Professional Documents
Culture Documents
PRESSIBILITY OF SOIL - Part1 PDF
PRESSIBILITY OF SOIL - Part1 PDF
PRESSIBILITY OF SOIL - Part1 PDF
Tilt or Distortion
1 1 + 1 + 𝑚12
𝐼𝑓 = 𝑚1 ln + ln 𝑚1 + 1 + 𝑚12
𝜋 𝑚1
Type of Soil μ
Loose Sand 0.2 – 0.4
Medium Sand 0.25- 0.4
Dense Sand 0.3 – 0.45
Silty Sand 0.2 – 0.4
Soft Clay 0.15 – 0.25
Medium Clay 0.2 – 0.5
Table 4. Values of Poisson’s Ratio (DIT Gillesania, Geotechnical Engineering)
Sample Problem 1
Given: Find:
B = 1.2m ΔHi
F = 170kN
E = 6900 kPa
μ = 0.2
Sample Problem 1
Sol’n:
Solve for p first,
𝑄 170𝑘𝑁
𝑝= = 2
= 150.31𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝐴 0.25𝜋(1.2)
From table 2.1, If = 0.79 (rigid, circle)
1 − 𝜇2
∆𝐻𝑖 = 𝑝𝐵 𝐼𝑓
𝐸
1 − 0.22
= 150.31𝑘𝑃𝑎 1.2𝑚 0.79
6900
= 𝟎. 𝟏𝟗𝟖𝒎 𝒐𝒓 𝟏𝟗. 𝟖𝟑𝒎𝒎
Excess POREWATER PRESSURE developed during loading can take
decades to dissipate.
∆𝜎 ′ = ∆𝜎 − ∆𝑢 = 0
Consolidation
Theoretically, at time t=∞, when all the excess pore
water pressure in the clay layer has dissipated as a
result of drainage into the sand layers,
∆𝑢 = 0 (𝑎𝑡 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡 = ∞)
∆𝜎 ′ = ∆𝜎 − ∆𝑢 = ∆𝜎 − 0 = ∆𝜎
Consolidation
𝒆𝟏 − 𝒆𝟐 𝒆𝟏 − 𝒆 𝟐
𝑪𝒄 = =
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝝈′𝟐 − 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝝈′𝟏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝝈′ 𝟐
𝝈′ 𝟏
Where e1 and e2 are the void ratios at the end of
consolidation under effective stresses σ’1 and σ’2,
respectively.
Compression Index
SKEMPTON (1944)
𝐶𝐶 = 0.009(𝐿𝐿 − 10)
𝑒3 − 𝑒4
𝐶𝑆 =
σ’4
log
σ’3
In most cases, the value of the swelling index is ¼ to
1/5 of the compression index.
Primary Consolidation Settlement
𝐻∆𝑒
∆𝐻𝑃 =
1 + 𝑒𝑜
Primary Consolidation Settlement
For normally consolidated clay (σ’ = σ’c)
σ’ + ∆σ’ σ’𝑓
∆𝑒 = 𝐶𝐶 log = 𝐶𝐶 log
σ’ σ’
Thus,
𝐻 σ’𝑓
∆𝐻𝑃 = 𝐶𝐶 log
1 + 𝑒𝑜 σ’
Primary Consolidation Settlement
For overconsolidated clay (CASE 1: σ’f < σ’c)
σ’ + ∆σ’ σ’𝑓
∆𝑒 = 𝐶𝑆 log = 𝐶𝑆 log
σ’ σ’
Thus,
𝐻 σ’𝑓
∆𝐻𝑃 = 𝐶𝑆 log
1 + 𝑒𝑜 σ’
Primary Consolidation Settlement
For overconsolidated clay (CASE 2: σ’ < σ’c < σ’f)
σ’𝐶 σ’𝑓
∆𝑒 = 𝐶𝑆 log + 𝐶𝐶 log
σ’ σ’𝐶
Thus,
𝐻 σ’𝐶 σ’𝑓
∆𝐻𝑃 = 𝐶𝑆 log + 𝐶𝐶 log
1 + 𝑒𝑜 σ’ σ’𝐶
Sample Problem 2
The soil profile at a site of a proposed
office building is shown. The groundwater
table was observed at 3m below ground
level. The void ratio of the sand is 0.76
and the water content of the clay is 34%.
