Optical Fiber Technology 53 (2019) 102031

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Optical Fiber Technology

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/yofte

Highly birefringent TOPAS based single mode photonic crystal fiber with T
ultra-low material loss for Terahertz applications
⁎,1
Bikash Kumar Paula,b,c, , Kawsar Ahmeda,b
a
Department of Information and Communication Technology, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Santosh-1902, Tangail, Bangladesh
b
Group of Biophotomatiχ, Bangladesh
c
Department of Software Engineering (SWE), Daffodil International University (DIU), Sukrabad, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh

A R T I C LE I N FO A B S T R A C T

Keywords: In this article, a polarization maintaining single mode photonic crystal fiber (PCF) has been suggested for
Effective material loss Terahertz wave propagation. The proposed PCF is circular shape where five layers cladding vicinity encircles the
Birefringence two layers core region. The air holes of the core part are arranged in porous manner and elliptical shape. These
Power fraction types of air holes destroy the structural symmetry of the reported PCF and increase the level of birefringence.
Effective area
Optical properties of the proposed PCF are investigated by utilizing very popular pretending method that in-
Single mode PCF
Terahertz waveguides
troduces as full vectorial finite element method (FEM). Several guiding mechanisms such as effective material
loss (EML), birefringence, effective area, V-parameter, and power fraction are calculated by varying distinctive
geometrical parameters and effects. The proposed PCF reveals ultra-low EML of 0.053 cm−1 and ultra-high
birefringence of 1.34 × 10−02 at f = 1 THz. In addition, effective area and power fraction of the reported PCF
are 2.36 × 10−07 m2 and 52% at the same operating frequency.

1. Introduction
Last few decades Terahertz (THz) radiation or wave based tech-
nologies have a conveyed massive change in distinctive scientific areas
such as sensing, communications, imaging, defense-security, drug
testing, spectroscopy, bio-medical engineering and bio-sensing appli-
cations that create the attention of researchers and pioneers. The THz
wave generation and detection techniques are also advanced with the
change of period. The frequency range of THz wave is covered from 0.1
to 10 THz. This range is satisfied the gap between microwave band and
infrared rays [1,2]. It remains the challenge to design a flexible, con-
cise, and low-loss THz waveguides because of huge absorption loss
occurs in this frequency range. Most of the THz methods are depended
on free space for transmission of wave. But various kinds of losses in-
cluding path loss and material loss have happened in the free space
propagation of THz radiation. The metallic waveguides, parallel-plate
waveguides, bare metal wires, metallic slot waveguides, dielectric wa-
veguides, subwavelength fibers, and porous polymer fibers have re-
ported due to subdue these limitations of THz wave transmission [3,4].
The modal field is tightly confined at the metallic waveguides but it
suffers from high material loss and dispersion characteristics. The
attenuation loss of metallic slot tubes is higher from the metallic tubes.
Besides, the parallel-plate waveguides show zero dispersion and low-
loss properties that lead to use these waveguides in imaging and signal
processing applications [5]. But the ohmic and divergence loss are the
main limitation of these wave guides [3]. The bare metal wires are
minimized the ohmic loss but these wires are endured from radiation
loss [6]. These sub-wavelength fibers reveal comparatively low material
loss from the other waveguides. Main drawback of the fiber is most of
the optical fields go through external side of the core vicinity. For this
reason, the sub-wavelength fibers are produced resolute coupling with
the environment [7]. The porous polymer fibers are considered as best
compare with the among reported wave guides. These fibers exhibit low
loss and provide design flexibility from the other waveguides. Bi-
refringence is another important characteristic of porous fibers that
shows better performance in sensing and filtering applications [8]. This
property can be enhanced by breaking symmetry of the fiber cladding
and establish asymmetry to the fiber core [9]. The elliptical air holes
are utilized to increase the birefringence. Various kinds of hosting
materials including Teflon [10], poly tetrafluoro ethylene [11], and
Topas [4] are mainly used due to increasing the guiding properties of
THz wave based photonic crystal fiber (PCF). The cyclic-olefin

⁎
Corresponding author at: Department of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University (MBSTU),
Santosh, Tangail 1902, Bangladesh.
E-mail address: bikash.k.paul@ieee.org (B.K. Paul).
