— BLANKS LIVING IN THE INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ERA

The term _______ presently includes advancement in communication and how information is handled,
thus enabling government, organizations, industries, and ordinary individuals to improve on their decision
making, business process, and everyday living.

— INFORMATION COMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY by Zuppo (2012)

“related to technologies that facilitate the transfer of information and various types of electronically
mediated communication”

— INFORMATION COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY vs INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

_______ _______ ______

 Is described as using computers and other digital technologies to assist individuals or institutions in
handling or using information

 Is technology that supports activities involving information such as gathering, processing, storing,
and presenting data

 These activities involve collaboration and communication

— ___________ _________

- Pertains to the industry that involves computers, software, networking, and other IT infrastructure to
help relay or manage information important on large companies or corporations

IT is a subset of ICT as the technology used in the field of IT aids in the use of ICT

Breakdown of ICT

— ICT is made up of three words, namely information, communications, and technology.

1) ________
 Refers to the knowledge obtained from reading, investigation, study or research.

 Sample tools that transmit information: telephone, television and radio

Example: typing in the keyboard is input data while the word or sentences you see on your screen
monitor is output information

— Processed information is called ________. Knowledge helps fulfill daily tasks.

Example: Knowledge is used to predict tomorrow’s weather and decide if there is a need to bring
an umbrella.

2) ________

— Is an act of transmitting messages. It is a process in which information is exchanged between

individuals through verbal and non-verbal means.

— With technology, communication is faster, more convenient, and more efficient

3) ________

— It made communication much easier and faster through telephones, fax, machines, mobile devices
and the internet.
 — EVOLUTION OF TECHNOLOGY

a) ____________

 Is defined as “the technique of making an apparatus, a process, or a system operate

automatically.”

 It includes a broad range of technologies normally connecting computer systems to other

systems, such sensors, wireless applications, expert systems, and system integration (self acting
or self regulation)

b) ___________ _______

— Are more complex and are capable of learning. It is where the concept of Artificial Intelligence
comes in.

Example: intelligent car – capable of driving and parking itself

—
I. Definition of Terms

— _______ - is defined as any collection of raw facts. It is the raw material that is processed and
refined to generate information. Data may be numerical (e.g., inventory figures, text scores) or
non-numerical (e.g. student names, drawings, maps).

— DATA PROCESSING - is the manipulation of data into a more useful form. Data processing
includes not only numerical calculations but also operations such as the classification of data
and the transmission of data from one place to another.

— __________ - is defined as processed data. It is the product that results from processing or
manipulating raw data.

—
Hierarchy of DATA

— ___ – the smallest unit of data.

— ____ – is a group of eight bits that form a character. Bits form characters;

— 8-bit characters are stored in 8-bit locations known as ____.

— _____ – a group of related bytes or characters.

— ______ – the fundamental unit of the information system. The record may be a source document
containing data related to a transaction, such as an invoice showing details on a purchase

— ____ – an organized group of related records that can be manipulated by people or machines.

— _______ – a collection of related files.

— ______ – a comprehensive collection of libraries of data.

— II. History of Computers

The earliest data processing equipment were all manual-mechanical devices due to the
absence of electricity and adequate industrial technology.
 Among the most popular were:

1. ______

– the first manual data processing device, which was developed in China in the 12th century A.D.

2. ________ _______

– John _______ was a Scottish mathematician who became famous for his invention of logarithms. The
use of “logs” enabled him to reduce any multiplication problem to a problem of addition.

3. _____ ____ ____

– An English mathematician named William ______ attributed to the invention of the slide rule that
consisted of two movable rulers placed side by side that made, its easy to multiply and divide.

4. _______ ______
 – Blaise ______ was a French mathematician and experimental physicist who devised a calculating
machine in 1645 that was able to add and subtract numbers.

5. _______ _______

– Gottfried _____, a 17th century scientist who completed his calculator in 1694. It used the same principle
as Pascal’s but his was able to perform multiplication, division and extract square roots.

6. ______ ________ _______

– Charles _______, 19th century Englishman that is considered as the father of modern computer. His
machine, the Analytical Engine began to introduce the stored-program concept by using operation cards
and variable cards that later needed the data cards.

7. _____ ____-____ ________

– in 1880’s, Herman ______ a statistician, completed machines that help process the results of the 1890
census. Using 3 to 5 punched cards to record the data, he made an electromagnetic counting machine
that sorted the data manually and tabulated the data.
 Early Developments of Computers

1. ______

- Howard Aiken completed the _______ digital computer in 1944. The official name of _____ is Automatic
Sequence Controlled Calculator. It is the first automatic general-purpose digital computer.

2. ________

- under Presper Eckert Jr. & John Mauchly, the ENIAC was developed during the period 1943 to 1946. It
was the first large-scale vacuum-tube computer. ENIAC is an acronym for Electronic Numerical Integrator
and Calculator.

3. ________

- _______ proposed a modified version of ENIAC. The modified version ______ (Electronic Discrete
Variable Automatic Computer), would differ from ENIAC I two profoundly important respects. First, it
would employ binary arithmetic and not decimal arithmetic, for calculations. Second, it would have
 stored-program capability.

—
Computer Generations

— First Generation Computers (1946 –1959)

- _______ (1951), made use of vacuum tubes in place of relays as a means of storing data in memory and
the use of the stored-program concept.

— Second Generation Computers (1959-1965)

– Solid state components (transistors and diodes) and magnetic core storage. The ________ were used
as the interior sections of the computer. They are much smaller, faster, and more dependable than the
vacuum tubes. Computers became smaller in size, faster, more reliable and much greater in processing
capacity.

