Enumer

atet
he f
unct
ion ofpackagi
ng.Gi
ve det
ail
ed accountofpr
otect
ivef
unct
ion ofgood
packagi
ng.

Funct
ionsofpackagi
ngi
sgener
all
ydi
vi
dedi
ntot
hreecat
egor
ies,
whi
char
easf
oll
ows:

 Pr
imar
y–i
tconcer
nst
het
echni
cal
nat
ureoft
hepackagi
ng.

 Secondar
y–i
trel
atest
ocommuni
cat
ions.

 Ter
ti
ary–i
trel
atest
oreuseandsust
ainabi
l
ity
.

Pr
imar
yfunct
ionsofagoodpackagi
ngar
easf
oll
ows:

 Pr
otect
ive–

 Thepr
otect
ionf
unct
ioncanbedi
vi
dedi
ntosomecl
asses

 Nat
uraldegr
adat
ion-I
tiscausedbyt
hei
nter
act
ionofpr
oduct
swi
thwat
er,
gasesandf
umes,mi
crobi
ologi
cor
gani
smsl
i
kebact
eri
a,y
east
sandmoul
ds,
heat
,col
d,desi
ccat
ion(
dryenv
ironmenti
ndeser
tsandhi
gh-
alt
it
udear
eas)
,
cont
ami
nant
sandi
nsect
sandr
odent
s.

 Phy
sicalpr
otect
ion-Thepackagi
ngi
sal
sousedf
orphy
sicalpr
otect
ion,
whi
chi
ncl
udei
mpr
ovi
ngshockpr
otect
ion,i
nter
nalpr
oductpr
otect
ionand
r
educi
ngshockdamagecausedf
rom v
ibr
ati
on,
snaggi
ng,
fri
cti
onandi
mpact
.

 Saf
ety-Aspeci
alki
ndofpr
otect
ivepackagi
ngi
srequi
redf
orpr
oduct
sthat
ar
edeemedhazar
doust
othosewhot
ranspor
tthem oruset
hem.These
pr
oduct
sincl
udehi
ghl
yinf
lammabl
egasandl
i
qui
d,r
adi
oact
iveel
ement
s,
t
oxi
cmat
eri
alset
c.Thepackagi
ngshoul
dal
sobedonesot
hatchi
l
drencoul
d
noteasi
l
yuseordi
sposet
hem.

 Wast
ereduct
ion-Packagi
ngal
soser
vest
oreducet
heamountofwast
e
speci
all
yincaseoff
ooddi
str
ibut
ion.

 Thepr
otect
ivef
unct
ioni
sint
endedt
oensur
eful
lret
ent
ionoft
heut
il
it
yval
ueoft
he
packagedgoods.Thepackagi
ngi
sthusi
ntendedt
opr
otectt
hegoodsf
rom l
oss,
damageandt
hef
t.

 I
naddi
ti
on,packagi
ngmustal
sor
eli
abl
ybeabl
etowi
thst
andt
hemanydi
ff
erent
st
ati
canddy
nami
cfor
cest
owhi
chi
tissubj
ect
eddur
ingt
ranspor
t,handl
i
ngand
st
orage oper
ati
ons.The goods f
requent
lyal
so r
equi
re pr
otect
ion f
rom cl
i
mat
ic
 condi
ti
ons,
suchast
emper
atur
e,humi
dit
y,pr
eci
pit
ati
onandsol
arr
adi
ati
on.

 Thi
srequi
rementi
sofpar
ti
cul
arsi
gni
fi
cancei
nthet
ranspor
tofhazar
dousmat
eri
als,
wi
th pr
otect
ion ofhumans bei
ng ofpr
imar
yimpor
tance.The packagi
ng must
f
urt
her
mor
easf
araspossi
blepr
eventanycont
ami
nat
ion,
damageorot
hernegat
ive
i
mpactupont
heenv
ironmentandot
hergoods.