1
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4414-2751.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yofte.2019.102031
Received 23 March 2019; Received in revised form 3 October 2019; Accepted 9 October 2019
Available online 04 November 2019
1068-5200/ © 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
B.K. Paul and K. Ahmed
copolymer (COC) Topas is recommended as the best among these
background materials. Distinctive appealing properties are making its
unique from the other materials. These attributes are the constant re-
fractive index, low material loss, insensitivity to humidity, and low
dispersion [1]. It is noted that PCFs are used for different domain of
applications such as gas, chemical temperature, pressure sensor
[12–14], nonlinear application [15–17].
From the earlier period, the researchers have suggested different
types of PCF due to minimize the material loss and maximize the bi-
refringence attributes. Chen and Tam [18] proposed a super cell
structure for THz wave transmission that exhibited the birefringence of
1 × 10−02 at the 1 THz operating frequency. They were not indicated
effective area and V-parameter of the proposed fiber. Li et al. [19] re-
ported a hexagonal PCF (H-PCF) where cladding vicinity arranged by
circular and elliptical air cavities. This structure revealed birefringence
in the order of 10−03 in the range of 0.1–5 THz activation operating
frequency. But, the authors were not calculated effective absorption
loss, effective area, power fraction, and mode characteristics of the
reported H-PCF. Islam et al. [20] suggested a diamond-core porous fiber
for polarization maintaining applications that exhibited the material
loss and birefringence of 0.11 cm−1 and 8.45 × 10−03 at f = 1 THz.
The absorption loss of the PCF was higher and not preferable for
communications. Moreover, the V-parameter and power fraction char-
acteristics not indicated in this article. In the year of 2016, Wu et al. [1]
proposed a micro structured PCF which revealed the birefringence of
0.98 × 10−02 at the 4 THz pumping frequency. The material loss, ef-
fective area, power fraction, and V-parameter didnot calculate for the
proposed PCF. Islam et al. [21] reported a PCF as well as obtained the
absorption loss and power fraction of 0.08 cm−1 and 38% respectively
at the 1 THz operating frequency. The effective material loss (EML) of
the proposed PCF was also high.
Now, in this paper, we have suggested a circular shape photonic
crystal fiber due to decaying these limitations of among the previously
reported articles [1,18–21]. The core and cladding territories of pro-
posed PCF are formed by elliptical and circular air holes respectively.
The proposed PCF shows single mode characteristics in the entire
considered frequency range. In addition, the EML, power fraction, and
effective area of the suggested PCF are 0.053 cm−1, 52%, and
2.36 × 10−07 m2 accordingly gain at the 1 THz pumping frequency. So,
the proposed PCF is massively efficient for sensing and communication
by its excellent features.
2. Fiber design theory
The proposed PCF is consisted of five rings circular lattice formed in
association with circular types of air hole. All air holes are utilized here
by playing the role of dielectric medium. The fiveringsare constitutedby
applying perfectly circular type’s air holes with identical diameter
value. Moreover, an interesting arithmetic sequence has beenfound for
determine the number of air holes. The sequence is followed by
an = a1 + (n − 1) × r where n is the ring number and r = 8. Cladding
region air holes diameter is denoted by d1 = 244 µmand in the same
region center to center distance is commonly known as pitch. Here
outermost cladding region pitch is denoted by Ʌ = 320 µm. The dia-
meter of the proposed PCF is 1770 µm. The cladding region is com-
pletely bounded by the anisotropic circular perfectly matched layer (C-
PML) which absorbs unwanted incident electromagnetic radiation. The
innermost core segment is modeled with air holes. The 1st layer consists
of 6 and 2nd consists of 12 holes. The distance from one center to an-
other center is Ʌc with the value of Ʌc = 80 µm. The hosting material of
the proposed PCF is material cyclic olefin copolymer (COC), with a
commercial name of TOPAS®. TOPAS® is chosen here for high perfor-
mance in terahertz waveguide due to its bulk absorption material loss is
very low. For fiber modeling and numerical investigation commercially
available software COMSOL Multiphyics® version 4.2 has been used.
2
Optical Fiber Technology 53 (2019) 102031
3. Result and discussion
For the periodic structure FEM based numerical analysis is highly
used. Here COMSOL Multiphysics version 4.2 is employed to carry out
the propagation characteristics of the proposed terahertz waveguide. In
the beginning of the simulation study, a circular body PML is applied
here for boundary condition. Moreover, incorporated with finer mesh
analysis number of vertex elements, boundary elements, elements are
636, 9196, 107,220 respectively with carrying minimum element
quality 0.6117 found. Finer analysis is subdivided the whole complex
geometrical structure into triangular region then mapping to calculate
more accurately. It is noted that the convergence error of 6.89 × 10−9
has been found at the operating wavelength of f = 1 THz. When light
propagating through the whole length of the fiber some loss are arises.
