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Critical assessment of air pollution by ANOVA test and human health effects

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DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.01.039

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Atmospheric Environment 71 (2013) 84e91

Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect

Atmospheric Environment
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/atmosenv

Critical assessment of air pollution by ANOVA test and human

health effects
Allaa M. Aenab a, *, S.K. Singh a,1, Ali Jabir Lafta b, 2
a
Environmental Engineering Department, Delhi Technological University (DTU), Shahbad Daulatpur, Main Bawana Road, Delhi 110042, India
b
Air Quality Monitoring Division, Ministry of Environment, Baghdad, Iraq

h i g h l i g h t s

< We evaluate air pollution in Baghdad city.

< We examine heavy metals (Ni, Cu & Pb) and we found that, it is one of the reasons of air pollution in Baghdad city.
< We used ANOVA two-ways test for this study with respect for space and time.
< All the cases where F2 < F < F1 the variance has consistent values and for any other condition the test fails.

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Purposes of this study evaluate air quality by analysis of heavy metals (Ni, Cu and Pb) using ANOVA two-
Received 27 December 2012 way test (space and time) within Baghdad city. Samples were collected from 3 stations in Baghdad city
Received in revised form for 2 years (2009 & 2010). Concentrations (lead) were mostly exceeding the specific proposed national
16 January 2013
lead ¼ 2 mg m3, nickel was exceeded for the specific (1) mcg m3. That of the causes of increased
Accepted 20 January 2013
concentrations of heavy metals in the air is the occurrence of dust storms which carry dust storms
amounts of dust containing heavy metals from the surface of land passing through, causing high con-
Keywords:
centrations of total suspended particles and that was mostly exceeding the specific national proposal and
Ni
Cu
thus increasing the concentrations of heavy metals. Which indicates the possibility that the dust raised
Pb by wind erosion, which led to high concentrations of total suspended particles are the soils coming from
Air pollution the industrial areas is most likely because it is loaded at rates greater than the concentrations of heavy
Environmental pollution metals originating in industry. In sum, more than 50% of the concentrations of as exceeding the specified
Heavy metals or exceeding the rates for the public.
Health and population exposure Ó 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction atmospheric processes in the radiative transfer of solar radiation.

Atmospheric pollution is one of the major sources of heavy
metal contamination. Elemental content of airborne particulate
matter can provide important information on the degree of atmo-
spheric pollution and further evaluation of the potential health risk
to the population. Several epidemiological studies have shown
positive correlation between different aerosol characteristics and
increased human morbidity and mortality (Curtis et al., 2006;
Isik et al., 2006). The airborne particles significantly several
* Corresponding author. Tel.: þ91 9953819217 (mobile).
E-mail addresses: allaaaenab@gmail.com (A.M. Aenab), sksinghdce@gmail.com
(S.K. Singh), alilafta246@yahoo.com (A.J. Lafta).
1
Tel.: þ91 9891599903 (mobile).
2
Tel.: þ96 47902241792 (mobile).
For these reasons it is necessary to know their chemical composi-
tion and physical characteristics in order to understand their
behavior and impact (Meresova et al., 2008). To achieve this, we
need availability of data that is as reliable and complete as possible.
However, the analytical techniques most frequently used to mon-
itor PM require expensive and time-consuming procedures to col-
lect, process and analyze samples (Korcz et al., 2009). September
2008 dust events have been verified by most ground-based stations
and satellite observations. The dust was transported north out of
the Syrian Desert into Iraq, Syria and Jordan.
Over the last 50 years air quality has improved beyond all rec-
ognition. The choking smogs of the 1950s are a thing of the past,
driven by concerted action especially on energy use and transport.
But air pollution still significantly reduces average life expectancy,
causes many extra admissions to hospitals, and damages the