 Thei
nwar
dandout
war
dpr
otect
ivef
unct
ionpr
imar
il
ypl
acesdemandsupont
he
st
rengt
h,r
esi
stanceandl
eak-
proofpr
oper
ti
esoft
ranspor
tpackagi
ng.

 Cont
ainment–

 I
dent
if
icat
ion/i
nfor
mat
ion–

 St
orageandt
ranspor
tat
ion–

 Sal
e

 Pr
omot
ions

 Ser
vice/Guar
ant
eef
unct
ion

Def
inebasi
swei
ghtandgr
ammagef
orpaperpackagi
ng.Themassof25sheet
sof20cm by15cm
i
s34gr
am.Whati
sbasi
swei
ghtandgr
ammageofpaper
?

Gr
ammageandbasi
swei
ght
,int
hepul
pandpaperi
ndust
ri
es,ar
ethear
ealdensi
tyofapaper
pr
oduct
,thati
s,i
tsmassperuni
tofar
ea.

Twoway
sofexpr
essi
nggr
ammagear
ecommonl
yused:

 Expr
essedi
ngr
amspersquar
emet
er(
g/m2)
,paperdensi
tyi soknownasgr
sal ammage.
Thi
sist
hemeasur
eusedi
nmostpar
tsoft
hewor
ld.

 Expr
essedi
nter
msoft
hemass(
expr
essedaswei
ght
)pernumberofsheet
s,i
tisknownas
basi
swei
ght
.Theconv
ent
ionusedi
ntheUni
tedSt
atesandaf
ewot
hercount
ri
esusi
ngUS
papersi
zesi
spoundsofar
eam of500(
ori
nsomecases1000)sheet
sofagi
ven(
raw,
sti
l
l
uncut
)basi
ssi
ze.Japanesepaperi
sexpr
essedast
hewei
ghti
nkgof1,
000sheet
s.Basi
s
wei
ghti
soccasi
onal
l
ycal
l
edsubst
ance,
orsubst
ancenumber
.

 Ty
pical
l
ygr
ammagei
smeasur
edi
npapermi
l
lon-
li
nebyaqual
i
tycont
rolsy
stem and
v
eri
fi
edbyl
abor
ator
ymeasur
ement
.

So,
tocomput
ethemassperar
ea,
onemustknow
  t
hemassoft
hebasi
sream,

 t
henumberofsheet
sint
hatr
eam,
and

 t
hedi
mensi
onsofan"
uncut
"sheeti
nthatr
eam.

Gr
ammage exi
stsi
ndependent
lyofbasi
c si
ze.Basi
s wei
ghtst
rongl
yinf
luences t
he st
rengt
h
pr
oper
ti
esofapaper
,aswel
lassuchot
herpr
oper
ti
esast
hickness,
opaci
ty,
andr
unnabi
l
ity
.

I
ntheUSsy
stem,
thewei
ghti
sspeci
fi
edi
nav
oir
dupoi
spoundsandt
hesheetcountofapaperr
eam
i
susual
l
y500sheet
s.Howev
er,t
hemassspeci
fi
edi
snott
hemassoft
her
eam t
hati
ssol
dtot
he
cust
omer
.Inst
ead,i
tist
hemassoft
heuncut"
basi
sream"i
nwhi
cht
hesheet
shav
esomel
arger
si
ze(
par
entsi
ze)
.Of
ten,
thi
sisasi
zeuseddur
ingt
hemanuf
act
uri
ngpr
ocessbef
oret
hepaperwas
cutt
othedi
mensi
onsi
nwhi
chi
tissol
d.

Thest
andar
ddi
mensi
onsandsheetcountofar
eam v
aryaccor
dingt
othet
ypeofpaper
.These
"
uncut
"basi
ssi
zesar
enotnor
mal
l
ylabel
l
edont
hepr
oduct
,ar
enotf
ormal
l
yst
andar
dized,and
t
her
efor
ehav
etobeguessedori
nfer
redsomehowf
rom t
radi
ngpr
act
ice.

Whi
chmet
alsar
eusedi
npackagi
ng?Enumer
atet
hepr
ocessofmaki
ngt
wo-
piececan.Descr
ibet
he
si
ngl
edr
awnanddoubl
edr
awnmet
hodsofmaki
ngt
wopi
ececan.

