Min e ral lnformation Service

GEOLOG1c·.HAZARDS
- - -, ---·-,----------.
MINERA L INFORMATION S ERVICE
~alifornia Ro no ld Reagan, Governor
,rces Agency Normon B. Livermo re, Jr .,
Admin istra lor
ni o f Conserval ion James G. Steo rns, DireclOI'
f Mi n es ond Ge o logy Ion Compbe ll, Slafe Geofogist
lquo rl ers office: f erry Build ing, San Francisco 94111
Branch offices:
,ge les: Los Angeles Stot e Office Building, Room 1065,
107 Sou t h Broadwoy, 900 12
19: State Bu ilding, 2135 Akard S!ree t, 96001
nenia: 1416 9t h St reet (9th ond O Stre eh), 95814
~
RAL INfORMAT ION SERVICE is dcsigncd
u n t hc progrcss of ca rth scicncc in California,
·1furn~ th c pub!ic uf disco,·c ri cs in gco logy and
·r h sc 1cnccs o f 11 1tcrcst :md conccrn to chcir li ,·cs
ihood. lt also sc n·cs as a ncws rc lcasc on minera l
es , min in g o p cratio ns, srar isti cs o f che mincr~d s
. ,111t! ne\": p ublica cions: Je is iss ucd monchly br
·o rn1a D1ns1on of M111es and Gcology. Sub-
pricc, J anua ry t hro ug h Dcccmbcr, is Sl.00.
p ub lica tio ns of che D ivisio n inclu de t he Annua l
í rhc Srnrc Gco logist~ th e Bnlletin, Spccial Re-
2. S (1 cc t ,.and Cou nr y Repon ser ies; the Gcolog ic
~ahforrna; a nd othcr maps an d publica tions. A
e Di ,·ision's ,H"a ilabl e publications wi ll he sent
ucsr. Communications to che Division of Min es
ogy, includi n g o rd ers for puhlic:uions shou ld
sed ro th c San Fr;mcisco office. ' .
MARY R. H1u., Editor
fORY BOOKSHELF
THE HISTORY TR.AIL-Sutro Library
Though _most of our rcadcrs are u n doubtcd ly familiar w it h
the excced111gly fine C? llecr,io n of Ca\iforniana and books from
<:1therfi~lds at the C:1 li for111a Sra_tc L1brary in Sacram ento, not
:,;~ m:tn}, perh~ps,_ k n ow of .r he L1brary's only bra nch, the SutrO
Libra ry, herc m S?n Fr,mc 1sco . For t hat reason wc have asked
1\lr. R1ch:u~ ~- D 1llon,.Sutro Librarian and wcll -known author
for a descnpt1011 of l11s ch:1rge. l-lis rcp ly is prescnted here~
undcr:
Clio-the Muse of history-poys lillle more heed to stote boundories
th an she does to county lines. Hence th e importonce of Sutro librory 's
c~llection of historico l Americano to bode up the Ca liforn iana collec-
!10ns of a holf-doze n g reot in stitutio ns in the state one of which is
Su~ro's "moth e r", the Ca lifo rnia Stote Li b ra ry in Sa~rome nl o. The la t-
ter 5 San Froncisco-ond on ly-b ranch, the Sufro Library is a refe rencc
7 nd reseorch libro ry in the ge nera l field o f history, ~ilh mo re than
00,000 vo lumes ond many thousonds of manuscripts.
. Th e Sutro Libro ry's st re ngths are in such fields os British history
lite ~otu rc, Mex ican histo ~, r_ore books, and the history of science'.
~n 1ike. mas! West Coost l1bro ries, th e Sufro is not pa rticular/y inte resled
•n Ca liformo history but dotes o n tho t of a l/ of the ot he r forty -nine
Sfol~s. Thus, it performs o back-up function vio loans c nd referencc
sCrv1ces fo o th e r librari es of th e state.
LANDSLIDES
By Dougl as M. Morton and Robert Streitz
Port One
Ar firsr, for people campe<l :1 long che m:1rgins oí che ,·all cy, I.arc Cretaccous(?) :1gc in thc L:11,: c 1\ l c:1d are:1 of NcYada ;1nd
ir was on ly :1 111oment:1ry :1warencss, nor :1 true rca li zation - th c11 A rizo na. Breccias of post-C rc taccou s agc, rcscm bling "modern
ir came, a Yiolcnt rock-s harrering shake. Loase <lebris, :1long <l:1 y mud-Am,· and dehri s-flo\\" accum u larions" werc reponed
w ith grcac sli ces cif bedrock clea,·ed from th c m o untain core, in severa ! arcas of sout hcrn Califo r n ia by R. H . Jahns and
came tumbl in g ,111d Yau lting to\,·ard the va ll cy Aoor in a rre - A. E. E ngcl in 19i0.
mendous landsli de. Campers in irs p:1rh fe lt a horrifyin g blasr
of air chat was pus hcd asidc by rhe falling debris- rhcy cl un g
despe rately to trecs o r anyt hi ng w ithin rcac h. Some had rhcir
clothcs torn from rh cm, ot hers were blow n h cyo nd che surge
of ad,·ancing rock ; ami, unfortunatcl y, so me ,nrc engu lfed.
Aftc r a fcw minutes only che clull clacJ.:ing of a few spcnt rock
fra g ments cou ld be hcard an<l rhen it was once m ore quier
on the ,·alle)' flo or. T hc landslides follow in g- che 1959 H ebgen
Lake earthq uakc, in a remate pare of i'vlomana, k ill cd 28 peoplc
and c hanged thc facc of che landscape hy crcaring laJ.:: cs and
alrering rhc shapc o f che mount:1 ins.
To rhosc in thc v icinity of chis landsl id e ic ,,·,1s :1 major
ca rascrophe; in che rea lm of gcology ir ,,·as an isobrcd occur-
re n cc of :1 nor m al ge ologic process. L 111dsliding is an imporrant
agc nt shap ing thc earth's su r face and ir ha s been acr i,·e as long
as rherc h avc bccn natural slopcs. As ca n yo ns :1rc cut b y run -
ni ng water, or as mountains are thrusr upward, che force of
grav iry perio dicall y pulls clown masscs of carth m:1tcr ials from
exposed slo pes. This p roccss produces much of ch e debris rhar
is later carrie cl away by srreams and ri,·ers to be dcposited :ts
scdi m cnts in intcrmontanc bas ins and o n che occan fl oor.
Tcc hn ically, landslid es are part of a more genera l catcgorr
of erosio na! processes ca llcd mass-wasting-thc rcrm ap pli e<l
by gcologists ro t hc proccss of down-s\ ope mo\·emenr of eart h Prehis t oric londs lid e, over 5 m i les in length, on the
southeos t ern f lank of the Santo Roso Mountoin s, Riverside

'ª·. Vo l. 2, No. l. A licc M:uhi sen, Libr:1rian, T e-
. L1br,H)', 909 Jcffcr1on Srrccr, Red Illuff, CA 96080.
,., p roccss:d. 1966. !·rec. Requcsr from Lib ra ri an .
s h_on art1~·lc 011 n\· cr traffic 0 11 rh e uppcr Sacra-
1ar ~cs o! h1 srorr rcr m papc~s prepared by studcnrs
H 1g h Sc ho.ol , :111d d c.sc n pnon~ of books :rnd g ifts
:~! ro rh c _L1 h rar}·. Alice Math 1sen\;: recognirio n of
,~ll sets a fine prcccdent, and should make her issues
11.t a srimul us not only to che local hig h sc hoc;I
sto ry, bue also to orhcr pc rsons w ho ma,· be able
~ ,·cliic ics ro cn c.:o urage their roung peop!C's efforrs
'.)RY TRA IL
; D. Slcepe r , Srn ff H istor ian of The ln·inc Com-
CA 92664, comes a lcttcr and a copy of the first
Comp:tn)''s T/.ie Rnncbo San Joaquin Ga::ette.
Jef,
~rn p~ut. of t h e srate, J fcar, has a <listincr jump
111h1sron ca l awarcncss. As a ce ntury-o ld insritu-
c Ra nch is hopefu ll y rrying ro corrccr che defi -
ard, I am passing on to yo u che firsr cdition of
)ff,r]oaqufn Ga,:,ette, w hich you may find of
e~ wi ll fea tu r c . a:riclcs an d picru rcs trca tin g Bu ll
rmg, Loca l Al 111111 g Booms, the Sron· of Sikcr-
.\ lo djc ska , the Ruron Massacrc, Ú1c Toma to
-;t11d asso rtcd orher h air -rai se rs.
r rcaders c_a:c ro sccu r~ ~opics (free of charge),
so by ,n1t111g lo \V ilh am L. Aldrich, Publi c
ctor. The l1T inc Co., In-inc, Californ ia 92664."
ro .\ [ r. Slccper. Vo lu me 1, number l of che
Jul)·, 1876, is ,1 handsomc '-f pages dc,·oted ro
• •
Adolph Sutr~ is no stra nger to !he Division o f Mines and Geo logy.
A G~,m~n emigran! turn e d self-toug ht minin g eng in eer, Sufro mod e a
fo rt une m Nevada w he n he rescued the mines of the Co mstock Lode
from flooding by driving a great odit, th e famed Su tro Tunn e l, inland
from the Corson River to dra in the mine sha fts of water. He re tired to
San Francisco a millionoi re, to dabb le in rea l estate and to trave l.
But th ~re he discovered h is t ru e voca tic n, that of a b ibl iop hile. Sufro
and his agents boug ht heavi ly in Brita in , Mexico, th e Unit ed States ,
and !he Near East. Befa re his collecting days e nded when he was
e lect~d Mayor of San Frcinc isco in 1896 over the two moior-party
condidotes, he ha~ p robo b ly ~he lor gest private librory in th e country.
There ~ 0 .s never time far o n inventory, bu t estimates ron to a quo d er
of a md l,on, or 300,000, vo lum es.
Su tro died in 1898 on d th e Sa n Francisco eart hqu ake ond fire of
1906 spared less tha n ho lf of his li bra ry, a lo ng with the enti re Bo n·
croft Li bro ry, now in Berke ley. AI I o th er co llections were utterly de-
stro~e.d. ~odoy, Sutro. lib ra ry is the on ly p re-quake o nd fire libra ry
surv1v1ng in San Francmo, t he o n ly lin k in the Cit y to ih p ioneer book.-
co llecting days o f th e 1870s and 1880s.
The Su~ ro library, loco ted on G o lden Gote Avenue opposite Temesco l
Te rrece, 1s we ll worth a visit, lt is cpen to the public from 9 a.in. to
6 p.m., Mondoy throug h f r iday, excepting stote ho lidays. Phon e [415]
557-03~-4. T~e ~o lif~ rnia S tote Librar ía n is Mrs. Ca rmo R. Leig h; the
Su tro l1brar10n 1s R1d1ord H. Oi ll on. An illust ro ted brochure Anolomy
o f a Librory, is ovo ilob le • a t no casi to th ase who ore in;erested in
books Clnd history, os long as t he supp ly lash.
matcri als, pr imari ly by gravit)'. This mm·cmcnt, eirhe r slo w
or rapid, occurs when the strength of che m aterial is exceeded
b y the forc e o f grav ity. C reep is that parr of mass-wasting in
wh ic h earch materials w ith poorly dcfincd bounds move ar
imperceptibl y slow rates. " ' h en a discrete u nic (or unirs) of
carth materials m ovcs perccptibl y, it is te rmed a landslide.
A ncient d cposits that ma}' represcnt landslid cs are fou nd in
thc geo logic record :is far back as Prccaml>rian time. 13ennic
W. Troxel has scen breccia dcposirs rescmbli ng lanclsli de debris
in thc Upper Precambria n Kingsron Peak Formarion of sout h-
crn Death Va ll ey. C hestcr R. Longwe ll , writin g in 195 1 (see
bibliograph y), describ ed hrccci as, w hi ch he term cd megabrcc-
c ias, that also rese mblcd landslide debris-t hese from rocks of
Blockhowk l ands li de wh ic h ex t ends cbou t 5 m il es fr om
th e front of the San Berno rdino Mounta i ns in San Bernard i no
County onto the ge n tly s loping f loo r of the Mojave desert.
Cou nty. Londslide moterials ore g r onitic rocks of Mesozoic
oge. O nl y obout h a lf o mile of the 5 mi le length of the land-
s li de exte nd s beyon d the mountain front. Ncte the bou ld ers
on the surface of the londslide. Ph oto by John S. She lton.
T he ab ili ty to distingu ish bcrwcc n geo logica ll y ol d and
modcrn-day landslide d eposits is of cons id erable practica \ Yaluc.
For insta nce , geolog ists R ich ard H . Jalm s and Gco rgc B. C le,·e-
land, working in che Palos Verdes P cninsub arca in Los An-
ge les Cou nt)', report th,tt there Al ioccne breccia :md submarine
slu mp deposirs greatly rescml>lc moder n landslidc dcposirs-but
with one important differc nce: che ancient matcria ls are re la-
rively st:J. blc. T hus, if a Miocenc \Jrcccia deposir ,,·ere confused
w ith a m odem-da)' landsli de deposir, u nn ecessary conccrn
about the srability of an are:1 co uld rcsulr-or perhaps e\·en che
unnecessa ry rejecrio n of a sitc for bui lding co nstrucrion .
T hc most dcsrructi\'e series of landslid es in recorded hi storr
o ccu rred in Ka nsu Province. China. Duri ng an ean h qu:ike in
1920 g iga ntic masses of loess (unstr:u ificd deposits of silt) were
shaken loose, ancl moved down mounrain sidcs, j¡rnndatin g
populated valley arcas up ro 3 mil es in len gch. i\'lorc t h an one
hund red thousand persons w cre kill ed in chis carastrophc. The
C hin ese aptl y describcd rhe cxtcnsivc landsli de arca as «,,·herc
ch e mountain s wa lk". Smallcr lands!ides bv manY ordcrs of
m agnitudc are mor e common :md gen erally .feprcsei1r no se riou s
thrcac ro li fc; h ut thc y are, ne,·errh elcss, cos tl )' w h cr e the y-
affect rhe acci,·iti cs or works of man. Rockwell Sm ith. in hi s
study oí thc cconnmic :1nd leg:11 aspects of landslides, estimatcd
rhat t hev cose rhe nation hundreds of m illi ons of dolbrs
annually:
Thoug h landsli des are gcncrallr cons idered a decriment to
che works of man , a numher of dams h:n-c \Jecn \Juilt in ri,·cr
courscs ar consrrictions c:1used b y landsl idcs. For ex,1mpic, ch e
farmcr's Uni on Rescn·oir on the Rio Gra n de Ri,·er is located
at a narrow port ia n whe rc che ri,·er's co ursc is thrcc -quarrers
block cd by a land slide. Thc Ilonncvillc dam sitc on thc Colum -