EML is one of the major losses which cause the operating signal energy
dissipation. EML of the proposed PCF can be numerated by Eq. (1)
according to the article [22].
2
αmo 1 ε ⎛ ∫A nαmat |E |dA ⎞ −1
α eff = = ⎜⎛ 0 ⎟⎞ ⎜ mat ⎟ cm
αmat 2 ⎝ μ0 ⎠ ∫All Sz dA (1)
⎝ ⎠
where αmo and αmat are denoting loss of fundamental mode and loss
causes from material absorption. Here ε0 and μ0 are the relative per-
mittivity and permeability of vacuum respectively. The αmat is the bulk
material absorption loss, n = 1.45 is the refractive index of the mate-
rial, electric field component is represented by E; poynting vector by z;
component by Sz.
In this work, EML has been investigated in several steps. For ana-
lyzing EML, first step is discussed with different porosity at the inner-
most core region of the proposed fiber. Here 55%, 60% and 65% core
porosity has been enumerated for different core diameter for 1 THz
activating frequency in Fig. 2. Core diameter is properly adapted
around the proposed fiber core diameter. Fig. 1 tells that red green and
blue curve are presenting 55%, 60% and 65% core porosity. The var-
iation of core diameter from 404 µm to 424 µm produces different EML
level at 1 THz. EML level 0.052–0.065, 0.059–0.072 and 0.068–0.80 are
acquired for 55%, 60% and 65% core porosity respectively. All porosity
curves are gradually step up with the increment of operating wave-
length. Such behavior occurs because higher core porosity allows high
optical power transmission through the fiber core. Now curve provides
clear perception about EML and gained 0.052 cm−1 EML for 65% core
porosity and 404 µm core diameter. Now it can be clearly mentioned
that EML of the proposed PCF is comparatively lower than previously
reported article [23].
Fiber core has been constituted with elliptical air hole. These air
holes can be revolved based on their unique coordinated in associated
with semi-major and semi-minor axis. Therehave no occur severe
changes in case of EML for different orientation of core air hole angles
which are clearly presented in Fig. 3. On the basis of above
Fig. 1. Transverse cross-sectional end face two dimensional (2D) view of pro-
posed Circular PCF: (a) cladding region and (b) core region.
B.K. Paul and K. Ahmed
Fig. 2. Normalized effective material loss (EML) a function of different core
diameter at 1 THz.
Fig. 3. Normalized effective material loss (EML) a function of different core air
hole rotation angle at 1 THz.
investigation at f = 1THz frequency, it can be conclude that for 65%
core porosity maximum light propagated through the core region which
ensures low level of loss. Eccentricity is another fundamental geometric
parameter for elliptical air hole. Eccentricity is the measurement of the
how nearly circular the ellipse. It is expressed by the following re-
lationship given by Eq. (2).
b2
e= 1−
a2
where a represents semi major and b represents semi minor axis re-
spectively. EML is a function of eccentricity derived for the activation
frequency f = 1THz has been plotted in Fig. 4. The eccentricity has
varied around the optimum parameters from 0.4 to 0.6. In this in-
vestigated module, the results are resembled with Figs. 2 and 3.
Now a wider range of frequency spectrum has been applied to ob-
serve the behaviors of the proposed PCF. For this task frequency range
0.80–1.20 THz has been applied successfully. In Fig. 5 EML as a func-
tion of applied frequency has been plotted for three different core
porosities. Here it clearlydemonstrates that higher core porosity offers
more excellent power flower over the THz waveguide and diminishes
EML. Higher porosity reduces the degree of material employed in the
innermost core area. As a result an optical electromagnetic optical wave
experienced with less interaction the PCF material TOPAS®. Here core
porosities of 55%, 60% and 65% are shows the EMLof 0.052 cm−1,
0.059 cm−1 and 0.068 cm−1 at 1 THz pumping frequency respectively.
Optical Fiber Technology 53 (2019) 102031
Fig. 4. Normalized effective material loss (EML) a function of eccentricity as a
core air hole rotation angle at 1 THz for 55%, 60%, and 65% core porosity
respectively.
Fig. 5. Normalized effective material loss (EML) a function of operating fre-
quency for 55%, 60%, and 65% core porosity over 0.80 THz to 1.20 THz.
All investigated results tell that EML for 65% porosity is best suited due
to comparatively lower order of EML.
