Design of 12- Storey Reinforced Concrete Office

Building in Amarah

STUDENT’S NAME

1- Ahmed Hatif Obaid

2- Mohammed Abass Kshaen
3- Ammar Abass Abd

A project report submitted in partial fulfilment of the

requirements for the award of the degree of

Bachelor of Civil Engineering

Civil Engineering Department

Engineering College

University of Misan

Iraq

2015-2016

1
 DECLARATION

We hereby declare that this project report is based on our

original work except for citations and quotations which have
been duly acknowledged.

Signature :

Name : Ahmed Hatif Obaid

Date : / /

Signature :

Name : Mohammed Abass Kshaen

Date : / /

Signature :

Name : Ammar Abass Abd

Date : / /

2
 APPROVAL FOR SUBMISSION

I certify that this project report

Design of 12- Storey Reinforced Concrete Office

Building in Amarah

was prepared by Ahmed Hatif Obaid , Mohammed Abass and Ammar

abass has met the required standard for submission in partial fulfilment
of the requirements for the award of Bachelor of Civil Engineering at
University of Misan.

Approved by,

Signature :

Supervisor : Ass.Prof.Dr. Abbas Oda Dawood

Date : / /

3
 Dedicated

All praise to Allah, today we fold the days' tiredness and the errand
summing up between the cover of this humble work.

To the utmost knowledge lighthouse, to our greatest and most honored

prophet Mohamed - May peace and grace from Allah be upon him

To the Spring that never stops giving, to my mother who weaves my

happiness with strings from her merciful heart... to my mother.

To whom he strives to bless comfort and welfare and never stints what he
owns to push me in the success way who taught me to promote life stairs
wisely and patiently, to my dearest father

To whose love flows in my veins, and my heart always remembers them,

to my brothers and sisters .

4
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to thank everyone who had contributed to the successful

completion of this project. I would like to express my gratitude to my
research supervisor, Ass.Prof.Dr. Abbas Oda Dawood for his invaluable
advice, guidance and his enormous patience throughout the development
of the research.

In addition, I would also like to express my gratitude to my loving

parent and friends who had helped and given me encouragement......

5
 Design of 12- storey reinforced concrete office
building in Amarah

ABSTRACT
The high rise building represent the optimum benefit from areas
especially in dense and expensive areas. Misan local government have
plans to build many new high rise building in Amarah to satisfy two
goals, the first one is benefit from area and the second to reflect the
progress in Amarah and gives an image for modern Amarah. The present
project focused on design high rise building in Amarah. The building is
located in a densely populated quarters of Amarah. It is a reinforced
concrete framed building with twelve storeys above the ground. The
building not included basements due to high level of underground water
in Amarah. The building is being assumed as an office building, therefore
it is evaluated for the Life Safety (LS) level of seismic performance,
meaning that its occupants should survive during earthquake and be able
the building to be safe. The lateral loading due to both wind and seismic
loadings was investigated. The wind forces are calculated based on
analytical method of ASCE7-10 and a wind speed of 42 m/sec was
adopted according to Iraqi codes for Misan Province. The seismic loads
was represented by equivalent static method adopted by both Iraqi and
ASCE7-10. Its found that seismic load more critical than wind loads. The
building was designed according to ACI –Code and requirements for
seismic forces according to ASCE7-10. According to Seismic Category
of Misan province SDC and for building height 64m the suitable
structural system according to ASCE7-10 is Dual system with special
frame resistance moment and special shear walls. The soil properties for

6
both bearing strength and seismic classifications are accomplished from
soil investigation report for the specified area. It's found that Amarah soil
is classified as Class D according to ASCE7-10 which based on standard
penetration tests. According to soil investigation the bored piles of
diameter 1.2m are used with capacity of 180 ton.

7
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Declaration 2
Approval For Submission 3
Dedicated 4

Acknowledgements 5
Abstract 6
Table Of Contents 8

Chapter one

1.1 Introduction 10
1.2 Structural systems for tall buildings 11
1.3 Tall building in Missan 18
1.4 Tall building codes 20
1.5 Difference between law rise buildings and tall buildings 20

Chapter two

2.1 Loads 22

2.1.1Dead Load 22

2.1.2 Live load 22

2.2 Wind load 26

2.3 Procedure for determined wind load 28

2.4 design wind load cases 34

2.5 Earthquake Load 38

2.6 Seismic Load Calculation 49

8
 2.7 Loads on building 52

Chapter three

3.1 selection building system 53

3.2 selection of slab system 58

3.3 description of project 60

Chapter four

4.1 Methods of Slab design 66

4.2 Slab design 68

4.3 beams design 104

4.4 Shear Wall design 118

4.5 Columns design 125

4.6 foundation design 139

References 143

Appendices 144

9
 Chapter one

1.1 Introduction

The high rise building represent the optimum benefit from areas
especially in dense and expensive areas, , including excellence in
execution and aesthetically also other considerations that all over the
world. some high rise buildings about the world See figure (1.1)

Figure (1.1 ): some high rise buildings about the world

10
Tall buildings are closely related to the growth of the city Their
developments are due to. [3]

- economic growth

- human ego to build higher

- the natural response to dense population

- scarcity of land in urban areas

- high land costs

- technological advancement

1.2 Structural systems for tall buildings

The following classification is proposed for the structural systems of tall

buildings for all the types namely, steel buildings, reinforced concrete
buildings, and composite buildings.[5]:

1. rigid frame systems

2. braced frame and shear-walled frame systems
3. outrigger systems
4. framed-tube systems
5. braced-tube systems
6. bundled-tube systems

1.2.1 Rigid frame systems

Rigid frame systems are utilized in both steel and reinforced concrete
construction. Rigid frame systems for resisting lateral and vertical loads
have long been accepted for the design of the buildings. Rigid framing,
namely moment framing, is based on the fact that beam-to-column
connections have enough rigidity to hold the nearly unchanged original

11
angles between intersecting components. Owing to the natural
monolithically behavior, hence the inherent stiffness of the joist, rigid
framing is ideally suitable for reinforced concrete buildings [5].

For a rigid frame the strength and stiffness are proportional to the
dimension of the beam and the column dimension, and inversely
proportional to the column spacing. ,Especially for the buildings
constructed in seismic zones, a special attention should be given to the
design and detailing of joints, since rigid frames are more ductile and less
vulnerable to severe earthquakes when compared to steel braced or shear-
walled structures . The 21-storey-highLever House (1952) (Fig. 1) in New
York (fig.1.2)

Fig. 1.2 lever house , new York ,USA 1952

12
1.2.2 Braced frame and shear-walled frame systems

Rigid frame systems are not efficient for buildings taller than 30 stories,
because lateral deflection due to the bending of columns causes the drift
to be too large . on the other hand, steel bracing or shear walls with or
without rigid frame (brace systems and shear wall systems), increases the
total rigidity of the building and the resulting system is named as braced
frame or shear-walled frame system. Namely, systems composed of steel
bracing or shear walls alone, or interacting with the rigid frames can be
accepted as an improvement of the rigid frame system. These systems are
stiffer when compared to the rigid frame system, and can be used for
buildings over 30 stories, but mostly applicable for buildings about 50
stories in height. .[5]

1.2.2.1 Braced frame systems

Braced frame systems are utilized in steel construction. This system is a

highly efficient and economical system for resisting horizontal loading,
and attempts to improve the effectiveness of a rigid frame by almost
eliminating the bending of columns and girders, by the help of additional
bracing. It behaves structurally like a vertical gravity loads, and diagonal
bracing components so that the total set of members forms a vertical
cantilever truss to resist the horizontal loading.