-.
The londs li de mate rial is Furnace Limest o n e of Mi ss i ssip-
1V rigl.it ExJJrcss, csra blishcd in 1866 ro run bc- pion age. Thi s l o nd slide, initi olly a rockfa ll , opparently bia Riv cr was formed by rhe tlcflect ion of che river by ;111

'.go an d Los A nge les. Thc arciclc, a recrcated
r}d <: bct,,·ce n L~JS A ngeles :111d S:111 Joan Cap-
' 1s t!lustratc<l ,,·1rh ;1bour a dozen old etchings
otos.
.
.. From Sufro library; not ovoiloble from the Di vision of Mines and Geológy.
traveled across the deser t fl oo r ot en exceed in g ly hi gh
velac it )' on a cushion of oir. Note the pro n ounced lateral
From "Geo/ogy lflustro ted", by John S. She l1on, copyright ridge s and the s urfa ce c renulation s . Compa re the sh ope,
by W. H. Freemon and Company, thickn ess, distonce trave led from the mountain front and
l ock af boulde r s, with the San t o Roso Mountoins londs li de.
ancient lan <ls lide. T he ChcakJmus Dam, British Columbia, ,,·:1s
foundcd on :1 landsli de and t hc dam, an euth -and-rock-fi ll
srructurc, was construcrcd of bndslidc and landslidc -derive<l
materia ls. In such instances, ho we,·er, intensi,·c gco log ic and
cng in ccring i1H"csrig,uions are a n ccessary saíery mcasurc.

123
 125
124 ,· Mineral ln formation Service October 1967

In California, intcrcsr in landslidcs has in c rcascd m:ukcdl y

bcca usc of rh c grcat influ x: of pcoplc :rnd thc concomit:lllt cx-
pansion and dcvclopmcnt of ncw public focilirics :rnd cnlargc d
a rcas of privare housing. As fl at land is uscd up, urban dcvclop-
mcnr is bccoming more Cxtc nsiv c in hilly and mountainous
arcas. Hillsidc dcv clopmcnt ca n "triggcr'' old l:mcl slid cs and
iniri:ttc ncw oncs, if th c projcct is im propcrl)' managcd o r
location
Examples of various types of landslides.

Elm, Switzerland
Flimlenlein, Switzerland
Saidmarreh, lran
Frank, Alberto, Canoda
Büu and Helm, 1881; Hei,._ 1882
Putno"" 1964
Harrisa n and Falcan, 1937; Kent.. 1966
•
dcsig-ncd. Eirhc r n:n ural o r man-induccd bnds\id cs can occur Do ly, e t al.. 1912
in a'i-cas whc rc dc \"C lopmcnr is not propc rl>' contro llcd. San Juan Mountoins, Colorado Howe, 1909
Mount Rainier, Wash ington Crandell and Fohnestocl 1965
Sowtooth Ridge, Montano Mudge, 1965
Blackhowk Conyon, Son Berñordino Woodford Ofld Horriss, 1928;
County, Californio Shreve, 1959 (see pi.oto)
SO IL FALLS
New Madrid oreo, Missouri Fu lle,-, 1912
~mazan Rlver, Broxil Botes. 1B75
COASTLINE FALLS
Norway Brigha"" 1906
Northern Californio coost lawson, et al., 1908
PLANAR SLIDES
Goldou, Switzerlond Hei~ 1932
Bellinzona, ltoly Holmes. 1964
Voiont Oam, ltaly Selli, et al .. 196-4
lo Pota, Ponoma Nat'I Acad. Sci,. 1924
Gros Ventre, Wyoming Alden. 1928
Hebgen loke, Montana Hadley, 196-4
Kettle Folls, Washington Varnes, 1958
Paint Fermin, Californio Miller, 1931

ROTATIONA L SLI0ES
Telluride ond Monlrase, Colorado Vornes., 1949
Toreva, Arizona · · Reiche, 1937
Echo Cliffs ond Vermillio n C liffs, .l\rizona Strahler, 1940

• •
Cope fortunos, California lawson, e t al., 1908 Eorthflow in 1940 which occurred near Sorg e nt, s outh of Gilroy, Santo C l.oro Cou nty. TThhis hlarge flowh •lyp~ ofl lftds!;~c
Orinclo, California Herling and Stafford, 1952 (see pi.oto) - f Id d · ¡ d d I f th Puri s imo F o rmoti on of Pl1ocen e age. e P o tograp o n I e e , w i
Poclfk: Palisodes, Califo rnia McGill. 1959 u ccr't~? h"wa: to1 ~~ '.ht:f~r:;ro~~d, ss~~:sº num:rous o lder lond s lide s indi c oted by the ~u_mm oc ky groundh T~e ~hºti'oph
Portuguese.Bend, Colifornia Merriarn. 1960 ~ the right looks down the direction of l ond s li de mov e menl ond s how s c leorly the prec1p1tou s scarp al t_ e :a o I e
0
lond slid; ond hu mmoc ky ground on bo th si des of the londs l ide. Photo by Clyde Sunderland, Oakland, Caldorn,a.
Stockport, New York Sharpe, 1938
New Philodelphia, Ohio Sharpe and Dosch., 1942
San Juan Mountoin1, C~lorado Howe. 1909
Horseshoe llend, ldaho Peebles,. 1962
SoÜrdough Peok, Wrangell Ronge, Alasko Holmes, 1964
Grand Coulee Dom, Washington . Legget, 1962
l ossen Volconic Parle, California Shorpe, 1938
Gilroy, Californio Krauskopf et .al., 1939 (see pi.oto)
San Clemente, California Blonc and Cleveland, in prepmlllion
Tunne l Road (Ca lifornio Stot e Highwoy 2-4) londsl id e
of December 9, 1950. This l and s lid e occ urred in cloy ond FASf FLOWS
grave[ of the Orindo Formation of Plio ce ne age neor Orindo, Kori1u Province, Chino Clase and McCormick, 1922
Contra Costo Coun t y. lt wo s st o bi li z ed by dewotering the Gunong Keloet, Java Scrivenor, 1929
l ands li de mo ss by meons of O s eries of horizo n ta l droin Zinal, Switzerland Bonney, 1902
holes . Photo by Bif/ Yo ung, court e sy San Francisco Chron - St. Thuribe, Quebec,. Canoda Dowson. 1899
icle, Yamad:a, River, Quebec, Canada Clork_. 1947
Greensboro, Florida Jorda"' 1949
N ature o f Lrmdslides. Land slides tak e pla ce in widely dif- Slumgullion Gulch, loke City, Colorado Howe, 1909
fering- rock rypes and are of :1\most eve ry con ce i\' ablc sizc and Thunder Mountain, Raosevelt, ldaho Bumgarten. 1910
shape. The y are found at clcv_at ions ran g ing from loft}, moun- Paridl County, Utah Woolley, 19,46
tain µeak s ro rhe sea floor, and o ccur in every c lim ate from Stillwater Range, Nevado Blackwelder, 1928
fri g id Arc ti c to humid tropic and arid desen. The resultin g Montrose, California Troxell ond Peterson. 1937
w icle ran ge of Yariabks produc es many diffcre m kinds o r Wrightwood, California Sharp and Nobles_, 1953
trp cs of 1:tndslides. Gcol ogiscs havc thcrcforc found it hel pfu l
to g roup rh cm alon g uscful paramcrers. Of thc various classifi - UNDERWATER FLOWS
carions, thc onc proposc d by C.F.S. Sh:upc in 1938, an d t hc Zug, Switzerlond Heim, et al.,. 1888
eme proposcd by D.J. Va rn cs in 1958, are probahly che most Atlantic Oceon Heezen and Ewing, 1952
widcl)' :icceprcd . Hawaiian Ridge, Pa~ifk Oceon Moore, .,.1964 (see olso Mineral l•lor•
Th e following classifi cat ion is, in esscncc, che o nc cl cnloped mation "Se rvice, vol. 19, No. 3, p. 50.)
hy Mr. Varn cs, wi t h slight 1nodific:1tio n. H e rc che principal
di\·ision of bnd slid es is b:iscd upan thc ty pe of landslid e mo vc-

mcnr-fa ll , sl id c, or flow , and wirhin c:ic h type of m ovcmcnr
is a subdivis ion dcs ignaring rhc material irn-oh-ecl (i.c. rock,
so il . mixtures, cte.). In :iddirio n, fo r the flow ty pc of lan dslidc,
warcr contcnt of the material (ranging from dry to saturarcd)
is c:ons idcre<l. A complcx land slid c consists o f any comb inat ion
of rhc chree basic rypes.
• •
FALLS are limi tcd ro th c fre e fallin g of earth lll atcrial of :in y
sizc . The nam c "fall" is moclifi cd de pcndin g upon thc principal
rnarcri:11 in vo lvcd: rock fall, d cb ris fall, and so il fall. F:ills ma}'
cake p lace in any mater ial th at can stand in a \" Crtical slope
for cve n a short tim e. Sorne of t hc most spccr:tcular and brgcst
 126 Mineral lnformation Service 127

landslid cs havc bcen of this typ<; or werc complex landslidcs occur on the scale of indi vidual grains or panic1es. Flows occur
which includcd initial free fall. Talus, common in mountafoous 100 mi les pcr
on slopes w hi ch rangc from very gendc to stecp and consist
and desert arcas, is usually thc rcsult of numcrous individual of matcria ls w~1 ich rangc from wc ll sortcd to mixcd. T hey roba bly abom
rockfolls. cncompass a w1de ra ngc of water conrcnt and may display a ared thc Elm
turbulcnt or laminar flo w structurc. r sccond, or
SLIDES (rock slidcs, dcbris sli des, and so il slid cs) occur whcrc
e the rule for
mo vcmcnt rakcs place on onc or more shcar or slip surfaccs Crcc p, hcre considercd thc slow cnd -mcmber of fto w movc-
and rhc ::i.ffccte_d mass consists of single to num crous scgmenrs mcnt, is an imporrant mass-wastin g agent. Ir has a vcry sig-
of sorne brgc
boundcd by slip surfaccs. Thc mo vcmcnt is co mmonly rapid, nifi ca nt r clationship to la nds lid es, in t hat it prepares slopc
t igation of thc
t houg h je docs not att:J. in thc vclocitics rcachcd by falling deb:is fo r . more rapid __ mass-mov~mcnr. This is accomplished
matcrials. by. mc rcasmg pcrmeabil 1ty_, rcducrng shcar strc ngrh, overstccp-
j Ca lifornia, in
cnmg slop cs, and dcvclopmg downslopc st ru cture in soil and ~ild on l}' ha\·e
Pbnar slid cs involvc translatory (11011-rot:i.tional) movc- p mprcssed air.
mcnt of thc slid c mass. Somc suc h slidcs consist of single or detritus.
is ph ysica ll y
sc,·cral undcformcd rnasscs tcnncd block glid c, an d others con-
sist of numcrous un its such as dcbris slid cs. Slump slid es involvc
Dry ílows are tcrmcd rock, sand, and silt flows, dcpending
upon t hc lll:lterials invol vcd. \Ver flows, including mudflo\\'s
r in 1965, indi -
!ccts of sim ilar
;t ro tation al mon:mcnt of thc slide mass. Slumps may consist com mo nly rcsult from torrcntial ru noff following cloudbursrs: btl y, rh c samc
of sing le undeformed blocks, as in lateral sp reading, or multiplc \ind cpcndc ntl~-
partl y deformed unirs termed compound slumps. Slumps com- Rcc?g11itio11 <?f. Landslidcs .. Certainly no one has any diffi- FOLD SIDE FLAP S FIRST
hined with considera bl e interna! deformation of the slid e mass c_ulty 111 r_c cogni Zlll g a l:md shde that hlocks a highwa y or car-
1
are quite common in the Coast Rangcs of California. n es . a nc1ghbor s yard ~r home away. T hcsc landslid es are
o~lnously om-of- rhc -ordmary fcatures in a backya rd ar on a
z ~- :::;:; z
F 1.0\\'S 1 the t hi rd gene ral t ype of land slide mo vement, occur
h1g!1w:1 y. Thc :1no111~l~us naturc of landslidc slop es is one of ► "O '<
►
w herc thc disp bccd mass is deformcd and moves ]ikc a viscous n O
t helí n.10st c haractcnsnc fc~rurcs, rcgardlcss of whethcr thc\· o e
~
1
fluid. No discrcrc slip or shear surfaces are discernible within
occur lll ba.ck y;1r.ds or cn t1rel y rcmoyed from civilization oíl
~f "
oo ¡¡-
r
th e landslid e mass. T hc intra-la ndslidc mo vemcnts gencrally
far off 111o unta1n sirl es. As a gcologist maps landslidcs, he Iooks aro
r ro
3
~
ro
Q_
1
"O
~
n
a
ro
:,
~
ro
~

