voltage from the center tap to either X or Y is 500 volts. Since only one diode
can conduct at any instant, the maximum voltage that can be rectified at any instant is 500 volts.
The maximum voltage that appears across the load resistor is nearly-but never exceeds-500 v0lts,
as result of the small voltage drop across the diode. In the bridge rectifier shown in view B, the
maximum voltage that can be rectified is the full secondary voltage, which is 1000 volts.
Therefore, the peak output voltage across the load resistor is nearly 1000 volts. With both
circuits using the same transformer, the bridge rectifier circuit produces a higher output voltage
than the conventional full-wave rectifier circuit.
IC voltage regulators
Voltage regulators comprise a class of widely used ICs. Regulator IC units contain the circuitry
for reference source, comparator amplifier, control device, and overload protection all in a single
IC. IC units provide regulation of either a fixed positive voltage, a fixed negative voltage, or an
adjustably set voltage. The regulators can be selected for operation with load currents from
hundreds of milli amperes to tens of amperes, corresponding to power ratings from milli watts to
tens of watts.

Fig 1.4.2 Circuit Diagram Of Power Supply
A fixed three-terminal voltage regulator has an unregulated dc input voltage, Vi, applied to one
input terminal, a regulated dc output voltage, Vo, from a second terminal, with the third terminal
connected to ground.
The series 78 regulators provide fixed positive regulated voltages from 5 to 24 volts. Similarly,
the series 79 regulators provide fixed negative regulated voltages from 5 to 24 volts.
 For ICs, microcontroller, LCD --------- 5 volts
 For alarm circuit, op-amp, relay circuits ---------- 12 volts
CHAPTER 2
DS89C430 MICROCONTROLLER
2.1 About Micro Controller
The DS89C430 and DS89C450 offer the highest performance available in 8051-compatible
microcontrollers. They feature newly designed processor cores that execute instructions up to 12 times
faster than the original 8051 at the same crystal speed. Typical applications will experience a speed
improvement up to 10x. At 1 million instructions per second (MIPS) per megahertz, the microcontrollers
achieve 33 MIPS performance from a maximum 33MHz clock rate.
2.1.1 Features
 High-Speed 8051 Architecture

o One Clock-Per-Machine Cycle
o DC to 33MHz Operation
o Single Cycle Instruction in 30ns
o Optional Variable Length MOVX to Access Fast/Slow Peripherals
o Dual Data Pointers with Automatic Increment/Decrement and Toggle Select
o Supports Four Paged Memory-Access Modes
 On-Chip Memory
o 16kB/64kB Flash Memory

o In-Application Programmable
o In-System Programmable Through Serial Port
o 1kB SRAM for MOVX
 80C52 Compatible
o 8051 Pin and Instruction Set Compatible
o Four Bidirectional, 8-Bit I/O Ports
o Three 16-Bit Timer Counters
o 256 Bytes Scratchpad RAM
 Power-Management Mode
o Programmable Clock Divider
o Automatic Hardware and Software Exit
 ROMSIZE Feature
o Selects Internal Program Memory Size from 0 to 64kB
o Allows Access to Entire External Memory Map
o Dynamically Adjustable by Software
 Peripheral Features
o Two Full-Duplex Serial Ports
o Programmable Watchdog Timer
o 13 Interrupt Sources (Six External)
o Five Levels of Interrupt Priority
o Power-Fail Reset
o Early Warning Power-Fail Interrupt
o Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) Reduction
2.1.2 PIN DESCRIPTION

TABLE 2.1 MICROCONTROLLER PIN DESCRIPTION

2.2 DETAILED DESCRIPTION
The DS89C430 and DS89C450 are pin compatible with all three packages of the
standard 8051 and include standard resources such as three timer/counters, serial port, and four 8-
bit I/O ports. The three part numbers vary only by the amount of internal flash memory
(DS89C430 = 16kB, DS89C450 = 64kB), which can be in-system/in application programmed
from a serial port using ROM-resident or user-defined loader software. For volume deployments,
the flash can also be loaded externally using standard commercially available parallel
programmers.
Besides greater speed, the DS89C430/DS89C450 include 1kB of data
RAM, a second full hardware serial port, seven additional interrupts, two extra levels of interrupt
priority, programmable watchdog timer, brownout monitor and power-fail reset. Dual data
pointers (DPTRs) are included to speed up block data-memory moves with further enhancements
coming from selectable automatic increment/decrement and toggle select operation. The speed of
MOVX data memory access can be adjusted by adding stretch values up to 10 machine cycles for
flexibility in selecting external memory and peripherals.
A power management mode consumes significantly lower power by slowing the CPU execution
rate from one clock period per cycle to 1024 clock periods per cycle. A selectable switchback
feature can automatically cancel this mode to enable normal speed responses to interrupts.
For EMI-sensitive applications, the microcontroller can disable the
ALE signal when the processor is not accessing external memory.
Terminology
The term DS89C430 is used in the remainder of the document to refer to the
DS89C430 and DS89C450, unless otherwise specified.
Compatibility
The DS89C430 is a fully static CMOS 8051-compatible microcontroller
similar in functional features to the DS87C520, but it offers much higher performance. In most
cases, the DS89C430 can drop into an existing socket for the 8xC51 family, immediately

improving the operation. While remaining familiar to 8051 family users, the DS89C430 has
many new features. In general, software written for existing 8051-based systems works without
modification on the DS89C430, with the exception of critical timing routines, as the DS89C430
performs its instructions much faster for any given crystal selection.
The DS89C430 provides three 16-bit timer/counters, two full-duplex serial ports, and 256 bytes
of direct RAM plus 1kB of extra MOVX RAM. I/O ports can operate as in standard 8051
products. Timers default to 12 clocks-per-cycle operation to keep their timing compatible with a
legacy 8051 family systems. However, timers are individually programmable to run at the new
one clock per cycle if desired. The DS89C430 provides several new hardware features, described
in subsequent sections, implemented by new special-function registers (SFRs).
Performance Overview
Featuring a completely redesigned high-speed 8051-compatible core, the
DS89C430 allows operation at a higher clock frequency. This updated core does not have the
wasted memory cycles that are present in a standard 8051. A conventional 8051 generates
machine cycles using the clock frequency divided by 12. The same machine cycle takes one
clock in the DS89C430. Thus, the fastest instructions execute 12 times faster for the same crystal
frequency (and actually 24 times faster for the INC data pointer instruction). It should be noted
that this speed improvement is reduced when using external memory access modes that require
more than one clock per cycle.
Individual program improvement depends on the instructions used. Speed-
sensitive applications would make the most use of instructions that are 12 times faster. However,
the sheer number of 12-to-1 improved op codes makes dramatic speed improvements likely for
any code. These architectural improvements produce instruction cycle times as low as 30ns. The
dual data pointer feature also allows the user to eliminate wasted instructions when moving
blocks of memory. The new page modes allow for increased efficiency in external memory
accesses.
Instruction Set Summary

All instructions have the same functionality as their 8051 counterparts,
including their affect on bits, flags, and other status functions. However, the timing of each
instruction is different, in both absolute and relative number of clocks.
For absolute timing of real-time events, the duration of software loops can
be calculated using information given in the Instruction Set table in the Ultra-High-Speed Flash
Microcontroller User’s Guide. However, counter/timers default to run at the older 12 clocks per
increment. In this way, timer-based events occur at the standard intervals with software
executing at higher speed. Timers optionally can run at a reduced number of clocks per
increment to take advantage of faster processor operation.
The relative time of some instructions may be different in the new architecture.
For example, in the original architecture, the “MOVX A, @DPTR” instruction and the “MOV
direct, direct” instruction used two machine cycles or 24 oscillator cycles. Therefore, they
required the same amount of time. In the DS89C430, the MOVX instruction takes as little as two
machine cycles or two oscillator cycles, but the “MOV direct, direct” uses three machine cycles
or three oscillator cycles. While both are faster than their original counterparts, they now have
different execution times. This is because the DS89C430 usually uses one machine cycle for
each instruction byte and requires one cycle for execution.
Special-Function Registers (SFRs)

All peripherals and operations that are not explicit instructions in the
DS89C430 are controlled through SFRs. The most common features basic to the architecture are
mapped to the SFRs. These include the CPU registers (ACC, B, and PSW), data pointers, stack
pointer, I/O ports, timer/counters, and serial ports. In many cases, an SFR controls an individual
function or reports the function’s status. The SFRs reside in register locations 80h–FFh and are
only accessible by direct addressing. SFRs with addresses ending in 0h or 8h are bit addressable.
All standard SFR locations from the 8051 are duplicated in the DS89C430, and several SFRs
have been added for the unique features of the DS89C430. Most of these features are controlled
by bits in SFRs located in unused locations in the 8051 SFR map, allowing for increased
functionality while maintaining complete instruction set compatibility.
Data Pointers

The data pointers (DPTR and DPTR1) are used to assign a memory address for the
MOVX instructions. This address can point to a MOVX RAM location (on-chip or off-chip) or a
memory-mapped peripheral. Two pointers are useful when moving data from one memory area
to another, or when using a memory-mapped peripheral for both source and destination
addresses. The user can select the active pointer through a dedicated SFR bit (SEL = DPS.0), or
can activate an automatic toggling feature for altering the pointer selection (TSL = DPS.5). An
additional feature, if selected, provides automatic incrementing or decrementing of the current
DPTR.
Stack Pointer
The stack pointer denotes the register location at the top of the stack, which is the
last used value. The user can place the stack anywhere in the scratchpad RAM by setting the
stack pointer to the desired location, although the lower bytes are normally used for working
registers.
I/O Ports
The DS89C430 offers four 8-bit I/O ports. Each I/O port is represented by an SFR
location and can be written or read. The I/O port has a latch that contains the value written by
software.
Counter/Timers
Three 16-bit timer/counters are available in the DS89C430. Each timer is
contained in two SFR locations that can be read or written by software. The timers are controlled
by other SFRs, described in the SFR Bit Description section of the Ultra-High-Speed Flash
Microcontroller User’s Guide.
Serial Ports
The DS89C430 provides two UARTs that are controlled and accessed by SFRs.
Each UART has an address that is used to read and write the value contained in the UART. The
same address is used for both read and write operations, and the read and write operations are
distinguished by the instruction. Its own SFR control register controls each UART.

