Materials and Design 30 (2009) 502–510

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Materials and Design

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/matdes

Elasto-plastic impact response analysis of shear-failure-type RC beams

with shear rebars
Abdul Qadir Bhatti a,*, Norimitsu Kishi b, Hiroshi Mikami c, Tomohiro Ando d
a
Department of Structural Engineering, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Sciences & Technology, NUST, Islamabad, Pakistan
b
Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Muroran Institute of Technology, Muroran 050-8585, Japan
c
Technical Research Institute, Mitsui Construction, Co. Ltd., Nagareyama 270-0132, Japan
d
Fourth Research Center of Japan Defense Agency, Japan

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: In this paper, to establish a simple elasto-plastic impact analysis method for shear-failure-type reinforced
Received 1 May 2007 concrete (RC) beams, falling-weight impact tests and three-dimensional finite element (FE) analyses were
Accepted 30 May 2008 conducted. Here, twelve simply supported rectangular RC beams were used, each with dimensions of
Available online 6 June 2008
(width  depth  length) 200  400  2,400 mm. Shear rebar ratio and impact velocity were taken as
variables. Impact load was applied at the mid-span of RC beam by dropping a 400 kg steel weight from
Keywords: pre-determined position. LS-DYNA nonlinear transient finite element analysis code was used for this
Shear failure type RC beam
research. From this study, it is seen that the time histories of impact force, reaction force and mid-span
Elasto-plastic impact response analysis
Impact loading
displacement, and crack patterns on the side-surface of RC beam can be predicted accurately by using the
proposed FE analysis method.
Ó 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction
In order to ensure the safety of rock-sheds, nuclear power
plants, fuel tanks and/or other protective structures against impact
loads, many numerical and experimental researches have been car-
ried out. A great deal of efforts has been made for the investigation
on impact behavior and resistance of the structures when flying
and/or falling bodies applied on the structures directly. Many
researchers in civil engineering field have done a number of
numerical studies on flexural-failure-type RC beams subjected to
impact load. Authors also have been carrying out elasto-plastic im-
pact response analysis on this type of RC beams by means of three-
dimensional elasto-plastic finite element method (FEM) for several
years. So far, it is clear that impact responses of flexural-failure-
type RC beams such as impact force existed in steel weight (here-
inafter, impact force), reaction force, and mid-span displacement
(hereinafter displacement) can be estimated accurately and crack
pattern on side-surface of RC beam can be predicted by means of
a proposed FE analysis method using a simple constitutive law
[1,2]. On the other hand, to more rationally design RC beams sub-
jected to impact load, it is very important to establish the evalua-
tion methods of impact resistant capacity for not only flexural-
failure-type but also shear-failure-type RC beams. In order to ratio-
nally resolve this issue, for the RC beams, experimental study
should be conducted accompanying with the numerical study. So
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +92 923 631211; fax: +92 923 631594.
E-mail address: bhatti-nit@nust.edu.pk (A.Q. Bhatti).
far, experimental study has been conducted by authors [5]. How-
ever, numerical study has not been conducted and impact response
analysis method has not been established yet.
From this point of view, in this study, in order to establish a
simple elasto-plastic impact response analysis method for shear-
failure-type RC beams, the proposed analysis method is discussed
by comparing an applicability with the experimental results which
was obtained by conducting falling weight impact tests by authors.
Here, following experimental results are compared with numerical
study: (1) time histories of impact force, reaction force, and dis-
placement; (2) hysteretic loops of impact force–displacement and
reaction force–displacement; (3) crack pattern on side-surface of
RC beam. In this study, LS-DYNA code [3] is used for numerical
analysis of the RC beam.
2. Experimental overview
2.1. Dimension and static design values of RC beams
The dimensions of RC beams used in this falling weight impact
tests and the measuring items at experiment are shown in Fig. 1.
Two kinds of RC beam (type A and type B) with the stirrups at
the intervals of 150 mm and 75 mm for type A and type B, respec-
tively, were used in this research. The measuring items are as: (1)
weight impact force, P; (2) reaction force, R(=R1 + R2); (3) displace-
ment, D. All RC beams are of 200 mm wide, 400 mm high and
2,400 mm long in dimensions, with shear rebar ratio ps taken as

0261-3069/$ - see front matter Ó 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.matdes.2008.05.068
 A.Q. Bhatti et al. / Materials and Design 30 (2009) 502–510 503