1352-2310/$ e see front matter Ó 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.01.039
 Author's personal copy
A.M. Aenab et al. / Atmospheric Environment 71 (2013) 84e91
natural environment. Surveys repeatedly show that people care
strongly about air pollution, predominantly in urban and industrial
areas but also in other surroundings (Defra, 2010).
During recent decades, increasing atmospheric pollution has
given rise to concern that the natural cycles of the northern
hemisphere may be seriously affected, due to a concentration of
90% of the total anthropogenic emissions in certain regions of this
part of the globe. Anthropogenic sources are concentrated in cen-
tral Europe and North America. Heavy metals like Cd, Pb. Cu and Ni,
mainly bound to particles, are emitted into the atmosphere by
heavy industry, coal burning, metallurgical plants and smelters,
and nowadays also by garbage incineration (Nriagu, 1979; Lantzy
and Mackenzie, 1979; Settle and Patterson, 1980).
Elevated levels of zinc, lead and nickel have been observed in air,
in the vicinity of certain industries like smelters, mines, battery
manufacturing and near roads with heavy traffic or within urban
areas in general. In urban atmospheres, enhanced lead and con-
centrations are observed, mainly due to the dense traffic. According
to the literature, children living in big cities have relatively high
concentrations of lead in their blood (Fayad et al., 2012).
The chemical components of dust are affecting the microbial life
beside the precipitation, wind direction, time of day, season and
atmosphere inversion conditions, all affecting the survival of total
culturable bacteria associated with dust particles and the microbes
were capable of surviving long distance transport (Cook et al.,
2005; Martiny et al., 2006).
Industrial production and the use of Fe, Co, Cu, Ni, Zn, Cd, and
Pb elements can cause environmental pollution. On the other
hand, some of these metals are present in tracing amounts as
essential elements for biological system and these metal ions also
play an important role in bioinorganic chemistry. In order to
understand the role of these metal ions in biological system,
structural studies of the biological compounds and their metal
complexes are extremely important (Arslan et al., 2009). Com-
pounds containing carbonyl and thio carbonyl group occupy an
important position among organic reagents as potential donor
ligand for transition metal ions (Arslan et al., 2003; Mansuroglu
et al., 2008). Among these thiourea derivatives are potentially
very versatile ligand, able to coordinate to a range of metal
centers as neutral ligands, monoanions or dianions (Datt et al.,
2002; Emen and Kulcu, 2006). The oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur
donor atoms of thiourea derivatives provide a multitude of
binding possibilities. Both the ligand and their metal complexes
display a wide range of biological activity (Zhou et al., 2004;
Zahang et al., 2004).
2. Objectives and approach
The objective of this study is to assess Baghdad’s air quality. This
comprised an assessment of Baghdad’s air pollution levels and the
health and economic impact of those air pollution levels.
 A collection and review of all available data with respect to air
pollution levels in Baghdad;
 Effective protection of human health, information on air pol-
lution source, type and concentration is essential;
 Define standards or guidelines for allowable concentration of
these pollutants, consistent with public health protection.
3. Study area
Baghdad is suffering from a high degree of air pollution as
a result of car fumes and smoke from power generators and other
sources of pollution are hindering efforts to increase greenery.
85
Baghdad’s dusty atmosphere is resulting air pollution caused by
drought that continued for several seasons (ODD, 2010).
Scientists have been collecting air samples in Baghdad since
2008, and they found that the Iraqi air often contains fine partic-
ulate matter made up of many elements, including silica, sulfates
and heavy metals, such as lead, arsenic, cadmium and mercury. Fine
particulate matter is of greater concern than large particulate
matter because these tiny particles can travel deep into the lungs,
where they can cause more damage (Serena Gordon, 2011).
According to UN figures, around 150 million tons of dust and gas
pollutants, various other spread annually in the air, and the trans-
port is the main source of air pollution, where a 40% of all sources of
air pollution and this percentage can be up to more than 60% for
a city like Baghdad with increase the number of vehicles operating
with gasoline and traffic congestion large harmful emissions will
result in accumulation to a deterioration is evident in the quality of
air, as well as the accumulation of the amount of greenhouse gases
that cause global warming, all that damage the ecological balance of
the ecosystem, while can be an industrial pollution and emissions
resulting from the use of generators for more than 30%. Increased in
recent times in the vicinity of policy-making related to environ-
mental issues referring to heavy metals as the control on the pres-
ence of heavy metals in the environment requires the availability of
coordination and international action and regional down on in-
dustries that cause the emission into the environment as may pose
a major threat to human health and the rest of the objects organisms
has been a global naming three heavy metals are dangerous to
