Jhonjie T.

Perez 02-24-20

11-Einstein PR1

Group 15: Identification of Electrolytes in Human Urine as Source of Electricity

Chapter 4:

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter presents, analyzes, and interpret the data gathered in this research study. The
various results were presented in the succeeding tables with corresponding discussions and
explanations. It also answered specific problems given in the previous chapter.

Table 1

Tested
Author(s Method Composition of Percentage Classificatio Urine as Amount
) Used Normal Urine / n Source of of
Abundance Electricity Electricit
y
Produced
Water (H2O) 96% Compound
Urea(CO(NH2)2) 2% Compound
Uric Acid Compound
(C5H4N4O3) The
David F. Urinalysi Creatinine Compound researcher
Putnam s (C4H7N3O) 2% analyzed None
(1971) Ammonia(NH3 Electrolyte only the
) Electrolyte constituent
Sodium (Na) Electrolyte s of human
Potassium (K) Electrolyte urine in
Chloride (Cl-) Electrolyte normal
PhosphatePO3− 4 Electrolyte conditions.
Sulphate
(SO 2− 4) Compound
Oxalate C2O4-2
Table 1 presents the composition and concentrative properties of human urine. The table
revealed that there are electrolytes present in human urine. In identifying the components of it,
urinalysis was used. Among the constituents that can be found in human urine, it shows that
there are up to 2% electrolytes aside from other compounds since 4 authors discussed it in their
research. This study did not test these electrolytes that can be found in human urine since it was
only focused on analyzing the constituents of human urine in normal conditions.
Table 3

Tested Amount
Author(s Method Composition Percentage Classificatio Urine as of
) Used of Normal / n Source of Electricit
Urine Abundanc Electricit y
e y Produced
Water (H2O) 95% Compound This study
Pramod Urea(CO(NH2) 9.3 g/L Compound used the
Jalamkar Electrolysi 2) 1.87 g/L Electrolyte electrolyte
and s Chloride(Cl-) 1.17 g/L Electrolyte s in human 0.6-0.7 V
Deepak Sodium (Na) 0.750 g/L Electrolyte urine to
Bankar Potassium(K) 0.670 g/L Compound generate
(2014) Creatinine electricity.
(C4H7N3O)
Table 3 presents the urine pollution control and power generation by using fuel cell. The
table revealed that there are electrolytes present in human urine. After identifying the
components of it, electrolysis was used. Among the electrolytes that can be found in human
urine, it shows that Chloride (Cl-) is in highest abundance since 2 authors discussed it in their
research. This study tested these electrolytes that can be found in human urine since it is
aligning on its objectives and was able to produced a minimum of 0.6 V up to 0.7 V.

Table 4

Tested Amount
Author(s) Method Compositio Percentage Classificatio Urine as of
Used n of Normal / n Source of Electricit
Urine Abundanc Electricity y
e Produced
Pratyush
Bisen, Water (H2O) 95% Compound This study
Rajnarayan Electrolysi Urea 2.5% Compound uses urine
Choudhary s (CO(NH2)2) 2.5% as an 0.53 W
, Electrolytes Electrolytes electrolyti
Samir c solution
Khule
(2015)
Table 4 presents the urine power generated system. The table revealed that there are
electrolytes present in human urine. After identifying the components of it, electrolysis was used
to test the effectivity of electrolytes that can be found in urine as source of electricity. Among
 the constituents that can be found in human urine, it shows that there are up to 2.5% electrolytes
aside from other compounds since 4 authors discussed it in their research. This study tested
these electrolytes that can be found in human urine and was able to produce electricity of 0.53
W.

Table 2

Tested
Author(s Method Composition of Percentage/ Classification Urine as Amount
) Used Normal Urine Abundance Source of of
Electricity Electricity
Produced
Ammonia(NH3) 0.05% Electrolyte
Sulphate (SO 2− 4) 0.18% Electrolyte
Phosphate PO3− 4 0.12% Electrolyte
Chloride (Cl-) 0.60% Electrolyte The
Magnesium (Mg) 0.01% Electrolyte researchers
Calcium (Ca) 0.015% Electrolyte tested the
Mohd Potassium (K) 0.60% Electrolyte conductivity 0.37 V
Razaie Urinalysis Sodium (Na) 0.10% Electrolyte of
Bin and Creatinine(C4H7N3O) 0.10% Compound electrolytes
Janodi Electrolysis Uric Acid 0.03% Compound that can be
(2014) (C5H4N4O3) found in
Urea (CO(NH2)2) 2% Compound urine
Water (H2O) 95% Compound

Table 2 presents the renewable power source using urine based on bio-battery. The table
revealed that there are electrolytes present in human urine. In identifying the components of it,
urinalysis was used followed by electrolysis since it tested the conductivity of electrolytes that
can be found in urine. Among the constituents that can be found in human urine, it shows that
Chloride (Cl-) and Potassium (K) are on top since 2 authors discussed it in their research. This
study tested these electrolytes that can be found in human urine and was able to generate
electricity at 0.37 V.