Al
umi
nium-
Alumi
nium i
swi
del
yusedi
nfoodcont
actmat
eri
als.Al
umi
nium al
l
oysusedf
orf
ood
cont
actmaycont
ainel
ement
ssuchasmagnesi
um,
sil
i
con,
iron,
manganese,
copperandzi
nc.

Al
umi
nium andi
tsv
ari
ousal
l
oysar
ehi
ghl
yresi
stantt
ocor
rosi
on.Whenexposedt
oai
r,t
hemet
al
dev
elopsat
hinf
il
m ofal
umi
nium oxi
de(
Al2O3)
.Al
umi
nium i
snor
mal
l
ycoat
edf
orpackagi
ng
appl
i
cat
ions.Upt
akeofal
umi
nium f
rom uncoat
edf
oodcont
actmat
eri
alsi
sinf
luencedbyt
heaci
dit
y
oft
hef
oodst
uffandt
hesol
ubi
l
ityoft
hesal
tfor
med.

St
eel
-St
eel
gradesf
orf
oodcont
actpackagi
ngappl
i
cat
ionsar
eessent
ial
l
yel
ect
rol
yti
cti
npl
ate(
ETP)
andel
ect
rol
yti
cchr
omi
um/
chr
omi
um oxi
decoat
edst
eel
(ECCS)
.

El
ect
rol
yti
cti
npl
ate(
ETP)i
sacol
d-r
oll
edl
ow car
bonmi
l
dst
eelsheetorcoi
lcoat
edonbot
h
sur
faceswi
tht
int
hati
sappl
i
edi
nacont
inuousel
ect
rol
yti
coper
ati
on.Ti
npl
atecanbedi
ff
erent
ial
l
y
coat
edwhenoneofi
tssur
facescar
ri
esaheav
iert
incoat
ingt
hant
heot
her
.Usualcoat
ingwei
ght
s
r
angef
rom 1t
o15.
1g/
m2.

Bl
ackpl
atei
sanon-
all
oyedst
eelsubst
rat
eusedf
ort
hemanuf
act
ureofECCSorel
ect
rol
yti
cti
npl
ate
(
ETP)
.It
sappl
i
cat
ionsi
nnon-
processedf
ormf
orf
oodcont
actar
eli
mit
ed(
e.g.st
eel
drums)andi
tis
notusedf
ormai
nst
ream f
ast
-mov
ingconsumergoods.

Ti
n-Ti
ncanbeappl
i
edasat
hinl
ayeronst
eel
usedf
ormet
alpackagi
ng.I
tisappl
i
edel
ect
rol
yti
cal
l
y
dur
ingt
hemanuf
act
ureofETP(
elect
rol
yti
cti
npl
ate)
.Thet
inl
ayerpr
ovi
descor
rosi
onr
esi
stanceand
i
nsomecasesi
snotcoat
ed,ast
incanactasanef
fi
cientoxy
genscav
enger
.Howev
er,usi
ng
uncoat
edt
ini
sli
mit
edbyt
hev
ari
ouspossi
blei
nter
act
ionsbet
weent
hemet
alsur
faceandt
he
f
oodst
uffandi
sther
efor
emai
nlyusedf
or,
e.g.l
i
ghtf
rui
tsi
nbr
ineort
omat
o-basedpr
oduct
s.

Twopi
ececans–Two-
piecescansar
edev
elopedi
nrepl
acedoft
hree-
piececanst
hatcausel
ead
pol
l
uti
on.Ast
hewhol
ecani
scomposedoft
wopi
eces,
iti
sknownast
het
wo-
piececan.Bot
hst
eel
andal
umi
nium subst
rat
ecanbeused.Apunchi
susedt
odef
orm adi
scofmet
al.Two-
piececans
ar
efor
medf
rom abl
ankofmet
ali
ntoacanwi
thoutal
i
d.Theymayhav
emanyendsl
i
keeasy
-open
ends.