public health are mercury, lead and cadmium (EC, 2007).
4. Data procurement
Samples were collected from 3 stations in central of Baghdad
city as shown in Fig. 1, the stations is:
 Centre of Radiation Protection in Jadiriyah: The predominantly
commercial area of this location in addition to the residential
area and the presence of a number of service departments,
especially the University of Baghdad and Ministry of Science
and Technology. The most important activities are polluting
traffic (vehicle exhaust). This location is measured in total
suspended particles and dust falling.
 Ministry of Transport in Al-Allawi: It is located under the in-
fluence of pollutants from vehicle exhaust due to being at the
center of the capital city, also it’s so close from the central
terminal for passenger inside Baghdad and to other cities out of
Baghdad. In this location are measured concentrations of total
suspended particles and concentrations of dust falling.
 Baghdad Environmental Directorate in A-Andulis Square: It is
location in service and trade area in addition to residential area
and a number of other activities. Also the most important
sources of pollution here is exhaust of vehicles due to traffic
density and the presence of Highway at a distance (800 m)
from the monitoring station, which is increasing pressure in
the load pollution affecting the quality of ambient air, espe-
cially in working days. Located near of the monitoring station
the city centre (Bab Al-Sharqi) largest area for shopping. Where
is measured in total suspended particles and dust falling on this
location.
From the above illustrated the size and type of data provided by
the monitoring stations under study which can be expanded on
where depends on the extent of utilization of laboratory testing,
especially for the samples of the total suspended particles that is an
examination of the heavy metals, such as lead, zinc, iron, nickel,
copper and cadmium.
 Author's personal copy
86 A.M. Aenab et al. / Atmospheric Environment 71 (2013) 84e91
Fig. 1. Baghdad’s air monitoring stations.
5. Heavy metals and health effects
Air pollutants measured concentrations in this study and their
sources:
 Lead (pb): Lead is a bluish-white lustrous metal. It is very soft,
highly malleable, ductile, and a relatively poor conductor of
electricity. It is very resistant to corrosion but tarnishes upon
exposure to air. Lead isotopes are the end products of each of
the three series of naturally occurring radioactive elements.
Lead pipes bearing the insignia of Roman emperors, used as
drains from the baths, are still in service. Alloys include pewter
and solder. Tetraethyl lead (PbEt4) is still used in some grades
of petrol (gasoline).
Lead is a major constituent of the lead-acid battery used
extensively in car batteries. It is used as a coloring element in
ceramic glazes, as projectiles, in some candles to threat the wick.
It is the traditional base metal for organ pipes, and it is used as
electrodes in the process of electrolysis. One if its major uses is
in the glass of computer and television screens, where it shields
the viewer from radiation. Other uses are in sheeting, cables,
solders, lead crystal glassware, ammunitions, bearings and as
weight in sport equipment. Lead is a soft metal that has known
many applications over the years. It has been used widely since
5000 BC for application in metal products, cables and pipelines,
but also in paints and pesticides. Lead is one out of four metals
that have the most damaging effects on human health. It can
enter the human body through uptake of food (65%), water
(20%) and air (15%) (Water Treatment Solutions (Pb), 1998).
Lead can cause several unwanted effects, such as:
* Disruption of the biosynthesis of hemoglobin and anemia
* A rise in blood pressure
* Kidney damage
* Miscarriages and subtle abortions
* Disruption of nervous systems
* Brain damage
* Declined fertility of men through sperm damage
* Diminished learning abilities of children
* Behavioral disruptions of children, such as aggression, impulsive
behavior and hyperactivity.
 Copper (Cu): is a reddish metal with a face-centered cubic
crystalline structure. It reflects red and orange light and ab-
sorbs other frequencies in the visible spectrum, due to its band
structure, so it as a nice reddish color. It is malleable, ductile,
and an extremely good conductor of both heat and electricity. It
is softer than zinc and can be polished to a bright finish. It is
found in group Ib of the periodic table, together with silver and
gold. Copper has low chemical reactivity. In moist air it slowly
forms a greenish surface film called patina; this coating pro-
tects the metal from further attack. Most copper is used for
electrical equipment (60%); construction, such as roofing and
plumbing (20%); industrial machinery, such as heat exchangers
(15%) and alloys (5%). The main long established copper alloys
are bronze, brass (a copperezinc alloy), copperetinezinc,
which was strong enough to make guns and cannons, and
was known as gun metal, copper and nickel, known as cupro-
nickel, which was the preferred metal for low-denomination
coins. Copper is ideal for electrical wiring because it is easily
worked, can be drawn into fine wire and has a high electrical
conductivity.
Copper can be found in many kinds of food, in drinking water
and in air. Because of that we absorb eminent quantities of
copper each day by eating, drinking and breathing. The ab-
sorption of copper is necessary, because copper is a trace
 Author's personal copy