Q_ 3 3::
:s ¡ ~
'<
zm
~ l
1 ""
~ ;,o
~

-< m
z ~ mz
~, "TI

u,
1: : o e ~
u,
"" l>
-i
► o►
o
-i
►
~
o
o►
o
3::
>
[ ,-
~
~ o
~
---, -g_ z
u, ~ u, 6 :,o o
~,r
r
u,
n
::;
z n
::;
z n
::;
z g z o -1
► ► ► ñ
ti
1
-< ;:: -< ;:: -< ;:: (/1
m
m 1 m
o 1 o o
1

a
""
::;
.- 1
1

1
. 1
. 1
Q_
Q_
í)
m
o t:! ffe t:!
" ~ " "
1
.- r.
f
~
f
~
í -o
~
0-
"' 00
;;.
ro
u, u, u,
-i -i -i
►i ►i ►i
-
o► -
m o► -
m o► lSHU SdVH l OI S 01O:i or ic ntcd as to
lm o o o !xterr1 :1l cn1sc.
~ ~ "'
m
out :idditional
i u,
u,
u,
u,
u,
u,
\\'hich \\'ou ld
i11g as a rcsu lr
1
,e~. othcr tlrn n
1 :1ia thi s takcs
San Francisco
i l\,·intcr-111ont h
~e seasons oí
Ae ri o l v i ew from obove Kaweah Basin sout h eostword ove r g l acial c i rq u e s. Th ese s t eep wo ll ed recesses ore co r ved in N N
g roniti c roc k s on a 13,0 00 foo t ridg e in Sequoio Notiono l Pork . The prom i nent omphitheater-like c irqu e in the foreground. 'u 'u ¡:i, too, bnd -
son of g rca t
con t a in s a t ongue -like g l acia l moroine ond i s ove rri d d e n by o s molf roc k g l ac ie r. Th e ro c k g l ocier o ri g in o t es from the oc-
cumu l ot i on of g r on iti c t o lu s composed o f angu l a r blocks, so rn e o f w hi ch ore more than 10 feet ocross. Th e bro od re l o tive ly
fl ot t er roi n i n the neor ba c kgr ound is Boreal P lo teo u, on unglocioted remnan t o f a n o n c i e nt erosiono! surfoce. Photo by JohnL.
B um ett, 1964.
4 t mcchanism
landslidcs go
chquakc epi-
126 October 1967 127

l:mdslidcs ha v,
which incl ud c
an d d cscrr are
roclda lls.
SunEs (roc l,
movcmcnt mi<
:md thc affcct
• • firsr for ph ysiographic fcaturcs w hi c h are :rnom alous in a
p;1rt ic ubr gco logic and gcornorphi c sctti ng . To do chi s, thcrc-
forc, che gcologist nm st be fam ili ar with che "normal " phys io-
grap hi c dc\·clopmcnr o f a givc n rcgion. \ ,V hat is physiographi-
ca ll }' :rnonulou s in eme sctring mav he "nonnal " in :mothcr
sctt in g. ·
Nn d ifficu lt )' is cxpcricncccl in ch e rccog ni rio n of che mosr
disca n ce of 2500 metcrs in 50 se c ond s ( about 100 mil es pc r
hour mean ye)oci ry ); its maximum v cloc ity ,,·as prohahly al>out
200 miles pc r h our. Albert Hcim , w h o in vcstigatcd thc Elm
sli de, bcl ic,·cd nlocir ics of 50 to 150 rnc tc rs pe r sccond , o r
abour 100 tu more t h an 300 miles pcr hou r, to he rhc rule íor
fa ll s w ich \\"hich h e \\"as ía miliar.
R ece nrl y a mcc h:rnism for rh c r :l.pid transpon <_1f s~rn c brgc
l.ioundcd by s rccc nt l:rndslidcs bccausc of rh c barc scar p of ch e so urcc arc::i landsli dcs h as bec n proposcd. In a t h oroug h m,·est1~a~1on ~f t l~c
though j r doc and t h c di sru rbc d surfocc of t h e ma te rial w hic h h as mov ed. 13\ackhawk land slid c, San llcrnardino Counry, Ca lifor111 a, m
1natcri:1.ls. As rime passcs, crosion and ngcrar io n moclify t he scar p :md 1959, R. L. Shr c\'C sho\\"ed thac ch is bndslidc co uld n nl )' h a~·e
rhe lan ds lid e deposit, but t hc c h:u acterist ic landslidc form is come about hr bcing transponed on :l. la rcr of cornpresscd a1r.
Planar sli d< still ge ncrall y rccognizablc. Later t hc surfo cc -altcr in g age n cies He funhcr d cmo nstratcd rime such a mc c hanism is physica ll f
mcnc of t h c s
obliterare rhc a11 o rn :J.lous for m, b'rin gi ng it into cquilib rium possiblc fr om a rh corctica l sr:mdpo inr. H e latcr, in 1965,. in_di -
scvcrn l undcfo wit h thc rcgion ,1! landforms. Fina ll y, regiona l gcolog ic proc- c:tted t h ac rhis h )1 pot hcsis accoun t s for manr aspccrs oí s11m lar
sise of numero
;1 rotacio n a l ir
csscs can cornplctcly rcmo vc or inrcg r:1tc rh c landsliclc m ass la rgc bndslid cs clscwhe rc in thc "·orld . Apparc nr\ ~,, che samc
inro the gcomorphology of t hc arca. T hc rccogni tion of a tran spo mnion mcc h an ism larcr was suggcstcd in d cpcndentl ~·
oí si.ng l~ ~mdc. la11dsli dc whosc form has becn larg cly ma sk cd b y subsequcnt by P. E. Kcnt.
:ilrcrarion is a probl cm to thc gco log isr. T h c anom alou s fo r m
may be gon c or subd ucd and in its place ma y be a smooth ed-
Causes of La11dslidcs. T hc causes of lan d slidin g ca n be

[ili]
o vc r s urfacc. In t hi s case th c gcologist muse rcly o n oth er and
oftc n in d irccr cvidcncc, such as rh c state and cypc of che carth t raccd ro rhc in hc rent propcnies of rh e rocks, ancl ro extern a\
~

material, :md prese ncc of a sli dc surfacc (sli p-surface), or so rne facrors rclacccl to che geolog ic scrci n g. Thcse tcrms, " inh crcnt"
~

r orhcr loca l featu rc .
Commonl~,. in thc coursc of ge neral gco logic mapping in
>- urban arcas, thc lack of d cfi niti,· c ficlcl c,·idc n cc forces thc
01 gcologisr ro ouclinc arcas of possiblc land sli dcs . This action
..2 " Aa gs" t hesc arcas as porcnt ial troublc sites. T he sub stanriation
o(]J of thcse land slid cs rem:lins unresok ed uncil cngin ec rin g gcol-
ogisrs perforn1 a d ctail cd exarn inatio n of t he site ro dete rmin e
t'.) rhc rcl:::tti o nship .of r he la11dslid e or land slid e rnate rial s to a
particular e ng in cc rin g srrucrnrc o r cle,·clo pm cnt plan.
"U Re lati vcly intense st resscs ma y de,·c lo p within a landslidc
e: "St
o IJod y during the pcrio d of its m onmcnt. Thcse strcsses giYe
;¡; .,.,
CX) ri se to a t h o roug hl )' fractured d e posir of low strc ngth, t h ough
indi,·idu:il bl ocks in thc land slide mass ca n, and often do, retain
ami "exte rn a!" , correspond in genera l to oth er C\\"O-fo ld di ,·i-
sion s of rh c causes of land sliding, such as " real" and "imm e-
diatc," as proposcd by O. P. Kry n ine and YV. R. J udd.
T he inh crc nt propcrties o f a rock unir which ma y lc:td to :1
"s lid e-prone" co ndirion in cludc low srrcngth inin e ral s, such as
kao linitc; min eral s posscssin g perfect cleava gc, suc h :tS gy psum
ami sorne se rp cntinc min era Is; rioCks· t hat swe ll , such as
mor1tmorillo11itc-b ca rin g :111d ;rnhy d ritc-bear in g rocks. Anoth er
in hcre n t propcny rh at ma)' lcad ro slidin g is ch e orientarion
o í plan ar clements of rocks such as bedd in g plan es, ioints, :1t1d
orh e r reg ular su rfa ces.
Low-srrcngth matcrials are commonly rcstrict cd to o nc or
sc,·era l lith ologic units in :m :i.rea. In t h e Tesla quaclrang lc,

• •
e: o- rhcir original srrength. This state of the mater ial is ;1 critc rion Alameda Cou nty, all th e rnappcd la n dslides a re pa rti:i ll y, if not
wholl y, w irhin t hc Cierbo L'ormat io n . Mosr of th e landslides
i o
suggesri,·c of a bn d slid c. Suggcsci,·e on lr, bccausc orhc r geo-
logic proccsses m ay g i,·e risc ro similar. appearin g matcri:i l. in rh c San J uan Bautista quadrangle in rhc Momcr cy arca :1 rc
...... ·2 In so rne landslidcs. su c h as a sing le slmn pcd b lock, licclc if in che Puri si ma f-or mari on. In ch e E cl Rin r arca, in n orrh crn
C·il iforn ia, m ost of t he land slides are in th c mudstones of thc
o
e: ~
o .,
any dcformati on is de,·clopcd w ithin thc slide mass, ancl o ther
rcc hn iques of id cnt ification must be used . Thcsc in cludc: 1) \•Vild c ar Grou p and in rhc Yage r Formarion. Sc rpc ntinc is
slidc- p rone in man y pl aces in thc west -central and non hcrn
o
·;;¡ o -~t thc dctection of thc actua l slidc su r fo ce, or 2) ch e prcscncc of
rocks out of t hcir normal strati gra phic sc qucncc, and 3) thc parrs of C:1liforni:1, suc h as th c Lo\\"c r Lakc q uadran g lc ancl
·;; ~ u ., nonconfo rmity of rhe d ip in che slidc with t h at of che sur- Orcigalira P eak quad ra ngle. T he l one Formation , commo n\~·
ric h in ciar. is slid e- p ro nc in che Orm·ill e arca. In sourhcrn
o ..e:
E'e: "'e:
round in g rocks . A n examp lc of a lancl slid c tha r conta in s largc
unfraccurcd and und efonncd bl ocks is che Vaiont Dam land- Ca lifornia , rhc A lr:unirn 1\lcmber of thc i\ l ontc rc\· Formati on

,Q e: .e slidc thar rook plac e in 1963 in Ita ly. T hc hlocks in this slide
;1rc so largc and rclati,·cl )' undisrnrbcd that n.r ious rock rypes
in rhe Palos Verdes Hills, and La \ 7 ida 1\ lcmbcr o·f th c Pncnrc
Formation in t hc Pt1entc 1-iills foi l rcadi lv; both of thcsc are
e: z 11)
E 0 can be differentiated onr much of ch e bndslidc mass. Such :1 fine lr bcdded :rnd conrai n somc ciar la );crs.

ª
Exre rnal conditions rhar cause la n dslidcs ran ge fro111 g ra,·it r .
-o ~
u
E
o
slid c, in an arCa of po o r exposu rcs, cou ld rcmai n undcrecrcd
excc pt for dircct obscrvation of :l. slidc surfa ce, thc om-of \\"hic h is al\\"ars present, through crosion and r:1i11fal l, whi c h
o are com mon lr or periodicall~· prcscnr, ro c:1rth(]uakcs. w hi ch
"St o ] scquencc narnrc of thc rocks, or d edu ction hascd upon s uspi -
inircqucnt. Cornmo nl~- ;1 bnd slidc rcstdts fr om t\\°11 nr
u V) c io ns of a rrained obscn·cr. H e
mor e inhcrcnc properr ics plus t\n) or more c:-..:tern:1 1 cond iti o ns.