Ty
pesofpr
ocessesofmaki
ngt
wopi
ececan-

1.Si
ngl
edr
awncans

2.Doubl
edr
awncans(
DRD–Dr
awandr
edr
aw)

3.Dr
awandwal
li
roned

4.Dr
awandi
roned–

Si
ngl
edr
awnandmul
ti
pledr
awnpr
ocess-

 Two-
piecesi
ngl
edr
awnandmul
ti
pledr
awn(
DRD)cansPr
e-coat
ed,l
ami
nat
edandpr
int
ed
t
inpl
ateorTFSi
sfedi
nsheetorcoi
lfor
minar
eci
procat
ingpr
esst
hatmayhav
esi
ngl
eor
mul
ti
plet
ool
s.

 Ateacht
oolst
ati
ont
hepr
esscy
clecut
saci
rcul
ardi
sc(
blank)f
rom t
hemet
al,
andwhi
l
sti
n
t
hesamest
ati
ondr
awst
hisi
ntoashal
l
owcan(
cup)
.

 Dur
ingt
hedr
awi
ngpr
ocesst
hemet
ali
sref
ormedf
rom f
latmet
ali
ntoat
hree-
dimensi
onal
canwi
thoutchangi
ngt
hemet
alt
hicknessatanypoi
nt.

 Af
tert
hissi
ngl
edr
aw,
thecanmaybeal
readyati
tsf
ini
sheddi
mensi
on.Howev
er,
bypassi
ng
t
hiscupt
hroughasi
mil
arpr
ocesswi
thdi
ff
erentt
ool
i
ng,i
tmayber
e-dr
awni
ntoacanof
smal
l
erdi
amet
erandgr
eat
erhei
ghtt
omakeadr
aw–r
edr
awcan(
DRD)
.

 Thi
spr
ocessmayber
epeat
edoncemor
etoachi
evet
hemaxi
mum hei
ghtcan.Ateachof
t
hesest
eps,t
hecanbaseandwal
lthi
cknessr
emai
nef
fect
ivel
yunchangedf
rom t
hatoft
he
 or
igi
nal
flatmet
al.

 Fol
l
owi
ngt
hisbody
-for
mingoper
ati
on,necki
ng,f
langi
ngandbeadi
ngoper
ati
onsf
oll
ow
accor
dingt
otheenduseandhei
ght
-t
o-di
amet
err
ati
ooft
hecan.

 TheDRDf
ormi
ngpr
ocessl
endsi
tsel
ftot
hemanuf
act
ureofr
oundandnon-
roundshal
l
ow
t
aperwal
lcont
ainer
sinei
theral
umi
nium orTFS.

I
SSQUESTI
ONMEI
NTHODADEKHLI
O,MEI
NISMECHANGESNHKARRHI
,CHAHETOPOLYMERS
KENAMEBULLETPOI
NTSMELI
KHLI
O,TOHDI
FFERENTHOJAAYEGA.

I
temi
zet
hepl
ast
icsusedi
npackagi
ng?Whi
chpl
ast
icsexhi
bitgoodbar
ri
erpr
oper
ti
esofwat
er
v
apourt
ransmi
ssi
on?

Theabi
l
ityt
otai
l
ormat
eri
alper
for
mancet
orequi
rement
shasal
readybeenemphasi
sedasoneof
t
hemostsi
gni
fi
cantcont
ri
but
orst
othegr
owt
hinuseofpl
ast
icsi
npackagi
ngandi
tist
hecaset
hat
most sol
uti
ons ar
eto be f
ound amongst pol
yet
hyl
enes,pol
ypr
opy
lene,pol
yvi
nylchl
ori
de,
pol
yst
yrene and pol
yet
hyl
ene t
erepht
hal
ate.Pol
yet
hyl
ene f
ami
l
yincl
udesLDPE,LLDPE,HDPE,
Et
hyl
enev
iny
lacet
ate,
Ethy
lenev
iny
lal
cohol
,Pol
yvi
nyl
acet
ateandpol
yvi
nyl
alcohol
,Et
hyl
eneacr
yli
c
aci
dandI
onomer
s.Pol
ypr
opy
lenehast
hel
owestdensi
tyoft
hecommonpackagi
ngpl
ast
ics,
whi
ch
gi
vesi
taneconomi
cadv
ant
ageov
erot
hermat
eri
als.PPexi
stsi
nthr
eedi
ff
erentf
orms:i
sot
act
ic,
sy
ndi
otact
icandat
act
ic.

