Developments of the Quarter: Comment and Chronology

Source: Middle East Journal, Vol. 14, No. 4 (Autumn, 1960), pp. 433-455
Published by: Middle East Institute
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 DEVELOPMENTS OF THE QUARTER
Comment and Chronology
H. St.J.B. Philby
Harry St. John Bridger Philby was born on
a tea plantationin Ceylon on April 3, 1885 and
died in Beirut, Lebanon, on September 30,
1960. These seventy-five years constituted a
remarkablelife.
At Cambridgehe had the good fortune to
study Persianand to begin Arabic- " . . . per-
haps the finger of Fate beckoning me on the
path I scarcely dreamed to tread"-under the
great E. G. Browne. After his entry into the
Indian Civil Service,Philby continuedthe study
of languages. But it was late in 1915, aged
thirty, that he went to Basrahwith the Meso-
potamian expeditionary force of the Indian
Army and started his real career, so richly re-
corded.
In Iraq (to be) he worked under Sir Percy
Cox and with A. T. Wilson and GertrudeBell.
He also, briefly, had dealings with T. E.
Lawrence. Even at this time, he disagreedwith
all of them on matters of fundamentalpolicy.
From then on, much of his life was spent in
controversyand he never shied away from the
battle. Like another "old campaigner," he
loved "a good fight."
When, in 1917, Philby visited Najd and met
'Abd al-'Aziz Al Sa'ud, the confrontationgave
the rest of his life purpose and direction. He
remained in the service of the British govern-
ment until the spring of 1924, after having
protestedwhat he consideredthe imposition of
a Hashimite dynasty in Iraq, and having at-
tempted what he also consideredto be the pro-
tection of Hashimiterights in Transjordan,and
resigned therefrom, to spend most of the rest
of his productivelife in Arabia.
His activities both in Iraq and Transjordan
were expressions of his passionate libertarian-
ism, which he has expressedbetterthan anyone
433
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else could do it, on the final page of his auto-
biography:
My ideal has been all-embracing, ex-
cluding no people and no part of the
earth from its birthrightof freedom. But
my individual effort has evitably been
limited by circumstances,and I shall be
content indeed if the light of freedom,
real freedom,dawnsupon India and these
countriesof the Arab world before I pass
on from the scene of my endeavoursto
serve the cause of humanity.*
Under the aegis of 'Abd al-'Aziz, Philby
traveled more widely over the Peninsula than
any Westernerhad done before him. From the
publication of his first work, The Heart of
Arabia,he enteredthe ranksof those who have
illuminatedthe exotic places of our world. The
full list of his published works would more
than fill this space, but we have pride in
mentioning that this Institute was the co-
publisher of Arabian Highlands, that monu-
mental study of the 'Asir. These geographical
studies, the latter history of the Peninsulaand,
in particular,the works of the Sa'udi dynasty
occupiedhis mind and pen for thirty-fiveyears.
Ibn Sa'ud was fortunate in his chronicler,just
as Philby was in finding his ideal.
In a letter written to us shortly before his
death, he said "Arabiahas preventedme from
seeing much of the world." The context was a
suggestion that he might visit this country,per-
haps on a lecturetour. He did attend last sum-
mer's XXVth Congressof Orientalistsin Mos-
cow, visited England, and was on his way back
to Arabia when he died suddenly, of a heart
attack,in Beirut. He may have felt the loser--
though this is doubtful-from an Arabianpre-
occupation, but certainly the world of knowl-
edge was the gainer.
*Arabian Days, London: Robt. Hale, Ltd., 1948,
p. 330.
 Chronology
June 16, 1960-September 15, 1960
General
1960
June 17: In an address to the plenary session of the
conference of African states in Addis Ababa,
Deputy Foreign Minister Husayn Dhu al-Fiqar of
the UAR asserted that Israel was "hiding behind a
mask as a tool of imperialism" and urged the con-
ferees to be wary of accepting financial assistance
that "could serve as a stranglehold and deter inde-
pendence."
June 20: All Arab countries were represented at the
Arab Boycott Conference in Tripoli which began
today.
June 22: Lieutenant General P. S. Gyani presented
UNEF medals to soldiers of the Canadian recon-
naissance squadron who were patrolling the north-
ern sector of the international frontier between the
UAR and Israel.
June 23: The rotation of Brazilian troops serving
with the UNEF began.
June 24: At the close of the conference of African
states today, long-term plans for economic unity
between independent African countries were ap-
proved. Among the other resolutions adopted
were: an invitation to France and the Algerian
rebels to negotiate for a cease-fire; an invitation to
all the Arab states to stop providing South Africa
with oil; and the creation of "a council for educa-
tional, cultural and scientific cooperation in Africa."
July 5: A conference of Japanese diplomatic envoys
to the Middle East will be held in Istanbul for 3
days from July 14, the Foreign Ministry announced.
July 9: A communique issued at the end of the
secret session of the Arab Boycott Conference in
Tripoli disclosed the following decisions: resist-
ance to the development of economic relations be-
tween Israel and Afro-Asian countries; resistance
to the "Zionist-Israel organization established
against the Arab boycott organization;" to black-
list 24 foreign companies and to remove 10 from
the blacklist and to investigate 9 foreign com-
panies accused of dealing with Israel; and to black-
list certain films and film stars "who work for
Israel's interests."