Other crucial parameter of the PCFs is power fraction. It defines the
total amount of flow over the THz waveguide. The amount of power
fraction can be estimated by the following Eq. (3)
∫X Sz dA
(2) η′ =
∫All Sz dA (3)
where X in the numerator defines the area of the region of interest, and
the denominator defines is the total area. The background material
TOPAS® has a constant refractive index of 1.53 over boarder frequency
range spectrum reported in article [23]. Fig. 6 represents simulta-
neouslycore diameter variation and core porosity variation by keeping
other geometrical fixed in frequency condition f = 1THz. Figure also
reportsthat on an average 47–53% power fraction have been occurred
during the variation (405–425 µm) of core diameter. It clearly indicates
that due to increasing core diameter less amount of power flow occurs.
During this investigation time modal parameter (V-parameter) has also
been studied and plotted in Fig. 7 with the help of the following Eq. (4).
2πrf 2 2
V= ncore − ncladding ≤ 2.405
c (4)
where ncore, ncladdingare mapping the effecting refractive index of core
3
B.K. Paul and K. Ahmed
Fig. 6. Normalized effective material loss (EML) a function of operating fre-
quency for 55%, 60%, and 65% core porosity over 0.80–1.20 THz.
Fig. 7. Normalized effective material loss (EML) a function of operating fre-
quency for 55%, 60%, and 65% core porosity over 0.80–1.20 THz.
and cladding region respectively. The r is the radios of core region, f is
the operated frequency and c is the light velocity in free space. During
this overall investigation study V parameter is ranging from 1.95 to
2.38. It can mention that if V is under 2.405 then it persist in single
mode region. Besides this, intermodal dispersion can be elevated for
single mode propagation. So our proposed fiber is strongly favorable in
this condition.
Wide range of frequency has been applied to check the power
fraction. The power fraction is a function of operating THz frequency is
plotted in Fig. 8. The investigation study has done over 0.08–1.20 THz
range. In applied frequency spectrum, the power fraction remains un-
changed. More than 50% power fraction is produced here for optimum
PCF structure. As a result 400 GHz flat band power fraction derived
which is very necessary for broadband transmission by minimizing
EML. At the same time V parameter inspection has been carried out
which is very important for practical applications. Expanding Eq. (4)
the V parameter has been diagrammed in Fig. 9. The V parameter is
sharply upraises and making positive slope over 1.4–2.6 for
0.08–1.2 THz respectively. PCF remains in single mode region up to
1.14 THz region. After 1.14 THz the fiber experienced with multimode
behaviors. Now it clearly expresses that single mode or long haul
communication is possible from the PCF by facilitating 340 GHz
bandwidth.
It is known that the refractive indices of two orthogonal polarization
directions are different in a birefringent fiber. The birefringence of a
4
Optical Fiber Technology 53 (2019) 102031
Fig. 8. Power fraction is a function of operating frequency over 0.80–1.20 THz
regime for optimum design structure.
Fig. 9. V parameter is a function of operating frequency over 0.80–1.20 THz
regime for optimum design structure.
fiber can be calculated by the following Eq. (5).
x
Birefringence = neff − neffy (5)
x
where neff and neffy are effective refractive index for x and y polarization
respectively. The traditional polarization-maintaining fibers like Bow-
tie or PANDA fibers [24] have a modal birefringence up to 5 × 10−4 by
using mechanical stress to core, and they have been applied to over-
come this type of random polarization limitation [25]. It has been ex-
pressed that due to the intrinsically high index contrast, the PCFs can
retain larger birefringence than the traditional PM fibers. Currently,
published PCFs are called PM PCFs and have been fabricated as well as
have yielded a birefringence as 3.9 × 10−3 at the wavelength of
1.55 μm [26].This result is improved by our proposed structure that
exhibits the birefringence orders of 1.34 × 10−2 which is depicted in
Fig. 10. From this figure, it can be seen that frequency dependent bi-
refringence increases according to the increment of frequency up to
1 THz and slightly decreases up to rest of the frequencies and vice versa.
For the finite number of air holes in cladding region, the light can
propagate among the air hole that is called the confinement loss (CL) or
leakage loss. To calculate the confinement loss, an efficient boundary
condition is required, that introduces no reflection at boundary.
Circular PMLs are the most effective absorption boundary condition for
this type of purpose [27]. The leakage loss is computed with the ima-
ginary portion of the effective index according to the Eq. (6).
