Visit us - www.researchjournal.co.in DOI : 10.15740/HAS/IRJAES/10.

2/246-251

International R esearch J ournal of A gricultural E conomics and S tatistics

Volume 10 | Issue 2 | September, 2019 | 246-251  ISSN-2229-7278

Research Paper Effects of area, yield and their interactions on

change in production of major crops in Rajasthan
Jitendra Suman, Hari Singh, Devendra Kumar Verma and Sarfraz Ahmad

See end of the paper for
authors’ affiliations
Correspondence to :
Jitendra Suman
Department of Agricultural
Economics, S.K.N College
of Agriculture, S.K.N.
Agriculture University,
Jobner (Rajasthan) India
ABSTRACT : This paper tries to identify these factors by undertaking a decomposition analysis with
reference to area, yield and combined of both area as well as yield. The here there are two situations
for change in production. Firstly the change in production is positive i.e. if average production of
terminal years are more than average production of initial years. Secondly the change in production is
negative i.e. if average production of terminal years are less than average production of initial. In both
the cases the first expression is the area effect, the second expression gives the yield effect and third
expression gives the interaction effect of area with yield. The cumulative effect of area, yield and
interaction will be hundred in percentage term. Initial and terminal triennial average of area production
and yield of selected crops of Rajasthan are divided into two periods 1995-96 to 2004-05 first period
2005-06 to 2014-15 second period and calculated area effect, yield effect and interaction effect through
decomposition model. It could be observed the change in production has been positive for crops like
Bajra, maize, barley, moth, urad, moong, groundnut, soybean, sesame, rapeseed and mustard, castor,
coriander, fenugreek, cumin, garlic and chilli over the time. On other hand the change in production
over time was found negative in paddy, wheat, gram, arhar, linseed, cotton, sugarcane and guar.
KEY WORDS : Area, Production, Yield, Interaction, Decomposition

Paper History :
HOW TO CITE THIS PAPER : Suman, Jitendra, Singh, Hari, Verma, Devendra Kumar and Ahmad, Sarfraz (2019).
Received : 21.06.2019; Effects of area, yield and their interactions on change in production of major crops in Rajasthan. Internat. Res. J.
Revised : 09.07.2019; Agric. Eco. & Stat., 10 (2) : 246-251, DOI : 10.15740/HAS/IRJAES/10.2/246-251. Copyright@ 2019: Hind
Accepted : 10.08.2019 Agri-Horticultural Society.

INTRODUCTION : creates potentiality to develop certain belts of crops. The

The Rajasthan occupies 10 per cent of the total
geographical area of the country, out of the total
geographical area in the state, even 50 per cent is not
cultivable and within cultivable land, soil fertility varies
considerably across districts. The wide differences in land
productivity indicate the variation in soil health across
districts in the State. Agriculture in Rajasthan is primarily
rainfed covering country’s 13.27 per cent of available
land. The diversity in climatic conditions of the state
arid part of the state which receives not more than annual
rainfall of 25 cm thrives on agriculture that is done with
irrigation systems and painstaking efforts of the poor
farmers of Rajasthan. As a major portion of the state is
parched, the risk and instability in agricultural production
and productivity are quite high. As it noted by the
researchers that there exists a large variation in food
grains production across states and very high risk is
involved in food grains production in the states of
Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Odisha, Madhya

HIND AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AND TRAINING INSTITUTE