Speci
ali
typol
ymer
susedi
npackagi
ngar
eABS,
SAN,
PVdC,
PEN,
PA,
PC,
Fluor
opol
ymer
s,TPE,
LCP,
Ther
moset
sandcel
l
ulosemat
eri
als.Theyar
einv
ari
abl
ymuchmor
eexpensi
vet
hant
hecommodi
ty
pol
ymer
sandar
esel
ect
edf
orpackagi
ngappl
i
cat
ionsonl
ywhent
hecommodi
typol
ymer
sdonot
hav
ether
equi
redt
echni
cal
per
for
mance,
andt
hepr
oductv
aluej
ust
if
iest
headdi
ti
onal
cost
.

Pl
ast
icsar
eanessent
ialpar
tofmoder
nli
fe.Pl
ast
icsusedi
npackagi
ngar
ejustaswi
despr
ead,
f
rom t
hecommonl
yusedpl
ast
icbot
tl
esandcapsf
ormi
l
kandsof
tdr
inks,
tot
hef
il
msusedt
opack
ar
ange ofgoods such as bacon,conf
ect
ioner
y,nut
s and bol
ts and t
ext
il
es,and t
he r
igi
d
boxes/
casesusedf
orCDsandcomput
ergames.Pl
ast
ici
sthemostr
api
dlyexpandi
ngsect
orof
packagi
ngmat
eri
als,
despi
tebei
ngt
henewcomerwhenoner
evi
ewshi
stor
ical
dev
elopment
.

Thepl
ast
icswhi
chexhi
bitgoodbar
ri
erpr
oper
ti
esofwat
erv
apourt
ransmi
ssi
onar
eHPDE,LDPE,
LLDPE,
PP,
PVC,
PVdC,
PETandny
lon.

Expl
ainmodi
fi
edat
mospher
epackagi
ngandi
tsadv
ant
ages.Enumer
atet
hegasesusedi
nMAP.
Dr
awaneatdi
agr
am ofhor
izont
alandv
ert
ical
for
m,f
il
landseal
(FFS)machi
ne.

Modi
fi
edat
mospher
eist
hepr
act
iceofmodi
fyi
ngt
hecomposi
ti
onoft
hei
nter
nalat
mospher
eofa
package(
commonl
yfoodpackages,
drugs,
etc.
)inor
dert
oimpr
ovet
heshel
fli
fe.

A modi
fi
edat
mospher
ecanbedef
inedasonet
hati
sspeci
all
ycr
eat
edbyal
ter
ingt
henat
ural
di
str
ibut
ionandmakeupofgasesi
ntheai
r.Whenappl
i
edt
opackagi
ng,
thi
sinv
olv
esmodi
fyi
ngt
he
makeupofgasescont
ainedwi
thi
neachpackaget
opr
ovi
deopt
imalcondi
ti
onsf
ori
ncr
easi
ngt
he
shel
fli
feandr
educi
ngoxi
dat
ionandspoi
l
ageofper
ishabl
efoodandbev
eragepr
oduct
s.

Theneedf
ort
hist
echnol
ogyf
orf
oodar
isesf
rom t
heshor
tshel
fli
feoff
oodpr
oduct
ssuchasmeat
,
f
ish,poul
tr
y,anddai
ryi
nthepr
esenceofoxy
gen.I
nfood,oxy
geni
sreadi
l
yav
ail
abl
eforl
i
pid
ox
idat
ionr
eact
ions,
andal
soencour
agest
hegr
owt
hofaer
obi
cspoi
l
agemi
croor
gani
sms.Ther
efor
e,
t
her
educt
ionofoxy
genandi
tsr
epl
acementwi
thot
hergasescanr
educeordel
ayoxi
dat
ion
r
eact
ionsandmi
crobi
ologi
cal
spoi
l
age.