B.K. Paul and K. Ahmed
Fig. 10. V parameter is a function of operating frequency over 0.80–1.20 THz
regime for optimum design structure.
dB f
Confinement Loss (CL) ⎡ ⎤ = 8.686 × 2π Im (neff )
⎣m⎦ c (6)
where f is the operating frequency and Im is the imaginary part of the
effective refractive index. Fig. 11 describes the relationship between the
leakage/confinement loss and frequency for x-polarized mode detailed
around 1.2 THz frequencies. From this figure, it is also noticed that the
confinement loss linearly alleviates with the increment of frequency
that is effectible for long haul communication systems [23]. Increasing
frequency forms a relatively high index difference between core region
and cladding region. In addition, light is tightly absorbed in the core
region and for this reason, CL decreases. It is also found that the x-
polarization effective mode offers smaller CLcompare to that of the y-
polarization mode. The confinement loss at 1 THz frequency is about
1.9 × 10−2 (dB/m).
At longer wavelength, the mode power weakly confines in the core
region, as a result the guiding waves spread largely. So in this step
effective area of the fiber are determined by using Eq. (7).
[∫ I (r ) rdr ]2
Aeff =
[∫ I 2 (r ) dr ]2 (7)
where I (r ) = |Et is representing the electric field intensity. In this si-
|2
tuation, the propagating modes retain larger effective mode area [28].
Fig. 12 represents effective mode area as a function of frequency. The
effective mode area of the fiber decreases according to the
Fig. 11. Confinement loss is a function of operating frequency over
0.80–1.20 THz regime for optimum design structure.
5
Optical Fiber Technology 53 (2019) 102031
Fig. 12. Effective mode area is a function of operating frequency over
0.80–1.20 THz regime for optimum design structure.
enhancement of frequencies up to 1 THz and reduces rest of the fre-
quencies, and the value of effective mode area is about 2.1 × 10−7 m2
at 1 THz frequency which is higher than [29]. Effective mode area due
to fiber’s global diameters variation does not vary and its shape
abruptly. From above discussions, it can be clearly expressed that our
proposed PCF will be effective for transmission systems. Table 1 re-
presents the comparisons among proposed PCF and prior PCFs. It is
nicely exhibited that our proposed PCF shows excellent performance
than recent designed PCFs. Besides, the effective material loss (EML) of
the proposed fiber is comparatively very low about 0.053 cm−1 at1 THz
activation frequencies compare to Ref. [20,22–23]. Due to low loss
exhibition of proposed fiber makes it suitable in THz radiation propa-
gation.
Now, from the experimental and technical point of view, fabrication
is the most important task and challenging also. The proposed P-HPCF
fabrication process may be easy to fabricate using Sol-gel technique
[30] because it can fabricate any shapes and sizes of air holes. Its design
flexibility makes it unique compare to others fabrication technique. So
our proposed P-PCF can be successfully fabricated applying the most
well-known technique called Sol-gel technique.
4. Conclusions
A circular shape PCF has been proposed and numerically in-
vestigated in this paper. The reported PCF is designed for THz wave
transmission. Two different sizes and shapes air cavities are used to
design this PCF structure. Various geometrical parameters including
diameters of circular air holes; major and minor axis of the elliptical air
holes has fluctuated to examine the optical properties of the suggested
PCF. The core porosity and eccentricity effects are also considered to
calculate the guiding parameters. The reported PCF shows ultra-high
birefringence in the order of 1.34 × 10−02 and ultra-low absorption
loss of 0.053 cm−1 at the 1 THz activation frequency. The V-parameter
Table 1
Comparison among several fundamental properties of the proposed THz wa-
veguide with the existing standard PCF structures.
References f (THz) Birefringence EML (cm−1)
Ref. [18] 1 1 × 10−02 –
Ref. [20] 1 8.45 × 10−03 0.110
Ref. [1] 4 0.98 × 10−02 –
Ref. [23] 1 – 0.085
Ref. [30] 1 – 0.076
Ref. [22] 1 – 0.066
Proposed PCF 1 1.34 × 10−2 0.053
B.K. Paul and K. Ahmed
indicates that proposed fiber is single mode. High power fraction at-
tribute mentions lower EML. In addition, effective area of the proposed
PCF is also high that ensures the high data rate transmission. Finally,
the reported PCF is very effective for polarization maintaining and long
distance communication applications.
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial
interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influ-
ence the work reported in this paper.
Appendix A. Supplementary data
Supplementary data to this article can be found online at https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.yofte.2019.102031.
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