The shell and tube heat exchanger in this practicum is one type of heat exchanger that consists of a

bundle of pipes connected in parallel and placed in a mantle. This heat exchanger has one flow in
the tube and two-way flow in the shell. The two ends of the pipe are welded to the supporting pipe
attached to the mantle, to increase the efficiency of increasing the heat, the shell and tube heat
exchanger is mounted with a baffle. This aims to create turbulence of fluid flow and increase
residence time, but the installation of the bulkhead will increase the drop of operating pressure and
increase the workload of water push from the tap so that the flow rate of the fluid exchanged for
heat must be increased

For the initial conditions in this practicum, a shell and tube heat exchanger is arranged in the
countercurrent flow. This is done before the flow rate of the tap in the morning is still stable and not
many people use water from other faucets from one pipe and to estimate the practicum results
obtained are appropriate. Countercurrent is where two fluids (cold and hot) flow with different
initial temperatures at different or opposite input and output conditions. Cold fluid flows through
the shell while hot fluid flows along the tube. As for the second condition, the shell and tube heat
exchangers are arranged at the co-current, where both fluids (hot and cold) enter the heat
exchanger on the same side and then flow in the same direction of flow.

From the observations in tables 7.1 and 7.2 (co-current), hot and cold fluid flows have varying
speeds and are unstable because the push of water from the tap is unstable and things happen like
the sudden release of a water hose. This will affect how many calculations will be sought at the
purpose of this practicum, namely overall efficiency, and overall heat transfer coefficient. Also, note
that the flow velocity will also affect the temperature of the two streams that we want so that it will
affect the calculation of temperature efficiency and LMTD. From sample numbers 1 to 10 in table
7.1 observations, we get negative Qf results, which means the system releases heat, which can be
seen from the amount of Qa. Likewise, the overall value of heat transfer efficiency can exceed 100%
because the water tap transfers heat by using work, not using heat to produce work. Based on data
from 7.2 observations from co-current, LMTD is obtained which functions as the driving force of a
heat exchanger of different values because the hot and cold fluids entering and exiting the heat
exchanger are not the same. If two data are taken from the observational table for sample number
3 (U = 754.34 watt / m2) and 5 (U = 570.62 watt / m2) wherein sample number 3 the hot and cold
fluid flow is qmh = 3.1 L / min and qmc = 1.33 L / min. Then sample number 3 has a higher speed or
greater flow value than sample number 5 which only has qmh = 3 and qmc = 1.37. This is consistent
with the theory which states that the greater the flow rate of hot water, the greater the efficiency.
This means that the heat absorbed by cold fluid will increase with the increase in the rate of hot
water. Some other factors that influence the overall efficiency coefficient are 1 (heat transmission
length of each tube), the number of tubes (N), lmlm (LMTD) and outer tube diameter.

From the observations in Tables 7.3 and 7.4 (Countercurrent) the flow of hot and cold fluids has
different speeds (qmh and qmc), varying and unstable due to the unstable push of water from the
taps and things like the sudden release of tap water. This will affect some of the calculations that
will be sought at the purpose of this practicum, namely overall efficiency, and overall heat transfer
coefficient. Also, note that the flow velocity will also affect the temperature of the two streams that
we want so that it will affect the calculation of temperature efficiency and LMTD. From sample
numbers 1 to 9 in table 7.3 the results of observations, obtained positive Qt results, which means
the system absorbs heat, can be viewed from the amount of Qe. Based on the data table 7.4 the
observations from countercurrent show that LMTD which functions as the driving force of a heat
exchanger has a different value, because the hot and cold fluids that enter and exit the heat
exchanger are not the same. if taken two data from the observation table 7.3 and 7.4 for sample
number 1 (U = 1090.47) watt / m2.oC and 8 (U = 602.17)) watt / m2.oC, wherein sample number 1
the hot fluid flow rate and the coldness is qmh = 1.5 and qmc = 1.56 and so is the value of hot Thot =
1.5 oC, then number 1 has a ∆Thot higher or greater than the sample number 8 which only has hot
Thot = 0.4 oC. Then it can be said that Thot also affects the value of the Qe value which can affect
the overall heat transfer efficiency Qc value. Some other factors that influence the overall heat
transfer coefficient are (heat transmission length of each tube), number of tubes (n), lmlm (LMTD)
and outer tube diameter (do).

From the analysis and discussion above, it can be summarized more specifically that the higher the
hot and cold flow rates remain. The data obtained shows that the higher the heat flow rate and
∆Thot, the heat that is given in or released from the hot fluid and the heat received or absorbed by
the cold fluid is also higher, but the heat released is always greater than the heat absorbed, or in
words others have energy lost, whereas according to his theory or ideally the energy is given in heat
transfer must be the same as the energy received. This is also caused by several factors which are
detected by the presence of crust or rust in the shell and tube heat exchanger so that it removes
heat.

From the discussion and analysis also, countercurrent is the most effective and maximum flow in
carrying out indirect heat transfer, all of which can be viewed from the overall efficiency of heat
transfer which is below 100%, the overall heat transfer value is much greater than co-current and
more Qe great too.v\