The building will impose a vertical stress
increase of 80kPa at the middle of the
clay layer. Compute the primary
consolidation settlement of the clay.
Assume the soil above the water table to
be saturated, CC = 0.3 and Gs = 2.7.
Sample Problem 2
The soil profile at a site of a proposed Step 1. Compute for σ’ and e0 at
office building is shown. The groundwater the center of the clay layer.
table was observed at 3m below ground SAND:
level. The void ratio of the sand is 0.76 𝐺𝑠 + 𝑒 2.7 + 0.76
and the water content of the clay is 34%. 𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 𝛾𝑤 = (9.81)
1+𝑒 1 + 0.76
The building will impose a vertical stress 𝜸𝒔𝒂𝒕 = 𝟏𝟗. 𝟐𝟗 𝒌𝑵/𝒎𝟑
increase of 80kPa at the middle of the
clay layer. Compute the primary CLAY:
consolidation settlement of the clay. 𝑒0 = 𝐺𝑠 𝑤 = 2.7 0.34 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟏𝟖
Assume the soil above the water table to
be saturated, CC = 0.3 and Gs = 2.7. 𝐺𝑠 + 𝑒 2.7 + 0.918
𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 𝛾𝑤 = (9.81)
1+𝑒 1 + 0.918
𝜸𝒔𝒂𝒕 = 𝟏𝟖. 𝟓 𝒌𝑵/𝒎𝟑
Sample Problem 2
The soil profile at a site of a proposed Porewater pressure at center of
office building is shown. The groundwater clay is
table was observed at 3m below ground 𝑢 = 𝛾𝑤 ℎ = 9.81 7.5𝑚 = 𝟕𝟑. 𝟓𝟖𝒌𝑷𝒂
level. The void ratio of the sand is 0.76
and the water content of the clay is 34%.
The building will impose a vertical stress The vertical total stress at the mid-
increase of 80kPa at the middle of the height of the clay layer is
clay layer. Compute the primary 𝜎 = 19.29 × 10 + 18.5 × 0.5
consolidation settlement of the clay. 𝜎 = 𝟐𝟎𝟐. 𝟏𝟏 𝒌𝑷𝒂
Assume the soil above the water table to The vertical effective stress is
be saturated, CC = 0.3 and Gs = 2.7. 𝜎 ′ = 202.11 − 73.58 = 𝟏𝟐𝟖. 𝟓𝟑𝒌𝑷𝒂
Sample Problem 2
The soil profile at a site of a proposed Step 2. Calculate the increase pf
office building is shown. The groundwater stress at the mid-height clay layer.
table was observed at 3m below ground
level. The void ratio of the sand is 0.76
and the water content of the clay is 34%. But, Δσ is given as 80 kPa.
The building will impose a vertical stress
increase of 80kPa at the middle of the
clay layer. Compute the primary
consolidation settlement of the clay.
Assume the soil above the water table to
be saturated, CC = 0.3 and Gs = 2.7.
Sample Problem 2
The soil profile at a site of a proposed Step 3. Calculate σ’f
office building is shown. The groundwater
table was observed at 3m below ground 𝜎′𝑓 = 𝜎 ′ + ∆𝜎
level. The void ratio of the sand is 0.76 𝜎′𝑓 = 128.53 + 80
and the water content of the clay is 34%.
𝝈′𝒇 = 𝟐𝟎𝟖. 𝟓𝟑 𝒌𝑷𝒂
The building will impose a vertical stress
increase of 80kPa at the middle of the
clay layer. Compute the primary
consolidation settlement of the clay.
Assume the soil above the water table to
be saturated, CC = 0.3 and Gs = 2.7.