1.2.2.2 Shear-walled frame systems

resist lateral wind and seismic loads acting on a building and transmitted
to them by the floor diaphragms. Shear walls are generally parts of the
elevator and service cores , and frames to create a stiffer and stronger
structure. These elements can have various shapes such as, circular,
curvilinear, oval, box-like, triangular, or rectilinear. This system

13
structurally behaves like a concrete building with shear walls resisting all
the lateral loads. (Fig.1.3) in New York is a is a good example of it.

Fig. 1.3 :Metropolitan Tower, New York, USA, 1987

1.2.3 Outrigger system

Outrigger systems are modified form of braced frame and shear-walled

frame systems, and utilized in steel and composite constructions . As an
innovative and efficient structural system, the outrigger system comprises
a central core, including either braced frames or shear walls, with
horizontal ‘‘outrigger’’ trusses or girders connecting the core to the
external columns. Furthermore, in most cases, the external columns are
interconnected by exterior belt girder. If the building is subjected to the
horizontal loading, the rotation of the core is prevented by the column-
restrained outriggers. Outrigger structures can be used for buildings with

14
 over 100 stories. The 42-storey-high First Wisconsin Center with its steel
structure (1974) (fig.1.4) , the 101-storey-high Taipei 101 (fig.1.5).

Fig. 1.4 : The 42-storey-high First Wisconsin Center Fig.1.5: the 101-storey-high Taipei 101

1.2.4 Framed-tube systems

Framed-tube systems, are proper for steel, reinforced concrete and

composite construction, and represent a logical evolution of the
conventional frame structure , The primary characteristic of a tube is the
employment of closely spaced perimeter columns interconnected by deep
spandrels, so that the whole building works as a huge vertical cantilever
to resist overturning moments.

15
It is an efficient system to provide lateral resistance with or without
interior columns. The efficiency of this system is derived from the great
number of rigid joints acting along the periphery, creating a large tube.
Exterior tube carries all the lateral loading. The gravity loading is shared
between the tube and the interior columns or walls, if they exist. Besides
its structural efficiency, framed-tube.[5]

buildings leave the interior floor plan relatively free of core bracing and
heavy columns, enhancing the net usable floor area thanks to the
perimeter framing system resisting the whole lateral load. There are two
popular versions used currently for this system for composite
construction: spandrels while the other utilizes structural steel spandrels
instead of concrete ones. The 110-storey-high World Trade Center Twin
Towers (1972) (fig.1.6).

Framed-tube systems can be categorized into three groups:

1. systems without interior columns, shear walls, or steel bracings .

2. systems with interior columns, shear walls, or steel bracings.
3. tube-in-tube systems.

Fig.1.6 The 110-storey-high World Trade

Center Twin Towers (1972)
16
1.2.5. Braced-tube systems

Braced-tube systems can be utilized in steel, reinforced concrete, and

composite construction. By adding multistory diagonal bracings to the
face of the tube, the rigidity and efficiency of the framed tube can be
improved, thus the obtained braced-tube system, also known as trussed
tube or exterior diagonal-tube system, could be utilized for greater
heights, and allows larger spacing between the columns. It offers an
excellent solution by utilizing a minimum number of diagonals on each
face of the tube intersecting at the same point as the corner columns. In
steel buildings, steel diagonals/trusses, are used, while in reinforced
concrete buildings, diagonals are created by filling the window openings
by reinforced concrete shear walls to achieve the same effect as a
diagonal bracing. New York’s 50-storey-high 780 Third Avenue Building
, (fig.1.7).

Fig.1.7 : New York’s 50-storey-high 780 Third Avenue Building

17
1.2.6 Bundled-tube systems

Bundled-tube systems are proper for steel, reinforced concrete, and

composite construction. A single framed tube does not have an adequate
structural efficiency, if the building dimensions increase in both height
and width. Namely, the wider the structure is in plan, the less effective is
the tube. In such cases, the bundled tube, also known as modular tube,
with larger spaced columns is preferred. This concept, being created by
the need for vertical modulation in a logical fashion, can be defined as a
cluster of tubes interconnected with common interior panels to generate a
perforated multicell tube.[5]

The above classification is the expansion of the following basic structural

systems: frame systems, braced or shear walled systems, and tube
systems. ‘Brace systems and shear wall systems’ which are the systems
composed of only braces or shear walls, are the subsets of ‘braced frame
and shear-walled frame systems’ Nowadays, reinforced concrete and
composite structures are in serious competition with the steel structures,
and by the advancements in concrete technology, such as manufacturing
ultra- high-strength concrete, except ‘outrigger systems’, all the structural
systems classified above can be applied in reinforced concrete.[5]

1.3. Tall building in Missan

In Iraq we note a few are implemented so buildings in Iraq, particularly in

the province of Maysan and can causes due to a lack of skilled local
workers, lack of engineering expertise or lack of machinery and
equipment needed for implementation and the lack of materials locally.
An example of the Turkish hotel carried out by a Turkish company and
Turkish also the hospital and the al-sader Hospital, all these buildings
constructed by foreign companies see (fig 1.8 , fig 1.9 , fig 1.10).

18
 Fig1.8:Turkish hotel

Fig 1.9 : AL - Sader hospital

19
 Fig 1.10 : Turkish hospital

1.4. Tall building codes

 ASCE/SEI 7-10
 (2006 – 2009) IBC
 ACI 318 – 05 /08
 )303 ‫ع‬.‫ب‬.‫المسودة االولية لمدونة الزلزال العراقية (م‬

1.5 Difference Between Law Rise Buildings And Tall Buildings

A tall- building is defined as a building 35 meters or greater in height,

which is divided at regular intervals into occupiable levels. To be
considered a high-rise building, an edifice must be based on solid ground
and fabricated along its full height.[3]

The cut-off between tall and low buildings is 35 meters.

A low-rise building is defined as any occupiable building which is

divided at regular intervals into occupiable levels and which is lower than

20
a high-rise, i.e., lower than 35 meters. To be considered a low-rise
building, an edifice must be based on solid ground and fabricated along
its full height and have at least one floor above the ground[3].see (fig
1.11) for law rise and tall building difference.

Fig 1.11 : Tall and law buildings

21
 Chapter two

Loads On High Rise Buildings In Misan Province

2.1 Loads

Structural members must be designed to support specific loads. Loads are

those forces for which a given structure should be proportioned. In
general, loads may be classified as dead or live.

2.1.1Dead Load

Dead loads consist of the weight of all materials of construction

incorporated into the building including but not limited to walls, floors,
roofs, ceilings, stairways, built-in partitions, finishes, cladding and other
similarly incorporated architectural and structural items, and fixed service
equipment including the weight of cranes.[1]

2.1.2 Live load

Live loads are those loads produced by the use and occupancy of the
building or other structure and do not include construction or
environmental loads such as wind load, snow load, rain load, earthquake
load, flood load, or dead load. Live loads on a roof are those produced :

(1) during maintenance by workers, equipment, and materials.

(2) during the life of the structure by movable objects such
as planters and by people.

 The ACI Code does not specify loads on structures; however,

occupancy loads on different types of buildings are prescribed by
IBC-2012 and the American National Standards Institute (ANSI)

22
 [5]. Some typical values are shown in Table 2.1. Table 2.2 shows
the density of various materials.
 The live loads used in the design of buildings and other structures
shall be the maximum loads expected by the intended use or
occupancy but shall in no case be less than the minimum uniformly
distributed unit loads required by Table (2-1).