Jily 13: Secretary Gen. Hammarskj6ld said in a bud-
get report on the UNEF that its financial situation
434
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was critical. He submittedestimatesfor 1961 of
$19,384,000, a reductionof $821,000 from 1960.
Estimates provided for the maintenance of the
force at about 5,300 men.
July 14: The Japanese ambassadors of the Middle
Easterncountriesbegan their conferencein Istan-
bul, to discuss the situation in the Middle East, a
spokesman said.
July 17: Nine US corporations were blacklisted in
all Arab countries along with 12 European and
Asian companies for violating Arab boycott regu-
lations, it was reported. Actors Danny Kaye and
Jeff Chandler were also subject to the boycott.
July 20: Delegates to the London congress of Inter-
national Federation of Industrial and General
Workers unanimously approved an Israeli resolu-
tion calling for the free passage of all ships of all
nations through the Suez Canal.
July 22: It was announced in Beirut that all Arab
states had decided to boycott the yearly eco-
nomic exhibitionin CyprusbecauseIsrael had been
invited to take part.
TradebetweenEast Germanyand Arab countries
reacheda level of DM 273 million last year, 'Arif
Zahir, Director of the Arab League Economic Bu-
reau, stated in an interview with the Communist
newspaperBerliner Zeitung.
July 24: The Arab League Secretariat announced that
it would hold "urgent consultations" with mem-
ber states on the de facto recognition by Iran of
Israel.
July 26: An Arab League spokesman said that the
League's Israel Boycott Bureau had called on Arab
states to ban Iran from attending the Arab oil con-
ference in Beirut on October 17 in retaliation for
her recognition of Israel.
July 27: The Arab League, in a note published in
the Egyptian press, accused Iran of conspiring with
Israel and other countries against the Arab nations.
One of the main findings of the report "Eco-
nomic Developments in the Middle East, 1958-
1959" indicated that agricultural progress in the
Middle East has been lagging behind the progress
in industry and other economic activities.
July 29: The Petroleum Information Bureau in Lon-
don announced that oil production in the Middle
East totalled nearly 127,400,000 metric tons dur-
ing the first 6 months of the year an increase of
 CHRONOLOGY 435
over 14 million tons compared with the first half validity of laissez-passers issued to Palestinian refu-
of 1959. The biggest percentage increase was regis- gees from one year to 2 years. Anothercalled for
tered by Iraq, with production over 23,000,000 tons intensified efforts by Arab countries to persuade
-a rise of 17 per cent. Iran produced 24,500,000 West Germanynot to grant a loan to Israel.
tons, Saudi Arabia 29,550,000 tons, and Kuwayt, The Arab League Council agreed to support
the largest producer in the Middle East, more than Lebanon's nomination to the UN Committee of
39,650,000 tons. HumanRights in place of Iraq, and Iraq'snomina-
Aug. 9: Esso Export announced that price cuts rang- tion to the UN Atomic Energy Commissionin
ing from 4 cents to 14 cents, that is, from 21?2per place of the UAR. It approveda draft agreement
cent to 6 per cent were immediately effective. This between the Arab League and the Arab Postal
move is the first such since February, 1959. Union, and authorized the Secretary-Generalto
Aug. 21: Arab foreign ministers assembled in Beirut sign it.
on the eve of a general conference and tried in- Sept. 12: The Cairo secretariatof the Afro-Asian
formally to come to grips with the Palestine prob- Solidarity Conference urged member nations to
lem, it was reported. break off diplomatic relations with France and
Aug. 22: The conference of Arab foreign ministers impose an economic boycott on French trading
opened at Shtura, Lebanon, with Tunisia as the concerns if she carried out new atomic tests in
only Arab state not represented. the Sahara.
Aug. 24: The Arab League Council approved a reso- Sept. 14: The formationof a new internationalor-
lution to help Arab volunteers join the Algerian ganization, Organizationof Petroleum Exporting
insurgent forces in the war against France. The Countries,OPEC, was announcedat the end of a
resolution also called for renewed efforts in the 5-day conferencebetween representativesof Iraq,
UN General Assembly session to press for Algerian Kuwayt, Saudi Arabia, Iran and Venezuela, with
independence. delegatesfrom Qatar attendingas observers.
Aug. 26: The Arab foreign ministers urged member
states of the Arab League to call off press and
radio campaigns directed against each other, and to
work for greater Arab solidarity and cooperation, Aden
it was reported.