CHAPTER 3
GLOBAL SYSTEM FOR MOBILE COMMUNICATION
3.1 MODEM

A GSM modem is a wireless modem that works with a GSM wireless
network. A wireless modem behaves like a dial-up modem. The main difference between them is
that a dial-up modem sends and receives data through a fixed telephone line while a wireless
modem sends and receives data through radio waves.
A GSM modem can be an external device or a PC Card / PCMCIA Card. Typically, an external
GSM modem is connected to a computer through a serial cable or a USB cable. A GSM modem
in the form of a PC Card / PCMCIA Card is designed for use with a laptop computer. It should
be inserted into one of the PC Card / PCMCIA Card slots of a laptop computer. Like a GSM
mobile phone, a GSM modem requires a SIM card from a wireless carrier in order to operate.
As mentioned in earlier sections of this SMS tutorial, computers use AT commands to control
modems. Both GSM modems and dial-up modems support a common set of standard AT
commands. You can use a GSM modem just like a dial-up modem.
In addition to the standard AT commands, GSM modems support an extended set of AT

commands. These extended AT commands are defined in the GSM standards. With the extended
AT commands, you can do things like:
 Reading, writing and deleting SMS messages.
 Sending SMS messages.
 Monitoring the signal strength.
 Monitoring the charging status and charge level of the battery.
 Reading, writing and searching phone book entries.
The number of SMS messages that can be processed by a GSM modem per minute is very low --
only about six to ten SMS messages per minute.

GSM MODEM APPLICATION
Fig 3.1 GSM MODEM APPLICATIONS

3.2 TECHNICAL INTRODUCTION TO GSM MODEM TECHNOLOGY
3.2.1 FACTS AND APPLICATIONS OF GSM/GPRS MODEM
The GSM/GPRS Modem comes with a serial interface through which the modem can be controlled using
AT command interface. An antenna and a power adapter are provided.
The basic segregation of working of the modem is as under
• Voice calls
• SMS
• GSM Data calls
• GPRS
Voice calls: Voice calls are not an application area to be targeted. In future if interfaces like a microphone
and speaker are provided for some applications then this can be considered.
SMS: SMS is an area where the modem can be used to provide features like:
• Pre-stored SMS transmission
• These SMS can be transmitted on certain trigger events in an automation system
• SMS can also be used in areas where small text information has to be sent. The transmitter can be an
automation system or machines like vending machines, collection machines or applications like
positioning systems where the navigator keeps on sending SMS at particular time intervals
• SMS can be a solution where GSM data call or GPRS services are not available
GSM Data Calls: Data calls can be made using this modem. Data calls can be made to a normal PSTN
modem/phone line also (even received). Data calls are basically made to send/receive data streams
between two units either PC’s or embedded devices. The advantage of Data calls over SMS is that both
parties are capable of sending/receiving data through their terminals.
Some points to be remembered in case of data calls:

• The data call service doesn’t come with a normal SIM which is purchased but has to be requested with
the service provider (say Airtel).
• Upon activation of data/fax service you are provided with two separate numbers i.e. the Data call

number and the Fax service number.
• Data calls are established using Circuit Switched data connections.
• Right now the speed at which data can be transmitted is 9.6 kbps.
• The modem supports speeds up to 14.4 kbps but the provider give a maximum data rate of 9.6 kbps
during GSM data call.
• Technologies like HSCSD (high Speed Circuit Switched Data) will improve drastically the data rates,
but still in pipeline.
Applications And Facts About GSM Data Calls:
• Devices that have communication on serial port either on PC or in the embedded environment
• Devices that want to communicate with a remote server for data transfer
• This capability of data transfer can help in reducing processing requirements of the device
• The basic aim is to provide a wireless solution keeping the existing firmware intact
• The clients firmware continues to work without any modifications (no changes in the existing software
required)
• GSM data calls can be a good solution where data has to be transmitted from a hand-held device to a
central server
• The interface on two sides can be between PC’s as well as embedded devices

Fig 3.2 INTERFACING FIGURE
• Calls can be established by the terminals at either side to start data calls
• The Modem remains transparent during data transfer after the call is established.
• Call establishment utility to be provided in case PC terminals
• Call establishment to be automated in case of embedded terminals. GSM converter can be an option

where intelligence of establishing calls has to be put in case of embedded devices. Concept of GSM
converter is discussed later in this document’
3.3 GSM SECURITY
GSM was designed with a moderate level of security. The system was designed to authenticate the
subscriber using shared-secret cryptography. Communications between the subscriber and the base station
can be encrypted. The development of UMTS (UNIVERSAL MOBILE COMMUNICATING SYSTEM)
introduces an optional, that uses a longer authentication key to give greater security, as well as mutually
authenticating the network and the user - whereas GSM only authenticated the user to the network (and
not vice versa).
GSM uses several cryptographic algorithms for security. A large security advantage of GSM is
that the key, the crypto variable stored on the SIM card that is the key to any GSM ciphering
algorithm, is never sent over the air interface. Serious weaknesses have been found in both
algorithms, and it is possible to break A5/2 in real-time in a ciphertext-only attack. The system
supports multiple algorithms so of GSM converter is discussed later in this document operators
may replace that cipher with a stronger one.
A GSM modem is a wireless modem that works with a GSM wireless network. A wireless modem
behaves like a dial-up modem. The main difference between them is that a dial-up modem sends and
receives data through a fixed telephone line while a wireless modem sends and receives data through radio
waves. A GSM modem can be an external device or a PC Card / PCMCIA Card. Typically, an external
GSM modem is connected to a computer through a serial cable or a USB cable. A GSM modem in the
form of a PC Card / PCMCIA Card is designed for use with a laptop computer. It should be inserted into
one of the PC Card / PCMCIA Card slots of a laptop computer. Like a GSM mobile phone, a GSM
modem requires a SIM card from a wireless carrier in order to operate.
Computers use AT commands to control modems. Both GSM modems and dial-up modems
support a common set of standard AT commands.
In addition to the standard AT commands, GSM modems support an extended set of AT

commands .These extended AT commands are defined in the GSM standards.

With the extended AT commands, we can do things like:
 Reading, writing and deleting SMS messages.
 Sending SMS messages.
 Monitoring the signal strength.
 Monitoring the charging status and charge level of the battery.
 Reading, writing and searching phonebook entries.
The number of SMS messages that can be processed by a GSM modem per minute is very low --
only about six to ten SMS messages per minute.
3.4 ADVANTAGES OF GSM MODULE

 Small, lightweight and easy to integrate
 Low power consumption
 Full ETSI / R&TTE type approval
 Internal SIM card reader and option for external SIM card reader
 Full RS232 on CMOS level with flow control (RX, TX, CTS, RTS, CTS, DTR,
DSR,DCD, RI)
3.5 PRODUCT DESCRIPTION
The GSM Commercial Modem is an approved modem for embedded applications. It provides a 5V TTL
compatible serial interface to host Data terminal equipment.
Accessories:
1.PowerAdapter
2. Standard rubber antenna , regular GSM Coverage Areas.
3.6 APPLICATIONS
Access control devices: Now access control devices can communicate with servers and security staff
through SMS messaging. Complete log of transaction is available at the head-office Server instantly
without any wiring involved and device can instantly alert security personnel on their mobile phone in
case of any problem. RaviRaj Technologies is introducing this technology in all Fingerprint Access
control and time attendance products. You can achieve high security any reliability.
Transaction terminals: EDC machines, POS terminals can use SMS messaging to confirm transactions
from central servers. The main benefit is that central server can be anywhere in the world. Today you
need local servers in every city with multiple telephone lines. You save huge infrastructure costs as well
as per transaction cost.
Supply Chain Management: Today SCM require huge IT infrastructure with leased lines, networking
devices, data centre, workstations and still you have large downtimes and high costs. You can do all this
at a fraction of the cost with GSM M2M technology.
What applications is suitable for GSM communication?
If your application needs one or more of the following features, GSM will be more cost-effective then
other communication systems.
Short Data Size: You data size per transaction should be small like 1-3 lines. e.g. banking transaction
data, sales/purchase data, consignment tracking data, updates. These small but important transaction data
can be sent through SMS messaging which cost even less then a local telephone call or sometimes free of
cost worldwide. Hence with negligible cost you are able to send critical information to your head office
located anywhere in the world from multiple points. You can also transfer faxes, large data through GSM
but this will be as or more costly compared to landline networks.
Multiple remote data collection points: If you have multiple data collections points situated all over
your city, state, country or worldwide you will benefit the most. The data can be sent from multiple points
like your branch offices, business associates, warehouses, agents with devices like GSM modems
connected to PCs, GSM electronic terminals and Mobile phones. Many a times some places like

warehouses may be situated at remote location may not have landline or internet but you will have GSM
network still available easily.
High uptime: If your business require high uptime and availability GSM is best suitable for you as GSM
mobile networks have high uptime compared to landline, internet and other communication mediums.
Also in situations where you expect that someone may sabotage your communication systems by cutting
wires or taping landlines, you can depend on GSM wireless communication.
Mobility, Quick installation: GSM technology allow mobility, GSM terminals, modems can be just
picked and installed at other location unlike telephone lines. Also you can be mobile with GSM terminals
and can also communicate with server using your mobile phone. You can just purchase the GSM
hardware like modems, terminals and mobile handsets, insert SIM cards, configure software and your are
ready for GSM communication. GSM solutions can be implemented within few weeks whereas it may
take many months to implement the infrastructure for other technologies.
3.7 AT COMMANDS
3.7.1 Terms and Abbreviations:
a. Asynchronous: A serial data transmission method that uses Start and Stop bits to synchronize reception.
b. AT Commands: A group of commands that can be sent by a terminal or host computer to control the
ISU in Command mode.
c. Command Entry: An AT command is a string of characters sent by the DTE to the ISU while the ISU is
in command mode. A command string has a prefix, a body, and a terminator. The prefix consists of the
ASCII characters AT or at. The body is a string of commands restricted to printable ASCII characters.
The default terminator is the <CR> character.There are two format types for AT commands: basic and
extended. The basic commands consist of single ASCII characters, or single characters preceded by a
prefix character, followed by a decimal parameter.
There are a few rules about the entry of commands:

a. All commands (apart from A/ and +++) start with AT or at. The commands in a command string
(apart from A/ and +++) are executed only after the return or enter key is pressed.
b. Use all upper or lower case letters, not a combination.
c. The maximum number of characters in a command string is 128. Multiple commands can be
concatenated onto a single command line or by a semicolon.
d. Command editing can usually be performed by the backspace or delete keys.
e. If a parameter is missed from a basic command, a zero is implied (e.g. ATH implies ATH0). If an
optional parameter is skipped from an extended command, the current value is implied. Optional
parameters are enclosed by square brackets ([...]) in this document.
f. Spaces can be entered into a command string to increase clarity. These are ignored.
g. Characters that precede the AT prefix are ignored.
3.7.2 BASIC AT COMMANDS
Commands:
+CNMI - New SMS Message Indications to DTE
Set Command: +CNMI=[<mode>[,<mt>[,<bm>[,<ds>[, <bfr>]]]]]
+CMTI: <mem>,<index>
SMS-DELIVERs (except class 2 messages and messages in the message waiting indication group (store
message)) are routed directly to the TE using unsolicited result code:
+CMT: [<alpha>],<length><CR><LF><pdu> (PDU mode)
defined in <mt>=2. Messages of other data coding schemes result in indication as
defined in <mt>=1.

Read Command: +CNMI
Read command returns the current settings for the SMS message indication. Response is in the
form:
+CNMI: <mode>,<mt>,<bm>,<ds>,<bfr>
Test Command: +CNMI
Test command returns the supported settings of the phone. Response is in the form:
+CNMI: (list of supported <mode>s),(list of supported <mt>s),(list of supported <bm>s),(list of supported

<ds>s),(list of supported <bfr>s)
+CMGD - Delete SMS Message
Exec Command: +CMGD=<index>
Execution command deletes message from preferred message storage <mem1> (<mem1> is the
selected message storage from the +CPMS command) location <index>. If deleting fails, final result code
+CMS
+CMGR - Read SMS Message
Exec Command: +CMGR=<index>
Execution command returns the SMS message with location value <index> from message storage
<mem1> (<mem1> is the selected message storage from the +CPMS command).
If status of the message is ’received unread’, status in the storage changes to ’received read’. If
reading fails, final result code +CMS ERROR: <cms_err> is returned.
+CMGS - Send SMS Message
Sending the message

To send the sms message ,type the following command:
AT+CMGS="+31638740161"<ENTER>
Replace the above phone number with your own cell phone number. The modem will respond with:
>
we can now type the message text and send the message using the <CTRL>-<Z> key combination
HelloWorld! <CTRL-Z>

CHAPTER 4
SERIAL COMMUNICATION
4.1 MAX 232
The MAX232 device is a dual driver/receiver that includes a capacitive voltage generator to supply EIA-
232 voltage levels from a single 5-V supply. Each receiver converts EIA-232 inputs to 5-V TTL/CMOS

levels. These receivers have a typical threshold of 1.3 V and a typical hysteresis of 0.5 V, and can accept
30-V inputs. Each driver converts TTL/CMOS input levels into EIA-232 levels.
4.1.1 Logic Signal Voltage
Serial RS-232 (v.24) communication works with voltages (between -15v … -3v are used to transmit a
binary ‘1’ and =3V ...-15v to transmit a binary ‘0’) which are not compatible with today’s computer logic
voltages. On the other hand , classic TTL computer logic operates between 0V…+5V (roughly 0V …
+0.8V referred to as low for Binary ‘0’,_2V ….+5V for high Binary ‘1’).Modern low-power logic
operates in the range of 0V ... +3.3V or even lower. So, the maximum RS-232 signal levels are far too
high for today's computer logic electronics, and the negative RS-232 voltage can't be grokked at all by the
computer logic. Therefore, to receive serial data from an RS-232 interface the voltage has to be reduced,
and the 0 and 1 voltage levels inverted. In the other direction (sending data from some logic over RS-232)
the low logic voltage has to be "bumped up", and a negative voltage has to be generated, too.
All this can be done with conventional analog electronics, e.g. a particular power supply and a couple of
transistors or the once popular 1488 (transmitter) and 1489 (receiver) IC s. However, since more than a
decade it has become standard in amateur electronics to do the necessary signal level conversion with an
IC from the MAX232 family (typically a MAX232 or some clone). IN fact , it is hard to find some RS-
232 circuitry in amateur electronics without a MAX232 or some clone.
Voltage levels
RS-232 TTL Logic

-----------------------------------------------
-15V ... -3V <-> +2V ... +5V <-> 1

+3V ... +15V <-> 0V ... +0.8V <-> 0
Fig: 4.1 MAX 232 DIP PACKAGE
The MAX232 from Maxim was the first IC which in one package contains the necessary drivers
(two) and receivers (also two), to adapt the RS-232 signal voltage levels to TTL logic. It became
popular, because it just needs one voltage (+5V) and generates the necessary RS-232 voltage
levels (approx. -10V and +10V) internally. This greatly simplified the design of circuitry.
Circuitry designers no longer need to design and build a power supply with three voltages (e.g.
-12V, +5V, and +12V), but could just provide one +5V power supply, e.g. with the help of a
simple 78x05 voltage converter.
The MAX232 (A) has two receivers (converts from RS-232 to TTL voltage levels) and two
drivers (converts from TTL logic to RS-232 voltage levels). This means only two of the RS-232
signals can be converted in each direction. The old MC1488/1498 combo provided four drivers
and receivers.
Typically a pair of a driver/receiver of the MAX232 is used for
 TX and RX and the second one for
 CTS and RTS.

4.2 RS232
When we look at the connector pinout of the RS232 port, we see two pins which are certainly used for
flow control. These two pins are RTS, request to send and CTS, clear to send. With DTE/DCE
communication (i.e. a computer communicating with a modem device) RTS is an output on the DTE and
input on the DCE. CTS is the answering signal comming from the DCE.
Before sending a character, the DTE asks permission by setting its RTS output. No information will be
sent until the DCE grants permission by using the CTS line. If the DCE cannot handle new requests, the
CTS signal will go low. A simple but useful mechanism allowing flow control in one direction. The
assumption is, that the DTE can always handle incomming information faster than the DCE can send it.
In the past, this was true. Modem speeds of 300 baud were common and 1200 baud was seen as a high
speed connection.
For further control of the information flow, both devices have the ability to signal their status to the other
side. For this purpose, the DTR data terminal ready and DSR data set ready signals are present. The DTE
uses the DTR signal to signal that it is ready to accept information, whereas the DCE uses the DSR
signal for the same purpose. Using these signals involves not a small protocol of requesting and
answering as with the RTS/CTS handshaking. These signals are in one direction only.
The last flow control signal present in DTE/DCE communication is the CD carrier detect. It is not used
directly for flow control, but mainly an indication of the ability of the modem device to communicate
with its counter part. This signal indicates the existence of a communication link between two modem
devices.
Null modem without handshaking

How to use the handshaking lines in a null modem configuration? The simplest way is to don't use them
at all. In that situation, only the data lines and signal ground are cross connected in the null modem
communication cable. All other pins have no connection. An example of such a null modem cable
without handshaking can be seen in the figure below.

Simple null modem without handshaking
Connector
Connector 2 Function
1
2 3 Rx Tx
3 2 Tx Rx
5 5 Signal ground
FIG 4.2 DB9 CONNECTOR
4.4.1 RS232 COMMUNICATION

Fig 4.3 Circuit Diagram Of Serial Communication
4.2.2 INTRODUCTION
In telecommunications, RS-232 is a standard for serial binary data interconnection between a DTE (Data
terminal equipment) and a DCE (Data Circuit-terminating Equipment). It is commonly used in computer
serial ports.
Scope of the Standard:
The Electronic Industries Alliance (EIA) standard RS-232-C [3] as of 1969 defines:
 Electrical signal characteristics such as voltage levels, signaling rate, timing and slew-rate of signals,
voltage withstand level, short-circuit behavior, maximum stray capacitance and cable length
 Interface mechanical characteristics, pluggable connectors and pin identification
 Functions of each circuit in the interface connector
 Standard subsets of interface circuits for selected telecom applications

The standard does not define such elements as character encoding (for example, ASCII, Baudot or
EBCDIC), or the framing of characters in the data stream (bits per character, start/stop bits, parity). The
standard does not define protocols for error detection or algorithms for data compression.
The standard does not define bit rates for transmission, although the standard says it is intended for bit
rates lower than 20,000 bits per second. Many modern devices can exceed this speed (38,400 and 57,600
bit/s being common, and 115,200 and 230,400 bit/s making occasional appearances) while still using RS-
232 compatible signal levels.
Details of character format and transmission bit rate are controlled by the serial port hardware, often a
single integrated circuit called a UART that converts data from parallel to serial form. A typical serial
port includes specialized driver and receiver integrated circuits to convert between internal logic levels
and RS-232 compatible signal levels.
Circuit Working Description
In this circuit the MAX 232 IC used as level logic converter. The MAX232 is a dual driver/receiver that
includes a capacive voltage generator to supply EIA 232 voltage levels from a single 5v supply. Each
receiver converts EIA-232 to 5v TTL/CMOS levels. Each driver converts TLL/CMOS input levels into
EIA-232 levels.

In this circuit the microcontroller transmitter pin is connected in the MAX232 T2IN pin which converts
input 5v TTL/CMOS level to RS232 level. Then T2OUT pin is connected to reviver pin of 9 pin D type
serial connector which is directly connected to PC.
In PC the transmitting data is given to R2IN of MAX232 through transmitting pin of 9 pin D type
connector which converts the RS232 level to 5v TTL/CMOS level. The R2OUT pin is connected to
receiver pin of the microcontroller. Likewise the data is transmitted and received between the
microcontroller and PC or other device vice versa.