Table ( 2 – 1 ) Typical Uniformly Distributed Design live Loads

23
Table ( 2 – 1 ) Typical Uniformly Distributed Design live Loads

24
Table ( 2 – 2 ) Density of Various Materials

25
2.2 Wind load

Buildings and their components are to be designed to withstand the code-

specified wind loads. Calculating wind loads is important in design of the
wind force-resisting system, including structural members, components
and cladding, against shear, sliding, overturning and uplift actions. See
fig 2.1

Fig 2.1 : effect of wind load on building

26
2.2.1Methods of determination wind load

The design wind loads for buildings and other structures shall be
determined according to one of the following procedures[ASCE7-10]:

(1) Method – Simplified procedure for low-rise simple diaphragm

buildings.
(2) Method – Analytical procedure for regular shaped building and
structures.

2.2.1.1 Method – Simplified Procedure

The simplified procedure is used for determining and applying wind

pressures in the design of simple diaphragm buildings with flat, gabled,
and hipped roofs and having a mean roof height not exceeding the least
horizontal dimension or 60 feet (18.3 m), whichever is less, and subject to
additional limitations.

2.2.1.2 Method – Analytical Procedure

Wind loads for buildings and structures that do not satisfy the conditions
for using the simplified procedure can be calculated using the analytical
procedure provided that it is a regular shaped building or structure, and it
does not have response characteristics making it subject to a cross-wind
loading, vortex shedding, instability due to galloping or flutter, or does
not have a site location that require special consideration. [ASCE7-10]

Method 1 can't use for determination of wind load due to building

height ( 64m ) and it use for building with law rise (< 18.3 m) so
we will be use method 2 for determine wind load.

27
2.3 Procedure for determined wind load

2.3.1. Determine velocity pressure

Velocity pressure, qz, evaluated at height z shall be calculated by the

following equation [ASCE7-10]:-

2 2
qz = 0.613 Kz Kzt Kd V (N/m ); V in m/s

where :-

qz = velocity pressure
Kd = wind directionality factor
Kz = velocity pressure exposure coefficient
Kzt = topographic factor defined
V= basic wind speed
2.3.1.1. determine Kd
Kd find from Table (2-3).

Table (2-3)

28
2.3.1.2 find kzt

Kzt find from

Kzt = (1 + K1K2K3)2

Where:-

K1, K2, and K3 are given in Table(2-4) shown below. If site conditions and
locations of structures do not meet all the conditions specified in Table(2-
4). then Kzt = 1.0.

Table (2-4)

29
2.3.1.3 find Kz

Kz find from equation below :-

1- The velocity pressure exposure coefficient Kz may be determine from

the following formula or from the Table (2-5):-

For 15 ft. ≤ z ≤ zg for z < 15 ft.

Kz = 2.01(z/zg)2/ kz = 2.01(15/zg)2/

2-  and zg in Table (2-6)

3- Linear interpolation for intermediate values of height z is acceptable.

Table (2-5) . velocity pressure exposure coefficients , Kz and Kh

30
 Table (2-6)

2.3.1.4 find V

Basic wind speed From Iraqi code by using wind map in (figure 2.2)
below[ ‫ع‬.‫ب‬.‫المسودة االولية لمدونة الزلزال العراقية (م‬

Fig 2.2 wind speed zoning in Iraq

31
2.3.2 Determine the design wind pressure (p) or design wind load (F)

The design wind load pressure is given by following equation :-

P = qz G Cp - qi (GCpi) (N/m2)

Where :-

q = qz for windward walls evaluated at height z above the ground z.

q = qh for leeward walls, side walls, and roofs, evaluated at height h.
qi = qh for windward walls, side walls, leeward walls, and roofs of enclosed buildings
and for negative internal pressure evaluation in partially enclosed buildings.
G = gust-effect factor.
Cp = external pressure coefficient from.
( GCpi) = internal pressure coefficient from .
2.3.2.1 Find G
The gust-effect factor for a rigid building or other structure is permitted to
be taken as 0.85.

2.3.2.2 find Cp
Cp find from Table (2-7).

Table (2-7)

32
2.3.2.3 Find GCpi

GCpi Find from Table (2-8)

Table (2-8)

33
2.4 design wind load cases
The design wind load cases as defined in the figure below and take case
that give max design load .

Table 2-9: design cases

34
Due to difficult and long for four loading cases calculations procedure so
in the present project an excel sheet is used to determine design wind load
for every floor for the input information shown in Table ( 2-10 ):-

Table 2-10

Input Data Metric unit Feet unit

Exposure category (A,B, C or D) B B
Importance factor (0.87, 1.0 or 1.15) I 1 1
Basic wind speed (V) 42 137.76
Topographic factor (Sec.6.5.7.2) (Kzt ) 1 1
Building height to roof (H) 62.4 204.672
Parapet height (HP ) 1 3.28
Building length (L) 51.6 169.25
Building width (B) 39 127.92

DESIGN SUMMARY

Max building horizontal force normal to building length, L, face = 3423.18 KN

Max base moment at wind normal to building length, L, face = 130314.21 KN.m

Max building horizontal force normal to building length, B, face = 2606.528 KN

Max base moment at wind normal to building length, B, face = 96203.365 KN.m

35
Wind Normal to face L

Table 2-11

Lateral P (KN)
z (m) Windward Leeward
4.6 84.1 -91.314
6.1 30.491 -91.314
7.6 32.461 -91.314
9.1 34.427 -91.314
12.2 74.757 -91.314
15.2 79.672 -91.314
18.3 83.609 -91.314
21.3 87.545 -91.314
24.4 91.477 -91.314
27.4 94.431 -91.314
30.5 97.38 -91.314
36.6 204.594 -91.314
42.7 214.433 -91.314
48.8 222.302 -91.314
54.9 230.170 -91.314
61 236.073 -91.314
63.4 94.858 -91.314
1992.78 -1552.338

Base shear = 1992.78 + 1552.338 = 3545

36
Wind Normal to face B

Table 2-12
Lateral P (KN)
z (m) Windward Leeward
4.6 63.566 -59.917
6.1 23.045 -59.917
7.6 24.535 -59.917
9.1 26.021 -59.917
12.2 56.503 -59.917
15.2 60.217 -59.917
18.3 63.192 -59.917
21.3 66.168 -59.917
24.4 69.139 -59.917
27.4 71.372 -59.917
30.5 73.601 -59.917
36.6 154.634 -59.917
42.7 162.071 -59.917
48.8 168.020 -59.917
54.9 173.966 -59.917
61 178.428 -59.917
63.4 71.693 -59.917
1506.171 -1018.59

Base shear =1506.171+1018.59 = 2524.76 KN

37
2.5 Earthquake Load

Every building and its portions, as a minimum, shall be designed and

constructed to resist the effects of earthquake ground. The seismic
loadings are determined according to ASCE and IBC provisions.

2.5.1. Procedure for Calculation of Seismic Design Category (SDC)

1- Determine seismic use group as described in (Table 2-13).[1]

Table (2-13)

38
2- Based on the location of the building, determine the mapped spectral
accelerations for short periods, Ss , S1 as shown below or from Table
(2-14)

Fig 2.3 :Iraq contour map of the value of the spectral acceleration of
seismic ground motion at a period of time Short (0.2) seconds (Ss)
according US DOD Unified Facilities Criteria 3-310-01(US DOD UFC)
2007

39
Fig 2.4 :Iraq contour map of the value of the spectral acceleration of
seismic ground motion at a period of time Short (1) seconds (S 1) :US
DOD Unified Facilities Criteria 3-310-01 (US DOD UFC) 2007

40
 Table (2-14)
City Ss S1
Baghdad 1.24 0.56
Al-Amarah 1.31 0.52
Basrah 0.98 0.39
Kut 0.97 0.39
AL-Mijer Al Kaber 1.13 0.45
Samara 0.29 0.12
Arbil 1.38 0.55

3- Use Table (2-15) to determine site class based on the soil profile
name and properties of soil.
Table (2-15)

41
4- Using Table (2-16) determine site coefficient Fa based on mapped
maximum considered earthquake spectral response accelerations at
short periods, SS. Also using Table (2-17)determine site coefficient Fv
based on mapped maximum considered earthquake spectral response
accelerations at (1-s) period, S1

Table (2-16)

Table (2-17)

42
5- Calculate the maximum considered earthquake spectral response
accelerations for short periods for specific soil class, SMS, using (Eq. 1)
Also calculate the maximum considered earthquake spectral response
accelerations for (1-s) period for specific soil class, SM1, using (Eq.
2).[1]

SMS = Fa SS ---------- (Eq.1)

SM1 = Fv S1 ---------- (Eq.2)
Where :-

SMS = mapped maximum considered earthquake spectral response

accelerations for short periods adjusted for site class effect.