Sample Problem 2
The soil profile at a site of a proposed Step 4. Compute for ΔHP
office building is shown. The groundwater
table was observed at 3m below ground 𝐻 σ’𝑓
level. The void ratio of the sand is 0.76 ∆𝐻𝑃 = 𝐶𝐶 log
1 + 𝑒𝑜 σ’
and the water content of the clay is 34%. 1 208.53
The building will impose a vertical stress ∆𝐻𝑃 = 0.3 log
1 + 0.918 128.53
increase of 80kPa at the middle of the
clay layer. Compute the primary
consolidation settlement of the clay. ∆𝑯𝑷 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟐𝟖𝟕𝒎 𝒐𝒓 𝟑𝟐. 𝟖𝟕𝒎𝒎
Assume the soil above the water table to
be saturated, CC = 0.3 and Gs = 2.7.
Sample Problem 2
Assume the same soil stratigraphy
as per previous example. But now
the clay is overconsolidated with
a maximum vertical effective
stress of 321 kPa, w = 38% and Cc
of 0.05. All other soil values given
in the previous example remain
unchanged. Determine the
primary consolidation settlement
of the clay.
Sample Problem 2
Assume the same soil stratigraphy Step 1. Compute for σ’ and e0 at the
as per previous example. But now center of the clay layer.
the clay is overconsolidated with
a maximum vertical effective
stress of 321 kPa, w = 38% and Cc CLAY:
of 0.05. All other soil values given 𝑒0 = 𝐺𝑠 𝑤 = 2.7 0.38 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟐𝟔
in the previous example remain
unchanged. Determine the 𝐺𝑠 + 𝑒 2.7 + 1.026
𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 𝛾𝑤 = (9.81)
primary consolidation settlement 1+𝑒 1 + 1.026
of the clay. 𝜸𝒔𝒂𝒕 = 𝟏𝟖. 𝟎𝟒 𝒌𝑵/𝒎𝟑
Sample Problem 2
Assume the same soil stratigraphy The vertical total stress at the mid-
as per previous example. But now height of the clay layer is
the clay is overconsolidated with 𝜎 = 19.29 × 10 + 18.04 × 0.5
a maximum vertical effective 𝜎 = 𝟐𝟎𝟏. 𝟗𝟐 𝒌𝑷𝒂
stress of 321 kPa, w = 38% and Cc The vertical effective stress is
of 0.05. All other soil values given 𝜎 ′ = 201.92 − 73.58 = 𝟏𝟐𝟖. 𝟑𝟒𝒌𝑷𝒂
in the previous example remain
unchanged. Determine the
primary consolidation settlement
of the clay.
Sample Problem 2
Assume the same soil stratigraphy Step 2. Calculate σ’f
as per previous example. But now
the clay is overconsolidated with 𝜎′𝑓 = 𝜎 ′ + ∆𝜎
a maximum vertical effective 𝜎′𝑓 = 128.34 + 80
stress of 321 kPa, w = 38% and Cc
𝝈′𝒇 = 𝟐𝟎𝟖. 𝟑𝟒 𝒌𝑷𝒂
of 0.05. All other soil values given
in the previous example remain
unchanged. Determine the Since final is less than the
primary consolidation settlement preconsolidated pressure, use case 1
of the clay.
Sample Problem 2
Assume the same soil stratigraphy Step 3. Compute for ΔHP
as per previous example. But now
the clay is overconsolidated with 𝐻 σ’𝑓
a maximum vertical effective ∆𝐻𝑃 = 𝐶𝑠 log
1 + 𝑒𝑜 σ’
stress of 321 kPa, w = 38% and Cc 1 208.34
of 0.05. All other soil values given ∆𝐻𝑃 = 0.05 log
1 + 1.026 128.34
in the previous example remain
unchanged. Determine the
primary consolidation settlement ∆𝑯𝑷 = 𝟓. 𝟏𝟗 𝒎𝒎
of the clay.