A.M. Aenab et al. / Atmospheric Environment 71 (2013) 84e91 87

element that is essential for human health. Although humans

F2 < F < F1
F2 < F < F1
can handle proportionally large concentrations of copper, too
much copper can still cause eminent health problems. Long-
term exposure to copper can cause irritation of the nose,

/
/
/
/
/
/
/
mouth and eyes and it causes headaches, stomachaches, dizzi-

0.37
0.37
ness, vomiting and diarrhea. Intentionally high uptakes of cop-

F2

/
/
/
/
/
/
/
per may cause liver and kidney damage and even death.

2.69
2.69
Whether copper is carcinogenic has not been determined yet

F1

/
/
/
/
/
/
/
(Water Treatment Solutions (Cu), 1998).

1.63
1.20
 Nickel (Ni): is silvery-white, hard, malleable, and ductile metal.

/
/
/
/
/
/
/
It is of the iron group and it takes on a high polish. It is a fairly

7.22
4.43
3.70
good conductor of heat and electricity. In its familiar com-

Sy

/
/
/
/
/
/
pounds nickel is bivalent, although it assumes other valences. It

2.57
2.01
1.84
Std
also forms a number of complex compounds. Most nickel

/
/
/
/
/
/
compounds are blue or green. Nickel dissolves slowly in dilute

1.60
1.80
1.40
0.20
0.06
Dec
acids but, like iron, becomes passive when treated with nitric

/
/
/
/
acid. Finely divided nickel adsorbs hydrogen. The major use of

F2 < F > F1
nickel is in the preparation of alloys. Nickel alloys are charac-
terized by strength, ductility, and resistance to corrosion and

2.50
5.50
4.30
1.51
3.42
57.00
3.83
0.26
Nov
heat. About 65% of the nickel consumed in the Western World
is used to make stainless steel, whose composition can vary but

F2 > F < F1
is typically iron with around 18% chromium and 8% nickel. 12%
of all the nickel consumed goes into super alloys. The

4.40
3.30
3.50
0.59
0.52
0.15
3.83
0.26
Oct
remaining 23% of consumption is divided between alloy steels,
rechargeable batteries, catalysts and other chemicals, coinage,

F2 < F > F1
foundry products, and plating.
Nickel is easy to work and can be drawn into wire. It resists

8.60
5.10
2.80
2.92
12.80
24.84
3.83
0.26
Sep
corrosion even at high temperatures and for this reason it is
used in gas turbines and rocket engines. Monel is an alloy of

F2 > F < F1
nickel and copper (e.g. 70% nickel, 30% copper with traces of
iron, manganese and silicon), which is not only hard but can
1.05
0.63
0.62
0.25
0.09
0.01
3.83
0.26
Aug

resist corrosion by seawater, so that it is ideal for propeller shaft

in boats and desalination plants.

F2 < F < F1
Nickel is a compound that occurs in the environment only at
very low levels. Humans use nickel for many different applica-
0.77
0.55
1.11
0.28
0.12
1.32
3.83
0.26
July

tions. The most common application of nickel is the use as an

ingredient of steal and other metal products. It can be found in
F2 < F < F1
common metal products such as jewelry. Humans may be
exposed to nickel by breathing air, drinking water, eating food or
June
1.50
1.20
1.40
0.15
0.04
0.29
3.83
0.26

smoking cigarettes. Skin contact with nickel-contaminated soil

or water may also result in nickel exposure. In small quantities
F2 < F < F1

nickel is essential, but when the uptake is too high it can be

a danger to human health (Water Treatment Solutions (Ni),
May
0.80
0.90
1.10
0.15
0.03
1.00
3.83
0.26

1998).
An uptake of too large quantities of nickel has the following
F2 < F > F1

consequences:
* Higher chances of development of lung cancer, nose cancer, lar-
3.20
4.20
3.50
0.51
0.40
11.29
3.83
0.26

ynx cancer and prostate cancer

Apr

* Sickness and dizziness after exposure to nickel gas

F2 < F < F1

* Lung embolism
* Respiratory failure
*
7.50
6.40
7.00
0.55
0.46
1.15
3.83
0.26

Birth defects
Mar

* Asthma and chronic bronchitis

ANOVA test for Ni values for the year 2009.