 Jitendra Suman, Hari Singh, Devendra Kumar Verma and Sarfraz Ahmad
Pradesh and Gujarat (Chand and Raju, 2009). The
climatic conditions are wide range in Rajasthan so produce
mostly crops in different district of the state. Here
situations for change in production are analysis through
decomposition model. A systematic scheme for
decomposing the growth trend was first presented by
Minhas and Vaidyanathan (1965), which equates changes
in gross agricultural output to changes in four factors:
area, yield, cropping pattern and interactions of later two.
Vidya Sagar (1977) later expanded the decomposition
into seven component version, decomposing agricultural
output at prevalent prices into three pure components,
viz., area, yield, price and their interactions (Area price,
area-yield, yield-price and area-price-yield). Narain
(1977) modified the Minhas and Vaidyanathan scheme
by explicitly introducing a locational component to interpret
the yield effect in agricultural growth. In the literature
the above approaches are referred to as additive schemes
since they decompose absolute growth in the value of
output. Moreover, the additive schemes discussed above
explicitly contain residual components termed as
interaction components. In the literature there is an
alternative approach which is multiplicative scheme,
which decomposes the relative growth of output into
growth rates of components. The first multiplicative
scheme was introduced by Dayal (1966) which does not
contain residual terms. This scheme is attempted towards
the measurement of total changes in value of output due
to particular component, avoiding residual term. Sagar
(1980) developed his multiplicative scheme as an
alternative over Dayal system which follows a consistent
pattern of decomposing the index of gross agricultural
output. Jamal and Zaman (1992) developed a new
multiplicative scheme as a development of previous ones
by introducing new indices.
MATERIALS AND METHODS :
The study was based on secondary data on area,
production and productivity of past twenty years from
1995-96 to 2014-15 were collected from various published
sources. The sources were: Year-wise Statistical Abstract
of Rajasthan (Directorate of Economics and Statistics,
Rajasthan, Jaipur); Basic Agricultural Statistics of
Rajasthan (Directorate of Economics and Statistics,
Rajasthan, Jaipur); Year-wise Rajasthan Agricultural
Statistics at a glance and year year-wise Statistical
Abstract of India.
The effect of change in area and yield on change in
production was assessed using the following
decomposition model.
Pn – P0 = (Yn – Y0) A0 + (An – A0) Y0 + (An – A0) (Yn – Y0)
when,
First Decade (1995-96 to 2004-05).
Pn = Average production in terminal years (2002-
2004)
P0 = Average production in initial year (1995-1997)
Yn = Average productivity in terminal year (2002-
2004)
Yo = Average productivity in initial year (1995-1997)
An = Average area in terminal year (2002-2004)
A0 = Average area in initial year (1995-1997)
Second Decade (2005-06 to 2014-15).
Pn = Average production in terminal years (2012-
2014)
P0 = Average production in initial year (2005-2007)
Yn= Average productivity in terminal year (2012-
2014)
Y0 = Average productivity in initial year (2005-2007)
An = Average area in terminal year (2012-2014)
A0 = Average area in initial year (2005-2007).
RESULTS AND DATA ANALYSIS :
The results obtained from the present investigation
as well as relevant discussion have been summarized
under following heads :
Crops with positive change in production (1995-96
to 2004-05):
The decomposition of area, yield and interaction
effect leading to positive change in production of crops
revealed from the (Table 2) that.
– The crops like Bajra, barley, moth, urad,
groundnut, sesame, rapeseed and mustard and coriander
the area effect has been more than the combine effect
of yield effect and interaction effect indicating that the
increased production of these crops was more due to
increase in area.
– The crops like castor seed and chilli the yield effect
has been more than the combine effect of area and
interaction. In other words the technological support to
enhance the production of these crops appears to be quite
pronounced for these crops.
– The crops like maize, Jowar, moong, soybean,
fenugreek, cumin and garlic has been recorded positive
Internat. Res. J. Agric. Eco.& Stat., 10 (2) Sept., 2019 : 246-251
HIND AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AND TRAINING INSTITUTE
247
 Effects of area, yield & their interactions on change in production of major crops in Rajasthan

area effect, yield effect and interaction effect. The
interaction effect of area and yield also played its role
for the increased production of the above crops.
Crops with negative change in production (1995-
96 to 2004-05):
There are some crops which recorded negative
change in production which are presented in (Table 2).
– The crops like paddy, wheat and linseed recorded
negative change in production was largely attributed to
negative area effect because area effect more impact
on production.
– The crops like gram, arhar, cotton, sugarcane and
guar were recorded negative change in production
because of negative interaction effect on these crops.
It could be observed that the change in production
has been positive for crops like Bajra, maize, Jowar,
paddy, wheat, barley, moth, urad, moong, gram,

Table 1: Initial (1995-96 to 1997-98) and terminal (2002-03 to 2004-05) average area, production and yield of selected crops in Rajasthan
First period 1995-96 to 2004-05
Initial year Terminal year
Crops
Production Yield Area Production Yield
Area (ha)
(metric tonnes) (metric tonnes) (ha) (metric tonnes) (metric tonnes)