.,.e:
0 Si"Ze and _Ho--·,N?111eut of Lauds/idcs. Thc n.ilume of material
i1l\'okcd in ind ividua l Lrndsli des ran gcs from lcss ch:rn a cubic
foot, such as a single fa lling rock, m 4 to 5 cubi c miles, such
i as rhe Sai dmarrc h landslidc of l ran.
Age and volume of some large landslides.
Dale
.-\ simplificd cxampl c o f this wou ld be : .-\ sequc n cc uf scdi -
m enrar y la rcrs, one uf rhcm a bcd of n)lcan ic ash , is d cposited
in a basin . .-\ s rime passcs, th c ash h cd is altered ro bcntun it c
(a montmo ri llonirc -hearin g alrcrcd \·olcanic :l.Sh) :md t hc sedi -
m c: ntarr scqucn ce is clcnrcd ancl ti ltcd. A t r h is poi m rn·o
po rcnria ll y slid c- p ronc inhc rcnt pro pcrri cs ha\"C bce n dcnlopcd
Volume --rhc bcn toni rc becl and its t iltcd cond it ion. Latc r, c ro sion cm s
(million cu. yds. .i ca n ro n cxposing rh c h cntonice h cd , ""hic h is so o r icnced as ro

Riviere Blanche Quebec, Canada_._ . 1898 3.5 h e ,·crr susc.-cp rihlc to slidi ng- (the eros ion is an ex cema l cau sC' .
10-11 :-i s is gra,· ir r). Failurcs co uld follm,· cithe r withou t :1 ddition:1I
Elm, Swifzerland -··--·-•-·--·-·-·-····· --··-··-· 1881
St. Albans, Quebec, Conada ._______ ··· ~-····- 189-4 25 externa ! ca uses. or \)\· t hc inrroduction of \\·arer w h ich would
Frank, Alberto, Conado __ ___ __···-· 1903 35-40 e:xpancl alH'I \,·ca kcn thc ciar, or perhaps h r sh:i kin!-! as :i rcsult
50 of ;in ea rrh q uake.
G ros Ventre, Wyoming --- ·-·-··--··· -····---·· 1909
370 Pro bahh· rhe mosc oh,· iou s of rh c cxtcrnal c:iuse s, orher rh an
Blackhawk, California ·-·------- ..... ··· --······ ·· Prehistoric
390 g r:l\' ity, iS scasonal rainfa ll. In coastal California thi s take:-.
Vaiont, ltoly -··--·-·- ···-··-····- 1963
Tin Mountain, California ._ .. _._____ .... ..... Prehístoric 2,350 plac e in th e w inrer 111onths. Lrndslides in thc S:111 F ra nci scu
15,000 arc;1, fo r instan ce, are almost cxclusi,·clr :1 \\"inr e r-rn onrh
Flims, Switzerland -·--·····-•· -··- ····- ·- ··· - Prehistoric
2 1-27,000 ph c nnmenon. manifestcd particularly durin g th e scasons o f
Soidma rre h, lro n •. -· ·•·-··--·····---·- ·- -· ...... Prehistoric

•
Ae ri o l v i e :1\im·e- nurmal rainfall. ln thc Los Angeles ;irc,1, roo, la nd -
gronitic roc k slidcs usu:111~· incrcasc in 11u111bcr durin g ;1 scaso n of grcar
cont o in s o t o Lands li dc ycJoc it ics rangc from :lll :irbitrnri ly c hosc n lowc r rainfa ll.
cumu l ot i on o l limit suc h as 1/5 of a foot pc r yea r to rh e terminal ,·elocity 1-:,1rrhquakcs are proliably rhc most promin enr mcc hani sm
f lot te rroi n i n in air of particu lar fra g mcnts. A land sli d e t h ar atrn ined high th:i t d ircctlr tri ggc rs bnd slidcs. L.anhquakcs and landslidcs go
Burnett, 1964 vclocity is t h c Elm, Switze rland , landslid c w hi c h co,·e rcd a h:1nd in han d in Ca liforn ia, p:nricubrlr n cu e:1rt hquakc epi -
, G EOLO GIC HAZARDS
Mineral lnformafion Service

20 (1 j) i%7
Stole of Californ ia
The Re sources Ag e ncy
M INERAL INFORMATION SERVICE

Oeparlm e nt of Cons e rvalion

Division of Min e s and G e ology
Ronold Reagon, G o vern o r
Normon B. Livermore, Jr .,

James G. Steorns, Director

Ion Campbell, State G eologist
Adminisfrofor GEO LOGIC INFORMATION CENTER
DMG lnformation File Needs Help
xe • LANDSLIDES
By Dougla s M. Morton and Robert Streitz

Heodquorlers office: Fe rry Building, Son Francisco 9411 1
Branch offices :
Los An ge les : Los Angeles Stole Off:ce Bui lding, Room 1065,
107 South Broadwoy, 90012
Redding : Sta te Building , 2135 Ak.ord Street, 96001
Socrame n to: 1416 9th Stre et (9th ond O Stre e h), 95814
,\ II NE R/\1. IN rORMAT ION SERV ICE is dcsig ncd
ro rcport o n thc prog rcss o í c:urh scicncc in Ca li fo rnia .
an d to in íorm t hc publi c of disconrics in gcol og y and
alli cd carrh sc icnccs of imcrcst :r nd conccrn to th ci r )i ves
:rn d li,·cl ih ood . Ir nlso se rHs as a news relea sc o n mineral
tli scon ri es, m inin g ope rations, srar istics o f t hc min cra ls
industq •, and ncw publi c:nions. 1t is iss ued · mo nrh l)' br
rh c C aliforni a Di,· ision of Min es ancl G cology. Suh-
sc riprio n pri cc, J nnu ary th ro ug h D cc emb cr, is $ 1.00.
Orh e r puh lic ario ns of rh c Division include t he A nnual
R cport oí rh e St:i. tc Gcolog isr; thc Bullctin, Spec ial R e-
port, 1\ htp S heet, :i.nd Co unty Repon series; thc G eolog ic
¡\ 1:lp of C:i. li forni:1; :rnd othe r maps and publ icati o ns. A
li st oí rh e Di,·isio n's ani lab lc publications wi ll be sent
upon requ esr. C omrnunic:nions to rhc Di,·ision of M ines
:rnd Geolog y, includin g ordcrs for publications, should
be :i.ddressc d to rh c S.tn Francisco office.
i'v{ARY
Onc of thc Di,·ision of Mines and Gc olog y's b:isic functions
is to sen-e as a center ur cl carin g ho usc of information on all
:1spcc ts o f thc can h sc icnc cs in C:ilifornia. ínform:aion clcsks :u
ali four o fficcs (San Francisco, L os Angel es, Sac ramento, Rcd -
din g) ans\\"cr ahout 10,000 qu cst io11 s cnr y ycar, in pcrson, br
!creer, an d h r phonc .
Fo r m an)· )·ca rs, most qu esrion s h:w c co nce rncd mines ;rnc\
m ineral r csourccs. i\ lorc rcce ntl r , ch e cmpha sis has swun g to
g co logic a l quesrions, partic ubrl r ro gco log ic haza rds d ata, :ind
urhan , "cm ·ironmenral " , o r c ng ineering gco lo g r topics.
T he D i\·ision's uscfuln ess in ans,,·ering t hese qu est ions, and
irs abili t}· ro pro,·ide necded d ata , are di rcccl y proportional ro
rh e :uno u nc and q ua lic r o í in fo rmat io n o n hand.
Th e D i,·is ion 's own P.ub~shcd :l.!lcl o íli ce rcports w hich go
li;1c k tu 1880, ch e cxtens1n co llcc tio ns of publi shed rcferenccs
in rh c. Di,·isio n's Lihrar r in Sa n Pr:i.nc isco, :i.nd a growing-
co ll ec uon o f open file repo rts • :irc rh c Di,· ision's principal
sourccs of data for answ crin g qu estions. Ali d:i.ta are kept .ts
up-to-da te as possiblc li}· addiri o n of c urrent first-hand knowl-
cd ge of Division staff mcmbei s.
Thc incrcascd importancc and ckm:111d for inform:ition on
"c m·iron m cntal gcology", howcn :r, r cquirc c urrent data oí
spccializcd rypcs rhat ;irc for more cxtcnsi,·c in scopc rh:m thc
Di,·ision staff ,·done can produce. Since o thcr agencies and pri -
,·:n c firms cuncerncd with applied gcol ogy :ilso ,·crr commonh·
R. H1LL, Edit or nec d brondcr informati o n t han th ey ca n produc e alone, it b~-
com es csscntial to han a "clc:1ringhousc" of sh:ircd gcologic
Pa r ! T wo
f.andslidcs i11 Califorma. \ Virhin th e boundari cs nf C ali(or-
nia is alm osr c,· c r)· im ag in:ilil c C)"l)C oí roc k, stru c rnrc , ph ys1og-
ra ph y , ami climatc. Unfa,· o rabl c clcmc nts \\·irhin cac h o f rhcsc
fa cto rs a re gcncrall }' consid c rcd to he h:1sic ca uses of land -
sliding. As :i resulr, bndsli des are fou ncl in m ost of rhc ,·:i.stly
di ffe rc nt em ·ironm cnts oí Cal ifo rnia .
The coa st:i l :i.rcas oí Ca lifo rnia appcar tO co nta in th c m ost
b ndslid cs . .-\ prime factor in t hcsc :1rc:is is thc rc bci,·c in -
st:ib ili tr o í som c o f rhc roc ks o í T eni:1q' and b tc .\ k sOi'.oi c
:igc . As rhcse ,1rc:1 s of rhc scarc show th c most rapid po pulat io n
grow th , che recog niti o n :1nd und e rsta ndin g of land slidcs ·
t hem is o f pa ramoun t irnpo rc :i ncc.
In thc no rrhcrn coa srn l ranges o í C aliforni a, bnd slid es :ippca r
ro be a pcrY:i.si\·c fcaturc, cspec i3l\ y in t\1 c roc ks of rhc Fran -
c iscan f'ormacion and assoc iared se rpcnt111c. A ndrew Lawson,
as car!\' ;1 s 1908, indicatcd th:it land s\id es ,nrc importam
" . . . i1~ rhc e,·o\ution of t he ge omorpholog )' o í thc Coas c
Ran gcs of Ca li forni a cu an cxrcnc c~u:ilcd in fcw othc~· r~ -
g- ions . ." This foct \\":Is re -cmphas1zed hy \V. P. lrwm rn
1960: " . . . l:i.ndslides" he ,,·rore, " are m ost co nunon and wide -
spread throughout 1he ce ntra l bcl c oí Fr:in c isc:in Fon~1ation
wh c rc rhey :irc pcrhaps rh e for emost m ode of deg radatwn oí
t he land scape." Somc land slid es o r land slid e :i. rcas mappcd b r
.-\ s dcrnil cd gc ol o g ic rnapping progrcsscs in t hc dese rt :1.reas.
more :111d mo re lar ge bnd sli dcs or dcbri s ílo\\"S :irc rccof{n1zc d .
Rccc nrl r. th c prchisror ic Ti n 1\ louncain landslid e in. ~h e
Dc;1 rh \ ':tll ev :ire:1 w as shown to ha \'C :i \·olume of ~.35 !11ll1011
n il1i c ~· ards Üf dehris.
Urb,111 /-Jillsidc De·.Jclop111e11t. lnrensi,·c hillsid c d cvcl opmc m
ca n lc:Hi to bn dslid in g if rhe geology is not t horou ghlr und e r-
stood nnd c on sidere d p rior to dcYclopm cnt. In manr arcas o f
C1 liforni a und ergo in g hill side d c,·e lopm enr ar chis t ime, dc-
t:i i\ ccl J..:"CO!ogic m ap pi ng is a hasic prcrequ isitc for rhe fo rmu l:1~
rio n of ~rad in g plans. Pro pc r g rading prac tices w ill min im iz.c
t he poss ib ili ry oí ini t i:irin g b ndslidcs, bot h during and aftc r
i..: radin g:.
- Kno\\"l edgc o f g-eolog ic fc aturcs, such as the ori ent:i.ti on o f
bcddin g p l:m es ur joinc srstcms, rhc J?resencc o f srructural~ y
\\·cak units, :rnd th e presc nce oí cxpans1\"C or cla ycy bcds, \\" 111
;1 id in dcterminin g thc propcr oricnt:nion oí cut slopcs :111.d
propcr c ut-slo pc anglcs. This knmv~cdgc also cna~1ks an cn g1-
nce r to dete rmine \\"h cthcr prc,·ennvc or c orrecr n·c m casur cs.
such as lrnttrcssin g of kno\\'n or suspccred rrouhle sites, :i.rc
ncc clcd.
Rc lated direc cl y to bndslid c problcms in ;1rtificially cut
slopcs are p robl cms in arcas bcing fill ed. Thc pbc ing oí :1

