Chapter I

NURSING INFORMATICS
“Do not blame me for your technological ignorance as your ignorance, technological or otherwise, is not my
fault.”
Chapter I
A. Computer and Nursing
 The implementation of health information
system coupled with the health statistical
information system is motivated by the
desire to enhance the quality of healthcare
services.
 Why do we need to implement health
information system and health statistical
information system in our health care?
 To have an adequate and efficient data
collection.
 To address the standard of the delivery
of healthcare.
 A new computer based- system can
correct the old system.
 Can provide functions not possible with
a manual system.
Example: statistical information
system which converts and
transform data into information
which calculate trending and patient
profiling.
 Duplicates the performance of a manual
system with lower cost.
Computer System
 Today medical computer system are widely
used.
 New systems are developed with more accuracy
and efficiency.
 The nurse and the healthcare provider
should not be heavy reliant on the
information provided by the computer
system- wrong input data will manifest
wrong output.
 To integrate a health information system the
nurses and other health care giver should have
recognized the need for computer system.
 Change from a manual health care system into a
computer information system.

MANUAL HEALTH CARE SYTEM

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

1. Easy to implement 1. Problem with maintenance

2. Low cost 2. Volume of data becomes a problem (storage problem)

3. No extra training required 3. Needs lot of paper

4. Requires minimum effort 4. Problem with interpretation/transcription

5. Quick processing 5. Data is not converted easily to information

6. Can be stored anywhere 6. Readiness of information (not data)

7. Cannot be easily corrupted (w/ proper storage) 7. Accessibility to any health care personnel and to any
health care institution

8. Easy to prepare 8. Ounce data is burned it cannot be produced easily

9. Data profiling can be done easily 9. Integration with the other system such as laboratory,
accounting etc. is a problem

10. Readiness of data 10. Data handling is a problem

“The modern age has a false sense of superiority because it relies on the mass of knowledge that it can use,
but
what is important is the extent to which knowledge is organized and mastered.”
COMPUTER INFORMATION SYSTEM
ADVANTAGES
1. Data maintenance
2. Low maintenance cost
3. Volume of data is not an issue
4. No paper is required
5. No problem with interpretation/transaction
6. Data can be easily converted into information
7. Readiness of information and data
8. Accessibility to any healthcare personnel and any
healthcare institution
9. Data cannot be corrupted easily (w/proper back up)
10. Can be integrated with other system such as
laboratory, pharmacy, accounting, mgmt, etc.
11. Data handling is easy
12. Data integrity is preserved
13. Data communication is possible
14. Statistical information system can be provided
15. Migration to other system is easy
16. Can be expanded
17. Easy data profiling
B. Computers in Nursing
─ 1978 - computer system ready in used in
healthcare system in prominent hospitals in
Manila.
─ Today hospitals used computers due to
usability to day to day nursing process like
admission, discharge and transfer, patient
monitoring, patient mapping, nursing
schedule, patient profiling, decision support,
ect.
 Nurses can communicate to other department
thus saving phone calls
 Nurses healthcare to patients are optimized.
 Nursing assessment
 Patients monitoring and plans
 Medication processes
 Admission records and
 Discharged plans
 Nurses becomes more efficient because it can
be integrated to a so called “ Statistical
Information System” such that the information
DISADVANTAGES
1. Implementation requires severe justification
2. High starting cost
3. Requires training for nursing and healthcare giver
4. Requires additional effort to implement
5. Additional manpower is necessary
6. Special storage is necessary
7. Data communication system will have an additional
cost
8. Data can easily corrupted (w/o back-up provided)
9. Readiness of data and information is possible when
software is provided in the healthcare information
system
10. Requires extensive planning, designing and
commercial implementation
11. Information management is essential
 
 
 
