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Cestodes Edited
Cestodes Edited
Cestodes Edited
Generalities:
Adult Worms appear as flat and ribbon like
o Excrete waste products via outer surface
called tegument
No internal means of excretion
All are monoecious
o Self fertilizing or hermaphroditic
Causing autoretroinfection on
human ingestion of single egg (ex
Hymenolepsis nana)
Development of a cyst in tssue occurs in the
intestinal-extraintestinal cestode species
Echinococcus granulosus
No gastrointestinal tract
Adult Worms inhabit the small intestine
Eggs are non-operculated, embryonated, except for
Diphyllobothrium latum
o D. latum doesn’t consist of a hexacanth
embryo (also known as oncosphere)
Motile 1st larva stage with the
presence of six small hooks called
hooklets arranged in pairs :
pierces the intestinal wall
Laboratory Diagnosis
All intestinal tapeworm scolices have 4 cuplike
Primary specimen: stool
cuckers except D. latum
o Presence of eggs or gravid
No known circumstances is the larval form seen in
proglottids(diagnostic stage)
human specimens( it is seen in the intermediate
o Rarely, a scolex may be recovered following
host)
treatment
SCOLEX – attachment organ, defined anterior end Tissue biopsy : examnition of E. granulosus
o May possess a rostellum
Pathogenesis
The rostellum can be armed or
unarmed Asymptomatic
One or two rows of hook Vit. B12-induced macrocytic anemia with D. latum
are present infection
o Suckers Liver and lung involvement with E. granulosus
4 Cuplike Suckers or infection
2 slit like grooves – “bothria” Anaphylactic shock
NECK – region of growth o Serious allergic reaction which produces a
PROGLOTTID – tapeworm segments large amount if histamines and other
o IMMATURE chemical mediators that are fatal
o MATURE
Order Pseduophyllidea
Equipped with both male and
female reproductive system
Diphyllobothrium latum
referred as strobila
CN: Broad or Fish Tapeworm
o GRAVID/RIPE
Final Host: Man
Pregnant proglottid that consist of
Reservoir Host: Dogs, cats, other fish eating
a uterus filled with eggs
mammals
STROBILA – chain of proglottids
Paratenic Host: Carnivorous Fish
TWO ORDERS of TAPEWORMS
Habitat: Small Intestine (Ileum)
1. Order Pseudophyllidea
2. Order Cyclophyllidea
1st IH: Copepods
* False vs True tapeworms
2nd IH: Freshwater Fish (salmon, trout, pike, ruff,
etc.)
Infective Stage: Plerocercoid
MOT: Ingestion of raw, undercooked, or pickled
freshwater fish
8. Scolex attaches to intestines ; adult develop in small
intestine releases immature eggs via
proglottids( segment containing complete sexually
mature reproductive system)
Disease Manifestation
Diphyllobothriasis – infection
o Asymptomatic in most persons
o Obstruction, diarrhea or anemia have been
reported
o Non specific abdominal symptoms
Hyperchromic Megaloblastic Anemia with
Thrombocytopenia and Leukopenia
o Bothriocephalus anemia
o B12 deficiency
o Mistaken for Pernicious anemia
Sparganosis
o Due to larval forms of D. latum and
Spirometra
o Human Sparaganosis
Ingestion of infected Cyclops
Ingestion of raw infected flesh of
amphibians and reptiles
Eggs: o Sparganum can be recovered in different
o Not comprised of the typical hexacanth parts of the body. May cause local
embryo inflammation, eosinophilia
o Oblong in shape o Diagnosis: surgical removal worms
o Consists of a ciliated larval stage known as o Treatment: Surgery; PZQ
coracidium surrounded by a smooth yellow
to brown shell Epidemiology
o Lid structure: operculum (one end) Occurs in the Northern Temperate Areas where raw,
o Terminal knob: Abopercular knob (opposite pickled or inadequately cooked fish are eaten
end) Endemic Foci include Scandinavia,Finland, Japan,
Europe, Chile and North America
Scolex
o 4 cuplike suckers Finnish people: genetic predisposition to Pernicious
Anemia
o almond shaped with 2 long prominent
sucking grooves
Diagnosis
Proglottids
Demonstration of Eggs
o Wider than they are long
o FECT,
o Gravid proglottid
o Kato-Katz
Centrally located uterine structure
o DFS
frequently assumes a rosette
Demonstration of Proglottids
formation
Travel History and Diet
Life cycle: o May suggest Diphyllobothriasis
1. Unembryonated egg in feces (Diagnostic stage)
2. embryonated in water Treatment
3. Coracidia hatch forom eggs and are ingested by Drug of choice: Praziquantel
crustaceans Niclosamide
4. Procercoid larva develops in body cavity of o Side effects may be seen
crustaceans
5. Infected crustacean ingested by small freshwater Prevention and control