•
in fo rmat io n . him are ncarlr 10 miles lo ng. hillsid e fill , un\css d o ne propcrl y on a suitabl y sta hle :ind am cn -
ÜHr;11l cog ni z:incc ancl mai ntenancc of an effecti,·c infor- C. B. Bcat v found t hat, in rh c ce nt ra l Coasc R anges of able surfo cc, c an re adil y lc:id to foilurc of che fi l\.
ma t io n cc ntcr is ge ncr:i. ll y recog nized :is the propcr prO\·in ce • Cn lifornia, " .· . . lanclslid es ma)' w ell he th e ma jar agem in P robabl v rhe m ost fa mil in :rn d most t rou hlcso me man-in -
ST A TEMENT O f OWNE I SHIP,
,.,,,,¡ •• ~A NAGEMt NT AN2 ~ IRCULf TION ,,. ~..,_,
0
I'"1,1, .;¡',....•,~,';":~ I:.:;_.--;:::'.., .,.,.,.
..~ .,;
oí thc Scatc, and the D i,·isio n of Mines :me! Geologr h,1s long
hcen glad to pcrform rhis fun c t io n for gcological informa -
ch e processcs at w o rk "·hic h m o,·e m :i terial fr o m hi g her to
lower cle,·arions." In rhis reg io n slidcs occ ur o n slo pcs as gcntlc
du ce d b1lc! slid cs a re thc small land slidc s in road c.:m s or, lcss
comm o nlr, in ro:1 cl fi ll s. Though mosc man-c:iuscd 1andslid cs
Se p t. 16, 19 6 7 j Wi - r a l iof orzu t i on S e r v l c c rio n t hro ug houc California. Th e Divisio n, parti cularl r ch roug h as 3º ro 5" , as wcll as 0 11 steepe r slo pes. are he rc re rmecl small, ch er do nor :i ppca r to he small w thc
its St,n e Gcolog ic 1\ bp prog ram , stri,·cs to m :i. intain :in :i.warc - Thc coastal are:i.s o f souchern C:1. lifornia are similarl y ,·cry ho me mn1e r w hen his h:ick y;i rd d isappcars :md his prope rt~·
Won th l >·
. ,.,..,_o,, _ _,..,, .. _,.._ .... _ .,. ...~. ,,, ......, ncss oí sources of gcu log ic da ta in C alifornin- publi c and pri - suscept ibl e ro landslidin g. Land sli des, suc h as t he P o nug uese n luc is hal n d. T hc occ urrencc o f such "sm all" landslid es c:111
Fe r r y Bu. ll d l n , , S• n Yr •nc hco, S a n Yra nc i ac o, Ca !H orn i a 9H ll ,·atc age n cies and ind i,·idu al geolog ists-an d does its bcst to Bend landslid c on th c Palos V erdes Penin sul a in L os A ngeles be :1 crushing fin anó:i l loss to horh d c,·clo pc rs :i nd hom e
'"'"_ 0- ,.....- ...... ....... .......- ......... ...... .... .... ., .. ,.._., .. , Count r, ha,·c resultcd in losscs :ig g regatin g 111:i ny millions of
1
,~. ~
ob tain copi es oí thc res ul ts uf t heir srudics. o w ncrs. \ Vhcn just a fcw o f thcsc small l:md sli dcs o cc ur to-
ílut w ich onl y a limiccd sra ff of gcol og ists, ic is cle:i.r rha c d o ll ars. g:crhc r, t hc resultant loss is a di saster; ami so it h:1s hec n
__ .,... , , , ••,,.,-4,.., .•
fo r dat:i o n 111;1n y arcas , th e Di,·ision's in fo rmation c entcr must Reccnt geologic mappin g- indi cated numc rous landsliclcs ~d - decl a red in w este rn Los Angeles Counc y.
~ : ~ _ ;-~ ~ • • D,,· i • i on of Wi n u •nd li~o l o1y
reir hca ,·ily on coop crari o n fro rn o rh er carth sciemists and iacent to :ind ,,·irhin th e Los A nge les are:i. E ,·en th c "solicl" To w ha t cx tcnt man and his acti,·itics h:i n influ encc d th c
Va ry R. Bil l, r .. rr)" Bu il di<> l , S a n F r•<> ci sco , CJ. 9H II
o t hc r :1g-c nci cs that do g colog ic work in Ca lifornia. Thc DiYi - c rystalline hascrncnt rocks of rh e S:inta Mo ni ca and San G:i.bricl rrigge ring of a bndslid e cm, in many e;1se s, be d cbaccd . Suc h
sion's effccti,·cness in scrYin g :1 s rhc cc nter for gcologic d:ita- .\ l ounrains ,1rc liceralk c o\"Cred wirh bmlslidcs. app:ire nt suhtlcti cs as lawn \\·:1ter, scwagc effiucnt, or st recc
7 OW N" • : •• • • " · / • • • I"<'•"••• '" o,•• ,o J •. .. •. , ., • ., ¡,, , ,.,, J ,o,l o/ ,. ,• ., ,J,. o,{ ·•,.,,¡,, " • .,.,,.,.,1,,/ :1equiring information promptlr from :ill poss iblc sourccs and High molmt:iin rnnics, such as rl~ c Sierra N cv;1da, Klam~th , draina ge di sc hargcd inrn :ilrcad)' "prcca ri ous" gcolog ic sit~1 :i. -
•JJm,/ ,f ••• ••"'•,',,1,. 1 1 : ••"-' .,',.,,... 1
..,, ......,, .......,,.,.,.., ..,. ,.,,,._.._, -,•,,..,.,l,,
- --fJ.,•mf ,:.,'J,,•. '' :;:.¡,',1:,11,.',.'.'"
- /.,- --,•.,, - ----~ J .,
111:1ki ng it a,·aibblc to those who need it- d epcnds to an im-
porranc exrcnt on such coo per:i.ti on.
:md San Gabr iel, are ;ircas of exre ns1,·c mass~ w:i snng. Quannta -
ti\· elr rh e mosr importanr land slid es, r et tl~ e lcast impress.ivc,
rion s ha\·c hec n sin g lcd out as thc causes, or as rh e rcnC\\·1n g
,1gc nrs, oí land slidi11 g.
r-suJ..&:.JLC•l.ti.DLw. Th e po inr wa s re -cmphasizcd reccncl >' b y 1\1:l.nin Van Cou- :ire probably the innume rabl e roc k f:ill ~ wh1 c h form th e . \\"Jdc - .-\ rccc nt co urt rulin g fo u nd rhc Counrr of Los Ange les tu
,·crin g , fi rst president of th c Am eric an lnsti t ute of Profcssiona\ sprc:id t:ilus deposits of rhcsc m oumam s. Man y lake s 111 thc lic p3 rt )' ro rhe rcac ti\·:icio n of pa~t of :1!1 :rn ~icn~ bndslid c
O <N0 " N'°"'D00<0< U . M0 tl O o OU I , .,DO! ... O >I Uh1' ...,.<>« • W . <.>O N<.><O<N OU <t N! 0 .. <>•< 0,IQh L O ._.
Gcolog iscs, and now ch:i. inn:m of :1 co mmit tce sceking ro Sierra Xe ,·,Hla , such as 1\ l irro r L:i ke in Yosc mire V allc y :ind ,1t P o rrugu esc Bcnd , Pal os V erdes H1\ls, Cali fo rnia. 1 he easrcrn
.,...,..,. ..oo,c.euo,01,-1 , wt""'_" _"l_••...;
"¡_••_•_
.. _•_•••-•======::""::'":===========j imprn,·c t he informati o n flo w to pro fcssional geologists, who
has said , "Curre ntl r imcrcsc and at cention :i.re often focus ed
Kcrn L:i. ke in Kcrn Ri ,·c r Ca nron, or igin:itecl from land slid es
t hac b\ oc kcd rhe can yon s. C lose rela rins o f land slides, thc slo \,· -
part o f thi s ole! land slidc, which c o,·crs 300 t? -100 ac res, hcgan
1110,·in g in che sununer of 1956 and has contmued to mo,·e . I n
on geo log ic informat ion rh:1t c ithc r has no t yc t bccn published , m o ,·in g roc k g lac ie rs. ;uc fo und in parrs o f th e Sie rrn Ne ,·a ~a . ch e pc riocl bctw ecn rh e bcg inn ing of thc rn o,·,cm cnt :ind Scp ~
··-- r or has not bcen produ ccd for puhli cati o n-suc h as consultin g Sorn e o f rhcse :Htain a max imum dim cnsion o f at lcast a m 1le. 1c111ber 1959 d:i ma ge to th e pro pcnr ,,·as cstnn :n ed to he 111
~ P•"•"r•• · ••d • •••••~•· •• ,.,,., " ""º •••""!hui<., "'>«••"• O..IJ., ' PI"•" ,,... , i.. ..._. , -' , ... , _ , . , , .,
t<••- •N •• • • • ...... , ··•• " '> '° '"-• ,...
0 0"'• , ~ <h< ,..., ..... •~ , u,ro, " ,o,n fo o • - ••<• ....... H " ""• • , l............
o r 'officc' rcports." Land sli dcs are commo n wi rh in the scmi -a rid or a rid d esc rts cxccss o í 10 milli on d olbrs. Possiblc c :i uscs c on sid e red IO ha,·c
:;:, 1~:~..:!: ;;~· P•:•1•;r,.':,1.J .,:.::'.: ,.,:•;,:; ,~"u,~-;,:....,,~ ,N,'":' .•.~ :~ ~•,;;'"',~";;'.;'.";:::.':.:'.;::",!':"'.,.."-:..::-: Th c Di,·ision is an xio us to rece i,·e cop ies oí ali geolog ic o í ch e st:i. te; calus is ,·er~· ,,·id csprcad in thc hi g h mounrai~1s, \cd ro rh c reac tinti on o f ch is slid c in cl ud c: ( J ) incre:isc d
:~~~;~. ~:·. ::;}::,J,;:. :.~~J~ 'J•, ~... •:••.~;,:!,J:~~ -:~:::7.::~:"':~;~~~;·~~·-::::?:.!:':':~:"' . . :'"°'~J.~ m aps an d reporcs on Californ ia, bo th current and past, th:i.t
c:m be m :1d e a,·ailabl e for its fil es. O ffi:ce repons, processed
:11ul mud flow s are in c,·idcncc in m:inr arcas. Incerla ye rcd w 1ch !..!roun d w:i.ter du e to surfac.:c w :J.Cc ring and SC\\·;igc cfllu ent . O 1
:1llm· ial ían dcposit s in ch e inre rmo nrn ne basi ns rhrou g hout t hc fncrc;ised n:lt u ral prcci pitati o n :ind , ( 3) loa d ing: :H rhc l:iml -

!:·~:·=.~·::::.'::~::~ , , ,.,_,._,, 7~~'.:::,¡,5~

: ·,::;:~~" re ports, and consultin g rcpo n s, w hich normall r ha,·e ,·crr
limircd d isrriburion , :i.rc pa rt ic ul ar!}' nced cd . Th c Di,·isio n w ill
he happ y co makc irs ow n co pies of maps and repares if
d cbr is incc rpretcd as anc icnr mudfl o\,·s. Thcsc are surnbr- 111
co pies c a n he lo:i.ncd for t hat purpose.
n .rn i\ l ost prac ticin g geolog isrs in Californi:1 necd no rcmindcr
oí thc uscfulncss of th e informati o n in thc Di,·ision's oíliccs
and ics importancc to th eir w o rk. T hi s note is a reminder to
1 them ch at copies of their o,,·n dat:1, maps, :ind rcports can
¡, .....,,,,_ ,.,_ , ,.,,,,. 1 help by incrcasing rhc store oí ;tvailablc data in t he Geologic
Bas in and Ran ge ph r siograph ic rcg inn :1~e shee ts of. t11.1so rt<;d
rhc n:itu re of rh cir m:a e ri:il - to rhose o í prcsc nt da y m udfl o w s.
-; lid c hcad \)\· high \\"a,· fil!.
:\. c.:ou rc )lHlg°mcnc· ag:iinst t hc C: o unr r of l .os .-\ ngc\cs for
rheir su ppose d role in thc landslicl c rca cti\·at io n \,·as 5 5,360,000.
O n rh e flank s of th e d cse rt r:i.n QCS, suc h :is ch e Santa Rosa or This sum g iH s thc l:indslidc ;1 tan g ible conn ccr io n to :111 Los
Sa n Be rnardino .\l ountai ns, are Sc:1ttc rcd b rge bnd slides ; mud - .- \n ge lc s C ounry r;1:,:p:1~·c rs.
fl o \\"s are found in th c S:in G abri el .\l ountain s.
Laudslide Prcv e111io11- K.110·<::lcdgc o f tl.1c T crr,1111.·. In th e
past it \,·as co mmon, whcn stud)'ing t he genera l ge olog y nf a
reg ion , ro gi,·c o nlr c m so r)' :ntcntion to l:mds\id~s. Some gc ol -

•
1,900 lnformatio n Ccnter. ... T.E.G. og ists faithfull\' rcco rdcd ch e prescncc of Lmdslide s, but gaH
~, 66 1
The first part of thi s re port appeared in the Oct~ber, onl r sli g hresr ;ncnri o n to thcm in rh c ir rc:-.:r. Orhc rs disc usscd
2 l , 000 1
" " Ope n fi le " n:po rt s a re typccl ma nu scrip ls \l"ith h :rnd-drawn 111aps, ; h:1 1 • 1967 íssue of thi s magazine. Th e September, 1967 , ssue Lhcir cx istc nc.:e in rh c t cxt bu t die\ not rnap th cm. Str iking c ase:~
are :wa ilab lc fo r 1lubl ic rcfcrcncc :H D ivhion officc s. Thcy indudc Di\"ision contained on additiona l article entitle d "Why Landslides?" of li t ho lo g ic , stru crur:il, nr geomo rphic c on t rol of hindsli dcs
rcport s in p roccss of publication. Division ami no n -Di\"ision 1eports of in- h;1 ,·e go nc cncire ly un mc mi o ncd .
tcrim n at u rc, J"eport s not sch ed ulcd fo r publica tion , theses aml dissertation s.
12/l Mineral ln formation Service October 1967 129