Third Generation Computers (1965-1971)

– in 1965, Jack Kilby invented the ____ ___ (IC) that was used instead of transistors as the interior sections
to build the computer. Integrated solid-state circuitry, improved secondary storage devices, and new
input/output devices were the most important advances in this generation.
 —

— Fourth Generation Computers (1971 – 1980)

– Major innovations are the development of microelectronics, multiprocessing, multiprogramming,

miniaturization, time-sharing, operating speed, and virtual storage.

— Fifth Generation Computers (1980 - onwards)

The Very Large Scale Integrated (VLSI) technology has evolved into Ultra Large Scale Integration (ULSI)
technology, with the manufacture of microprocessor chips having 10 million electronic components.

It involves computer intelligence like Artificial Intelligence (AI), Natural language, and expert systems that
interpret the means and practices of producing computers that think like human beings.

— Electronic Data Processing System

COMPONENTS OF AN ELECTRONIC DATA PROCESSING SYSTEM: (HSP)

1. _________ – refers to the physical equipment or machinery that performs the mechanics of operations.
The hardware constitutes of the memory system and input/output devices.

2. _______ – refers to stored programs that tell the computer what steps to take, what data to work on
and what to do with the results. These stored programs aid in extending the capabilities of the computer.

3. __________ – represents the personnel involved in systems analysis, programming, computer

operations, system maintenance, and the like.

— III. The Computer

_____________ – is an electronic device or machine that performs mathematical or logical operations of

its CPU(Central Processing Unit) based on a given set of instructions, and produces results in meaningful
form.

— The Capabilities of a Computer (SRALC)

— ______ – the computer can process data faster than any other machine designed to perform a
similar task.

— _______ – a computer can perform the same operations millions of times in exactly the same way.

— _______ – a computer’s high speed processing can be considered as 99.9% accurate.

— _______ – the computer can make decisions based on alternative courses of action given in the
program prepared for by a programmer.

— _____ ______ – computers have the ability to store large amounts of data in a compact and easily
retrievable form.

— The Limitations of a Computer (DEMB)

 — __________. – A computer cannot generate information on its own. It still has to have someone to
basically control it.

— ___________ – A computer is capable of detecting errors, but not correcting them. It does not
have the sense of determining the solution for an error, depending upon the program it has within
it.

— _____________ It needs to be checked, repaired and maintained during a certain period of time.

— _____________. It is by all means affected by power interruptions or fluctuations and physical

breakdown because of its hardware components.

— BASIC PARTS OF A COMPUTER

— _________ - any unit used to enter data, commands, or programs to a computer.

(e.g. Keyboard, Joystick, Mouse, Scanner )

— CPU (Central Processing Unit)

◦ _____ ______ – regulates the operation of the entire machine.

-- It fetches and interprets instructions.

◦ _____ _____ _____ – performs mathematical and logical operations

◦ ____ _______ – stores programs, data, calculations and results.

c.1 _____ ____ ____ – permanent memory

c.2 ____ ____ ____ – main memory. Stored information exists only as long as power is
applied to the computer. When power is removed, everything is lost unless copied to a secondary or
external memory known as “Hard Disk”.

— _____ ______ – any unit used to display the result of the computer.
(e.g. monitor, speaker, printer, plotter)

— CLASSIFICATIONS OF COMPUTERS

— Classification by Purpose

1. ____ ______ ______ – designed to perform a wide variety of operations. This computer is
flexible and versatile.

II. Special Purpose Computer – designed to handle a specific problem. It is usually highly efficient and
faster that general purpose computer but more restricted in their operations.

— Classification by Types of Data

1. ______ Computer – specializes in counting and is generally used for business and scientific data
processing.

II. _______ Computer – measures continuous or physical magnitudes like length, pressure,
temperature, etc. They are used for scientific, engineering, and process-control purposes.
 III. ______ Computer – it incorporated both digital and analog techniques. It combines the
measuring capabilities of the analog computer and the logical and control capabilities of the digital
computer.

— Classification by Capacity

1. __________ – the smallest classification of digital computers. It is usually composed of a single

CPU, Screen, Keyboard and Printer. Its execution speed is in terms of microseconds and generally for
specialized applications like process control, word processing, numerical control and communication
systems.

— ______ – is a digital computer system designed to provide faster operating speeds and larger
storage capacities than microcomputers.

— ______-____ computers – these computers provide faster operating speeds and larger storage
capacities than small computer systems. They are flexible; they can be expanded to meet the
needs of users.

— ______ computer – can support a large number of high-speed input/output devices, and several
disk drives can be used. They are the ultimate system in sophistication, flexibility and speed.

— ________ – the biggest and fastest computers today which are used when billions or even trillions
of calculations are needed. These machines are essential for applications ranging from nuclear
weapon development to accurate weather forecasting.

— THE HARDWARE COMPONENTS OF A COMPUTER

— ______ – an input device used to enter data for computer processing.

— _____/_____ – an output device used to display the characters that are being pressed from the
input device(keyboard) and view information displayed by a program.

— _____ ____ – composes of the Central Processing Unit, which is considered as the brain of the
computer system because it controls all processing as well as the function of the other components
of the computer system.

— ____ _____ – where the secondary storage devices such as the disks or diskettes are being
inserted for reading and writing information.

— _____ – an output device used to produce a printed hard copy of documents or important matters
handled within the computer system.

— ______ ____ - a magnetic storage medium considered as a secondary storage device used for
storing information other than the use of the memory or a “Hard Disk”.

— TYPES OF SOFTWARES

— ______ _________ – programs written to accomplish a specific task or application, such as word-
processing and Spreadsheet.

— ____ _______ – list of programs which are necessary for your computer to run such as DOS.

— ____, _____, _____ – these are lists of programs that are capable of interpreting Human or high-
level language to machine language and vice versa. An example of this the programming language
called Assembly Language