 
 
 
is converted into Information that is essential to
nurses
 Nurses becomes more efficient because it can
be integrated to a so called “ Statistical
Information System” such that the information
is converted into Information that is essential to
nurses
 The statistical information system will provide
medical printout to the nurse for a particular
client which includes charts, tables. Index ect.
 Computer can perform drug dosage calculation
faster and more accurately.
 Nurses notes can be entered quickly by choosing
statements, appropriate for a particular client
from multiple pre programmed choices.
 Computers are important tool in nursing
practice, nursing education, nursing research
and nursing administration.
 Nurses can use computers in clinical practice to
document
 nursing care,
  communicate physician’s orders,  large decrease in blood pressure (shock)
 receive an information about admissions,
discharge and transfers, monitor clients,  We can say that Nursing Informatics is the
pharmacy report and also laboratory test scientific endeavor of processing of data into
resuts information, data managing, analyzing,
reporting, make knowledge- based decisions and
C. Healthcare informatics intermediary to patient care and use this special
─ Is the integration of knowledge in order to enhance the quality of
 information science service and professional practice
 Health science  The goal of nursing informatics is to improve the
 Computer science and health of populations, communities, families and
 cognitive science individuals by optimizing information
 The holistic objective of the medical management and communication.
practitioners such as the nurse, healthcare  This includes the use of technology in the direct
providers, physicians healthcare staffs etc. provision of care, in establishing effective
 It is also the derivative of the business health administrative systems managing and delivering
care application. educational experiences, supporting life-long
 Specialties are divided into learning and supporting nursing research.
 Medical informatics
 Health informatics D. Nursing Informatics Specialist
Dental informatics  They are important in bridging between clinical
 Nursing informatics care skills and technology
 Because Nurses are not interested in
Nursing Informatics computer automation or are not adequately
 Is a specialty that integrates nursing science, trained in information technology.
computer science and information science to  They bring clinical knowledge to more advanced
manage and communicate data, information technical projects such as the development of
and knowledge in nursing practice administrative computer system and the
 Integration supports patient, nurses and other interpretation of a complex medical data
providers in their decision making in all roles and  They are responsible for providing clinical
settings information and data analysis for effective
 The support is accomplished through the used of patient care and monitoring
information structure, information process and  Works with computer systems, data and
information technology. information analysis systems such as statistical
information system to ensure optimal health
care is provided
 Should have a good understanding of basic
nursing techniques and standards coupled with
statistical data collection, data analysis and
interpretation
 Information allocation and dissemination
capabilities are important
 They evaluate patient care based on the data
and information and determines more
Example:
appropriate care and medical process
 Dengue fever/ severe dengue(dengue
 Specific role
hemorrhagic fever)
1. To employ informatics theories and
Data → information → knowledge
concepts, methods and tools to analyze
 Fever(38˚C)
information system requirements:
 rash
2. design , select, implement and evaluate
 muscle and joint pain
information systems, data structures.
 frequent vomiting
3. Develop decision- support mechanisms that
 abdominal pain
support patients, nurses, and their human-
 restlessness
computer interactions w/in health care
 acute, or sudden, fever
contexts.
 severe abdominal pain
4. to facilitate the creation of new nursing
 bleeding or bruising under the skin
knowledge
 cold or clammy skin
 nosebleeds
E. Highlights of the History of Computer
 1600s- machines perform arithmetic calculations
by Blaise Pascal and Gottfried Leibnitz
 1833- the first machine employing concepts
similar to those of a computer was analytical
engine by Charles Babage
 1890- electro mechanical calculating machine
was first implemented by Herman Hollerith
 Used punched-card input and performed
simple arithmetic calculations and card
sorting operation
 Use extensively in early and mid 1900s
controlled by hand-wired control panel
 1930s -Mark 1 was the first automatic calculator
 Use electromagnetic relay and counters for
performing calculation
 Mid 1940s- ENIAC
 ( Electronic numerical Integrator and
calculator) was developed
 The 1st electronic digital computer using
vacuum tubes
 1949- EDSAC ( Electronic Delay Storage
Automatic Computer) the 1st stored –program
computers
 1951-1958- the 1st generation of computers
began with UNIVAC 1 (Universal automatic
computer)
 Used vacuum tubes to control internal
operations
 Very large and generated a lot of heat
 Much faster in old machines
 1959-1964- the 2nd generation of computers
 Relied on transistors for controlling internal
operations.
 Transistors were much smaller, faster and
more reliable in vacuum tubes.
 Use of magnetic cores for internal storage
or memory
 1965- 1980- 3rd generation computers
 used solid state integrated circuits rather
than transistors to obtain reduction in size
and cost together with increased reliability
 Larger storage capacity
 w/ sophisticated software
 Today- semiconductor memories and large scale
integrated (LSI) and a very large scale integrated
( VLSI) enhanced the development of miniature
devices such as
 Laptops
 Mp3player
 PDA