CHAPTER 5
GLOBAL POSITIONING SATELLITE
5.1 INTRODUCTION

GPS stands for Global Positioning System, which is a nifty satellite that tells
you your location anywhere on planet earth. This part is all about GPS. A special radio receiver
measures the distance from your location to satellites that orbit the earth broadcasting radio
signals. GPS can pinpoint your position anywhere in the world.
You can purchase an inexpensive GPS receiver, pop some batteries in it,
and turn it on. Your location appears on the screen .No map, compass, sextant, nor is sundial
required .Just like the magic. It’s not really magic, though, but has evolved from some great
practical applications of science that have come together over the last 50 years.
5.2 HISTORY OF GPS:
Military, government and civilian users all over the world rely on GPS for
navigation and location positioning, but radio signals have been used for navigation purposes
since the 1920’s. LORAN (Long Range Aid to Navigation), a position- finding system that
measured the time difference of arriving radio signals , was developed during World War- 2.
The first step to GPS came way back in 1957 when the Russians launched
SPUTNIK, the first satellite to orbit the Earth. Sputnik used a radio transmitter to broadcast
telemetry information. Scientists at that Johns Hopkins applied physics Lab discovered that the
Doppler shift phenomenon applied to the spacecraft – and almost unwittingly sruct gold.
A down – to –earth, painless example of the Doppler shift principle is when you stand
on a sidewalk and a police car speeds by in hot pursuit of a stolen motorcycle. The pitch of the
police siren increases as the car approaches you and then drops sharply as it moves away.
American scientists figured out that they knew the satellite’s precise orbital position,
they could accurately locate their exact position on earth by listening to the pinging sounds and
measuring the satellite’s radio signal Doppler shift. Satellite offered some possibilities for
navigation and positioning system .and the U.S.Deparment of Defense (DOD) explored the
concept.
In 1973, the Air-Force was selected as the lead organization to consolidate all the
military satellite navigation efforts into a single program. This evolved into the NAVSTAR

(Navigation Satellite Timing and Ranging) Global positioning system, which is the official name
for the United States ‘GPS program.
5.3 HOW GPS WORKS:
The intricacies of GPS are steeped in mathematics, physics, and

engineering, but you don’t need to be a rocket scientist to understand how GPS works.
GPS is composed of three parts as shown in the below figure:
 Satellites
 Ground stations
 Receivers
FIG 5.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF GPS
5.3.1 EYEING SATELLITES:

In GPS jargon, a satellite is the space segment. A constellation of 24 GPS
satellites (21 operational and 3 spares) orbits about 12,000 miles above the Earth (as shown in
figure 3-2). The satellites zoom through the heavens at around 7,000miles per hour .It takes
about 12 hours for a satellite to completely orbit the Earth, passing over the exact same spot
approximately every 24 hours. The satellites are positioned where a GPS receiver can receive
signals from at least six of the satellites at any time, at any location on the Earth ( if nothing
obstructs the signals).
FIG 5.2 WORKING OF SATELLITES
A satellite has three key pieces of hardware:

 COMPUTER: This onboard computer controls its flight and other functions.
 ATOMIC CLOCK: This keeps accurate time within three nanoseconds (around three-
billionths of a second).
 RADIO TRANSMITTER: This sends signals to Earth.
GPS satellites don’t just help you stay found. All GPS satellites since 1980 carry NUDET
sensors .No, this isn’t some high-tech pornography-detection system.NUDET is an acronym for
Nuclear Detonation; GPS satellites have sensors to detect nuclear attack, and help evaluate strike
damage.
The solar-powered GPS satellites have a limited life span (around 10 years).
When they start to fail, spares are activated or new satellites are sent into orbit to replace the old
ones.
GPS RADIO SIGNALS:
GPS satellites transmit two types of radio signals: C/A-code and P-code. Briefly, here are the
uses and differences of these two types of signals.
COARSE ACQUISITION (C/A – CODE)
Coarse Acquisition(C/A-code) is the type of signal that consumer GPS units receive .C/A- code
is sent on the L1 band at a frequency of 1575.42 MHz

C/A broadcasts are known as the Standard positioning Service (SPS).
C/A – code is less accurate than p-code (see the following section) and is easier for U.S. military
forces to jam and spoof (broadcast false signals to make a receiver think it’s somewhere else
when it’s really not).
The advantage of C/A-code is that it’s quicker to use for acquiring satellites and getting an initial
position fix. Some military P-code receivers first track on the C/a-code and then switch over to
P-code.
PRECISION (P-CODE)
P-code provides highly precise location information. P-code is difficult to jam and spoof .the P-
code signal is broadcast on the L2 band at 1227.6 MHz
P-code broadcasts are known as the Precise positioning Services (PPS).
5.3.2 COVERING GROUND STATIONS
Ground stations are the control segments of GPS. Five unmanned ground stations
around the Earth monitor the satellites .information from the stations is sent to a master control
station – the Consolidated Space Operations Centre ( CSOC) at Schriever Air Force Base in
Colorado – where the data is processed to determine each satellite’s ephemeris and timing errors.
An ephemeris is a list of the predicted positions of astronomical bodies such as the

planets or the Moon. Ephemerides (the plural of ephemeris) have been around for thousands of
years because of their importance in celestial navigation .Ephemerides are compiled to track the
positions of the numerous satellites orbiting the earth.
The processed data is sent to the satellites once daily with ground antenna located
around the world. This is kind of like syncing a personal digital assistant (PDA) with your

personal computer to ensure that all the data is in sync between the two devices. Because the
satellites have small built-in rockets, the CSOC can control them to ensure that they stay in a
correct orbit.
5.3.3 GPS RECEIVERS
Anyone who has a GPS receiver the satellite signals to determine where he or she is located.
SATELLITE DATA:
GPS units receive two types of data from the NAVSATR satellites.
Almanac:
Almanac data contains the approximate positions of the satellites. The data is constantly being
transmitted and is stored in the GPS receiver’s memory.
Ephemeris:
Ephemeris data has the precise positions of the satellites. To get an accurate location fix, the
receiver has to know how far away a satellite is. The GPS receiver calculates the distance to the
satellite by using signals from the satellite.
Using the formula Distance=Velocity x Time, a GPS receiver calculates the satellite’s distance.
A radio signal travels at the speed of light (186,000 miles per second). The GPS receiver needs
to know how long the radio signal takes to travel from the satellite to the receiver in order to
figure the distance. Both the satellite and the GPS receiver generate an identical pseudo-random
code sequence. When the GPS receiver receives this transmitted code, it determines how much
the code needs to be shifted (using the Doppler-shift principle) for the two code sequences to
match .The shift is multiplied by the speed of light to determine the distance from the satellite to
the receiver.

Multiple Satellites:
A GPS receiver needs several pieces to produce position information:
 Location: A minimum of three satellite signals is required to find your location.

 Position: Four satellite signals are required to determine your position in three
dimensions : Latitude, Longitude, and elevation .
5.4 HOW ACCURATE IS A GPS RECEIVER?
According to the government and GPS receiver manufactures, expect your

GPS unit to be accurate within 49 feet (that’s 15 meters for metric-savvy folks). If your GPS
reports that you’re at a certain location, you can be reasonably sure that you’re within 40 feet
of that exact set of coordinates.
GPS receivers tell you how accurate your position is. Based on the quality of
the satellite signals that the unit receives, the screen displays the estimated accuracy in feet or
meters. Accuracy depends on
 Receiver location
 Obstructions that block satellite signals
Even you’re not a military GPS user, you can get more accuracy by using a GPS receiver that
supports corrected location data. Corrected information is broadcast over radio signals that come
from either
 Non-GPS satellites
 Ground – based beacons
Two common sources of more accurate location data are

 Differential GPS ( DGPS)
 Wide Area Augmentation System( WAAS)
FIG 5.3 shows the accuracy you can expect from a GPS receiver. These numbers are guidelines;
at times, you may get slightly more or less accuracy.
TABLE 5.1 GPS ACCURACY

Clouds, rain, snow, and weather don’t reduce the strength of GPS signals enough
to reduce accuracy. The only way that weather can weaken signals is when a
significant amount of rain or snow accumulates on the GPS receiver antenna or an
overhead tree canopy.

5.4.1 INFORMATION FROM GPS RECEIVERS:
GPS receivers provide your location and other useful information:
TIME: A GPS receiver receives time information from atomic clocks, so it’s much more
accurate than your wristwatch.
LOCATION: GPS provides your location in three dimensions:
 Latitude(x coordinate)
 Longitude (y coordinate)
 Elevation
SPEED: When you are moving, a GPS receiver displays your speed.
DIRECTION OF TRAVEL: A GPS receiver can display your direction of t ravel if you’re
moving.
If you’re stationary, the unit can’t use satellite signals to determine which direction you’re
facing. Some GPS units have compasses that show the direction the receiver is pointed whether
you’re moving or standing still.
STORED LOCATIONS: You can locations where you’ve been or want to go with a GPS
receiver. These location positions are waypoints are important because a GPS unit can supply
you with directions and information on how to get to a waypoint. A collection of waypoints that
plots a course of travel is a route, which can also be stored .GPS receivers also store tracks
(which are like an electronic collection of breadcrumb trails that show where you’re been).
5.5 THE FUTURE OF GPS:

Modern technology rapidly evolves, and the same holds true for GPS. Since
consumer GPS. Since consumer GPS receivers first became available in the mid-1990s, the
market has grown tremendously because of cheaper receives prices and new ways to use GPS. A
peek into crystal ball shows what the future may hold for GPS.
MORE ACCURATE:
The United States has started planning the next generation of GPS, dubbed GPS III. Driving
factors are better accuracy and reliability, improved resistance to signal jamming, and the
looming European Galileo system. Increasing the number of WAAS satellites in orbit is also
planned.
SMALLER:
GPS receivers will continue to shrink .GPS units already are integrated into wristwatches,
and PC Card GPS receives can plug into a laptop or PDA.
The three limiting factors that prevent a consumer receiver from shrinking are antenna size,
screen size, and power source size.
CHEAPER:
Prices will continue to decline as manufacturing costs decrease and production quantities
increase.
EASIER TO USE:
Simplified and less technical user interfaces will become more of a priority as GPS receivers
become more appliances like to meet the needs of specialized markets.
MORE INTEGRATED:

GPS receivers are being integrated into cars and trucks, cellphones, PDAs, Family Radio service
(FRS) radios, and other consumer electronic devices. Expect some new products and services
that take advantage of location-aware data.
LESS WIRED
Most GPS receivers transfer data from personal computers through a cable Wireless technologies
such as Bluetooth ( www.bluetooth.com) and wireless USB are well suited for fast and easy data
transfer.
5.6 APPLICATIONS OF GPS
• Location - determining a basic position
• Navigation - getting from one location to another
• Tracking - monitoring the movement of people and things
• Mapping - creating maps of the world
• Timing - bringing precise timing to the world

CHAPTER 6
FACE RECOGNITION
6.1 INTRODUCTION

Humans often use faces to recognize individuals and advancements in
computing capability over the past few decades now enable similar recognitions automatically.
Early face recognition algorithms used simple geometric models, but the recognition process has
now matured into a science of sophisticated mathematical representations and matching
processes. Major advancements and initiatives in the past ten to fifteen years have propelled face
recognition technology into the\ spotlight. Face recognition can be used for both verification and
Identification (open-set and closed-set). There are two predominant approaches to the face
recognition problem: geometric (feature based) and photometric (view based). As reasercher
intrest in face recognition continued, many different algorithms were developed in which
Principle Component Analysis(PCA) is used here.
6.2 PRINCIPLE COMPONENT ANALYSIS
6.2.1. INTRODUCTION
The Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is one of the most successful

techniques that have been used in image recognition and compression. PCA is a statistical
metho d under the broad title of factor analysis. The purpose of PCA is to reduce the large
dimensionality of the data
space (observed variables) to the smaller intrinsic dimensionality of feature space (independent
variables), which are needed to describe the data economically. This is the case when there is a
strong correlation between observed variables.
The jobs which PCA can do are prediction, redundancy removal, feature
extraction, data compression, etc. Because PCA is a classical technique which can do something
in the linear domain,applications having linear mo dels are suitable, such as signal pro cessing,
image processing, systemand control theory, communications, etc.

Fig 6.1 FACE RECOGNITION BLOCK DIAGRAM
Face recognition has many applicable areas. Moreover, it can be categorized into face
identification, face classification, or sex determination. The most useful applications contain
crowd surveillance, video content indexing, personal identi cation (ex. driver’s licence), mug

shots matching, entrance security, etc. The main idea of using PCA for face recognition is to
express the large 1-D vector of pixels constructed from 2-D facial image into the compact
principal components of the feature space. This can be called eigenspace pro jection. Eigenspace
is calculated by identifying the eigenvectors of the covariance matrix derived from a set of facial
images(vectors). The detailsare described in the following section.Section 2 describes
mathematical formulation of PCA. More details about face recognition byPCA are given in
Section 3. Implementation and some results are shown in Section 4. Finally, present critical
reviews in Section 5.
6.2.2. MATHEMATICS OF PCA
A 2-D facial image can be represented as 1-D vector by concatenating

each row (or column) into a long thin vector. Let’s suppose we have M vectors of size N (=
rows of image × columns of image) representing a set of sampled images. pj’s represent the
pixel values.
xi = [p1 . . . pN ]T , i = 1, . . . , M ....(1)
The images are mean centered by subtracting the mean image from each image vector. Let m
represent the mean image.
And let wi be de ned as mean centered image
wi = xi – m .... (3)
Our goal is to find a set of ei’s which have the largest possible projection onto each of the wi’s.
We wish to find a set of M orthonormal vectors ei for which the quantity

is maximized with the orthonormality constraint
It has been shown that the ei ’s and i’s are given by the eigenvectors and eigenvalues of the
covariance matrix
where W is a matrix composed of the column vectors wi placed side by side. The size of C is
N × N which could be enormous. For example, images of size 64 × 64 create the covariance
matrix of size 4096 ×4096. It is not practical to solve for the eigenvectors of C directly. A
common theorem in linear algebra states that the vectors ei and scalars i can be obtained by
solving for the eigenvectors and eigenvalues of the M × M matrix W T W. Let di and µi be the
eigenvectors and eigenvalues of, respectively.
By multiplying left to both sides by W
which means that the rst M - 1 eigenvectors ei and eigenvalues i of WW T are given by W di
and µi, respectively. W di needs to be normalized in order to be equal to ei . Since we only sum
up a nite number of image vectors, M, the rank of the covariance matrix cannot exceed M - 1
(The -1 come from the subtraction of the mean vector m).

The eigenvectors corresponding to nonzero eigenvalues of the covariance
matrix produce an orthonormal basis for the subspace within which most image data can be
represented with a small amount of error. The eigenvectors are sorted from high to low
according to their corresponding eigenvalues. The eigenvector associated with the largest
eigenvalue is one that reflects the greatest variance in the image. That is, the smallest eigenvalue
is associated with the eigenvector that finds the least variance. They decrease in exponential
fashion, meaning that the roughly 90% of the total variance is contained in the first 5% to 10%
of the dimensions.
A facial image can be pro jected onto M ( M ) dimensions by computing
where vi = eTi wi . vi is the ith coordinate of the facial image in the new space, which came to
be the principal component. The vectors ei are also images, so called, eigenimages, or eigenfaces
in our case, which was rst named by [1]. They can be viewed as images and indeed lo ok like
faces. So, describes the contribution of each eigenface in representing the facial image by
treating the eigenfaces as a basis set for facial images. The simplest method for determining
which face class provides the best description of an input facial image is to nd the face class k
that minimizes the Euclidean distance
where k is a vector describing the kth face class. If k is less than some prede ned threshold ,
a face is classified as belonging to the class k.

FIG 6.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM FOR PCA
6.2.3. FACE RECOGNITION

Once the eigenfaces have been computed, several types of decision can be made
depending on the application. What we call face recognition is a broad term which may be
further speci ed to one of following tasks:
• identi cation where the labels of individuals must be obtained,
• recognition of a person, where it must be decided if the individual has already been seen,
• categorization where the face must be assigned to a certain class.
PCA computes the basis of a space which is represented by its training vectors.
These basis vectors, actually eigenvectors, computed by PCA are in the direction of the largest
variance of the training vectors. As it has been said earlier, we call them eigenfaces. Each
eigenface can be viewed a feature. When a particular face is pro jected onto the face space, its
vector into the face space describe the importance of each of those features in the face. The face
is expressed in the face space by its eigenface co e cients (or weights). We can handle a large
input vector, facial image, only by taking its small weight vector in the face space. This means
that we can reconstruct the original face with some error, since the dimensionality of the image
space is much larger than that of face space.
In this report, let’s consider face identi cation only. Each face in the training
set is transformed into the face space and its components are stored in memory. The face space
has to be populated with these known faces. An input face is given to the system, and then it is
pro jected onto the face space. The system computes its distance from all the stored faces.
However, two issues should be carefully considered:
1. What if the image presented to the system is not a face?
2. What if the face presented to the system has not already learned, i.e., not stored as a
knownface?
The first defect is easily avoided since the first eigenface is a good face filter which
can test whether each image is highly correlated with itself. The images with a low correlation

can be rejected. Or these two issues are altogether addressed by categorizing following four
different regions:
1. Near face space and near stored face

= known faces
2. Near face space but not near a known face = unknown faces
3. Distant from face space and near a face class = non-faces
4. Distant from face space and not near a known class = non-faces
Since a face is well represented by the face space, its reconstruction should be similar
to the original, hence the reconstruction error will be small. Non-face images will have a large
reconstruction error which is larger than some threshold r . The distance k determines whether the
input face is near a known face.
6.2.4 IMPLEMENTATION AND RESULTS
It contains ten different imagesof each of 40 distinct subjects. For some subjects, the images
were taken at di erent times,varying the lighting, facial expressions (open/closed eyes,
smiling/not smiling) and facial details (glasses/no glasses). All the images were taken against a
dark homogeneous background with the subjects in an upright, frontal position (with tolerance
for some side movement). An experiment with a subset of the database, which only contains 12
subject’s images, has been performed to ensure how well the eigenface system can identify each
individual’s face. There are 5 additional test images, each of which is the known face. I also
appended 2 non-face images to test whether it can detect them correctly.
Figure 3 shows the eigenface images which are originally the eigenvectors ei of the
covariance matrix at Eq.6. The first eigenface account for the maximal variation of the training
vectors. The 10 original training images and their reconstructed versions are depicted in Figure 1
and 2. The result was very successful given the test images in Figure 4. Every test image was
correctly classified.