SM1 = mapped maximum considered earthquake spectral response

accelerations for 1-s period adjusted for site class effect.

6- Using (Eq.3) determine design spectral response acceleration

coefficient for short periods, SDS, and using (Eq.4) determine spectral
response acceleration coefficient for 1-s period, SD1.[1]

SDS = 2/3 SMS ------- (Eq.3)

SD1 = 2/3 SM1 ------- (Eq.4)

7- Determine SDC according to Tables (2-18) and (2-19).[1]

Table (2-18)

43
 Table (2-19)

2.5.2 Analysis procedures

During the earthquake motions, the structure is subjected to the

deformation that produces internal forces and stresses. Earthquake
engineering philosophy is to relate earthquake dynamic forces to the
equivalent static forces, and then using static analysis of the structure,
determine deformations, internal forces, and stresses in the structure. IBC
describes two analysis procedures to determine the equivalent static
forces that will simulate an earthquake action on the structure[1] . these
are:-

1- The equivalent lateral force procedure (used for SDC B, C, D, E,

and F).
2- The simplified analysis (used for SDC B, C, D, E, and F, and for
constructions limited to two stories in height and three stories in
height for light frame constructions).

In the present project the equivalent lateral force procedure is

used due to the building consists of 12 stories and simplified
procedure is not applicable.

44
2.5.2.1 Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure

This procedure describes how to calculate the seismic base shear and
lateral seismic forces.[1]

2.5.2.1.1 Seismic Base Shear Calculation

The total seismic force that acts at the base of the structure, called seismic
base shear, can be determined according to the following equation:

V = Cs W

Where :-

Cs = seismic response coefficient

W = effective weight of structure including total dead load and other

loads listed.

2.5.2.1.2 Seismic Response Coefficient Calculation

The seismic response coefficient, Cs, shall be determined from:

Where :-

SDS = design spectral response acceleration parameter for short period.

R = response modification factor given in Table (2-20).

IE = seismic importance factor determined from Table (2-13).

45
 Table (2-20)

The value of Cs should not exceed

SD1:- design spectral response acceleration parameter at a period of 1.0 s,

as determined from (Eq.4)

T or Ta = fundamental period of structure(s) determined in (Eq.5)

or(Eq.6)

46
 Eq.5

where hn is the height in feet above the base to the highest level of the
structure and the coefficients Ct and x are determined from Table (2-21)

Table (2-21)

For the concrete moment-resisting frame buildings that do not exceed 12

stories in height and have an average minimum story height of 10 Ft., the
approximate period of vibration, T, can be determined using the following
equation(6):

Eq.6

where N is the number of stories in the building above the base.

47
Also, CS should not be less than:

2.5.2.2 Lateral Seismic Force Calculation

Vertical distribution of the base shear force produces seismic lateral

forces, Fx, at any floor level. Seismic lateral forces act at the floor levels
because masses of the structure are concentrated at the floor levels. It is
known that the force is a product of mass and acceleration.

The lateral force that will be applied to level x of the structure, Fx, can be
determined from the following equation:

Where :-

Cvx = vertical distribution factor

k = distribution exponent related to building period

= 1 for building having a period of T ≤ 0.5 s

= 2 for building having a period of T ≥ 2.5 s

= 2, or linear interpolation between 1 and 2, for building having a

period of 0.5 s ≤ T ≤ 2.5 s

hi, hx = height from base to level i and x

wi, wx = portion of W assigned to level i or x

n = number of stories

48
V = total design lateral force or shear at the base

Overturning Moment

The lateral seismic force Fx produces overturning moments. Overturning

moment Mx should be calculated using the following equation:

2.6 Seismic Load Calculation

2.6.1 Determine SDC

1- risk category = III and Ie = 1.25

2- Ss = 1.31 , S1 = 0.52
3- site class = D ( from report of soil investigation)
4- Fa = 1 , Fv = 1.5
5- Sms = 1* 1.31 = 1.31 , Sm1 = 1.5 * 0.52 = 0.78
2 2
6- SDs = ∗ 1.31 = 0.8733 , SD1 = ∗ 0.78 = 0.52
3 3

7- SDC = D

49
2.6.2 Determine Seismic Base Shear

Cs = 0.8733
7/1.25
= 0.156

T = 0.0488 * (63.4) 0.75 = 1.0964 s

0.52
Cs,max = 7 = 0.0846
1.0964∗(1.25)

Cs,min = 0.044 * 0.8733 * 1.25 = 0.048 > 0.01 o.k.

Cs > Cs,min o.k.

Cs > Cs,max not o.k. so use Cs = Cs,max = 0.0846

WT = 29622 * 11 + 11506 =337348 KN

V= 0.0846 * 337348 = 28539

Table (2-22) below show calculation of Fx and moment

Fig 2.5 : weight for each storey and loads

50
 Table 2-22

floor k Cvx Fx Shear Overturning

wi hi wi hi
level (KN) force moment Mx
(KN) (KN.M)
12 11506 60 897910 0.068 1940 1940 0
11 29622 55 2107212 0.16 4566 6506 9700
10 29622 50 1903961 0.1443 4118 10624 42230
9 29622 45 1702014 0.129 3681 14305 95350
8 29622 40 1501504 0.1138 3247 17552 166875
7 29622 35 1302601 0.0987 2816 20368 254635
6 29622 30 1105520 0.0838 2391 22759 356475
5 29622 25 910546 0.069 1969 24728 470270
4 29622 20 718076 0.0544 1522 26250 572401
3 29622 15 528701 0.04 1141 27391 725160
2 29622 10 343411 0.026 742 28133 862115
1 29622 5 164232 0.0124 353 28486 1002780
∑ 337348 13185688 28486 28486 1145210

Base shear due to earthquake = 28486 KN

Base shear due to wind = 3545.12 KN

Use earthquake loads in design because it is more than from wind

loads

51
2.7 Loads on building

dead load :- include the following :-

i. self-weight = 0.2 * 24=4.8

ii. super imposed dead load (tiles and mortar ) = 0.03 *24 + 0.05 * 20
= 1.72 use 2 KN/m2
iii. portions ( 2.5 – 5 KN/m2 ) use 2.5
total dead load = 4.8 +2+2.5= 9.3 KN/m2

live load :- from Iraqi code for office building use 2.5 KN/m2

earthquake loads :- from calculations in section (2.6.2).

2.8 Load combinations

Basic Combinations. Structures, components, and foundations shall be

designed so that their design strength equals or exceeds the effects of the
factored loads in the following combinations:-

a) 1.4(D + F)
b) 1.2(D + F + T ) + 1.6(L + H) + 0.5(Lr or S or R)
c) 1.2D + 1.6(Lr or S or R) + (L or 0.8W)
d) 1.2D + 1.6W + L + 0.5(Lr or S or R)
e) 1.2D + 1.0E + L + 0.2S
Where :-D = dead load , E = earthquake load , L = live load , Lr = roof
live load S = snow load, W = wind load;

In the present project we will be used the item (e) from list of
combinations load due to loads in the present project are dead , live
and earthquake without snow .