• •

• •
Ro to t ionol or s l ump l onds li de, Puente Hills, Los An ge les County. Lan d s l i de i s in th e Puente Formoti on of Mio ce n e og e.
Th e Puente Formati on is notor i ous for la nds l id in g. In t h i s l onds l id e o boc k wo rd rotot i o nol movement resu lt e d in the relotive-
ly f l otte n ed humm ocky su r fo ce be low th e c liff- li ke sco rp r imming th e uppe r port of t h e lond s l ide, Mony smal le r lands lide s
ond qu es t ionab l e l ondslides ore v i s ibl e in t h e photograph. Photo by J ohn S. Sheltan.
Su rficial, s h ee tli ke planar land s li de, in the Pue nt e F o rmo ti o n (?) o f Miocen e oge, Puente Hill s, L os Ange les Cou nt y.
N ote t h e wr in k led noture of the landsl id e mass and h ow it has c rumpl e d ond pil ed up against the rid ge in the foreg ro und.
T he hummocky surfoced orea at th e heod o f the landslide i s th e sco rp or " pu l l-away''. In the lowe r l ef t c omer i s the upper
part of qnother s imilor l ands lid e. Compare the shape, thickn ess , and apparent diff e rence i n th e mode o f moveme nt o f th ese
lands l ide s with the preceding photo, token in the sorne vic init y. . .
From "Geology /1/u strated" , by John S. She lt on, copy right by W. H. Freemon and Company.

cc nrcrs. T hc arca of slidin g is re latcd to thc magnitud c of thc
cart hquakc, thc discrncc from th c cpiccntcr, an<l thc sta tc and
kin d of rock marc rial s itH'OiYcd.
Landsli d es are co mm un duri ng carrhquakcs. T hc 18 11 ca rth-
quakc at Ncw i\fadrid , Missouri, rcsulc~d in "scvcre" b.n~sl!dc~
in an arca of more than 5,000 sq uare miles alo ng t hc M1ss1ss1pp1
Ri\·cr Va ll cy. Thcre was ap parcmly almost co_nrin uous la nd-
slidin g fo r a disrnncc of 40 miles alon g che Ch1 ckasaw Bluffs,
case a1HI so uth of New 1\fo.drid. Thc 1899 Ya lrntat Bay, Alaska,
carrhquakc rcsultcd in in numerable ava l:mchcs. Onc was re-
poned at a di srance of -00 miles from Yakurat Bay!
Thc 1906 San Francisco eanhq uakc tr iggc rcd num cro us land-
slicles ovc r an arca of approxi marcl r J 3,000 square mil es. Thc
most cxrensivc of thcsc was a slum p at Cape Fortunas ,vhich
mcasured al most a rnil e in lengch and a quartcr to half a milc
in width. Most of che lands lidcs rcsulcing fro m chi s ea rthquakc
occurrcd on stecp slopcs o r in soft alluvi um along strearn
courscs.
Thc Kcrn County carchquakc of 1952 r cs ultcd in the forma-
dcna an d Vi ncenr, in rhc San Gabriel Mounta in s. Nca r che
Wh irc \ Volf faulr on Bcar 1\ 1ounrain, landslidcs conti nucd for
at lc:tst cwo months ;1fter rhc main shock : " \:Vhcncve r onc of
rhc numc ro us afccrshoc ks '\\':tS fcl r, clouds of du sc f rom land -
slid cs wo ul d be seen ri si ng out of the canyons shorrly after-
wards," reponed gco logists J. P. Buwalda and Pierre Se. Amane\.
In term s o f propcrcy damage, thc mosr dcvasrac in g fearnrcs
o f che A laska eart hqu akc of 1964 \\"ere che landslicl cs in An-
choragc, so rne 80 mil es from rhe eart hqu akc's cpi ce ntcr.
Faults cause landslides by mca ns ocher cha n 1110\'Cmcnt during
carthqua k cs. Faulrs or fau lt zones, bcin g rhc sitcs of crushed
and fragmemcd rock, are o f low scrcn gr h- :rn inh crcnt cause
for ~rosion and 1:i ndsliding. Gcologic n-iaps of numcrous Ca li-
for111a arcas show a prcpondcrance of sli des alon g fa ul ts; in a
fcw cases the only landslicles sho\vn are :d ong faults. Along
much of th c infam ous San And rcas fau lr zo ne lan dslidcs :ll"e
rcadi ly \·isiblc.
Reverse fa ults in cc nain circumstanccs appear to be nry
Mo unrain, rhe sitc of thc Frank, Alberca, lanclsl idc, consisrs of
Pa leozoic limestonc rhrust ovcr Mesozoic shal e, sa nd stone, and
coa l beds. Severa) la rgc slidcs alon g rh c norrh cast sidc of che
Anwacz Moumains, in rhc Mo javc Dcsc rr, may be du e to
O\"Crstecpe ning oí slopcs res ul ting from reverse faulting.
Ob\·iously ovcrsteepencd topograp hy causcd by fault in g is
not lim ited to reverse faulc rn oYcmcnt. Scarps produced by
norm:i.l faulting are che most spectac ular in rhc statc. T he stee p
castcrn facc of rhe Sierra Nev ada is thc sitc o f co nsta nt rock
fa lls. T he hi gh sca rp of thc San Jacinto fault, north of che
cown of San Jac into, appea rs rarhcr rhoroughl }' co\·cred b y
large landslid cs.
Differen ti al crosion gi\'Cs risc to m·crstccpcncd topography
:in<l ve rtica l faces, as in th c Orm,jJle arca, wherc basa lt overl ics
h:ircly consolidatcd sediments. Eros ion by running water and
slumps undcnnin e thc has:i.lt cap and produce cxccnsivc rock -
falls and rocks lid cs. Abovc muc h of rhc Ca li fornia shorcline,
\\"ave act ion produ ces srccp cliffs which rcsu lr in rccurring
cook place ar ch e start of che 1919 erupcion of Gu nong Kclocr
in Ja\"a. This eruption ancl :Htcndanc ac tivitr killed mo re th:.m
5,000 pcoplc. Suc h mudflows are common in ochcr pans of ch e
wo rld , though vcry infreq ucnt in Ca li fornia . T he eruption o f
J\lft. Lasse n-one of rhc few historicall y rccorded volcanic
cru ptions in California-was accompa ni cd by cxtc nsi\·c rnu J -
Rows . Especia ll y notable wcre those that occurrcd in conj unc-
tion with che cxplos ions of May 19- 22, 19 15; thcse wcre th (:
greatest explosions of che 3-ycar period of act i\" itr.
Th c act ivit ics of man musr be co nsid crcd an externa! cause
conrriburing to thc triggc rin g of somc spcctac ular landslid e'$ .
Slatc quarry ing has bcc n citcd as a cause fo r t hc landslid c :.n
El m, Swirzc rland; coa l minin g has bccn suggesrcd as a con -
tributing factor in rhc Ca nadian landslide at Frank , Alberc a.
Landslidcs, whi ch ki ll cd 11 peoplc near M.enton, Francc.
wcrc blamed on thc culriva tion of carnati o ns. The farmcrs .,¡
che rcgion, unawarc of che clcmenc of sta bili zar ion crcatcd b:-·
roots of olive crees, re moved the crees in favor of thc mor l'.
profita ble bue less scabi li zin g ca rnacions.

cion of m any hund reds of l:ugc and small landslides. Most of
chcm werc ncar th c ,1/hitc Wo lf fault, movcmcnc on which
was respo nsiblc for che ca rthquake. Man y ochcr landslid cs
occurrcd ar distances of 50 to 60 miles from che fa ult. Rock
folls partl y blockcd che A ngeles Crcst Highway betwcc n Pasa-
• •
f:worabl e sires for lanclsli dcs . Drs. Buwalda and Sr. Amand landslid cs.
statc char , in ch e Tchachapi arca, " ... m active re\'crsc fault Mudftows, gcncrall }' thc rrsul r of canyon scou r following To be continueOf
wich numcrous hran c hcs, c rear in g a hig h sc.up, is :t vcry fa\·or~ torrenc ial downpour in arid or sc mi:uid arcas, are common
ablc zon c for landsliding on a largc scalc." T hc speccacular fca ru res in California. A spccial case of chi s rypc of Row lnformotion In this pape, has been dr awr:, from m~ny
13lack ha w k l:mclslid e o n che norrh facc of che San Bcrnardin o :lccompanics volc:m ism and ca n occur in anr c li rnatc. Somc $ ources, An extensive bibliogrophy witl accompony the
Mounta ins owcs its origi n to low-a nglc r e\'Crse faulting. Turtle volca nic nmdflows reac h considerabl e sizc. suc h as rhose that l.9_st port of this series.

'16
P ac i fic Po li so d es lands li deJ L os An ge les Cou nt y, Apr il 4 , 19 5 8. F o il ure occ urr ed in th e Mode lo F o rmoti on o f Mi oce n e oge .
No te smoller, o lde r londs li de on th e seo c liff im med ia t e ly beyo n d th e la n ds lide . T h e eq ui pmen t olo n g th e toe o f th e lo nd s li de
is being u sed to c lear U. S. H ighwoy 101. Photo by John S. Shelton.
Today, cspcciallr in che rcg io ns of urb:tn o r cx pccrcd urb:rn
growth, intcnsiYc stu dics uc Uc in g rn adc of thc di sr ri but ion o f
bnd slid cs, :1s \\·el ! :ts of or hc r geo log ic fcat urcs pc rrin cnt to
urb:rn d cnlop mcnt. T hi s work has bccn idcnr ifi cd pcr iodic:dl y
as cngi nccring gcology, urban gcology, or c1n- ironmcnta l gco l-
ogy, by rhc ,·:ir ious age ncies c ngagcd in rhc cfforts.
Thc U.S. Gcologica l Sun·ey was t hc firs t goHrnmenral
agcncy to initiatc regional dcta il map pi n g in urban arc:1s w ithi n
Ca li fnrni:1. Th is ,,·ork ,,·;1s io iri:ttcd in t hc Sa n F ranc isco lhy
arca jusc hcforc 1950; :rnd, in rhc la te 1950s, wo rk w:1s hcgu n
in t hc 13:tld win Hills ;11 Hl J>ac ific Pal isa dcs arcas of so urhc rn
Ca lifornia. Currc ntly t hc U.S. Gcolog ic:1I Sur\·cy is m:1pping
:1 brgc pare of che S:mt,1 .\ lo n ica ¡\ founrnins in che Malibu
:ire:1 in coopcration ,,·irh thc Los Ange les Cou nrr F nginccr.
Thcsc srud ics are in largc p:1rc conccrncd \\"ith surfic ial rnatc-
ri als, thcir disrribut ion, composition, origi n , and rcb rionship
to gco log ic Ír:1 m cwork. Onc go:11 of thcsc stu di cs is to pro \·ide
;1 m ;1p and rcxr uscfu l in pl:1nn in g fut urc url);ln dc,·clo pmcnr.
They d o not replacc t hc dcr:1 il cd sitc i,wcsr igarions m:1dc by
cngi ncc r ing gcologists, h ur rat hc r dr;t\\' .tt tcnrio n to brgc
regiona l fc:nurcs pcrti nenc ro rhc local pro hl cm . R.ccognit io n
of th c fact that a pan icu lar roc k unir is pronc to fai l in o nc
:1rea and not in :inothc r, nr is pronc to sli dc und cr certa in
137
Min e ral fnformati on Service N ovember 1967
• •
• •
La n ds li de in the Mo nt erey Fo rma t ion of Miocene age
ot Pa los Verdes Penins ul a, Los Ange les Coun ty. The land -
s li de sco r p pos ses t hrough o neo rl y complet ed h ouse.
T h is l o n ds li de invo l ves o relot i ve ly smo ll oreo in t erms
of othe r l ondslides i n the region. Photo by George B.
C/eve land.
co ndi tions, ca n he an i1w aluablc aid in lo ng- range pbn ning
ami in the c,·a lu:trion of a spccific sirc .
In 1960 t hc Sr;1rc O i\·i sio n o f i\ lin cs ;rnc\ Gcolog)' c mbark ed
upon w har has mrne d out to be an c,·e r-w ideni ng progra m of
urhan gco log ic smdies. A par:unounr conccrn in rhese i1westi -
g:1rions is the origi n o f b nds licl cs :rnd rheir geo log ic setr in g.
Thc first study, undertake n by R. H . Ja hns ancl Gcorge B.
C lcvcl and , a coopc r ati,·c cffon bccwecn che Los Ange les
Cou nty Enginccr and ch e Oi,·isio n of 1\ li ncs :md Geo logr,
c\ ea lt wirh th c P:1 los Ve rd es Pc ni nsub arc a, w hi c h is kn ow n
for lan dslid c dc,·:1srntion . T hi s projcct ,,·as fo ll n\\'c d by a stud)'
of t he San C leme n te arca, in it iarcd by R. P. Blanc an d G. 8.
Clcve land. T hc ir srudy is an expcrim cnc in b ro:1d-sca lc ccrra ne
:malysis in rega rd to slope srnb iliry.
In 1962 a progra111 ,,· :1 s begu n ro stu dy che south fro nt uf
che San G ab rie l Mo untain s fro m Sa n Bern a rdin o County o n
•
che cas e to rhe arca of i\fr. \,Vil so n o n the wesr. T his in vcsti-
g:1tion, cur rcn tl y u nder way, is :t coopcrarin cffort wi th t hc •
Los A ngeles County Flood Contro l D isrrict :rnd thc Los An -
geles C ou my Enginccr; it h:1s produccd four open fil e m aps
to date, and two more are jn progrcss. Another cooperacivc
prograrn, w ith the C ity of San Diego, is also u nder way. T his