Figure 1: Original
Images
Fig 2:Reconstructed Images of training Images- They are almost same as the original images
Fig.3: Eigen face: the first eigen face account for the maximal variation of the
training vectors and the second one accounts for the second maximal variation, etc.
Test images: the number corresponds the order of the set of original training images in figure 1r*
1-th 2-th 3-th 4-th 5-th 6-th 7-th 8-th 9-th 10-th
means the corrected image
When two unknown faces in Figure 5 are input to the system, the ’s at Eq. 10 are larger
than the prede ned threshold. In the case of two non-face images in Figure 5, the reconstruction
t1 r1 t3 r3 t6 r6 t8 r8 t9 r9
errors were larger than the reconstruction threshold, then they are not considered as face images.
The MATLAB source codes are attached to the appendix in the end of this summary .

some limitations of the algorithm, which I found from the experiments
 The face image should be normalized and frontal-view
 The system is an auto-asso ciative memory (p.153 in [2]). It is harmful to be overfitted.
 Training is very computationally intensive.
 It is hard to decide suitable thresholds - It is kind of Art !
 The suggested methods to deal with unknown faces and non-faces are not good enough to
 differentiate them from known faces

CHAPTER 7
SOFTWARES USED
7.1 KEIL IDE
Keil Software is the leading vendor for 8/16-bit development tools (ranked at first
position in the 2004 Embedded Market Study of the Embedded Systems and EE Times
magazine). Keil Software is represented world-wide in more than 40 countries. Since the market

introduction in 1988, the Keil C51 Compiler is the de facto industry standard and supports more
than 500 current 8051 device variants. Now, Keil Software offers development tools for ARM.
Keil Software makes C compilers, macro assemblers, real-time kernels, debuggers, simulators,

integrated environments, and evaluation boards for the 8051, 251, ARM, and XC16x/C16x/ST10
microcontroller families.
Keil Software is pleased to announce simulation support for the Atmel AT91 ARM family of
microcontrollers. The Keil µVision Debugger simulates the complete ARM instruction-set as
well as the on-chip peripherals for each device in the AT91 ARM/Thumb microcontroller family.
The integrated simulator provides complete peripheral simulation. Other new features in the
µVision Debugger include:
 An integrated Software Logic Analyzer that measures I/O signals as well as program
variables and helps developers create complex signal processing algorithms.
 An Execution Profiler that measures time spent in each function, source line, and assembler
instruction. Now developers can find exactly where programs spend the most time.
"Using nothing more than the provided simulation support and debug scripts, developers can
create a high-fidelity simulation of their actual target hardware and environment. No extra
hardware or test equipment is required. The Logic Analyzer and Execution Profiler will help
developers when it comes time to develop and tune signaling algorithms." said Jon Ward,
President of Keil Software USA, Inc.
7.1.1 KIEL COMPILER
The Keil C51 C Compiler for the 8051 microcontroller is the most popular 8051 C
compiler in the world. It provides more features than any other 8051 C compiler available today.
The C51 Compiler allows you to write 8051 microcontroller applications in C that, once
compiled, have the efficiency and speed of assembly language. Language extensions in the C51
Compiler give you full access to all resources of the 8051.
The C51 Compiler translates C source files into relocatable object modules which contain full
symbolic information for debugging with the µVision Debugger or an in-circuit emulator. In
addition to the object file, the compiler generates a listing file which may optionally include
symbol table and cross reference
 Nine basic data types, including 32-bit IEEE floating-point,

 Flexible variable allocation with bit, data, bdata, idata, xdata, and pdata memory
types,
 Interrupt functions may be written in C,
 Full use of the 8051 register banks,
 Complete symbol and type information for source-level debugging,
 Use of AJMP and ACALL instructions,
 Bit-addressable data objects,
 Built-in interface for the RTX51 Real-Time Kernel,
 Support for dual data pointers on Atmel, AMD, Cypress, Dallas Semiconductor, Infineon,
Philips, and Triscend microcontrollers,
 Support for the Philips 8xC750, 8xC751, and 8xC752 limited instruction sets,
 Support for the Infineon 80C517 arithmetic unit.

Fig 7.1 KEIL IDE
7.2 ORCAD-PCB DESIGN.
The capability to provide fast and universal design entry makes orcad capture
design entry the most widely used schematic entry system in electronic design today. Whether
used to design a new analog circuit, revise a schematic diagram for an existing printed circuit
board (PCB), or design a digital block diagram with an HDL module, orcad capture provides the
tools needed to enter, modify, and verify the PCB design. Orcad Capture CIS integrates the
Orcad Capture schematic design application with the features of a component information
system (CIS).
Fig 7.2 ORCAD DESIGN
7.2.1 ORCAD PCB DESIGN TECHNOLOGIES
ORCAD products have a proven track record of innovation in the PCB

personal productivity market. Available as stand-alone tools or in comprehensive suites, they
allow designers to realize products from conception to manufacturing output. Easy to use and
intuitive, they offer exceptional value, and orcad technology provides easy migration to the
platform.

7.2.2ORCAD CAPTURE
ORCAD Capture is a complete solution for design creation, management, and

reuse. Its ease-of-use allows designers to focus their creativity on design development rather than
tool operation. The hierarchical Schematic Page Editor combines a windows user interface with
functionality and features specifically for design entry tasks and for publishing design data.
Centralized project management provides seamless interchange of schematic

data for circuit simulation, board layout, and signal integrity analysis. A configurable design rule
check (DRC) mechanism helps eliminate costly engineering change orders (ECOs). Basic bill of
materials (BOMs) outputs are created from data schematic data for circuit simulation, board
layout, and signal integrity analysis. A configurable design rule check (DRC) mechanism helps
eliminate costly engineering change orders (ECOs). Basic bill of materials (BOMs) outputs are
created from data contained in the schematic database.
7.2.3ORCAD CAPTURE CIS
ORCAD capture CIS is designed to reduce production delays and cost overruns
through efficient management of components. It reduces the time spent searching existing parts
for reuse, manually entering part information content, and maintaining component data. Users
search parts based on their electrical characteristics and orcad capture CIS automatically
retrieves the associated part. Flexible and scalable, the solution is quickly implemented.
Orcad capture CIS is ideal for individual design teams or multi-site teams who need to
collaborate across multiple locations, orcad capture CIS gives designers access to correct part
data early in the design process and enables complete component specifications to be passed to
board designers and other members of the design team, reducing the potential for downstream
errors. It provides access to cost information so designers can use preferred, lower cost, and in
stock parts. The embedded part selector accesses information stored in MRP/ERP systems and
engineering databases and synchronizes externally sourced data with the schematic design
database, so bills of materials can be automatically generated.

Fig 7.2 ORCAD CAPTURE
7.2.4 EATURES
SCHEMATIC EDITOR
The full-featured schematic editor allows users to view and edit multiple schematic
designs in a single session. Design data is easily reused by copying and pasting within or
between schematics. Parts are quickly selected from a comprehensive set of functional part
libraries. Configurable design and electrical rule checkers ensure design integrity. In-line editing
of parts allows pin name and number movement. A user interface has been provided to add
critical constraints for users of the orcad capture to orcad PCB editor flow.

PROJECT MANAGER
The Project Manager simplifies organizing and tracking the various types of data
generated in the design process. An expanding tree diagram makes it easy to structure and
navigate design files, including those generated by pspice simulators, orcad capture CIS, and
other plugins. A Creation Wizard guides users through all the resources available for a specific
design flow. Users can navigate the entire schematic structure and instantly open specific
elements a schematic page, part, or net with the hierarchy browser.
HIERARCHICAL DESIGN AND REUSE
Orcad capture boosts schematic editing efficiency by enabling subcircuit reuse

without having to make multiple copies. Using hierarchical blocks, simply reference the same
subcircuit multiple times. Automatic creation of hierarchical ports eliminates potential design
connection errors. Ports and pins can be updated dynamically for hierarchical blocks and
underlying schematics. Added navigation utilities recognize block boundaries and accessibility
using keyboard shortcuts.
THE LIBRARIES AND PART EDITOR
The library editor is accessed directly from the orcad capture user interface. Users
can create and edit parts in the library or directly from the schematic page without interrupting
workflow. Intuitive graphical controls speed schematic part creation and editing. New parts are
created quickly by modifying existing ones. New parts can also be created from spread sheets. A
library part generator automates the integration of field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) and
programmable logic devices (PLDs) into the system schematic. The Generate Part feature
simplifies the creation of core FPGA library parts for high-pin-count devices. These parts can be
split into multiple parts.
EASY DATA ENTRY
Designers can access all part, net, pin, and title block properties, or any subset, and
make changes quickly through the orcad capture spreadsheet property editor. It simply requires

selecting a circuit element, grouped area, or entire page, and then selecting add/edit/delete part,
net, or pin properties.
BENEFITS
• Provides fast, intuitive schematic editing
• Boosts schematic editing efficiency by design reuse
• Automates the integration of FPGA and PLD devices
• Makes changes quickly through a single spreadsheet editor
• Imports and exports virtually every commonly used design file format
• Reduces delays caused by out-of-stock parts (CIS)
• Promotes reuse of preferred components (CIS)
• Encourages reuse of known good part data (CIS)
• Makes reuse of duplicate circuitry easy through hierarchical blocks (CIS)
7.3 FLASH PROGRAMMER
• Straightforward and intuitive user interface
• Five simple steps to erasing and programming a device and setting any options desired
• Programs Intel Hex Files
• Automatic verifying after programming
• Fills unused Flash to increase firmware security

• Ability to automatically program checksums. Using the supplied checksum calculation
routine your firmware can easily verify the integrity of a Flash block, ensuring no
unauthorized or corrupted code can ever be executed
• Program security bits
• Check which Flash blocks are blank or in use with the ability to easily erase all blocks in
use
• Read the device signature
• Read any section of Flash and save as an Intel Hex File
• Reprogram the Boot Vector and Status Byte with the help of confirmation features that
prevent accidentally programming incorrect values
• Display the contents of Flash in ASCII and Hexadecimal formats
• Single-click access to the manual, Flash Magic home page and NXP Microcontrollers
home page
• Ability to use high-speed serial communications on devices that support it. Flash Magic
calculates the highest baudrate that both the device and your PC can use and switches to that
baudrate transparently

Fig 7.4FLASH PROGRAMMER
Fig 7.5 HEX FILE CONVERSION
7.4 EMBEDDED C
The C for microcontrollers and the standard C syntax and semantics are
slightly different. The former is aimed at the general purpose programming paradigm
whereas the latter is for a specific target microcontroller such as 8051 or PIC. The
underlying fact is that everything will be ultimately mapped into the microcontroller
machine code. If a certain feature such as indirect access to I/O registers is inhibited in
the target microcontroller, the compiler will also restrict the same at higher level.
Similarly some C operators which are meant for general purpose computing are also not
available with the C for microcontrollers. Even the operators and constructs which may
lead to memory inefficiency are not available in C programming meant for
microcontrollers.
Be aware that the target code should fit in the limited on-chip memory of
the processor. Even the I/O functions available in standard C such as printf() or scanf()
are either not made available in C compilers for microcontrollers or advised not to use
them. These functions eat up lot of memory space and are not time-efficient owing to the
dragging of supporting functions like floating point routines and lot of delimiters.
Another striking difference in case of embedded systems programs is that they do
nothave the umbrella or support of the operating system. The programmer has to be
accustomed with the absence of system calls which makes life easy in traditional C.
7.5 Introduction to MATLAB:
MATLAB is a high-performance language for technical computing. It integrates

computation, visualization, and programming in an easy-to-use environment where problems and
solutions are expressed in familiar mathematical notation. Typical uses include
 Math and computation

 Algorithm development
 Data acquisition
 Modeling, simulation, and prototyping
 Data analysis, exploration, and visualization

 Scientific and engineering graphics
 Application development, including graphical user interface building
MATLAB is an interactive system whose basic data element is an array that does not require
dimensioning. This allows you to solve many technical computing problems, especially those
with matrix and vector formulations, in a fraction of the time it would take to write a program in
a scalar non interactive language such as C or FORTRAN.
The name MATLAB stands for matrix laboratory. MATLAB was originally written to provide
easy access to matrix software developed by the LINPACK and EISPACK projects. Today,
MATLAB engines incorporate the LAPACK and BLAS libraries, embedding the state of the art
in software for matrix computation.
MATLAB has evolved over a period of years with input from many users. In university
environments, it is the standard instructional tool for introductory and advanced courses in
mathematics, engineering, and science. In industry, MATLAB is the tool of choice for high-
productivity research, development, and analysis.
MATLAB features a family of add-on application-specific solutions called toolboxes.