52
 Chapter three

Building System And Description

3.1 selection building system

The basic structural system that may be used to resist earthquake forces
are listed in table (3-1) .

Table (3-1).

53
 Table (3-1)cont.
cont.cont.

54
 Table (3-1) cont.

55
Table (3-1) cont.

56
Table (3-1) cont.

57
According to seismic design category the system that suitable for
building are :-
A- Moment-resisting frame systems
- Special reinforcement concrete moment frame

B- Dual systems with special moment frames capable of resisting

at least 25% of prescribed seismic forces
- Special reinforced concrete shear wall
C- Bearing wall system
- Special reinforcement masonry shear wall

Use Dual Systems With Special Moment Frames Capable Of resisting

At Least 25% Of Prescribed Seismic Forces and Special reinforced
concrete shear wall

3.2 selection of slab system

Flat Plates
Flat plates are most suitable for spans of 6 to 7.6 m. and live loads
between 2.87 and 4.8 KN/m2. The advantages of adopting flat plates
include low-cost formwork, exposed flat ceilings, and fast construction.
Flat plates have low shear capacity and relatively low stiffness, which

58
may cause noticeable deflection. Flat plates are widely used in buildings
either as reinforced or Prestressed concrete slabs.

Flat Slabs
Flat slabs are most suitable for spans of 6 to 9 m. and for live loads of
3.8 to 7.1 KN/m2. They need more formwork than flat plates, especially
for column capitals. In most cases, only drop panels without column
capitals are used.

Waffle Slabs
Waffle slabs are suitable for spans of 9 to 14.6 m. and live loads of 3.83
to 7.2 KN/m2. They carry heavier loads than flat plates and have
attractive exposed ceilings. Formwork, including the use of pans, is quite
expensive.

Slabs on Beams:
Slabs on beams are suitable for spans between 6 and 9 m. and live loads
of 2.87 to 5.75 KN/m2. The beams increase the stiffness of the slabs,
producing relatively low deflection. Additional formwork for the beams
is needed.

One-Way Slabs on Beams:

One-way slabs on beams are most suitable for spans of 3 to 6.1 m. and a
live load of 2.87 to 4.8 KN/m2. They can be used for larger spans with
relatively higher cost and higher slab deflection. Additional formwork for
the beams is needed.

59
One-Way Joist Floor System
A one-way joist floor system is most suitable for spans of 6 to 9 m. and
live loads of 3.8 to 5.75 KN/m2. Because of the deep ribs, the concrete
and steel quantities are relatively low, but expensive formwork is
expected. The exposed ceiling of the slabs may look attractive.

Use slabs on beams is suitable for building due to system of our

building is Dual Systems With Special Moment Frames Capable Of
resisting At Least 25% Of Prescribed Seismic Forces and Special
reinforced concrete shear wall and spans for our building is 7 to 9 m.

3.3 Description of project

The building as shown in Figure (a) , is a 12 story office building, without

basements, a ground floor and eleven upper floors. The building’s overall
dimensions are 39.85 m wide 52.4 m long, and it is approximately 64m
tall from ground level, all storeys height are 5.2 m , all beams
dimensions are 800 mm in depth and 400 mm in width The building
system consists of slabs with beams and shear walls .

60
 Figure (a)

The building’s architectural and structural drawings are shown in Figure

(b) Figure (c) respectively

61
1 st

2 st

62
3,4,5,6,7,8,9 st

10 st
Figure (b)
63
Ground floor framing
plan

64
Figure (c)

65
 Chapter four
Design Calculation
4.1 Methods of Slab design

There are two methods for design two way slab given by ACI code:-

- Direct Design Method DDM

- Equivalent Frame Method EFM

4.1.1 Direct Design Method DDM

Conditions of the DDM are :-

1- Minimum of three spans in each direction. Minimum of 3 x 3 = 9

panels.
2- Rectangular panels with aspect ratio between 0.5 and 2.0.
3- Successive spans in each direction must not differ by more than
one third of the largest span.
4- Column offset from basic rectangular grid must not exceed 10 % of
span in offset direction.
5- Gravity loading
6- Live load less or equal to twice the dead load
7- For slabs with beams, the relative beam stiffness  must be such :

66
4.1.2 Equivalent Frame Method EFM
The equivalent frame method involves the representation of the
three-dimensional slab system by a series of two dimensional
frames that are then analyzed for loads acting in the plane of the
frames.
- equivalent frame method applicable to slab with or without
beams
- The equivalent frame method may be used for lateral loads
analysis.

4.1.3 Equivalent Frame analysis by computer

It is clear that the equivalent frame method ,as described in the ACI
Code and the ACI Code commentary, is oriented toward analysis using
the method of moment distribution, most offices make use of computers
and frame analysis is done using general purpose programs based on the
direct stiffness method. plane frame analysis programs can be used for
slab based on the concepts of the equivalent frame method , but frame
must be specially modeled. Variable moments of inertia along the axis of
slab –beams and columns require nodal points (continuous joints)
between sections where I is to be considered constant .

Alternately , a three – dimensional frame analysis may be used , in which

the torsional properties of the transverse supporting beams may be
included directly .

4.1.3.1 SPSlab program

spSlab analyzes beams, one-way slab systems (including standard and

wide module joist systems), and two-way slab systems (including waffle
and slab beams). With capacity to integrate up to 20 spans and two

67
cantilevers of multiple floor system types in each model, the capabilities
of spSlab are not limited to new designs. spSlab can perform strength
investigation for evaluation and/or modifications of existing building
slabs. This program is sure to save engineers time crosschecking designs
with applicable design code provisions.[2]

Save in both material and labor using the moment redistribution feature.
It allows up to 20% reduction of negative moments over supports
reducing reinforcement congestions in these areas.

Direct Design Method DDM can't use because of conditions not

satisfy so we will use equivalent frame method

4.2 Slab design

4.2.1 slab thickness

The thickness for each slab panel depends on the average beam relative
stiffness  which is the average of the values for the four beams of the
panel

The minimum thickness is determined as follows:

m  0.2 Use minimum thickness Table below for flat plate (and slabs
without interior beams)

68
 Table 4-1

We will check slab thickness for larger span internal panel slab
because it critical case for slab thickness .

m = 7.385

420
8000∗(0.8+1400)
hmin = = 184.8 we will use 200 mm
36+9∗1.29

69
Due to difficult hand calculations by equivalent frame method so use
computer program SPSlab for design slab .[2]

We will be design slabs for ground floor only and the other floors
obtain by similarity .

Due to separation joint in building so design of floor into two part.

Note in the input data we need moments due to earthquake loads it

found from analysis by staadpro program and used max values for
safety for each frame .

70
Design frame 4 (large part )

The figures (4.1-4.5) below show the analysis and design of the frame 4
large part

Fig 4.1

71
Fig 4.2

72
 Fig 4.3

73
Fig 4.4

74
Fig 4.5

75
Design frame E (large part )

The same loads are distributed the results are shown in the figures(4.6 -
4.10) below.

Fig 4.6

76
Fig 4.7

77
Fig 4.8

78
 Fig 4.9

79
Fig 4.10

80
Design frame I and A for two parts

The same loads are distributed the results are shown in the figures(4.11-
4.15) below .