fish; releasing procercoid larva from crustacean to Cook fish well
develop to plerocercoid larva(infective stage) in the Store fish properly
fish o -18c kills the plerocerocid larva
6. Small fish ingested by predator fish(Paratenic host) Environmental sanitation
7. Human ingest undercooked or raw predator fish or Health education
small fish with plerocercoid larva
Order Cyclophyllidea o May experience vague abdominal
Taeniasis discomfort, hunger pangs, chronic
1. Taenia solium indigestion
2. Taenia saginata Cysticercosis
3. Taenia saginata asiatica o Accidental ingestion of T. solium eggs
1. Eggs or gravid proglottids in feces is
Taenia solium ingested
Pork Tapeworm 2. Oncospheres hatch and penetrate
FH: Humans intestinal wall and circulate to
Habitat: Small Intestine musculature
IH: Pigs, Humans 3. Cysticerci may develop in any
Infective Stage organ(more common in subcutaneous
o Cysticercus cellulosae (Armed) tissue as well as in the brain and eyes)
o Egg Food or Drink
Transmission: consumption of contaminated o Autoinfection
undercooked pork (MEASLY PORK) or ingestion of o Deposition of oncosphere (larva) in
egg different parts of the body
o More serious
Adult: o Lodging of the larva in vital organs and
o Globular Scolex (4 cup shaped suckers) striated muscles
o Armed Rostellum o NEUROCYSTICERCOSIS: most common
o Short neck parasitic disease of CNS
Proglottids
o Wider than tall Epidemiology
o 7-15 lateral uterine branches o Eating habits relates to the prevalence of
square in appearance the
o 898 segments o disease
Eggs o Religious beliefs
o Indistinguishable with saginata Muslim countries have low or none
o Surrounded by a yellow brown shell cases of Taeniasis solium and
present on select tapeworms known as cysticercosis
embyophore o Prevalence of Taeniasis solium relates to
o Spherical brown and striated the number of cases of cysticercosis
o Oncosphere with 6 hooklets (3 pairs) o Worldwide distribution
Scolex Areas where pork are consumed or
o 1-2mm in diameter Equipped with 4 raised
Central and South America
suckers
(MEXICO), Africa, South East Asia,
o contains a fleshy rostellum and double
Eastern Europe, Micronesia
crown (row) of well-defined hooks
Taenia saginata
Life Cycle
Beef Tapeworm
1. Eggs or gravid proglottids in feces passed into
FH: Man
environment (Diagnostic stage)
2. Pig become infected by ingesting vegetation Habitat: Small Intestine
contaminated by eggs or gravid proglottids IH: Cattle
3. Oncospheres hatch, penetrate intenstinal wall and INFECTIVE STAGE: Cysticercus bovis
circulate to musculature MOT: Ingestion of raw or undercooked beef
4. Oncospheres develop into cysticerci (Infective Adult
stage) in muscle Whitish opaque
5. Humans infected by ingesting undercooked or raw Cuboidal
meat with cysticerci 4-10 meters in length up to 25 m
6. Scolex attaches to intestine, adults develop in small Gravid Proglottids
intestine Longer than wide
Tree-like uterine segments (15-30)
Disease Manifesttion o Typically rectangular averaging 17.5mm by
Taeniasis solium 5.5 mm
o Usually asymptomatic 1048 segments
Eggs
Indistinguishable from other Taenia spp. (same with o IMMUNOBLOT using purified Glycoproteins
T. solium) (Western Blot)
Thick and Striated Ab against cysticercercal antigens
Scolex (IgG and IgM)
Same with T. solium but fleshy rostellum and double CDC Recommendation
crown (row) are absent ELISA
MOLECULAR METHODS
Life Cycle:
1. Eggs or gravid proglottids in feces passed into Treatment:
environment (Diagnostic stage) PZQ or Niclosamide
2. Cattle become infected by ingesting vegetation Surgery for Cysticercosis
contaminated by eggs or gravid proglottids o PZQ and Albendazole
3. Oncospheres hatch, penetrate intenstinal wall and Criteria for cure:
circulate to musculature o Recovery of Scolex or;
4. Oncospheres develop into cysticerci (Infective o Negative Stool Exam 3 months after
stage) in muscle treatment
5. Humans infected by ingesting undercooked or raw
meat with cysticerci Taenia saginata asiatica
6. Scolex attaches to intestine, adults develop in small 3rd species of Taenia
intestine
Asian Tapeworm
Hybrid tapeworm
Pathology and manifestation
First reported in Taiwan
Large size
Quite difficult to differentiate from T. saginata
By-products of the worm >> Systemic Intoxication
Scolex is similar to T. solium
Vague abdominal pains
Sister species of T. saginata
Obstruction
Found in Taiwan, China, Korea, Indonesia,
Usually asymptomatic
Philippines,