Very important to most uses of MATLAB, toolboxes allow you to learn and apply specialized
technology. Toolboxes are comprehensive collections of MATLAB functions (M – files) that
extend the MATLAB environment to solve particular classes of problems. Areas in which
toolboxes are available include signal processing, control systems, neural networks, fuzzy logic,
wavelets, simulation, and many others.
7.5.1 The MATLAB system:
The MATLAB system consists of five main parts

 Development Environment:
This is the set of tools and facilities that help you use MATLAB functions and files.
Many of these tools are graphical user interfaces. It includes the MATLAB desktop and
command window, a command history, an editor and debugger, and browsers for viewing help,
the workspace, files, and the search path.
 The MATLAB Mathematical Function Library:
This is a vast collection of computational algorithms ranging from elementary functions,

like sum, sine, cosine, and complex arithmetic, to more sophisticated functions like matrix
inverse, matrix Eigen values, Bessel functions, and fast Fourier transforms.
 The MATLAB Language:
This is a high-level matrix/array language with control flow statements, functions, data
structures, input/output, and object-oriented programming features. It allows both “programming
in the small” to rapidly create quick and dirty throw-away programs, and “programming in the
large” to create large and complex application programs.
 Graphics:

MATLAB has extensive facilities for displaying vectors and matrices as graphs, as well
as annotating and printing these graphs. It includes high-level functions for two-dimensional and
three-dimensional data visualization, image processing, animation, and presentation graphics. It
also includes low-level functions that allow you to fully customize the appearance of graphics as
well as to build complete graphical user interfaces on your MATLAB applications.
 The MATLAB Application Program Interface (API):
This is a library that allows you to write C and FORTRAN programs that interact with
MATLAB. It includes facilities for calling routines from MATLAB (dynamic linking), calling
MATLAB as a computational engine, and for reading and writing MAT-files.
Various toolboxes are there in MATLAB for computing recognition techniques, but we are
using IMAGE PROCESSING toolbox.
7.5.2 GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE (GUI):
MATLAB’s Graphical User Interface Development Environment (GUIDE) provides a

rich set of tools for incorporating graphical user interfaces (GUIs) in M-functions. Using
GUIDE, the processes of laying out a GUI (i.e., its buttons, pop-up menus, etc.)and
programming the operation of the GUI are divided conveniently into two easily managed and
relatively independent tasks. The resulting graphical M-function is composed of two identically
named (ignoring extensions) files:
 A file with extension .fig, called a FIG-file that contains a complete graphical description of
all the function’s GUI objects or elements and their spatial arrangement. A FIG-file contains

binary data that does not need to be parsed when he associated GUI-based M-function is
executed.
 A file with extension .m, called a GUI M-file, which contains the code that controls the GUI
operation. This file includes functions that are called when the GUI is launched and exited,
and callback functions that are executed when a user interacts with GUI objects for example,
when a button is pushed.
To launch GUIDE from the MATLAB command window, type
guide filename
Where filename is the name of an existing FIG-file on the current path. If filename is omitted,
GUIDE opens a new (i.e., blank) window.
Some important definitions related to GUI
Axes
Axes enable your GUI to display graphics (e.g., graphs and images). Like all graphics objects, axes have
properties that you can set to control many aspects of its behavior and appearance. See Axes Properties
for general information on axes objects.
Axes Callbacks
Axes are not uicontrol objects, but can be programmed to execute a callback when users click a
mouse button in the axes. Use the axes ButtonDownFcn property to define the callback.
Plotting to Axes in GUIs

GUIs that contain axes should ensure the Command-line accessibility option in the Application
Options dialog is set to Callback (the default). This enables you to issue plotting commands from
callbacks without explicitly specifying the target axes.
GUIs with Multiple Axes
If a GUI has multiple axes, you should explicitly specify which axes you want to target when
you issue plotting commands. You can do this using the axes command and the handles
structure. For example,
axes(handles.axes1)
makes the axes whose Tag property is axes1 the current axes, and therefore the
target for plotting commands. You can switch the current axes whenever you want to target a
different axes. See GUI with Multiple Axes for and example that uses two axes.
Figure
Figures are the windows that contain the GUI you design with the Layout Editor. See the
description of figure properties for information on what figure characteristics you can control.
7.6 ADVANTAGES
• Flexibility and portable system

• Less Cost and compact
• Effective security system
• Alert system
• Optimized System
7.7 APPLICATIONS
• Security applications
• Image processing applications
• Banking applications

CHAPTER 8
RESULT

CONCLUSION
The embedded control central works all the time or discontinuously for power saving, achieve
images and GPS data. During alarm periods, if faces have been detected , or longitude and
latitude of the car change, alarms would be made, and GSM module works to inform somebody.
When the car is lost, new GPS data could be received to help to find them.Experiment results
show that it takes about 6 seconds to detect one 320*240 colored jpeg image by software. It
seems to be too long to be used in “Real- Time” detection, the driver could not leave the seat
very soon as we discussed earlier, so it is also “fast” enough and valuable for a low cost, low
power and smart car security system with out additional hardware modules. During the
expirement, we find out that the face detection module can not detect those faces not in front of
camera, for example, where there is a big angle between face and camera. It proves to us that the
detection algorithm can not detect all kinds of faces and the camera need to be fixed toward the
face of the driver if possible. Because of the flexibility of embedded system, the embedded smart
car security system is extendable for special purposes. The IIC bus interface offer a widely
communication bandwidth with the car control system to change data and information, and new
functional modules can be easily added to the system to upgrade and enhance it. Experiment

results prove that this smart car security system works well, and can be put forward to practical
application.
BIBILOGRAPHY
 BioID Face Database
 Zhang Yu, “Research on High Level Model and Performance Estimation”

Southeast University PHD thesis, 2007.
 www.microcontroller.com
 Teresko, J., "Winning with wireless," Industry Week, 252(6), Available

ProQuest, 2003.
 ieeexplore.ieee.org

APPENDIX

SOURCE CODE
EMBEDDED CODING
#include<REG420.h>
#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
sbit DEV = P0^0;
void SBUF1_puts(unsigned char *);
void Gets(unsigned char *, unsigned char);
unsigned char Get_USART_char_1(void);
unsigned char Get_USART_char_0(void);
//***************Variable declaration**************//

unsigned char temp=0, Count=0,Flag=0,Flag1=0,RecDat;
unsigned char Str_Array[30],y[45];
unsigned char *ptr;
//***************Function declaration**************//
void init_comms(void);
void Delay_ms12M(unsigned int);
void Transmit_0(unsigned char);
//void Transmit_1(unsigned char);
void Send_SMS(void);
void main()
Delay_ms12M(100);
init_comms();
P0 = 0x00;
DEV=1;
Transmit_0('L');
while(1){
while(Flag1==0); Send_SMS();
void Receive(void) interrupt 7

{
if(RI_1)
temp = SBUF1;
//Receive the first character
if (temp == 'C')
ES1 = 1;
Gets(y,0);
while(!(strchr(y,'C'))) Gets(y,0);
ptr = strchr(y,'C')+ 2;
Flag = 1;
Flag1 = 1;
RI_1 = 0;
void Serial_0() interrupt 4

if(RI_0)
RecDat = SBUF0;
if(RecDat == 'V')
// SBUF0=RecDat;
Flag1=1;
else if(RecDat == 'S')
DEV=0;
RI_0 = 0;
void init_comms(void)
EA = 1;
ES0 = 1; ES1 = 0;

PCON |= 0x80;
SCON0 = 0x50; //SERIAL CONN MODE 1 - SERIAL 0 (1 START, 8-DATA, 1 STOP

BIT)
SCON1 = 0x50; //SERIAL CONN MODE 1 - SERIAL 1 (START, 8-DATA, 1 STOP BIT)
TMOD |= 0x21; //TIMER 1 MODE 2, 8-BIT AUTO RELOAD MODE
TH1 = 0xFA; //11.0592 Mhz at serial0(19200), serial1(9600) baud rate.
TCON = 0x50;
void Delay_ms12M(unsigned int del)
int j;
while(del>0)
del--;
for(j=0;j<110;j++);
void SBUF0_puts(const unsigned char *string)
while(*string)

Transmit_0(*string++);
void Gets(unsigned char *string, unsigned char n)
unsigned char i=0,J=0;
do
if(n==1)
*(string+i)= Get_USART_char_0();
else
*(string+i)= Get_USART_char_1();
J = *(string+i); //Transmit_0(J);
i++;
}while((J!='\n') && (J!='\r') && (J!=EOF));
i++;
*(string+i) = NULL;
unsigned char Get_USART_char_1(void)

unsigned char c;
while(!RI_1);
c = SBUF1; RI_1 = 0;
return c;
unsigned char Get_USART_char_0(void)
unsigned char c;
while(!RI_0);
c = SBUF0; RI_0 = 0;
return c;
void Transmit_0(unsigned char dat)
SBUF0 = dat;
while(TI_0==0);
TI_0 = 0;
Delay_ms12M(2);
void Send_SMS(void)

ES1 = 1;
while(Flag==0); Flag = 0;
//Transmit_0(0XAB);
//
Transmit_0(0XB1);
SBUF0_puts(ptr);
FACE RECOGNITION CODING
function varargout = gui_pca(varargin)

% GUI_PCA M-file for gui_pca.fig
% GUI_PCA, by itself, creates a new GUI_PCA or raises the existing
% singleton*.
%
% H = GUI_PCA returns the handle to a new GUI_PCA or the handle to
% the existing singleton*.
%
% GUI_PCA('CALLBACK',hObject,eventData,handles,...) calls the local
% function named CALLBACK in GUI_PCA.M with the given input arguments.
%
% GUI_PCA('Property','Value',...) creates a new GUI_PCA or raises the
% existing singleton*. Starting from the left, property value pairs are
% applied to the GUI before gui_pca_OpeningFunction gets called. An
% unrecognized property name or invalid value makes property application
% stop. All inputs are passed to gui_pca_OpeningFcn via varargin.