*
F2 < F < F1

Allergic reactions such as skin rashes, mainly from jewelry

* Heart disorders.
2.30
3.10
2.70
0.40
0.24
0.53
3.83
0.26
Feb

F2 > F < F1

6. Results

The ANOVA test is done for the heavy metals (Ni, Cu and Pb) for
2.20
3.40
4.20
1.01
1.52
6.33
3.83
0.26
Jan

the years 2009 & 2010. For all the cases where F2 < F < F1 the
Al-Andulis

variance has consistent values and for any other condition the test
Al-Jadriya
Al-Allawi
Stations

fails.
Table 1

Table 1 shows ANOVA test result of Ni values for the year 2009.
Std
Sx

F1
F2
F

The test shows consistent values for all the stations with respect to
 Author's personal copy

88
Table 2
ANOVA test for Cu values for the year 2009.

Station Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Std Sy F F1 F2
Al-Jadriya 2.10 1.80 1.90 3.20 2.10 2.40 0.50 0.28 2.60 1.85 3.30 1.10 0.94 0.96 1.14 2.69 0.37 F2 < F < F1
Al-Allawi 2.40 1.95 1.85 3.10 2.40 2.70 0.60 0.27 2.70 1.45 2.80 1.70 0.88 0.84 0.87 2.69 0.37 F2 < F < F1
Al-Andulis 2.30 2.10 1.73 2.70 3.10 2.50 0.50 0.35 2.40 1.25 2.60 0.60 0.95 0.98 / / / /
Std 0.15 0.15 0.09 0.26 0.51 0.15 0.06 0.04 0.15 0.31 0.36 0.55 / / / / / /
Sx 0.04 0.03 0.01 0.11 0.40 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.14 0.20 0.46 / / / / / /
F 1.04 2.95 0.11 0.27 11.29 7.00 1.75 0.08 0.25 0.72 0.43 / / / / / / /
F1 3.83 3.83 3.83 3.83 3.83 3.83 3.83 3.83 3.83 3.83 3.83 / / / / / / /
F2 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26 / / / / / / /
F2 < F < F1 F2 < F < F1 F2 > F < F1 F2 < F < F1 F2 < F > F1 F2 < F > F1 F2 < F < F1 F2 > F < F1 F2 > F < F1 F2 < F < F1 F2 < F < F1 / / / / / / /

A.M. Aenab et al. / Atmospheric Environment 71 (2013) 84e91

Table 3
ANOVA test for Pb values for the year 2009.

Station Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Std Sy F F1 F2
Al-Jadriya 21.40 11.50 12.40 10.20 2.00 1.20 1.10 0.55 4.10 10.10 14.50 1.10 0.94 0.96 1.14 2.69 0.37 F2 < F < F1
Al-Allawi 19.40 12.40 15.20 11.00 1.90 1.70 0.50 0.28 4.00 6.70 17.30 3.70 0.88 0.84 0.87 2.69 0.37 F2 < F < F1
Al-Andulis 17.60 12.70 13.20 9.50 3.00 2.33 1.50 0.55 5.20 7.10 11.30 2.40 0.95 0.98 / / / /
Std 0.15 0.15 0.09 0.26 0.51 0.15 0.06 0.04 0.15 0.31 0.36 0.55 / / / / / /
Sx 0.04 0.03 0.01 0.11 0.40 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.14 0.20 0.46 / / / / / /
F 1.04 2.95 0.11 0.27 11.29 7.00 1.75 0.08 0.25 0.72 0.43 / / / / / / /
F1 3.83 3.83 3.83 3.83 3.83 3.83 3.83 3.83 3.83 3.83 3.83 / / / / / / /
F2 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26 / / / / / / /
F2 < F < F1 F2 < F < F1 F2 > F < F1 F2 < F < F1 F2 < F > F1 F2 < F > F1 F2 < F < F1 F2 > F < F1 F2 > F < F1 F2 < F < F1 F2 < F < F1 / / / / / / /
 Author's personal copy

Table 4
ANOVA test for Ni values for the year 2010.