Common in cattle raising countries
Vietman and Thailand
Cultural and religious beliefs can determine its
Intermediate hosts are quite varied aside from pigs
prevalence
Cysticerci usually found in the liver
o Hindus
Do not cause cysticercosis
NO human cysticercosis due to T. saginata
Treatment
Diagnosis of T. solium and T. saginata
Drugs of Choice
Eggs: Stool Exam (DFS, Kato-Katz, FECT)
o Praziquantel and Niclosamide
o Eggs are indistinguishable
Cysticercosis
Proglottids: Number of Uterine Branches
o Praziquantel + Corticosteroids +
o Double Slide Compression Technique
Albendazole
Use of India Ink or Carmine to
o Avoid Niclosamide and Dichlorhen
Visualize
Disintegration of the segments
Scolex – after treatment/recovery
Criteria for Cure
Coproantigen Detection: ELISA
o Recovery of the Scolex
Molecular Methods
o Negative stool exam 3 months after
treatment
Cysticercosis
o Surgery
Prevention and control
o Xray, CT-Scan or MRI
Thorough cooking of meat
o Serology
o At -20c for 10 days kills the cysticerci
o At 65c
Basis of suspecting NCC:
Proper sanitary meat inspection
o Neurologic Disorders
Proper waste disposal
o Neuroimaging
Personal hygiene
o Travel history
Case finding and chemotherapy
GOLD STANDARD for DETECTION
Health education
Dipylidium caninum Habitat: Small Intestine
Double Pored Tapeworm; Dog Tapeworm; Flea IH: Ctenocephalides canis, Ctenocephalides felis
Tapeworm; Cucumber Tapeworm Infective Stage: Cysticercoid Larva
Final Host: Dogs, Cats MOT: Ingestion
Accidental Host: Man
Scolex
o Conical/ club shaped
o 4 suckers
o Retractable Armed Rostellum
1-6 or 7 circlets of spines that
reside on the rostellum
Eggs
o Consists of a typical 6-hooked oncosphere
o Membrane enclosed packers
Each packet with 5-30 eggs
Proglottids Egg-in egg packets
o Mature and Gravid proglottid
Resemble pumpkin seeds in
shape
o Mature
Contains 2 sets of both male and
female reproductive system
o Gravid
Full of eggs enclosed in an
embryonic membrane
Proglottid:
Proglottids
Clinical Manifestations
Usually Asymtpomatic 2. Embryonated egg in feces (infective stage)
Children are usually affected - Infective stage for IH
Proglottids are usually passed out 3. Oncosphere hatches; penetrates intestinal wall
Diagnosis: Stool Exam (Proglottids or Ova) 4. Hydatid cyst in liver, lungs, etc (Diagnostic stage)
Treatment: Praziquantel 5. Protoscolec from cyst
6. Scolex attaches to intestine
Epidemiology
Common Cestode of Rodents in the Philippines Proglottids:
Infections usually occur due to ingestion of
infested grains
Children less than 3years old are affected
Echinococcus species
1. E. granulosus
2. E. multilocularis
3. E. vogelli
Echinococcus granulosus
Hydatid Worm Hydatid cyst
Smallest Tapeworm of Dogs (3-6 mm)
Final Host: Canines (Dogs)
Habitat: Small Intestine
Intermediate Host: Sheep , Goat, Swine, Cattle
Horses, Camel, Humans*)
o Humans – accidental IH;
Infective Stage : Hydatid Cyst
MOT: Ingestion
SCOLEX
o Pyriform Scolex
o Armed Rostellum
o 4 Suckers with 36 hooks
typically found in definitice hosts
Eggs
o Identical to Taenia eggs
Hystatid cyst
o Found in human tissue
o Protectice coverings
Cyst wall; multiple laminated
germinal tissue layers
o Basic cyst makeup
Fluid filled bladder
o Structures that arise
Daughter cysts
o Brood capsules
Inner germinal layer
o Hydatid sand
Other possible structure present
Adult
o Consists of a scolex, small neck and 3
proglottids; one at each developmental
stages: immature, mature, gravid.
Life cycle:
For the definitive host: Ingestion of cysts in organs
For the IH: Ingestion of eggs in feces
1. Adult in small intestine
Clinical manifestation:
Cystic Echinococcosis; Hydatid Cyst; Cysticercosis
of Visceral Organs
Organs Affected: Liver and Lungs
Signs and Symptoms
o Simple Cysts usually do not cause
symptoms
o Ruptured Cysts can lead to symptoms of
Intermittent Jaundice and
Eosinophilia
Brain Involvement
Renal Involvemnt
Anaphylaxis when fluid escapes
form hystatid cyst
Epidemiology
E. granulosus infections
o More common in sheep grazing countries
such as Australia, New Zealand, Middle
East, SouthAmerica
E. multilocularis infection
o Subarctic Areas such as Alaska, Canada
E. vogeli infection
o Central and South America
Diagnosis
Hydatid cyst fluid biopsy
o For presence ofscolices, daughter cysts,
brood capsules or hydatid sand
o Proceed with care or may lead to
anaphylaxis
X-ray
Ultrasound, CT-Scan
Surgery
Serology:
o BFT, Casoni Intradermal Test, ELISA
Treatment
Surgical Resection
Albendazole
PZQ
PAIR