%
% *See GUI Options on GUIDE's Tools menu. Choose "GUI allows only one
% instance to run (singleton)".
%
% See also: GUIDE, GUIDATA, GUIHANDLES
% Edit the above text to modify the response to help gui_pca
% Last Modified by GUIDE v2.5 26-Jan-2010 16:24:37
% Begin initialization code - DO NOT EDIT

gui_Singleton = 1;
gui_State = struct('gui_Name', mfilename, ...
'gui_Singleton', gui_Singleton, ...
'gui_OpeningFcn', @gui_pca_OpeningFcn, ...
'gui_OutputFcn', @gui_pca_OutputFcn, ...
'gui_LayoutFcn', [] , ...
'gui_Callback', []);
if nargin & isstr(varargin{1})
gui_State.gui_Callback = str2func(varargin{1});
end
if nargout
[varargout{1:nargout}] = gui_mainfcn(gui_State, varargin{:});
else
gui_mainfcn(gui_State, varargin{:});
end
% End initialization code - DO NOT EDIT
% --- Executes just before gui_pca is made visible.

function gui_pca_OpeningFcn(hObject, eventdata, handles, varargin)
% This function has no output args, see OutputFcn.

% hObject handle to figure
% eventdata reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB
% handles structure with handles and user data (see GUIDATA)
% varargin command line arguments to gui_pca (see VARARGIN)
% Choose default command line output for gui_pca

handles.output = hObject;
% Update handles structure

guidata(hObject, handles);
% UIWAIT makes gui_pca wait for user response (see UIRESUME)

% uiwait(handles.figure1);
% --- Outputs from this function are returned to the command line.
function varargout = gui_pca_OutputFcn(hObject, eventdata, handles)
% varargout cell array for returning output args (see VARARGOUT);
% hObject handle to figure
% Get default command line output from handles structure

varargout{1} = handles.output;
a=ones(256,256);
axes(handles.axs_1);
imshow(a);
axes(handles.axs_q);

imshow(a);
% axes(handles.axs_5);
% imshow(a);
%
% axes(handles.axs_7);
% imshow(a);
% --- Executes on button press in Add_Database.

function Add_Database_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)
% hObject handle to Add_Database (see GCBO)
data;
helpdlg('database successfully added to database');
% --- Executes on button press in Browse.

function Browse_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)
% hObject handle to Browse (see GCBO)
% [filename, pathname] = uigetfile('*.bmp', 'Pick an image');

%
% if isequal(filename,0) || isequal(pathname,0)
%
% warndlg('Image is not selected');
%

% else
% c=strcat(pathname,filename);
ss=handles.ss;
a = imresize(ss,[112,92]);
imwrite(a,'1.bmp');
imshow(a);
handles.inputimage = a;
% Update handles structure

% --- Executes on button press in Recognition.

function Recognition_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)
% hObject handle to Recognition (see GCBO)
inputimage = handles.inputimage ;
r_image=inputimage;
queryEnergies_r = obtainEnergies1(r_image); % Obtain top 6 energies of the IRdemo.
fid = fopen('database.txt');
fresultValues = []; % Results matrix...

fresultNames = {};
i = 1; % Indices...
j = 1;

while 1
imagename = fgetl(fid);
if ~ischar(imagename), break, end % Meaning: End of File...
X = imread(imagename);
r1_image=X;
imageEnergies_r = obtainEnergies1(r1_image);
E_r = euclideanDistance(queryEnergies_r, imageEnergies_r);
fresultValues_r(i) = E_r;
fresultNames_r(j) = {imagename};
i = i + 1;
j = j + 1;
end
fclose(fid);
[sortedValues_r, index_r] = sort(fresultValues_r); % Sorted results... the vector index
if sortedValues_r(1) == 0
imagename = char(fresultNames_r(index_r(1)));
axes(handles.axs_1);
imshow(imagename);
warndlg('AUTHENTICATED');
else
errordlg('Person not Autherized');

open('VehicleTheft.exe');
imwrite(inputimage,'50.jpg');

end
% --- Executes on button press in Remove_Database.

function Remove_Database_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)
% hObject handle to Remove_Database (see GCBO)
ButtonName=questdlg('Do you want to delete database?', ...

'Genie Question', ...'Yes','No');
D='Yes'
if ButtonName == D
delete database.txt;
helpdlg('database deleted succesfully');
end
% --- Executes during object creation, after setting all properties.

function C_CreateFcn(hObject, eventdata, handles)
% hObject handle to C (see GCBO)
% handles empty - handles not created until after all CreateFcns called
% Hint: edit controls usually have a white background on Windows.

% See ISPC and COMPUTER.
if ispc
set(hObject,'BackgroundColor','white');
else
set(hObject,'BackgroundColor',get(0,'defaultUicontrolBackgroundColor'));
end

function C_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)
% hObject handle to C (see GCBO)
% Hints: get(hObject,'String') returns contents of C as text

% str2double(get(hObject,'String')) returns contents of C as a double

function c_CreateFcn(hObject, eventdata, handles)
% hObject handle to c (see GCBO)

if ispc
else
end
function c_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)

% hObject handle to c (see GCBO)

% Hints: get(hObject,'String') returns contents of c as text

% str2double(get(hObject,'String')) returns contents of c as a double

function edit3_CreateFcn(hObject, eventdata, handles)
% hObject handle to edit3 (see GCBO)

if ispc
else
end
function edit3_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)

% hObject handle to edit3 (see GCBO)
% Hints: get(hObject,'String') returns contents of edit3 as text

% str2double(get(hObject,'String')) returns contents of edit3 as a double

% --- Executes on button press in Capture.
function Capture_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)
% hObject handle to Capture (see GCBO)
k=1;
while k
s1 = serial('COM1');
set(s1,'BaudRate',9600,'StopBits',1,'FlowControl','none','Parity','none','DataBits'...
,8,'outputBufferSize',5000);
s1.InputBufferSize=5000;
s1.TimeOut=5;
fopen(s1);
out = fread(s1);
fclose(s1);
delete(s1);
if out==76;
k =0;
imaqhwinfo
vid = videoinput('winvideo', 1, 'RGB24_320x240');
preview(vid);
pause;
data = getsnapshot(vid);
figure;
imshow(data);
imwrite(data,'input1.jpg');

imshow(data);
ss=imread('input1.jpg');
[r c p] = size(ss);
if p == 3
a = rgb2gray(ss);
end
handles.ss=a;
else
k = k+1;
end
end


Smart Car Final

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

You might also like

Smart Car Final

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Smart Car Final

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

CHAPTER 1

SMART CAR SECURITY SYSTEM 1

In this proposed system

 Preach to the owner if some one tries to stolen

 Automated functions through image processing

 Security maintenance by behavior recognition

 Effective mobile communication for entire process

SMART CAR SECURITY SYSTEM 2

Software : KEIL IDE, FLASH MAGIC, ORCAD

Operating system : WINDOWS XP

Processor : P-4 or higher processor.

Memory : 64KB (minimum)

Ports : 2 Serial Ports.

Others : Integrating Unit, Web Camera

SMART CAR SECURITY SYSTEM 3

Figure 1.1: Block Diagram of Smart Car Security System

Fig 1.2 schematic diagram

1.4 POWER SUPPLY

1.4.1 Block Diagram

TRANSFORMER RECTIFIER FILTER IC REGULATOR LOAD

Fig 1.4.1 Block Diagram of Power supply

1.4.2 Working principle

SMART CAR SECURITY SYSTEM 6

SMART CAR SECURITY SYSTEM 7

SMART CAR SECURITY SYSTEM 8

 High-Speed 8051 Architecture

SMART CAR SECURITY SYSTEM 10

2.1.2 PIN DESCRIPTION

SMART CAR SECURITY SYSTEM 11

SMART CAR SECURITY SYSTEM 14

SMART CAR SECURITY SYSTEM 15

Instruction Set Summary

SMART CAR SECURITY SYSTEM 16

Special-Function Registers (SFRs)

SMART CAR SECURITY SYSTEM 17

SMART CAR SECURITY SYSTEM 18

GLOBAL SYSTEM FOR MOBILE COMMUNICATION

SMART CAR SECURITY SYSTEM 19

In addition to the standard AT commands, GSM modems support an extended set of AT

 Reading, writing and deleting SMS messages.

 Sending SMS messages.

 Monitoring the signal strength.

 Monitoring the charging status and charge level of the battery.

 Reading, writing and searching phone book entries.

SMART CAR SECURITY SYSTEM 20

Fig 3.1 GSM MODEM APPLICATIONS

SMART CAR SECURITY SYSTEM 21

3.2.1 FACTS AND APPLICATIONS OF GSM/GPRS MODEM

Some points to be remembered in case of data calls:

SMART CAR SECURITY SYSTEM 22

Applications And Facts About GSM Data Calls:

Fig 3.2 INTERFACING FIGURE

SMART CAR SECURITY SYSTEM 23

3.3 GSM SECURITY

In addition to the standard AT commands, GSM modems support an extended set of AT

SMART CAR SECURITY SYSTEM 24

 Reading, writing and deleting SMS messages.

 Sending SMS messages.