Fig. 1. Dimensions of RC beams and the measuring items.

variables, which are the two cases of ps = 0.0021 and 0.0042. Axial Table 2
rebars were welded to the steel plate with 22 mm in thickness set Material properties of concrete
at the ends of RC beam to save the anchoring length of rebar. Rein-
Age (day) Compressive Young’s modulus Poisson’s
forced concrete axially is welded and established to the anchor strength fc0 (MPa) Ec (GPa) ratio mc
plate of 22 mm in thickness attached at the ends of beam. It is con-
37 41.2 25.7 0.19
firmed that slipping of the reinforced concrete is not seen during
experiment, and the reinforced concrete is attached to the anchor
plate sufficiently. RC beams are designated using two variables:
shear rebar ratio (A: ps = 0.0021, B: ps = 0.0042) and impact velocity
Table 3
of steel weight (numbers represent ten time the velocity). The sta-
Material properties of steel
tic design values for RC beams (Type A and B) used in this paper are
listed in Table 1. Nominal Grade Yield stress r0s Young’s modulus Es Poisson’s
name (MPa) (GPa) ratio ms
Static shear capacity Vusc and static bending capacity Pusc are
calculated using a conventional prediction equation [4], and static D35 SD345A 373 206 0.3
D6 SD295A 373 206 0.3
shear-bending capacity ratio a is given by dividing Vusc by Pusc.
According to the equation, two kinds of RC beams considered here
will collapse with shear-failure mode under static loading because
these ratios a are less than unity. At the commencement of the device is supported as pin that allows only the rotation of the RC
experiments, the basic material properties of concrete, axial rebar, beam. Impact test was conducted by means of single loading meth-
and shear rebar are shown in Tables 2 and 3. od using a 400 kg steel weight proposed by Kishi et al. [6–7]. Im-
The impact velocity of different testing model is shown in Table pact load was surcharged on the mid-span of RC beam for each
1. The numerical value of the impact velocity of the testing model experiment. Moreover, falling steel weight has been dropped
increases by a factor of ten. RC beams are designated using two through the linear way rail where an upper, lower and left is fixed
variables: shear rebar ratio (A: ps = 0.0021, B: ps = 0.0042) and im- so that the fall posture and position may become uniform. Here,
pact velocity of steel weight (numbers represent ten times the two specimens for each kind of RC beams were used for experi-
velocity). ments with impact velocity of V > 1 m/s to investigate the applica-
bility of an elasto-plastic impact analysis method proposed here.
2.2. Outline of falling weight impact test procedure Each RC beam was simply supported and was fixed on its top
and bottom surface at a point 200 mm inside the ends as shown
The RC beam is set up on the support device in which the load in Fig. 1. A single impact load was applied to the mid-span of the
cell for measuring the reaction force is installed. The entire support RC beam by dropping a free-falling 400 kg steel weight. The strik-
ing face of the steel weight was spherical with a radius of curvature
of 1.407 mm, in which it has been experimentally confirmed by
Table 1 Kishi et al. [7] that the striking face of the steel weight on the dy-
Static design values of specimen and impact velocity of steel weight namic response and failure mode of the RC beams are very small
Nominal Shear Static Static Shear- Impact under similar impact velocity with that in this study.
name rebar bending shear bending velocity V (m/s) Measuring items at this experiment were weight impact force
ratio capacity capacity capacity (hereinafter, impact force) wave P, total reaction force (hereinafter,
ps Pusc Vusc ratio
reaction force) wave R, and the mid span displacement (hereinaf-
(kN) (kN) a(=Vusc/Pusc)
ter, displacement) wave D. Impact force and reaction force waves
A-Type 0.0021 448.8 253.8 0.57 3.7, 4.6, 5.6, 6.5, 7.4, 8.4
were measured by using load cells whose capacity and response
B-Type 0.0042 343.0 0.76 3.7, 4.6, 6.5, 7.4, 8.4, 9.3
frequency are: 1.960 KN and DC – 4 kHz for load cell used to mea-
504 A.Q. Bhatti et al. / Materials and Design 30 (2009) 502–510

sure impact-force; and 1.470 kN and DC – 2.4 kHz for the load cell
used to measure reaction force, respectively. Displacement was
measured using laser type LVDT whose stroke and response fre-
quency are 200 mm and 915 Hz, respectively.
Signals from load-cells and LVDT were amplified and then were
recorded on wide-band analog data-recorder with DC – 40 kHz re-
sponse frequency as shown in Fig. 2. Recorded analog data were
digitized with 100 ms/word sampling time through A/D converter.
Non filtered waves were used for comparison with analytical re-
sults. Moreover, each response wave type is smoothed to P and R
obtained from the numerical analysis which will be described later
by a similar method. The experimental setup of falling weight im-
pact experiment is shown in Fig. 3.