138
study has irl\"okcd mapping :t largc pare o f t hc C it}' oí S:m
Diego ar a sede of 1: 24,000; hO\\'C\"Cr, fmurc rnappin g on this
projccr w ill be done in grcarcr dcta il in cr itica! arcas.
Dct.iilcd studics supporccd solc lr by Division fund s :trc bcing
mad c in thc \Valnut Crcck arca, Contra Costa Councy; thc
Sw lbfocl arca, ¡\ brin County; thc San Juan Capistrano arca,
Or:mgc County; thc Thouswd Oaks arca, Ventura County;
:rn<l thc nonhwcsrcrn San Fc rn :1ndo Va ll cy arca, Los Angeles
County.
Lmdslide Prcvc111ion-E11gi11eeri11g Tcc/mir¡ucs. fn thc prc-
nntion :rncl corrcction of landslidcs, v:trious cng in ccr ing tcch-
niqucs han bccn cmploycd, w irh difTcrcnr dcgrccs of succcss.
A prcrcquisirc is thc rccogni rion of bnd slid c or porcnrial land-
slid c arcas.
In rcgions \\·hcrc cuts are to be mad e in unstahl c matcrials
sncral possihlc :tltcrnatiHs cxist. In arcas of unfa\·orablr ori-
cntcd planar srructurcs or 111:ttcrials of low srren gth thc srabi lit)'
of ch e slo pc mar be increasecl mcrcly by fbttcning rhe cut-
slopc :111glc or hcnching thc slopc. Consuuct ion of rctaining
strucrurcs suc h as fil] hunrcsscs, concrete walls o r slopcs,
cribhing, ami pilings can he cffcc ti\-c. Gabrons , usccl in Greac
ílritain rn scabiliz.c slopcs, are srce l wirc erares fillcd wi th h:md -
sizc rocks. Thc sc are \"Cf)" scro ng strucrures and hax e thc :tddcd
a,h-amagc of bcing permeable. Thc use of piles, \\"hich is often
ineffcctive as a rcmc di:11 mca surc, must be ad,·iscd on l)' aftcr
a thorough examin:-ition , hccausc ,·ibrations produced during
che dri ving of piles can indu ce f:t ilu re in sc nsiti\"C materials, or
:1ccelcrare slow-mo,·ing landslid cs. Durin g some highway con -
scrnction che problem has hce n a,·oidcd cnt ircl y by bridging
m·cr un stablc arca s. Parcial or co mplete removal of unstablc
maccria ls or landslidcs is ::ilso used :is a pos itivc rcmcdi::il meas-
urc. Rock boles, boles inserred and wcdged in hales drilled
t hroug h lms~abl e or potcmia ll y unsrnble rocks imo stablc rocks,
wcrc cxccns1YC l)1 uscd :tt thc G lcn Canyo n Dam 0 11 rhc Colo -
rado River. Ar rh e How ard A. Hanson D:im, on rhe Green
RiYCr, \ •V ashington, rock boles as mu c h ;1s 40 fcct in lcngth
_\\·ere used tü secure che slopes.
Common ly, srnbility can be in c rcascd b y dccrca sin g ground-
w;1rcr prcssurc in thc unstable arca . This, in part, can be ::ic-
comp li shcd by incrcasing surfocc run off or by sca lin g che sur-
facc. Exccssi,·c g:roundwaccr can be succcssfully withdrawn by
;1 su bdrain sysrcm in che inrcrior of rhe landsl id e are:t.
r;
.;:¡ · : :j ",) /--
·y~:)<-
.l •
Mineral lnform afion Service
T hc Vc nrn ra A\"Cnuc oil ficld, Ventura County, a Yery
import:rnr sourcc of pctrol cum in the state, has extcnsi\·c l:in<l-
slidcs \\"hich ha,·c causcd cons iderabl e d:unagc to producing
oil \\'C ll s. To increase che st:thilit )' of thc prob\cm arca, che
co,·cr o f vcgctar ion was rcmoYcd and th e arc:t cm·e red with
m acadam. T hi s rech niquc, rogcthcr \\" ith exccnsive systcms of
hor izon tal subd rains to th c imeriors of the sli dcs, has bcen
quite effcc ti n in dccrcasi ng landslidc mo,·cment.
A u n ique rcmcdial systcm \\"as uscd in rhc Pacific Palisadcs
arca o f so uthern Ca liforni :1. Aftcr sc ,·e ral landslid cs in 1932,
rn·o cxploraco r)' tunncls wcre dug ro drai n \\"atcr bclicvcd to
be pcrc hcd on a clay str:ttum. No free water was cncoumercd.
Thcreforc, as si mple dr:iinin g rne thod s cou ld not l>e uscd , addi-
riona l t unncls were dug and hoc air \\"as circulatcd to drr out
thc clay. This ap parentl)' success ful opcrat ion conrin ued for
6 rcars. An cstimarcd 3000 pounds o f \\·ater was e\·aporarcd
d:1i lr durj ,~g rhe firsc 6 months of opcrac ion.
To stabiliz.c a landslid e thrcatcni ng to impcdc const ruccion
of Gr:tnd Coulce Dam, anothcr unu su:11 correcti,·e mcasure
\\":lS usc d. T he landslide which \\'as composcd of water-lad cn
silt \\"JS sta bilizcd by frcc z. ing che si lc -wa ter mixture. This ,,·as
done using 377 frcczin g poinrs ami a rcfrigcr:aion sysccm
c ircu laring- a brinc-::immonia solution. The systcm \\"as able to
makc 160,000 pounds of ice a day. A frozcn d:im 40 fcet hig h,
10 feet thick, and 100 fcet long was formcd cluring co nstruc -
tion to prc\'Cnt further bndslid c mo\"Cment.
Lrmds/ide Predictio11. A ncw ami int ercsting ficld of study
is lands lidc prcdietion: that is, eithcr to forcc:ist :1n immcdiatc
fa ilurc, or to asce rtain whcre landslides will occur. A bcgin -
ning on forec::isting landslidcs has bccn made by rh e Norweg ian
Gcotec h nic::il lnstiture. In Norway, rock falls on rhe srcep faces
of fjords have caused huge w:ivcs, w h ich in turn have d c-
stroyed shorcline vill::igcs. T hc lnstiru rc designed :ind installcd
• •
:iutomatic sensing cxte nsomcters, whic h rclay any sli g ht dif-
fercntia l rock movemenrs which mighc precede a rock fo ll .
Thc seeon d typc of slopc fai lurc predicr ion cnt:t il s an in tcn -
si,·e geologic invcsrigation of the cntire rcgion in qucstion.
\Vich t hc knowledgc of thc liasic gco logic co nclicions, the
inhcrcnr rock propercics, and rhc externa \ causes w hich give
rise to landslid cs, prcdicrions of thc locnions, or rhe most
li kclr loca tions for slid ing ca n he m adc.
Toe of o lond s li de al o recen! subd ivi s ion
in the City of Son Diego. Lond s l ide is in sond •
stone ond s ilt stone of the Rose Conyon Forma-
tion of Eocene oge. The landslid e come from
• •
the left, out of view, ond pressur e at the t oe
ha s fo rced up the street. At the time of failure
hou ses were on the lots t o th e l ef t of the
photogroph and hove since been removed.
Photo by Roy M. Kepncr, Jr.
November 1967
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}· E., 1946, Geology of the Son Juan Bau li sta quadronglc,
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49 5
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Briggs, L. l., 1953, Geology o f the Ortigoli lo Peak quodronglc, Cali -
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Bu~~s;,- ::~sr::d-~~~- Albert, 188 1, Der Bergsturz van Elm: J. Wus ler
1
un~u~:Íd~~aJ~ r~~-hi;~~e's~e1:g~n~-, ~!~re, 1955, Geological effech of
the Arvin -Teho chopi ea rthq uolce: Californio Division of Mines BulL 171,
6
p. ~!";p bell, Ion, ond Troxel, B. W., 1965, Geologic hozords; t_he urbon
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61 1
1
J~
for;0~ / 1:~ ;_e~'.~eÍ 9~0:~• 0 ~0 9 ; 0~\he 8oldwin Hill s oreo, Californio:
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•
Clase, Upton, ond McCo r mick, Elsie, 1922, Where the mountoms
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Cou~~;,\:oli.for~ia: Californio Division of Mines ond Geology Bull. 184,
86
rf~ ly, R. A., Mille r, W. G., and Rice, G. S., 1912, Report of the com•
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. eni~co~~nt l t .~· 19
Califo rnio: Californio Division of Mines Bul l. 170, p. 2 1- 28. _ 1
Fuller, M. L., 19 12, The New Madrid eorthquoke: U.S. Geolog1cal
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1 9 1
V{~ ~:5~ : Geology of the Heoldsburg quodrong le Cali-
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Santo Ana Norrows oreo, Rive rside, Oronge ond Son Bernord,no Coun-
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) 39
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8
1.
PE-., 1950, Chaot ic brecc~os in s~uth ern
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:!~~ 4
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72
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1
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_
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Mi~~r~i:~~-.
1
;;~h~:; \~:i,·
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32
¿/· ¿¡~!~
4
:~bmorine 1ondslides on the Ho wciion
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Opi:~~~~- m;p;}~%t5~b~:~~:lnory geologic mop al the SW 1. ~ Azuso
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fil e:v~:~.1 N:_t ~~b ~i;~~~-)Rockfoll-ovolonche ond rack.slide-avolonche ~c-
Bu~~l~~::i• t 1
0 ~~~; ~/1~ience, 1924, Report of !~ e Camm~Hee of 1he
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Oldhom, R. D., Reporl on th e greal eo rth quake o f th e 12th June,
1897: Geologicol Su rvey of Indio Mem., v. 29, 379 p.
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68 p.
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lon d West quodrong le, Co1ifo r nio: U.S. Geo logicol Su rvey Mise. Geo l.
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Rodbruch, O. H., ond Schlocker, Juli us, 1958, Eng inee ring Geology of
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Rodbruch, O. H., and Weiler, L. M., 1963, Preliminary re po rt on lond •
slides in o por! of the Orinda For ma tion, Contra Costo Coun ly, Ca li-
fornio: U.S. Geologico l Survey, Open~fi le re port, 35 p . (No! published.)
Reiche, Parry, 1937, The Toreva block - a dist in cl ive londslide type :
Jou rnal of Geology, v. 45, p. 5 38- 548.
Sau l, Richard 8., 1966, Geology of SW¼ of th e Wo lnut Creek quod-
ro nglc, Californio : Co lifornia Divi;ion o f Min es and Geo logy, Open"fil e
map. (No t published.)
Schlocke r, J., Bo nillo, M. G., ond Ra dbruch, O. H., 1958, Geology of
the So n Franci sco North quadrangle, Californio: U.S. Geo log ico l Sur vey
Mise. Geo l. tnv., Map 1-272.
Schoellhome r, J . E., and Yerkes, R. F. , 1961, Pre liminory geologic
mop of the coasto l por! of th e Malibu Beach quodrang le, Los Ange les
Coun ty, Californio: U.S. Geolog ico l Su rvey, Opcn fil e reporl. (No t
4
pub li shed.)
Schoeflhomer, J . E., Yerk es, R. F., ond Compbell, R. H., 1962, Pre-
lim inary geo1ogic map of the coasto l pa rt of the Point Dume quod-
rong le, los Ange les Cou nly, Ca lifor nio; U.S . Geologi co l Survcy, Ope n
file repo rl. (No t published.)
Scr ivenor, J. B., 1929, The mudstreoms (" lahors") of Gunon Kco le t in
fovn: Geo logico l Mogozinc, v. 66, p. 433-434.
Seed, H. B., 1965, Soil engineering problems: in , Eorthquoke on d
Geolog ic Ho zords Confere nce, December 7 ond 8, 1964. Resources
Agency of Californ ia, p. 37-43.
Se lli, R. , Trevison, L., Corboni, G. C., Ma zzon ti, R., ond Ciobo tti, M.,
1964, l o fren a .Je l Voiont: Annol e de l Museo Gcologico de Bologna,
se rie 2, vol. 32, 154 p.
S horp, R. P., und Nobles, l. H., 1953, Mudílow of 194 1 al Wright-
wood, southern Californio: Geological Society of Ame rita Bull., v. 64,
p. 547-560.
* Shorp e, C. F.S., 1938, Londslid".?s o nd reloted phenome na . New
YC1 rk, Co lumbio Univenity Presi, 137 p.
S harpe, C. F.S., o nd Dosch, f . F., 1942 , Relati on of so ilcreep to eo rth-