Fig 4.11

81
Fig 4.12

82
Fig 4.13

83
Fig 4.14

84
Fig 4.15

85
Design frame B (large part and small part )

The same loads are distributed the results are shown in the figures(4.16 -
4.20) below

Fig 4.16
86
 Fig 4.17

87
Fig 4.18

88
Fig 4.19

89
Fig 4.20

90
Design frame 4 for small part

The same loads are distributed the results are shown in the figures(4.21-
4.25) below.

Fig 4.21

91
Fig 4.22

92
Fig 4.23

93
Fig 4.24

94
Fig 4.25

95
Design Frame 7 (large part)

Fig 4.26

96
Fig 4.27

97
Fig 4.28

98
Fig 4.29

99
Fig 4.30

100
Fig 4.31

101
We will be design the slab for max moments and then other slabs
panels obtained by similarity

So we find reinforcement by hand calculation's as shown below

Max moments occurred at frame E

+Ve = 190.2 KN.m

-Ve = 251 KN.m

For max +ve = 190.2

Using db = 12 mm d = 200 – 20 -12/6 =178 mm

b = 3500 mm

fc' =25 MPa

fy = 420 MPa

 = 0.9

Max spacing = 300 mm

2
As = 2966 mm
2
As min1= 0.0018 b h = 0.0018* 3500 * 200 = 1260 mm
2
As min 2 = Ab b/Smax = 113.04 * 3500 /300 = 1318.8 mm

As > As min2

Number of bars = 2966 / 113.04 = 26 bars

102
Spacing between bars = 3500 /41 =130 mm

so use ∅ 12 @130mm c/c at bottom for all panels of slabs in two

directions

For max –ve = 251 KN.m use ∅16mm

d = 172 mm
2
As =4142.3 mm

As > Asmin2 ….. O.K.

Number of bars = 4142.3/201 = 20.6 = 21 bar

Spacing between bars = 3500/21 = 166 use 160 mm

so use ∅16 @160 mm c/c at top for all panels of slabs in two
directions

200 mm thickness

Bar no location reinforced

A bottom ∅ 12 @130 c/c
B top ∅16 @160 c/c

103
4.3 beams design
We will choose four beams in design for ground level only due
to max axial force from earthquake loads effect on the ground
level the beams that chosen are the critical case due to loaded
max moment and shear force , for other beams in above storeys
are obtained by similarity , the beam plan design are shown in
the figures 4.32 , 4.33 and fig 4.34 below .

Fig 4.32

104
Fig 4.33

105
 Fig 4.34

Notes

 The red circles refers to critical beams that we will be

design .
 Beam dimensions are (800*400 mm)
 Moments for dead and live loads we will calculate by hand
according to the max moment coefficient for continuous
beam
 Moments for earthquake effect we found from staadpro
program

106
4.3.1 requirement for flexural members for special moments
frames ACI- Code 318M -08
21.5.1.1 from ACI- Code 318M -08 :- Factored axial compressive force
on the member, Pu, shall not exceed Agfc′ /10.

21.5.1.2 from ACI- Code 318M -08 :- Clear span for member, ln, shall
not be less than four times its effective depth.

21.5.1.3 from ACI- Code 318M -08 :- Width of member, bw, shall not
be less than the smaller of 0.3h and 250 mm.

For our project all above requirement are satisfy

Requirement for longitudinal reinforcement (21.5.2 from ACI- Code

318M -08 )

for top as well as for bottom reinforcement, the amount of reinforcement

shall not be less than that given by

but not less than 1.4b wd/fy, and the reinforcement ratio, ρ, shall not
exceed 0.025. At least two bars shall be provided continuously at both top
and bottom.

107
Requirement for Transverse reinforcement (21.5.3 from ACI- Code
318M -08 )

4.3.2 Design calculations

 All dimension for beams are (800*400 mm ) fc' = 25 MPa , fy =

420 MPa .
 Dead load on slabs = 9.3 KN/m2
 Live load on slabs = 2.5 KN/m2
𝟏
 Coefficient for max positive moment =
𝟏𝟒
𝟏
 Coefficient for max negative moment =
𝟏𝟎

108
Design B1

Wd on beam = (9.3* 7/3 )* (3-0.82/2)* 2 = 51 KN/m

2
WL on beam = (2.5 * 7/3) * (3-0.8 /2) * 2 = 14 KN/m

Calculate As for max positive moment

MD = 51* 82/14 = 233 KN.M

ML = 14* 82 / 14 = 64 KN.M

ME = 571 KN.M

Mu = 1.2 * 233 + 64 + 571 = 915 KN.M

b = min {L/4 , 16 hf +bw , Lc1+Lc2/2 + bw }

b = 1750 mm

Muf = 0.9 * 0.85 * fc' * b * hf (d - hf/2 )

Assume two layer d= h – 95 = 800 -95 = 705 mm

Muf = 4050 KN . m

Muf > Mu …… design as rectangular

𝑓𝑐 ′ 600
𝜌 max = 0.75 𝜌𝑏 = 0.75 ∗ 0.85 ∗ 𝛽1 ∗ ( ) ∗ ( )
𝑓𝑦 600 + 𝑓𝑦

𝛽1 = 0.85 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑓𝑐 ′ = 25 < 30 𝑀𝑃𝑎

𝜌 max = 0.0189

𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 1.4* bw /fy*b

-4
𝜌 min = 7.6 * 10

2.622 𝑀𝑢
√1 −
𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑏 𝑑 2
𝜌=1−
𝑓𝑦
1.18 ∗
𝑓𝑐′

𝜌 = 0.01416 𝜌 min < 𝜌 < 𝜌 max 𝑂. 𝑘

109
As = 𝜌𝑏𝑑 = 0.01416 ∗ 400 ∗ 705 = 3994 𝑚𝑚2

Use ∅ 32 𝐴𝑏 = 804𝑚𝑚2

Number of bars = 3994/ 804 = 4.9 use 5 bars bottom

For negative moment

51∗ 82 14∗ 82
MD = = 327 , ML = = 90 , ME = 571 ,Mu = 1054
10 10

𝜌= 0.0168 ……O.K

As = 4737 Use ∅ 32 𝐴𝑏 = 804𝑚𝑚2

Number of bars = 6 top

Check requirement for longitudinal reinforcement

As min 1 = 840 mm2

As min 2 = 1.4 * 400 *705 /420 = 940 mm2

As max = 0.025 * b * d = 0.025 * 400 * 705 =7050 mm2

As > As min …. O.K

As < AS max …. O.K

Design for shear

51∗8 431
VD = = 204 𝐾𝑁
2
Vud
14∗8
VL = = 56 KN
2

VE = 130 KN

Vu = 1.2 * 204 + 56 +130 = 431 KN

Vud = 355 KN 710.5

Vud / ∅ = 355/0.75 = 474 KN 4000

Vc = 0.17 √𝑓𝑐 ′ bw d = 242 KN

3Vc = 726 KN

110
Use ∅12 𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑢𝑝𝑠

Av = 2 * 113 =227

Vc < Vud / ∅ < 3Vc

𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑣𝑓𝑦 𝑑
S = min{d/2, 600 , , 𝑉𝑢 }
0.34 𝑏𝑤 −𝑉𝑐
∅

S = min{450 , 600 , 701 , 292}

Use 290

Check the requirement for transvers reinforcement

All satisfy except that of smallest spacing

Smallest spacing :-

1- d/4 = 700/4 = 175

2- 8 * 32 =256
3- 24 *12 =288
4- 200
Use 175
So we will use stirrups ∅12 @175
The section of B1 design are shown below

B1

111
Design B2

WD = (9.3 * 7/3) * 2 = 44 KN/m

WL = (2.5 * 7/3) * 2 = 12 KN/m

For positive moment

2
MD = 44*7 /14 = 154 KN.m
2
ML = 12*7 /14 = 42 KN.m

ME = 314 KN.m

Mu = 541 KN.m

Muf > Mu ….. rectangular

𝜌 max = 0.0189
-4
𝜌 min = 7.6 * 10
-3
𝜌 = 7.8 * 10 …….. O.K

As = 2200 mm2

Use ∅ 25 Ab = 491 mm2

Number of bars = 5 ∅25 𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚

For negative moment

MD = 44* 72 / 10 = 216 KN.m ,ML = 59 KN.m , ME = 345 KN.m

Mu = 663 KN.m

Muf > Mu …. Rectangular

-3
𝜌 = 9.76 * 10 ….. O.K.