Station Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Std Sy F F1 F2
Al-Jadriya 5.40 2.75 5.50 6.00 4.31 13.23 57.00 27.68 13.70 15.71 18.16 2.00 15.46 260.90 1.42 2.69 0.37 F2 < F < F1
Al-Allawi 4.90 4.93 5.00 6.17 5.68 43.70 20.35 33.14 13.95 24.62 10.00 5.52 13.00 184.24 0.84 2.69 0.37 F2 < F < F1
Al-Andulis 5.70 1.12 4.69 5.10 3.52 30.00 32.50 40.75 29.50 7.46 10.20 3.73 14.22 220.56 / / / /
std 0.40 1.91 0.41 0.58 1.09 15.26 18.67 6.56 9.05 8.58 4.65 1.76 / / / / / /
Sx 0.25 5.48 0.25 0.50 1.79 349.34 522.77 64.64 122.88 110.48 32.50 4.65 / / / / / /
F 0.04 21.88 0.51 0.28 0.01 0.67 8.09 0.53 1.11 3.40 6.99 / / / / / / /
F1 3.83 3.83 3.83 3.83 3.83 3.83 3.83 3.83 3.83 3.83 3.83 / / / / / / /
F2 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26 / / / / / / /
F2 > F < F1 F2 < F > F1 F2 < F < F1 F2 < F < F1 F2 > F < F1 F2 < F < F1 F2 < F > F1 F2 < F < F1 F2 < F < F1 F2 < F < F1 F2 < F > F1 / / / / / / /

A.M. Aenab et al. / Atmospheric Environment 71 (2013) 84e91

Table 5
ANOVA test for Cu values for the year 2010.

Station Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Std Sy F F1 F2
Al-Jadriya 2.30 2.70 1.00 2.00 0.90 1.68 1.80 3.38 0.32 1.15 0.89 5.83 1.49 2.41 4.01 2.69 0.37 F2 < F > F1
Al-Allawi 2.70 2.00 1.80 2.28 1.35 2.50 1.57 3.34 0.89 2.39 0.81 2.00 0.74 0.60 0.51 2.69 0.37 F2 < F < F1
Al-Andulis 2.40 2.00 1.32 1.60 1.70 2.50 1.10 3.31 1.50 1.10 0.83 4.40 1.04 1.17 / / / /
Std 0.21 0.40 0.40 0.34 0.40 0.47 0.36 0.04 0.59 0.73 0.04 1.94 / / / / / /
Sx 0.06 0.25 0.24 0.18 0.24 0.34 0.19 0.00 0.52 0.80 0.00 5.62 / / / / / /
F 0.27 1.01 1.39 0.73 0.72 1.76 103.22 0.00 0.65 308.10 0.00 / / / / / / /
F1 3.83 3.83 3.83 3.83 3.83 3.83 3.83 3.83 3.83 3.83 3.83 / / / / / / /
F2 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26 / / / / / / /
F2 < F < F1 F2 < F < F1 F2 < F < F1 F2 < F < F1 F2 < F < F1 F2 < F < F1 F2 < F > F1 F2 > F < F1 F2 < F < F1 F2 < F > F1 F2 > F < F1 / / / / / / /
89
 Author's personal copy

90 A.M. Aenab et al. / Atmospheric Environment 71 (2013) 84e91

space. The test failed for the months of (January, April, August,

F2 < F < F1
F2 < F < F1
September, October & November) with respect to time.
Table 2 shows ANOVA test result of Cu values for the year 2009.
The test shows consistent values for all the stations with respect to

/
/
/
/
/
/
/
0.37 space. The test failed for the months of (March, May, June, August &
0.37 September) with respect to time.
F2

/
/
/
/
/
/
/
Table 3 Shows ANOVA test result of Pb values for the year 2009.
2.69
2.69

The test shows consistent values for all the stations with respect to
F1

/
/
/
/
/
/
/
space. The test failed for the months of (March, May, June, August &
1.14
0.87

September) with respect to time.