Bajra 4561749 1993755 0.4370 4557037 3466283 0.7606

Maize 936095 1020963 1.0906 1045570 1402649 1.3415

Jowar 592469 232472 0.3923 613343 286602 0.4672

Paddy 150009 241036 1.6068 94870 191902 2.0227

Wheat 2450141 6325438 2.5816 1971320 5486923 2.7833

Barley 215949 423489 1.9610 183058 424107 2.3167

Moth 1181882 251634 0.2129 1119607 332608 0.2970

Urad 187596 77530 0.4132 214846 75011 0.3491

Moong 547514 162099 0.2960 700292 250744 0.3580

Gram 1784438 1361941 0.7632 867992 607251 0.6996

Arhar 33039 22798 0.6900 17654 10804 0.6119

Groundnut 263497 268864 1.0203 247968 315823 1.2736

Soybean 464131 495218 1.0669 529153 604789 1.1429

Sesame 339219 58313 0.1719 316330 100411 0.3174

Rapeseed and mustard 2706655 2343722 0.8659 2380785 2576643 1.0822

Linseed 15686 8081 0.5151 2068 1573 0.7606

Castor 37097 46561 1.2551 66489 71848 1.0806

Cotton 617634 1189725 1.9262 412032 575534 1.3968

Sugarcane 24369 1153763 47.3455 7244 335899 46.3692

Guar 2558155 512282 0.2002 1594921 295168 0.1850

Coriander 175783 162019 0.9216 167353 197520 1.1802

Fenugreek 33067 38554 1.1659 48145 58063 1.2060

Cumin 163949 52960 0.3230 235950 86724 0.3675

Garlic 11336 35908 3.1676 21348 95947 4.4944

Chilli 44216 54420 1.2307 24761 25989 1.0495

248 Internat. Res. J. Agric. Eco.& Stat., 10 (2) Sept., 2019 : 246-251
HIND AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AND TRAINING INSTITUTE
 Jitendra Suman, Hari Singh, Devendra Kumar Verma and Sarfraz Ahmad

groundnut, soybean, sesame, linseed, castor, cotton, follows:

guar, coriander, fenugreek, cumin and garlic. The
negative change was found in arhar, rapeseed and
mustard, sugarcane and chilli.
Crops with positive change in production (2005-06
to 2014-15):
The decomposition of area, yield and interaction
effect leading to positive change in production of crops
in the second period are given in (Table 4). given as
– The crops like Bajra, maize and moth recorded
positive change in production because of the area effect
has been more than the combine effect of yield and
interaction effect.
– The crops like paddy, soybean, sesame, coriander
and garlic observed positive change in production because
of the yield effect more than area and interaction effect
because farmers used improved varieties, applied new
technology, better management practices, expand

Table 2: Decomposition of area, yield and interaction on change in production of crops (1995-96 to 2004-05)
Crops Area effect (%) Yield effect (%) Interaction effect (%)

Positive change in production

Bajra 100.2434 -0.13988 -0.10356

Maize 61.52265 31.28236 7.194985

Jowar 81.97978 15.1318 2.888422

Barley 12430.37 -10437.1 -1893.26

Moth 122.8475 -16.3745 -6.47304

Urad 477.6938 -447.083 69.38931

Moong 38.28951 51.02615 10.68433

Groundnut 142.1198 -33.7437 -8.37606

Soybean 32.17564 63.31675 4.50761

Sesame 117.2582 -9.34637 -7.91184

Rapeseed and mustard 251.4153 -121.146 -30.2693

Cator -25.6039 145.8895 -20.2856

Coriander 128.0253 -21.8859 -6.13945

Fenugreek 6.787225 90.11788 3.094898

Cumin 21.6188 68.88696 9.494245

Garlic 25.0528 52.82112 22.12608

Chilli 28.1745 84.2223 -12.3969

Negative change in production

Paddy -127.005 180.3215 46.68392

Wheat -58.9406 147.4221 11.51853

Gram 15.04464 92.68193 -7.72657

Arhar 21.50129 88.51072 -10.012

Linseed -59.235 107.8092 51.42581

Cotton 53.24099 64.48224 -17.7232

Sugarcane 2.912981 99.13405 -2.04703

Guar 17.89405 88.84368 -6.73773

Internat. Res. J. Agric. Eco.& Stat., 10 (2) Sept., 2019 : 246-251

HIND AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AND TRAINING INSTITUTE
249
 Effects of area, yield & their interactions on change in production of major crops in Rajasthan

irrigation facilities and increase fertilizer consumption for
the crops.
–The crops like Jowar, wheat, barley, urad, moong,
gram, groundnut, linseed, castor seed, cotton guar,
fenugreek and cumin has been recorded positive area
effect, yield effect and interaction effect. They played
vital role for increase production of these crops.
Crops with negative change in production (2005-
06 to 2014-15):
There are certain crops which recorded negative
change in production under consideration (Table 4):
– The crops arhar, rapeseed and mustard, sugarcane
and chilli recorded negative change in production because
of negative area effect on these crops the negative area

Table 3: Initial (2005-06 to 2007-08) and terminal (2012-13 to 2014-15) average area, production and yield of selected crops in Rajasthan
Second period 2005-06 to 2014-15
Initial year Terminal year
Crops
Area Production Yield Area Production Yield
(ha) (metric tonnes) (metric tonnes) (ha) (metric tonnes) (metric tonnes)