As = 2752 mm2

Use ∅ 25 Ab = 491 mm2

Number of bars = 6 Use ∅ 25 top

112
Design for shear 321
Vud
VD = 154 KN

VL = 42 KN

VE = 94 KN

Vu = 321 KN 710.5

Vud = 256 KN Vud / ∅ =341 KN 3500

Vc =242

3Vc = 726

Vc < Vud / ∅ < 3Vc

S = 350 mm

Check requirements for longitudinal reinforcement

As > As min ….. O.K

AS < As max …… . O.K

Check requirements for transvers reinforcement

Should be used smallest spacing = 175 mm

So use ∅12 𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑢𝑝𝑠@ 175 𝑚𝑚

The section of B2 design are shown below

B2

113
Design B3

WD = 44 KN/m

WL = 12 KN/m

For positive moment

MD = 154 KN.M , ML = 42 KN.M , ME = 501 KN. M

Mu = 728 KN.m

Muf > Mu …… rectangular

𝜌 max = 0.0189
-4
𝜌 min = 7.6 * 10

𝜌= 0.01

As = 3061

No.of bars = 7 ∅25 bot

For negative moment

MD = 216 , ML = 59 , ME = 467 , Mu = 785

Muf > Mu …. Rectangular

𝜌= 0.0118 ….. O.K

As = 3337 mm2

No . of bars = 7∅ 25 top

Design for shear

VD = 154 KN , VL = 42 KN , VE = 138 KN , Vu = 365 , Vud = 291

Vud / ∅ =388 KN

Vc = 242 KN

3VC = 726 KN

Vc < Vud / ∅ < 3Vc

114
S = 355 mm

All requirements are satisfy except that for transverse spacing

We should use spacing = 175 mm

So use ∅12 @ 175 mm

The section of B3 design are shown below

Design B4
WD = (9.3 * 4/3 ) * 2 = 25 KN/m

WL = (2.5 *4 /3 ) * 2 = 6.5 KN.m

For positive moment

MD = 25 * 42 /14 = 29 KN.M

ML = 6.5 * 42 /14 = 8 KN.M , ME = 127 KN.M , Mu = 170 KN.m

-3
𝜌= 2.34 * 10 ….. O.K

As = 660 mm2

For negative moment

MD = 25 * 42 / 10 = 40 , ML = 6.5 * 42 /10 = 11 , ME = 107

115
Mu = 166 KN.M
-3
𝜌= 2.6 * 10 ….. O.K ….. As = 637

Design shear

VD = 50 ,VL = 13 ,VE = 58 , Vu = 58 , Vud = 85

Vud / ∅ = 114 KN

Vc/2 = 121 KN

Vud / ∅ < Vc/2

No need stirrups

Check requirements for longitudinal reinforcement

As < As min ….. so use As min for top and bottom

Use ∅ 16 Ab = 201 mm2

No . of bars = 940/201 = 4.67 use 5 ∅ 16 at top and bottom

Check requirements for transvers reinforcement

According to 21.5.3.4 ACI –Code -08 it should use spacing

= 710.5/2 = 355mm

So use ∅12 @ 350 mm

The section of B4 design are shown below

116
 Table 4-2 : beams design section

B1

B2

B3

B4

Beam details According to ACI-Code

117
4.4 Shear Wall design
A wall system is a structural system that provides support for all gravity
loads and all lateral loads applied to the structure. A structural wall
system is much stiffer than a frame system and its performance during an
earthquake is better than the performance of the frame system.
A structural wall should be properly designed to sustain all loads acting
on it. Boundary elements of structural walls are the areas around the
structural wall edges, as shown in Fig below, that are strengthen by the
longitudinal and transverse reinforcement. Boundary elements increase
the rigidity and strength of wall panels. The web reinforcement is
anchored into the boundary elements.

118
Design of shear wall
Factored load = 1.2D + L + E

For moment ( all result below from staadpro program )

MD = 291 KN.m

ML = 79 KN.m

ME = 27290 KN.m

MU = 27718.2 KN.m

For shear force

VD = 194 KN

VL = 52 KN

VE = 1693 KN

VU = 1977.8 KN

For axial force

PUD = 2874 KN

PUL = 772 KN

PUE = 5398 KN

PU = 9618.8 KN

250 mm

6700 mm

Check if we need to boundary element

119
 3
bh 3 bwlw
Ig  
12 12
P MC
fc  
A I

Ig = 6.2658*1012 mm4

Fc = 20.56 Mpa > 0.2 Fc' = 5 Mpa o.k.

0
0 0 we need to boundary element

Acv = 250 * 6700 = 1675000 mm2

= 1675000* √25 * 1 = 8375KN > Vu

From ACI code minimum reinforcement for vertical and horizontal of

gross area with 420 Mpa , ρl = 0.0015 , ρt = 0.0025.

- Space between bars must be 450 mm (ACI code).

Minimum reinforcement in both direction

For horizontal direction

Acv = 250 * 64000 = 16 * 106 mm2

As = 0.0025 * Acv = 40000 mm2

Use Ø12
40000
Number of bars = = 353
𝐴𝑏

Space = 180 mm

Use Ø12@180 mm

For vertical direction

As = 0.0015 * 1675000 = 2512.5 mm2

120
Number of bar = 23

Space = 291.3 mm

Use Ø12@290 mm

Check if we need two layer (curtains) of reinforcement

𝐀𝐜𝐯 √𝐟𝐜′ 𝟐𝟓𝟎∗𝟔𝟕𝟎𝟎∗ √𝟐𝟓
= = 1395.83 < Vu
𝟔 𝟔

We need two layer of reinforcement in both direction

Check shear requirement

𝒉𝒘
= 𝟗. 𝟓𝟓 αc = 0.17
𝒍𝒘

Vn = Acv (αc √𝒇𝒄′ + ρt fy )

ØVc = 2386.875 KN > Vu o.k.

121
Design for flexural
d = 0.8 lw
d = 5360 mm
𝑓𝑦
m=
0.85 𝑓𝑐′

m = 19.76
𝑀𝑢
R= Ø = 0.9
Ø 𝑏 𝑑2

27718.2∗106
R=
0.9∗250∗ 53602

1 2𝑚𝑅
Ρ= [ 1 − √1 −
𝑚 𝑓𝑦

Ρ = 0.0115
1.4
ρmin =
𝑓𝑦

122
ρmax = 0.75 ρb

ρmax = 0.01897

ρmin < ρ < ρmax o.k.