Thegaseswhi
char
eusedi
nMAPar
ecar
bondi
oxi
de,ni
tr
ogenandsomeexot
icgasesl
i
kehel
i
um
andar
gon.

Modi
fi
edat
mospher
epackagi
nghasl
ongbeenusedi
nmanyi
ndust
ri
es,i
ncl
udi
ngf
reshpr
oduce,
cof
fee,nut
s,andphar
maceut
ical
s.Asofl
ate,speci
alt
ysnackandgour
metpetf
oodpr
oduct
shav
e
beenaddedt
othel
i
stofcl
i
ent
srequest
ingsomef
orm ofMAP.

Adv
ant
agesofMAP:

 I
ncr
easedshel
f-
li
feal
l
owi
ngl
essf
requentl
oadi
ngofr
etai
ldi
spl
ayshel
ves;

 Reduct
ioni
nret
ail
wast
e;
  I
mpr
ovedpr
esent
ati
on-
clearv
iewofpr
oductandal
lroundv
isi
bil
i
ty;

 Hy
gieni
cst
ackabl
epack,
seal
edandf
reef
rom pr
oductdr
ipandodour
;

 Easysepar
ati
onofsl
i
cedpr
oduct
s;

 Li
tt
leornoneedf
orchemi
cal
preser
vat
ives;

 I
ncr
easeddi
str
ibut
ionar
eaandr
educedt
ranspor
tcost
sduet
olessf
requentdel
i
ver
ies;

 Cent
ral
i
sedpackagi
ngandpor
ti
oncont
rol
;

 Reduct
ioni
npr
oduct
ionandst
oragecost
sduet
obet
terut
il
isat
ionofl
abour
,spaceand
equi
pment
.

MAPf
il
msdev
elopedt
ocont
rolt
hehumi
dit
ylev
elaswel
last
hegascomposi
ti
oni
ntheseal
ed
packagear
ebenef
ici
alf
ort
hepr
olongedst
orageoff
reshf
rui
ts,v
eget
abl
esandher
bst
hatar
e
sensi
ti
vet
omoi
stur
e.Thesef
il
msar
ecommonl
yref
err
edt
oasmodi
fi
edat
mospher
e/modi
fi
ed
humi
dit
ypackagi
ng(
MA/
MH)
fi
lms.

For
m,f
il
landseal
(FFS)packagi
ngoper
ati
ons

For
m,f
il
landseal(
FFS)descr
ibesapackagi
ngoper
ati
oni
nwhi
cht
he‘
cont
ainer
’isf
ormedaspar
t
oft
hepackagi
ngl
i
ne(
rat
hert
hanbei
ngmadeel
sewher
e,suchasonagl
assbot
tl
efor
mingmachi
ne)
i
mmedi
atel
ypr
iort
othepr
oductbei
ngf
il
ledi
ntoi
t,andt
hent
hef
il
ledcont
aineri
scl
osed,
usual
l
yby
heatseal
i
ng.Thef
lexi
blepackagi
ngmat
eri
alsusedar
esuppl
i
edi
nreelf
orm andi
nvar
iabl
yincl
ude
t
her
mopl
ast
ics,of
tencombi
nedwi
thpaper
,boar
dandal
umi
nium f
oil
,accor
dingt
othepr
oduct
’s
needs.

Themai
nty
pesofFFSmachi
near
e:

 v
ert
ical(
VFFS)machi
nes,
usedf
orl
i
qui
dssuchasf
rui
tjui
cesandsoups,
andsol
i
dssuchas
f
rozenv
eget
abl
es,
sugar
,cr
ispsandwr
appedsweet
s

 hor
izont
al(
HFFS)machi
nesusedf
orcakes,
biscui
tsandbar
sofconf
ect
ioner
y.