3. Analytical overview

3.1. Analytical case

The objective of this research is to establish an analytical tech-

nique that can appropriately simulate the impact behavior from
the elasto-plasticity FE analysis of RC beam. Therefore, the numer-
ical analysis was performed to the various impact experimental
cases for the calculation of shearing capacity as shown in Table
1. Total twelve analytical and experimental cases were executed
and six cases are used for A and B type model each, respectively. Fig. 3. Experimental setup of falling weight impact experiment.

3.2. FE model

An example of FE model used in this study is shown in Fig. 4.
Only quarter of the RC beam, steel weight, and supporting appara-
tus in the direction of the section (direction of x) and the direction
of the span (direction of y) was modeled with FE meshes due to
symmetry. Six and/or eight solid elements were applied for these
FE meshes except for shear rebars. The shear rebars were modeled
using beam elements in order to save computation time. Volume
integration was carried out with Gaussian quadrature. The number
of integration points for all elements except for main rebars was
unity to save computation time. The elements of the main rebars
were precisely integrated using eight points assuming one point
integration to be a basis because the impact behavior of RC beam
may be significantly affected by the main rebars.
The number of total nodes and the number of total elements of
all the cases were 6111 and 4800, respectively of the finite element
model shown in Fig. 4. The FEM models are same for both type of
testing model A and B. Here, when details of modeling concerning
each component are described, the RC beam is precisely modeled
based on the dimensions of the beam specimen used in experi-
ment. However, a reinforced concrete axially has been simplified
as a square element equivalent to a rectangular cross sectional
area.
The load cell is attached to 130 mm in the diameter to falling
steel weight having a shape based on the column body of 1.0 m
in total length and 200 mm in the diameter with a taper of 2 mm
in height flatly at the bottom shape. The support device was at-
tached with the load cell and prevented sufficiently from rebound
to model.
The boundary conditions are set that the bottom of the support
device only allowing the rotation around x-axis of the entire sup-
port device as well as experimenting. Slide interface boundary
was defined between steel weight and impacted concrete surface,
and between supporting apparatus and concrete surface onto the
supporting. All nodes among concrete, main rebar, and shear rebar
were assumed to be perfectly bonded.
The impact force is given in the shape of a falling weight impact
velocity that corresponds to the experimental one to all nodes of
the falling weight element with the RC beam, came in contact with
each other. The response displacement of the RC beam is almost
between 80 ms to the stationary states for all numerical analysis
time when a falling weight collided with the RC beam.
3.3. Constitutive model and material parameters
The stress and strain characteristic of concrete and the rein-
forced concrete used for the finite element analysis are shown in
Fig. 5. It is similar in case of the flexure failure type of RC beam.
Moreover, the only difference is to use not the elastic model but
also equal elasto-plastic model for the stirrup element as described
in the following paragraphs. The material properties of concrete,
main rebar, and shear rebar were determined experimentally. All
values of these properties are listed in Tables 2 and 3. The outline

Fig. 2. Flow chart of measuring system applied in this research.