As = ρ * b * d
As = 15410 mm2
Number of bar = 32
Space = 165 mm

Use Ø25@165
mm

Shear wall subjected to vertical load

1
Vc
6
√𝑓𝑐 ′ ℎ 𝑑 (equation 1)

Vc = 1116.6 KN
𝑃𝑢 𝑑
Vc = 0.27 √𝑓𝑐′ ℎ 𝑑 + (equation 2)
4 𝑙𝑤

Vc = 3732.76 KN
2Pu
hd lw∗(√fc′ +lw∗h
Vc = [ 0.5 √fc ′ + Mu lw ] (equation 3 )
10 −
Vu 2

Vc = 1722.8 KN
Use smaller Vc = 1116.6 KN
ØVc = 949.11 KN < Vu
So shear reinforcement is required
𝑨𝒗 𝒇𝒚 𝒅
S=
𝑽𝒔

Vs = Vn – Vc
123
 = 2386.875 – 949.11 = 1437.76 KN
Use Ø12
113∗420∗5360
Space =
1437.76∗ 103

Space = 175 mm

Use Ø12@175 mm

124
4.5 Columns design
Structural plans for columns design are shown below :-

125
 C9

126
Design of C1(400*400)

Wu slab = 1.2 * 9.3 + 1.6 * 2.5 = 15 KN/m2

Axial load

From slab = 15* 3.5 * 3.5 = 184 KN

From beam

Beam stem = [(0.8 – 0.2 ) * 0.4 * 25 ] * 1.2 = 7.2 KN/m

(this for all beams )

Pstem = 7.2 * 3.5 +7.2 * 3.5 = 50 KN

From self-weight of column

Pcol =1.2 [0.4 * 5 * 0.4 * 25] = 24 KN

Pu = 184 + 50 + 24 = 258 KN

Wu B3 = WuB4 = 1.2 * 44 + 1.6 * 12 = 72 KN/m

72∗(7−0.4)2
Mux = Muy = = 221 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚
16

b/h = 400/400 = 1
400 1−0.65
Meq = ∅𝑀𝑛𝑥 = 221 + 221 ( ) ∗ ( ) = 332 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚
400 0.65

Design as uniaxial with Mu = 332 , Pu = 258

400 − 2 ∗ 62.5
𝛾= = 0.7
400
258 ∗ 1000
𝐾𝑁 = = 0.092
0.7 ∗ 25 ∗ 16 ∗ 104
332 ∗ 106
𝑅𝑁 = = 0.3
0.7 ∗ 25 ∗ 16 ∗ 104 ∗ 400
From interaction diagram 𝜌 = 0.05

127
As = 0.05 * 400 * 400 =8000 mm2

Use 16 ∅25

Ties

S = min (16 * 25 , 48 * 12 , 400 ,400)

S= 400 use 300 mm

So use 3∅12 @300𝑚𝑚

C1

128
Design C2 (400*400)

Pu=338 KN , Mu = 221 KN.m , 𝛾 = 0.7 , Kn = 0.12 , Rn = 0.2

𝜌 = 0.03 , As = 4800 use 10∅25

Ties use 3∅12 @300𝑚𝑚

C2

129
Design C3 (400*400)

Pu=961 KN , Mu =0 , 𝛾 =0.7 , Kn = 0.343 , Rn = 0

Use 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.01 , As = 1600 use 8∅16

Ties use 3∅12 @300𝑚𝑚

C3

130
Design C4(600*600)

Pu = 1728 KN , Mux =Muy = 221 KN.m , 𝛾 = 0.8 , Kn = 0.275 ,

Muq =332 KN.m , Rn = 0.087 , 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.01 , As = 3600 mm2

Use 10∅25 , Ties use 3∅12 @300𝑚𝑚

C4

131
Design C5 (600*600)

Pu = 2548 KN , Mu = 221 KN , 𝛾 = 0.8 , Kn = 0.4 , Rn = 0.06 ,

𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.01 , As = 3600 , Use 10∅25 , Ties use 3∅12 @300𝑚𝑚

C5

132
Design C6 (600*600)

Pu = 6180 KN , Mu =0 , 𝛾 = 0.8 , Kn = 0.98 , Rn =0 , 𝜌 = 0.013

As = 4680 , , Use 10∅25 , Ties use 3∅12 @300𝑚𝑚

C6

133
Design C7 (800*800)

Pu = 3378 KN , Meq = 332 KN.m , , 𝛾 = 0.9 , Kn = 0.3 , Rn = 0.037

𝜌 = 0.01 , As = 6400 , Use 16∅25 , Ties use 3∅12 @300𝑚𝑚

C7

134
Design C8 (800*800)

Pu = 4641 KN , Mu = 221 KN.m , 𝛾 = 0.9 , Rn = 0.04 , Kn = 0.024

𝜌 = 0.01 , As = 6400 , Use 16∅25 , Ties use 3∅12 @300𝑚𝑚

C8

135
Design C9 (800*800)

Pu = 12306 KN , Mu = 0 , 𝛾 = 0.9 , Kn = 1.1 , Rn =0 , 𝜌 = 0.026

As= 16640 , Use 20∅32 , Ties use 3∅12 @300𝑚𝑚

C9

136
 Table 4-3 columns section

Columns Design section

C1

C2

C3

C4

C5

137
 Table (4-3 ) cont.
C6

C7

C8

C9

138
4.6 foundation design

The foundation types are dependent upon the size of the structures, the
anticipated loads and the allowable bearing pressure.

4.6.1 Pile Foundations

The use of precast, Franki or bored pile is considered appropriate for

supporting the relatively heavier structural loadings; when the applied
pressure exceeds that allowable bearing capacity of the supporting soil
and the estimated settlement greater than the allowable limits. For the
proposed eleventh stories building; pile foundation is the suitable type of
foundation to support the applied loads.[4]

In the present project we will use bored pile with bearing capacity 180
ton according to soil investigation report see table (4-4) below

Table 4-4

139
∑ Pu = 35 ∗ 12306 + 24 ∗ 4641 + 4 ∗ 3378= 555606 KN

this factored load it must use service load

555606
= = 463005 KN = 46300.5 Ton
1.2

∑ 𝑃𝑢
Minimum Number of piles used=
𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑖𝑙𝑒

∑ Pu = 46300.5 Ton

Min number =46300.5 /180 = 257 .225 use 285 for safety and
efficiency

We will use 285 bored pile with diameter = 120 cm ,

length 20m the distance between piles = 2.5 D = 3m

the distribution of piles shown below fig (4-35) below .

140
Fig (4-35)

141
Pile cap

Find depth of pile cap

Check wide beam shear

At distance d from face of column

Pu pile = 1800 KN
Vu = 2∗1800 = 3600 KN
∅𝑣𝑐 = 0.85 ∗ 0.17 ∗ √𝑓𝑐 ′ ∗ 𝑏𝑤 ∗ 𝑑 6m
= 0.85∗0.17∗5∗6∗d∗1000
Vu =∅𝑣𝑐 → d= 0.83 m

Check punching shear

Vu = 4∗1800 14400 KN
∅𝑣𝑐 = 0.85 ∗ 0.33 ∗ √𝑓𝑐 ′ ∗ 𝑏𝑜 ∗ 𝑑 = 0.85∗ 0.33∗5∗ (3.2+4d) ∗d∗1000
Vu =∅𝑣𝑐 → 𝑑 = 1.25 𝑚
Use d= 1.25 +0.075+0.15 = 1.475 for practical use d=1.5m
Depth of cap = 1.5 m
The details of cap are shown in the figure (4-36) below :-

Fig 4.36

142
References
[1] Structural Concrete Theory And Design Fifth Edition M. Nadim Hassoun
South Dakota State University Akthem Al-Manaseer

[2] Design Of Concrete Structures Fourteenth Edition Nilson

[3] Reinforced Concrete Design Of Tall Buildings Bungales
[4] Foundation Analysis and Design Fifth Edition Joseph E. Bowles, Re., S.E
[5] Building And Environment M. Halis Gunel, H. Emre Ilgin
[6] Website

143
APPENDIX A: staadpro program analysis

144
145
146
147
148
149
Appendix B

150
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