Bajra 4993828 3277334 0.6562 4170924 4153942 0.9959

Maize 1029235 1392045 1.3525 934770 1628984 1.7426

Jowar 626465 310750 0.4960 640322 427216 0.6671

Paddy 111912 241390 2.1569 146321 300584 2.0542

Wheat 2381838 7055786 2.9623 3195685 10536874 3.2972

Barley 231909 565151 2.4369 320164 954082 2.9799

Moth 1210244 244329 0.2018 886717 281601 0.3175

Urad 128338 46949 0.3658 205241 102689 0.5003

Moong 887577 274386 0.3091 902166 362276 0.4015

Gram 1060983 771250 0.7269 1477577 1276365 0.8638

Arhar 18876 12686 0.6720 14829 11297 0.7618

Groundnut 301049 457646 1.5201 456463 847410 1.8564

Soybean 727668 899632 1.2363 1046158 1133411 1.0834

Sesame 333815 92821 0.2780 368562 102109 0.2770

Rapeseed and mustard 3185900 3909444 1.2271 2647091 3419906 1.2919

Linseed 1478 1080 0.7308 1909 2385 1.2493

Castor 109812 120417 1.0965 214865 320779 1.4929

Cotton 397344 829866 2.0885 467560 1447303 3.0954

Sugarcane 9768 568701 58.2188 5545.667 402029 72.4942

Guar 2721074 850164 0.3124 4743131 2544194 0.5363

Coriander 160284 154532 0.9641 197023 167613 0.8507

Fenugreek 39368 42017 1.0672 67541 73284 1.0850

Cumin 166801 75046 0.4499 473100 176998 0.3741

Garlic 22392 102392 4.572651 46257 191702 4.1442

Chilli 19903 21858 1.098225 9715 13635 1.4035

250 Internat. Res. J. Agric. Eco.& Stat., 10 (2) Sept., 2019 : 246-251
HIND AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AND TRAINING INSTITUTE
 Jitendra Suman, Hari Singh, Devendra Kumar Verma and Sarfraz Ahmad

Table 4: Decomposition of area, yield and interaction on change in production of crops (2005-06 to 2014-15)
Crops Area effect (%) Yield effect (%) Interaction effect (%)
Positive change in production
Bajra 193.4914 -61.6071 -31.8843
Maize 169.4774 -53.9226 -15.5548
Jowar 92.06183 5.901822 2.036346
Paddy -19.411 125.3791 -5.96811
Wheat 22.91404 69.2565 7.82946
Barley 32.37937 55.29841 12.32222
Moth 375.664 -175.24 -100.424
Urad 30.97125 50.47033 18.55841
Moong 93.33422 5.131621 1.534159
Gram 28.75591 59.95309 11.291
Groundnut 25.97528 60.6152 13.40952
Soybean -47.5979 168.4308 -20.8329
Sesame -3.64595 104.0255 -0.37951
Linseed 58.79041 24.09994 17.10965
Castor 21.72349 57.49459 20.78192
Cotton 64.79844 23.75094 11.45062
Guar 35.97384 37.29365 26.73251
Coriander -138.932 270.7764 -31.8445
Fenugreek 2.233394 96.16832 1.598289
Cumin 11.56312 67.20343 21.23345
Garlic -27.2505 156.2931 -29.0427
Negative change in production
Arhar -122.06 195.8872 26.17301
Rapeseed and mustard -42.198 135.0613 7.13665
Sugarcane -83.6657 147.4986 36.16712
Chilli -52.6868 125.7187 26.96815

effect more impact change in production of these crops.
Authors’ affiliations:
Hari Singh and Devendra Kumar Verma, Department of Agricul-
tural Economics and Management, Rajasthan College of Agriculture,
Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur
(Rajasthan) India (Email : devendraecon2407@gmail.com)
Sarfraz Ahmad, Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, S.K.N
College of Agriculture (S.K.N.A.U.) Jobner (Rajasthan) India
LITERATURE CITED :
Chand, R. and Raju, S.S. (2009). Instability in Indian agriculture
during different phases of technology and policy. Indian
J. Agric. Econ. 64 (2) : 187-207.
Dayal, R. (1966). Agricultural growth rates and their
components, Indian J. Agric. Econ., 21 (4): 227- 237.
Jamal, H. and Zaman, A. (1992). Decomposition of growth trend
in agriculture: Another approach. Indian J. Agric. Econ.,
47 (4) : 644-652.
Minhas, B.S. and Vaidyanathan, A. (1965). Growth of crop
output in India, 1951-54 to 1958-61, An analysis by
component elements. J. Indian Society of Agric. Statist.,
17 (2) : 230-252.
Narain, Dharm (1977). Growth of poductivity in Indian
Agriculture. Indian J.Agric. Econ., 32 (2): 20-32.
Vidya, Sagar (1977). A component analysis of the growth of
productivity and production in Rajasthan: 1956-61 to
1969-74. Indian J. Agric. Econ., 32 (1): 108-119.
Vidya, Sagar (1980). Decomposition of growth trends and certain
related Issues. Indian J. Agric. Econ., 35 (2): 42-59.


10Yearth

of Excellence 

Internat. Res. J. Agric. Eco.& Stat., 10 (2) Sept., 2019 : 246-251

HIND AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AND TRAINING INSTITUTE
251