 A.Q. Bhatti et al. / Materials and Design 30 (2009) 502–510
Fig. 4. FE model of RC beam (B-type).
of the material physical properties model such as concretes and
reinforced concretes are described as follows.
(1) Concrete. Stress–strain relation of concrete was assumed by
using a bilinear model in compression side and a cut-off model in
tension side as shown in Fig. 5a. Namely, (1) yielding stress is equal
to compressive strength fc0 ; (2) compressive strain at the yield is
equal to 0.015; (3) the tensile stress is steeply decreased to zero
when an applied pressure reaches the ultimate tensile strength
and its value is 1/10 of the yielding stress as shown in Table 2.
Von Mises criterion was applied as the yielding condition in
concrete.
(2) Reinforced concrete. For main rebars and shear rebars, an
elasto-plastic model with isotropic hardening was applied as
Fig. 5. Stress–strain relation of materials.
505
shown in Fig. 5b. Here, the plastic hardening modulus H0 was as-
sumed as 1% of elastic modulus Es (Es: young’s modulus) as shown
in Table 3. The yielding condition was judged based on von Mises
criterion.
(3) Falling weight, support treatment device, and anchor plate.
The other elements (steel weight, supporting apparatus and anchor
plate) were modeled as elastic body based on experimental obser-
vations. Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio were assumed as
E = 206 GPa and ms = 0.3, respectively.
(4) Strain rate effect and viscous damping constant. Neither
strain rate effect of concrete and the reinforced concrete nor con-
crete strain softening phenomena were considered for this elas-
to-plastic impact response analysis technique for RC beam. In
addition, to accurately simulate a damped free vibration of the
RC beam during rebound of the steel weight, a viscous damping
constant h was considered. The value was assumed as h = 0.02.
4. Comparison between analytical and experimental results
4.1. Time histories of impact force, reaction force, and mid-span
displacement
The comparisons between the analytical and experimental re-
sults for impact force P, reaction force R, and mid-span displace-
ment D are shown in Fig. 6. Here, the applicability of a proposed
FE analysis method was investigated focusing on only three speci-
mens of beam type A and B for convenience. The falling weight im-
pact force and the support reaction force wave form in the
numerical analysis were calculated by accumulating the perpen-
dicular direction contact reaction force caused in the contact inter-
face between elements of a falling weight, the support apparatus,
and concrete.
From these figures, it can be seen that impact force wave in Fig.
6a in each analytical case is composed of two half-sinusoidal
waves: an incidental wave having extremely short duration at
the beginning of impact; and a main wave having relatively larger
duration. The configuration of the wave in numerical analysis is
similar to that of the wave in the corresponding experiment, irre-
spective of beam type. In contrast, reaction force in Fig. 6b in each
analytical case is plotted as a composition wave with two or three
sine waves and its configuration resembles that of the correspond-
ing experimental case. That is, half cycle is in between 3 ms and
10 ms in the experiment result when the results were synthesized
as shown in Fig. 6b.
Focusing on the displacement in Fig. 6c, it is seen that the vibra-
tion period and the damping rate are a little different between ana-
lytical and experimental results. However, the slope of the wave at
the beginning of impact, the maximum value and residual dis-
506 A.Q. Bhatti et al. / Materials and Design 30 (2009) 502–510

Fig. 6. Time histories of impact force, reaction force, and displacement waves.

placement are in good agreement with each other, irrespective of
beam type.
Therefore, it was confirmed from this observation that the fall-
ing weight impact force, support reaction force and displacement
wave type of the RC beam can be predicted with a relatively good
accuracy using the proposed FE analysis technique.
4.2. The maximum response of each waveform
Falling weight impact force of all testing model and the maxi-
mum value concerning the support reaction force and the displace-
ment wave form are compared by the experimental results with
the analytical results as shown in Fig. 7. The solid line that has
45° inclination in figure means that the analytical results are cor-
responding to the experimental results. Moreover, the broken line
shows the width of the error margin to both results. Lower area
shows that the experimental results are large from this solid line
and an upper area shows that the analytical results are larger.
When the maximum falling weight impact force as shown in
Fig. 7a is seen, the analytical results are mostly compared with
the experimental results for each testing model. However, the dif-
ference about 20% or less is comparatively smaller and an analyti-
cal results are on conservative side for each testing model.
On the other hand, the difference between the numerical anal-
ysis results and the experimental results for A84 and the B84 test-
ing models having greater impact velocity are larger compared
with the case of testing model for the maximum support reaction
force of Fig. 7b. However, the experimental results are judged to
evaluate good accuracy comparatively with analytical results and
about 15% difference concerning these testing models. The differ-

Fig. 7. The maximum value of six each response wave form.

 A.Q. Bhatti et al. / Materials and Design 30 (2009) 502–510 507

ence between an analytical result and the experimental result is
smaller about 15% or less for the maximum response displacement
of Fig. 7c.
Therefore, it was clarified that the maximum falling weight im-
pact force can be evaluated with the width of the error margin of
20% or less by using the proposed finite element analysis tech-
nique, is based on the conservative side designing. Moreover, the
maximum support reaction force and the maximum response dis-
placement can be evaluated with the width of the error margin of
15% or less became clear.
4.3. Hysteretic loops of reaction force–displacement and impact force–
displacement
The comparison of hysteretic loops of impact force–displace-
ment P–D and reaction force–displacement R–D between analytical
and experimental results are shown in Fig. 8. Moreover, the
amount of the absorption energy evaluated based on an area en-
closed with the loop is shown under each figure. Here, Eana and Eexp
are the amounts of energy calculated based on an analytical and
experimental results. Focusing on the P–D loops, in Fig. 8a show

Fig. 8. Hysteretic loops of impact force–displacement and reaction force–displacement.

