Energy Efficient Appliances in a Residential Building
D Kamalakannan, V Mariappan, V Narayanan and N S Ramanathan
Advanced engineering,
Lucas TVS Ltd,
Chennai, India.
kamalakannan.engg@lucastvs.co.in
Abstract— This paper compares various electrical motors being
used in a residential electrical appliances. Most of those motors
are induction/DC/universal motors and their efficiency levels are
very low. It is an urge to develop a motor with higher operating
efficiency. With the recent development in the field of power
electronics and magnet technologies, it would be possible to meet
the above requirements with brushless direct current motor.
Nowadays brushless direct current motors (BLDC) are used in
many applications due to their advantage of high efficiency,
compact size and easy control. In this paper, performance,
efficiency and other features of various household appliance
motors such as motors in refrigerator compressor, ceiling fan, air
conditioner, washing machine, water purifier, mixer-grinder and
air cooler are all compared with those of BLDC motors.
buildings
I. INTRODUCTION
The energy consumption of industrial and residential sector
increases day by day due to the population growth. An
additional power generation is needed to meet the increased
demand. As the load demand is not met with the generation
capacity, power shortage is managed by load shedding. Even
during the power availability, due to peak demand, the quality
of power is not good. Interrupted power supply leads to a poor
performance or permanent failure in the operating appliances.
In recent days the concept of micro or smart grid is popular to
address this issue of power shortage. The power demand is met
with solar, wind, diesel- generation and conventional grid
individually or a suitable combination of generation sources.
This system not only reduces transmission and distribution
losses also, it enables the user to manage the generation and
load demand by a proper energy management system. Due to
their limited availability and higher investment costs, it is high
time we use the renewable and non renewable sources
effectively.
In recent days many appliances use BLDC motors because
of their compact size, high efficiency and easy controllability.
Since, BLDC motors require DC power input it would be
possible to operate these motors with a battery or with a
common DC bus system. A separate DC bus electrical output
power is derived from any of the inputs such as renewable
sources of energy like solar, wind, tidal or from the AC grid.
BLDC motors to be used in all the appliances can draw power
from this above DC bus electrical power thereby reducing the
number of components of conversion as well as associated
losses. As mentioned earlier, a 48V DC bus Voltage system
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has been proposed by Indian Institute of Technology Madras to
address the issues of black out [1]. This project is actively
implemented in many parts of India. The various motors used
in a residential building for both AC as well as DC bus systems
are discussed in the following chapters [2].
II. CURRENT HOUSEHOLD APPLIANCE MOTORS
Electric motors are widely used in many appliances for
converting electrical energy to mechanical energy. Many
applications such as ceiling fan, refrigerator, air conditioner,
water purifier, mixer – grinder and washing machine use either
one of induction, DC and universal motor. The typical power
consumption of these appliances, range between 30W to
1500W.
A. Induction motor
Single and three phase induction motors are used in many
applications due to their simple design, low cost and long life
[3]. It works based on the electromagnetic induction principle.
When an induction motor is energized, a rotating magnetic
field is produced which links the rotor thereby producing a
current in the same. This rotor current produces an opposite
polarity of magnetic field to that of the stator. The integration
of the stator and rotor magnetic field produces a torque in the
rotor. For low power applications, single phase motors are
used. Based on the mechanism used to generate the rotating
magnetic field, induction motors are classified into shaded
pole, resistance start induction run (RSIR), capacitor start
induction run (CSIR), permanent split capacitor (PSC) and
capacitor split capacitor run (CSCR). Each type of motor has
different peak efficiency, starting torque and cost implications.
B. DC motor
Direct current motors consist of a magnetic field (main
field) producing winding in their stator and armature winding
in the rotor. The power supply is given through a brush and
commutator arrangement. DC motors are grouped into shunt
and series motors based on the connection of field winding
with armature winding . Main field can be generated either by
electromagnet or permanent magnet. The machine
construction and speed control is simple as compared to other
motors. However, this motor faces the drawback of limited
life span, poor efficiecy and also requires frequent
maintenance.
C. Universal motor
Universal motor are series wound commutator motor. In
this arrangement, stator winding is connected in series with
rotor winding and is connected through a brush and