ílow in the Appo lochion Plol eous: Jo urnol of Geomorpho logy, v. 5,
p. 312-328.
MOON EXPLORATION VEHICLE BEING TESTEO IN LAVA FIELD
Scic11tists of thc U.S. Gco logic:1 \ Sur\'C~- are rcsting a hi g hl y
1n:rn cu;·cra hl c Ychic lc ·which nuy he ad:tptcd to lunar cxp lora-
rion.
C:1 ll cd che '· Explo rcr" Ur lun:u spccia li sts of rhc U.S. Gco-
lof{ica l Sun·cr's Cemcr of Astrogcology n f.la gsrnff, A riz., the
,·c hicle is Ucin!,! tcst-dr i\"C n in thc Yolc:mic b .\":t ficlds no rthcast
of Fbgstaff, :tn arca \\"Íth 1110011-likc tcrr:i. in .
Thc simul:t rcd Loca l Scicntific Su n:c\· 1\ lodulc (LSSi\ 1) is
<.'x pcc tcd to p la)' an impona nt part in rile fic ld traini ng of rhc
asrron:rnts :1s ,,·cll as in tc:.ring na,·igat ional, s:1mplc collccting,
com munica rion and rcbrcd cquipmcnr p rior to :1crual lun:tr use.
:\. H. Cbi dcstcr, thc Sll :-·.-cr's D cputy .--\ ssist:tnt C hicf Gco l-
ogist fo r Astrogco logr, 11orc\.l th:tt, :tlthou gh anr ,·chicle uscd
1111 ~he 11 100 11 must be :1blc ro c..:opc ,,·ith thc ruggc d lun ar
tc 1-r:11ll , ir mmt rcq uirc :t mini1mm1 of cffon on thc p:irt of rhc
astronam-drin:r.
'· Thc LSSM is cquippcd \\"ith simpl e stick contro ls, both :H
rhc tr,mt a1HI in thc rcar, so rhat ma11cm ·cring thc ,·chicle w ill
he rrl::.ti,·ely sim ple, c,·cn for an opcrator \\"Car in g a pressurizcd
spacc suit," sa id Dr. Chidcster. Thc Ychi cl c also ha s an opt iona l
~tcc ring \\'hccl fo r normal cross-co untr)' rra,·cl.
Thc 4-,,·hccl dri,·c sirnulator incorpora tcs imponant fca turcs
proposcd fnr rhc ncrna l LSS.\I, bm ha s rct:'lincd thc sta nd ard
gaso linc cngin c, rubbcr tires :me\ ot hcr fcaturcs ncccssarv for
rhc canh-bound tests. Thc 4,000 rprn cngin c pro,·idcs a i11axi-
mu m spccd of 30 mi les pc r hou r :md a c ruising spcccl of
15 mph.
:"\ . ~ - -
Minernl lnformalion Service 141
;: .,
<- \'"i:1¡ -
•
,<<
;,, -
• Sh reve, R. l., 1959, Geo logy ond mechonics of th e Blockhowk land-
slide, lu cerne Va ll e y, Co 1Ho rnio: California lnslitul e of Techn ology, un -
publis he d Ph .D . t hes is, 79 p. - '<;; _~ ', ::"\.S½5t~~.1A M IN ING LAW CHANGES
Shreve, R. l. , 1965, Air-loyEr lubricotion of lorge ovo lanches : Geo-
log ico l Society of America An nuol meeting, Konsos Ci ty, p. 15 1. - •-~ ~ :- , Senate Bill No. 1320
Smi th , Rockwe ll, 1958, Eco nomic and legol o specls: Chop ler 2, in
Ecke l, E. B., ed., londslides ond e ng inee ring proct ice: Notionol Re- ' -, .. ;¡,',~, '-,_J •',
se arch Co u nci l, Highwoy Reseo rch Boa rd, Specio l Repl. 29. p. 6-19. :C_" ' \ !\?',,
, .,;/ ' -
Stokes, W. L., ond Vorncs, D. J., 1955, G lossary of selec!ed geo logic
le rm s wit h specio l refe rente to th cir us e in engincering: Co lo rado 'r '_ ;,;,--t;t , $.:,..::.: ~, {__¡'-'73 20, s uc cessf~'l!y , corried w.ith m inor work
Scientilic Socicty Proc., v. 16, 165 p. ªfr!~.fftiijf~,fis ough the Leglslatu_r~ 1 .By Senolor Stephen P. shaft.
Stroh le r , A. N. , 1940, l ondslides of the Vermillion ond Echo C1i ffs, Te a/e of West Point, Ca /o veros County, was opproved by 2.
north crn Arizono: Journo l of Geomorphology v. 3, p. 285-301. the Governor Augus t 14, 1967. Th e e(fective date of the
Streilz, Robert, 1964, Pre liminory geologic mop of the SW¼ Glendoro
oct is November 8, 1967. description oL -~li'tii
quodrong le, C~lifornio: Ca li fornio Division of Mines ond Geo logy, Open-
file mop. (No t published.) This legis lotion repre s~nts the consensus of a Mining further, the a ff idav
Stre itz, Roberl, 1966, Pre liminory gcologic mop of th e SE¼ G 1end oro Low Workshop hefd under the ousp i ces of Th e Resources ment s ond o // noli
quodrang le, Ca liforn io: Ca lifornio Division of Mines ond Geo logy, O pe n- Agen cy and under the cho i rmonship of P. R. Brodley, ol o dale within ·,
fi le mop. (Not pub lis hed.) Choirman, California M ining and Geo/ogy Board, on Novem- oHidovit is mode. F
To rr, R. S., ond Mortin. l awrence, 19 12, Thc eorthquoke al Yokutot
be, 22, 1966. í orrn specifi ed creotes " a ";íirñ~-"faC1e ~tfsurñpt ion
Boy, Alosko in Septembe r, 1899: U.S. Geo log ico l Sur vey Prof. Poper
69, 135 p. The /egislotion contains lwo imporlant chong es: o( 1he act and intent of the owner to abandon such
• Tompkín. J. M., and Britt, S. H., 195 1, Londsl id es: Noli o nal Re - 1. /t prov ide s o c/oimont witli tl, e a/te motiv e of dr ilfin g c/oim at the end o ( 1/,e assessment yeor ... "
seo rch Co uncil, Highway Research Board Bibliography 10, 53 p. a ha/e lo o spec ifi c depth to so ti sfy tli e discovery Th e texl of the fow fo fl ows.
Troxell, H. C., and Petenon, J. Q., 193 7, Flood in Lo Conodo Vol1ey,
Californio Jonuory 1, 1934: U.S. Geological Survey Woter-S upply Poper CHAPTER Jl32 as a p lacer claim by one pe rson , may, within 90 days of the
796-C, p. 53-98.
date of location , dtill a hale to a hole dcpth of not lcss tban
* Vo rn es, D. J., 1950, Re lotion of londslides lo sedimcnlory feo tu res,
Chopte r 13, in Trosk, P. D., ed. Applied sedi menl o tion . New York, An act to amend Sections 2301 , 2304, 2306, 2307, and 2313 of, 25 feet by any drilling cqui pment capable of collccting an d
Jo hn Wiley ond Sons, ln c. p. 229-246. to add Sec tion 2315.1 to, and to repeal Section 2305 of, the brin gi ng to the surface a sarnplc that may actually be in-
Vorncs, D. J., 1958, Landslide ty pes and p rocesse~: Chaplcr 3, in P·ublic Resources Code, nlating to mining claims. spected or tested. Such h olc may be. drilled on a lode claim
Ecke l, E. B., ed., Lond slides ond engin ecring proctice: N o tionol Rescorch at any point within the claim or withiu a group of claims
[Approved by Qc,\'ernor Augusl 14, 1967. F'lled wlth not exceed ing 10 in number, in a n y contig uous or ientntion and
Counci l, Hig hwoy Rcseo rch Boa rd, Speciol Rept. 29, p. 20- 47. Secr etaryofStatcAu gus l 14, 1967. )_
Vornes, H. D., 1949, l a ndslides problems of soul hw estern Colorado:
arrangement, excep t tlrnt thc maximum dimension of such
U.S. Geo log ical Survey Circ. 3 1, 13 p. '' Tke people of tke S tato o[ ·California do e11act as follows: grou p arrangement shall not cxceed seven thousa nd fi vc hun-
•
Woodfard, A. O., ond Harriss, T. F., 1928, Geo logy of Blockhowk dred (7,500) feet and prov idin g that the hole depth oi the
Conyon, Sa n Berno rdino Mountoins, Colifornio: Unive rsity of Co lifornio ..: SECTJON l. Section 2301 of the P ublic R esourccs Codc is hole or holcs drilled as d iscovcry work for th c group shall
Pub., Deporlment Geo log icol Sciences Sull., v. 17, p. 265- 304. '.: amcndcd to read: aggregate a total not lcss than 25 feet times the total number
Wool ley, R. R., 1946, Cloudbursl fl ood s in Utah : U.S. Geo1ogicol • ~ 2301. Any person, a citizen of th e Un ited Sta.tes, or who of clairns within such group. S uch a hole for a pl acer clai:m
Su rvey Wo ter-Supp ly Papc r 994, 120 p. - has declared bis intention to bccomc a citizen, who diseovers may be drillcd at any point within thc claim, but th e numbcr
Ye rkes, R. F., Compbell, R. H., ond Schoe llhamer, J. F., 1964, Pr e- of f eet of drilling so don e for a n association claim must ag-
f a vcin or load of quartz, or other rock in place, bcaring gold,
limino ry geolog ic mop ond sections of the sou thwe sl por l of the To- gregate not lcss than 25 fcct t imes thc number by wh ich 20
Osi l ver, cinnabar, lead, tin, copp er, or other valuable deuosit,
pongo quodrong le, Lo s Ange les Cou nty, Colifor nio : U. S. Gcolog cco l
Survey, Open-fi le reporl . (No t published.)
= may loca te a claim u pon such vein or lodc, by defin ing tbe will divide in to the total number of acres in thc assoeintrnn
claim.
te bow1dar ies of the claim, in the manner hcr cin af ter dcscr ibed,
~ and by posting a notice of such location, at th e poi nt of d1s- (e) If thc locato r has clcc ted to do such discovery wark as
* Popcrs cootoining c,i;ce ll e nt bibliogrophie s on londslid cs.
,.; covcry. The no tice shall contain: proYicled in subdiv ision (b) of this ection he sha ll with in the ~-
- (a) The nam e of the lode or clai m. t ime spcc ificd within subc.l" -f ; - ' 1iS 'ScctÍ~n, cap Qf _ º ·
( b) T he n ame of tbe locator or locators. plug each dril! hole in t e as iscovery work and -in ark .i t:;--=----
(e) Thc number of linear fect claimed in lcn gth nlong thc with a woodcn post at lcast ·four ches· iameter/o r a met8.l"
-~ coursc of tbc vein, eacb way from t he poin t of cliscovery, post; pl aced wi thin íh e'-fect of st shall be -
with thc width on each side of t he cc ntcr of the claim, a.nd at least 48 iu chcs in height a I be firmly
=. the gene ral course of the ve in or Jode, as near as ma_y be. imbedded in the ground, an ed to .it a
"• (d) T he date of location. notice can tni n ing the namc a.tcd, the -
; ,. . (e) S uch a description of th e cla im by r cfer encc to sorne namcs of thc contiguous clai ~ laitñed -
~ natural object, or permanent monument, as will ident ify the as discoYery wor k, an~ the e
- claim locatcd. Th c township and rangc shall be inc l ud ccl in snch SEc. 2. Scction 230¡; o ~
:-: dcscr ipti on . pealed. ·. .._.
! Sea. l.G. Sect.ion 2304 of t hc Public R esonrccs Cocle is SEc. 3. Sec tion 2306 .e o é
nmend cd toread: - :f ,.__, ' r . _
.L. amcndcd to rcad: '"
2306. The rcloeatiq,;( ,9.e11.11r lo <>,;; !)
2304. (a) Within 90 days aftcr the date of location of
· nny Jode cla im or any pl:tcer claim con taining not more tha;1 wb ich is subject to r clócatiil),l·Jl,¡¡µ I be,!Dadc
tion is required to bé·nlq.de{1 ~f ·~,
:. the maximum arca locntabl e as a p lncc r claim b~, o n•! person
· hcrer,fter located, the locator or lucators thereof sh all sink a either sink a n ew slrnf);-; ' · '
- di scovcry shaft upan the claim to a depth of at lcast 10 feet lcast 10 fcc:t from the ,l'ow
- fr om thc lowest part of the rim of thc shaft at thc surface, the surface, or dri\'e a n;6,"
~; or shall drive a tunnel, adit, or open cut u pon thc cla im to at claim to at lenst 10 f · ·
_ lcast 10 fcct below the surface, and the locators of an assor,i- may si nk thc original
= ation p lace r cla im containing a largcr area herca ftcr locatcd at the time of relocatiou;:on;
open cut upan the clai'ni-"'l ·
7 shall si nk one ·such shaft or drive onc such tunn el, adit or open
· cut for each 20 acres cautaiued in the association cl ni m. drill a hole or boles u¡iéef..
•
ami (e) o[ Scctio n 230:~f;j:'1
(b) In licu of thc discovcry work required by subdivision
(a) of this scction, the locator of a Jode claim or nny placer SEc. 4. Scc tion 2307 b_
amcnded to r cad: r1:._ ,
• claim conta in ing not more th an the maxi mum orea locatablc
r- -~-
.
"--..e--- --~ -