508 A.Q. Bhatti et al. / Materials and Design 30 (2009) 502–510
that impact force increases very rapidly up to the maximum value
at the beginning of impact, and then decreases almost to zero, irre-
spective of beam type. After that, impact force increases again to
the second peak and then decreases to zero. In this way, the config-
uration of P–D loops is complex. However, such distribution char-
acteristics of these P–D loops are in good agreement between
analytical and experimental results.
In contrast with impact force–displacement P–D, reaction force
in Fig. 8b which increases monotonically with increment of dis-
placement. After reaching the maximum value, it decreases to zero.
Also, the displacement is decreases near to zero in case of low im-
pact velocity (V = 3.7 m/s). However, in case of high impact velocity
(V = 8.4 m/s and V = 9.3 m/s), the displacement increases gradually
even while the reaction force is decreasing and a residual deflec-
tion is excited after unloading. This is due to the yielding of shear
rebars at which severe diagonal cracks were developed and
opened. However, the distributions of R–D loops are similar be-
tween analytical and experimental results, irrespective of the mag-
nitude of impact velocity.
4.4. Absorption energy
The amount of absorption energy obtained from impact force–
displacement curve and support reaction force–displacement
curve of all falling weight impact testing models by comparing
with the experimental results and analytical results are shown in
Fig. 9. The solid line and the broken line in Fig. 9 show the
value that the analytical results are corresponding to the experi-
mental results with small width of the error margin of both,
respectively.
The difference between the analytical results and the experi-
mental results is about 10% or less, which shows that the amount
of absorption energy evaluated from P-delta curve, corresponds
very well as shown in Fig. 9a. On the other hand, the amount of en-
ergy evaluated from the P-delta curve when A, B type testing mod-
els and the impact velocity of testing models V < 6.5 m/s, the
difference between the analytical results and the experimental re-
sults are small with 15% or less. However, the experimental results
are larger than the analytical results when the impact velocity is
V > 7.4 m/s as shown in the figure. Especially, the difference of both
results for B testing model might reach 50% or more, when the RC
beam greatly receives excessive damage, then the input energy
cannot corresponds with the proposed numerical analysis tech-
nique. Therefore, it was clarified that the width of the error margin
about 10% or less when the amount of the absorption energy ob-
tained from the area of those loops using falling weight impact
force. On the other hand the width of the error margin is about
Fig. 9. Absorption energy.
15% or less in case of high impact velocity and the beam was
remarkably damaged when the support reaction force was used.
4.5. Crack patterns on side-surface of concrete
The concrete stress is converted to zero when the pressure
applying in an element reaches a tension cut-off value based on
the constitutive law of concrete assumed earlier. In other words,
it is understood that the element with zero stress is considered
to have developed a crack. Here, crack patterns were predicted
based on this concept and the applicability of the prediction meth-
od was discussed. The analytical results of P-delta and R-delta
curve and first principle stress distribution is shown in Fig. 10,
for the case of the A84 testing model type. In Fig. 10, each first prin-
ciple stress distribution corresponding to r–w of P-delta curve
and R-delta curve is shown.
That is, r shows when maximum falling weight impact force
(Pmax) is applied, s represent when the load level of 1/2 of Pmax,
t when the maximum response displacement reaches, u when
the second peak of the load point is generated in weight impact
force, v when the maximum response displacement reaches, w
when the weight impact force is upto zero levels.
Moreover, the equal color distribution chart of the gray scale in
figure develops with a span center axis as shown as right and left.
Zero stresses are emphasized, and the equal color level is set here
like the area of crack generation being plainly shown. White distri-
bution shows that the first principle stresses are zero stresses, and
means that the crack occurs in the area where the generation of
large stress is expected.
When the transition situation of the first principle stress distri-
bution r is seen from figure, it is understood that flexure crack is
excited from the edge under the beam in the center part of the
span then toward the edge on. A diagonal crack that occurred at
r has progressed like the arch moving toward the support s.
The support reaction force has not been excited yet at r and s.
In case of t an arch and diagonal crack almost reaches towards
the support part. Moreover, it tears and crack occurs in concrete
too that progresses in the shape along a reinforced concrete axially,
too. In addition, several new flexure cracks occur on the edge under
the beam.
At this point, the support reaction force increases to about 1/3
of the maximum values. In case of, the flexure crack caused on
the edge under the beam faces and it progresses up. The support
reaction force decreases once, and shows the tendency that in-
creases again. Then in case of v, it faces a diagonal crack that
has progressed at the angle of about 45° is formed plainly. Then
in case of w as compare to v similar distribution properties to
the crack distribution are shown. The support reaction force has ar-
 A.Q. Bhatti et al. / Materials and Design 30 (2009) 502–510 509