F

/
/
/
/
/
/
/ Table 4 shows ANOVA test result of Ni values for the year 2010.
0.96
0.84
0.98
Sy

The test shows consistent values for all the stations with respect to
/
/
/
/
/
/

space. The test failed for the months of (January, February, May, July
0.94
0.88
0.95
Std

& November) with respect to time.

/
/
/
/
/
/

Table 5 shows ANOVA test result of Cu values for the year 2010.
5.70
7.54
3.65
0.55
0.46
Dec

The test shows failed in Al-Jadriya station and for remaining sta-
/
/
/
/

tions are consistent values with respect to space. The test failed for
F2 < F < F1

the months of (July, August, October & November) with respect to

time.
3.05
7.89
2.10
0.36
0.20
0.43
3.83
0.26
Nov

Table 6 shows ANOVA test result of Pb values for the year 2010.
The test shows consistent values for all the stations with respect to
F2 < F < F1

space. The test failed for the months of (March, May, June, August &
September) with respect to time.
2.41
5.68
3.63
0.31
0.14
0.72
3.83
0.26
Oct

Fig. 2 shows concentration (Pb) for the years 2009 & 2010 with
National/WHO standards.
F2 > F < F1

Fig. 3 shows concentration (Cu) for the years 2009 & 2010 with
National/WHO standards.
2.00
3.12
4.20
0.15
0.03
0.25
3.83
0.26
Sep

Fig. 4 shows concentration (Ni) for the years 2009 & 2010 with
National/WHO standards.
F2 > F < F1
14.10
6.10
8.51
0.04
0.00
0.08
3.83
0.26
Aug

F2 < F < F1
9.56
10.68
6.20
0.06
0.00
1.75
3.83
0.26
July

F2 < F > F1
June
5.75
9.90
6.50
0.15
0.04
7.00
3.83
0.26
F2 < F > F1
3.80
4.39
3.66
0.51
0.40
11.29
3.83
0.26
May

F2 < F < F1
1.20
1.20
1.64
0.26
0.11
0.27
3.83
0.26
Apr

Fig. 2. Monthly average values of Pb (mg m3) in Baghdad for the years 2009 & 2010.
F2 > F < F1
3.00
5.10
4.20
0.09
0.01
0.11
3.83
0.26
Mar
ANOVA test for Pb values for the year 2010.

F2 < F < F1
4.50
5.40
2.00
0.15
0.03
2.95
3.83
0.26
Feb

F2 < F < F1
4.30
4.80
5.30
0.15
0.04
1.04
3.83
0.26
Jan

Al-Andulis
Al-Jadriya
Al-Allawi
Station
Table 6

Std
Sx

F1
F2
F

Fig. 3. Monthly average values of Cu (mg m3) in Baghdad for the years 2009 & 2010.
 Author's personal copy
A.M. Aenab et al. / Atmospheric Environment 71 (2013) 84e91
Fig. 4. Monthly average values of Ni (mg m3) in Baghdad for the years 2009 & 2010.
7. Conclusions
The following conclusions have been made based on the study
 The presence of pollution by lead (Pb) is clear in most months
of measurement and increasing rates of concentrations in 2010,
which indicates the deterioration of air quality in this side and
that degradation can be increased with the continued absence
of control and increase of random vehicles, generators and the
use of gasoline containing lead.
 Increasing the concentration (Ni & Cu) for the year 2010 and
that’s means air pollution increasing year by year and that
effecting human health. We can see also causes of kidney
damage, swelling of the lungs, bronchitis, cancers, and disor-
ders of the stomach and intestines, as well as diseases of the
heart, liver and brain increasing in Baghdad and south cities
and the mean issue is air pollution.
 The results of the study is clear the overlap between the ac-
tivities in different areas and location of measurement, which
make it difficult to classification of certain areas within the
category of isolation from the other and this increases difficulty
of data analysis and determine sources of the pollution
accurately.
 For the sources of air pollution of industrial or natural influence
over increasing concentrations of heavy metals in the air where
the increase of heavy metals originating in the industrial
increase of total suspended particles resulting from industrial
processes while increasing heavy metals originating in the
natural increase of concentrations of total suspended particles
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91
resulting from the natural erosion of the soil surface for resi-
dential areas and desert areas.
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