Fig. 10. Numerical results of load-displacement curve and first principle stress (A84 Model).

rived at the load corresponding to the falling weight impact force,
too.
It is understood that crack distribution shown in Fig. 11a of the
RC beam observed after the experiment ends is almost formed
from these numerical analysis results with point v for the beam
to reach the maximum response displacement neighborhood. Next,
the applicability of the method of evaluating this crack compared
with the crack distribution generated on the RC beam side after
the first principle stress distribution on the beam side when the
maximum response displacement was generated regarding all

Fig. 11. Crack pattern on side-surface of RC beams.

510 A.Q. Bhatti et al. / Materials and Design 30 (2009) 502–510
testing models were ended based on the above-mentioned exper-
imental results.
The comparisons between the contours of the maximum prin-
cipal stress under the maximum displacement and crack pat-
terns on side-surface of the beam after testing are shown in
Fig. 11. The elements with zero stress are denoted in white
and the experimental crack patterns are sketched in black solid
lines. These figures show that a series of white elements devel-
oped from the upper to the lower edge of the beam. These white
elements agree with the diagonal crack patterns observed
experimentally.
When the experiment result of each testing model is seen
from figure it is understood that each testing model on both
sides support and a plain, diagonal crack occurs. Moreover, a
diagonal crack that penetrates through the edge under the beam
at the angle of about 45° is seen. In addition, it tears and crack
occurs and the crack that progresses in the shape from the loca-
tion of occurrence of such a diagonal crack to the bottom rein-
forced concrete, too. It is guessed that this is because at the
stage where a diagonal crack occurs in concrete and making
the shearing reinforcement stirrups plasticity progresses. There
is a dowel action of the bottom reinforced concrete in the diag-
onal crack location of occurrence neighborhood. The flexure
crack is excited to the center part of the beam span. Thus, it is
seen that the crack patterns observed experimentally can be pre-
dicted by the simple proposed FE analysis method herein. There-
fore, the RC beams have good accuracy to cause impact shearing
failure by comparing the diagonal crack became clear as for this
proposed method of the crack distribution is concerned.
5. Conclusions
To establish a simple elasto-plastic impact analysis method of
shear-failure-type RC beams, falling-weight impact tests and
three-dimensional FE analyses were conducted for twelve RC
beams having different amount of shear stirrups. And reliability
of the method was inspected by comparing the analytical results
with the experimental ones. The results obtained from this study
are as follows:
(1) Impact force wave and reaction force wave can be pre-
dicted accurately using the proposed FE analysis method.
Moreover, the mid-span displacement wave is in relatively
good agreement except for the vibration characteristics
after unloading between analytical and experimental
results.
(2) The maximum falling weight impact force, the maxi-
mum support reaction force and mid span displacement
can be evaluated by the width of the error margin of 15%
or less.
(3) The distributions of impact force–displacement and reaction
force–displacement loops are in good agreement with ana-
lytical and experimental results.
(4) When the FE analysis technique is used, for the falling
weight impact force, the amount of the absorption energy
can be evaluated by the width of the error margin of 10%
or less.
(5) When the beam reaches to the maximum response, the
crack distribution of the RC beam observed after the exper-
iment ends, is almost formed. Moreover, crack patterns of
concrete on side-surface can be predicted by using the distri-
butions of the elements with zero value of the maximum
principal stress.
(6) The impact behavior can be better evaluated by using the
numerical analysis technique for proposing it for shearing
failure type RC beam that does not have the shearing rein-
forcement stirrups for the case to have the shearing rein-
forcement stirrups.
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