Arab League Secretary-General Hasunah was (See also, Yemen)
delegated spokesman for the ministers in the dis-
cussion on the Palestine issue. Philip Taqla of
1960
Lebanon and Musa Nasir of Jordan had a private Aug. 5: In the face of threats by the Trade Union
meeting during which the latter disclosed that Council to stage daily strikes in protest against
Jordan was in principle opposed to discussion of a the government's proposed new legislation on
Palestine entity. No indication of the progress was trade disputes, the governmentwarned the TUC
reported as the session ended. that legal action would be taken if the strikes
Aug. 29: The 9th Annual Arab Students Conven- were carriedout.
tion opened at Howard University in Washing- Aug. 6: Crowds chanting in Arabic "We fear no
ton, D.C. threat, our TUC is so great-Down with im-
Sept. 1: The 34th ordinary session of the Arab Lea- perialism-Long live 'Abd al-Nasir,"left the TUC
gue Council opened in Shtura with a minute's grounds after a demonstrationrally against the
silence in "mourning for the late Hazza' al-Majali proposedlegislation.
and the other victims of the calamity" in Jordan. Aug. 7: Hasan 'Ali Bayumi, Aden Arab memberin
Chairman Khalil al-Qalal of Libya handed over the charge of Labor and Welfare, was quoted to say
chairmanship to Yemen's Hasan ibn Ibrahim. that "The industrial relations bill does not with-
Sept. 2: The Higher Arab Committee for Palestine draw the right to strike, and the mutual agree-
issued a statement noting that the Arab Foreign ments on which the bill is based exempt workers
Ministers' conference had not adopted any resolu- from restrictionsimposedon this right."
tion concerning the establishment of a Palestinian Aug. 8: Thousandsof Aden workers staged a one-
army, despite its inclusion in the agenda. hour token strike as planned by the TUC.
Sept. 5: The Arab League Economic Committee rec- Aug. 10: Trade union speakers urged workers to
ommended that the Arab League Council should "struggle without hate" but warned against
support the Arab governments in their stand vis-a'- "defeatism."
vis the reduction of Middle East crude prices made Aug. 12: Token strikes of one hour a day ended,
by the oil companies without prior consultations but a general strike was called by the TUC for
with the governments concerned. August 15.
Sept. 7: The League Council approved the substance Aug. 13: The supreme court in Aden rejected a
of the recommendation of September 5 and put it plea by 'Abdallah al-Asnaj, Secretary-General of
into a formal resolution. the Aden TUC.
The 34th ordinary session ended and among the Aug. 14: For the first time in Aden's history, an
resolutions published was one which extended the Arab girl went onto a platform and addresseda

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436 THE MIDDLE EAST JOURNAL
mass rally in support of a general strike, it was
reported.
Aug. 15: The general strike was held.
Aug. 16: It was announced in Cairo that the Inter-
national Confederation of Arab Trade Unions had
decided to put the "case of the Aden workers"
before the International Labor Office in Geneva.
Aug. 17: The general strike was called off.
Aug. 18: Alfred Braunthal, head of the economic
and social department of the ICFTU in Brussels
and Muhammad al-Nuri Budali, head of the
supervisory committee of the Tunis Workers'
Union arrived in Aden to study the labor situa-
tion and discuss the new legislation.
Aug. 20: The Governor of Aden was reported to
have revoked the license for publication of al-
Amnal, organ of the Aden TUC, "on account of
the defamatory and distorted tone of the paper
over a long period."
Sept. 12: A farewell party was given to Sir William
and Lady Luce on the completion of the governor's
4-year term.
Sept. 15: Sir William and Lady Luce left Aden for
Britain. Mr. Simmonds, Chief Secretary, will act
as governor pending the arrival of Sir Charles H.
Johnston.
Afghanistan
(See also, Pakistan)
1960
June 19: The charge d'affaires of the CPR embassy
in Kabul called on Dr. 'Abd al-Rahim, Deputy
Minister of Public Health, and gave him an in-
vitation from the Health Minister of the CPR to
visit medical institutions in the CPR for 3 or 4
weeks.
July 19: Prime Minister Sardar Muhammad Da'ud
Khan, speaking to the National Assembly, said
that it was now possible to forecast, at the end of
the first 4 years of the current Five Year Plan,
that 90 per cent of the targets would be achieved
despite the difficulties of finance and shortage of
technical personnel.
Aug. 8: The Afghani and Swedish governments
were reported to have decided to raise diplomatic
relations between them from legation to embassy
status.
Aug. 10: A barter agreement covering the next 2
years was signed in Kabul, by which Russia will
send mechanical equipment, refrigerators, washing
machines, cycles and photographic equipment
valued at ?110,000 in exchange for agricultural
products, mainly fruits.
Aug. 15: The CPR ambassador met with the Afghan
director of publications.
Aug. 16: Eight members of a CPR troupe of artists
flew into Kabul.
Aug. 22: In a speech at a banquet given by Prime
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Minister Da'ud, Deputy Premier and Foreign Min-
ister Chen Yi of Communist China urged that a
non-aggression pact be negotiated to include all
Asian countries and the US.
Aug. 23: Afghanistan celebrated the 42nd anniver-
sary of her independence.
A delegation of the Soviet-Afghan Friendship
Association led by the vice president of the asso-
ciation in Moscow arrived in Kabul.
Aug. 24: The US ambassador at the court of Kabul
held a reception at the US pavillion of the Kabul
Fair. The Prime Minister, cabinet members and
high ranking officials were among his guests.
Aug. 27: It was reported that a treaty of friendship
and mutual non-aggression was signed between
Afghanistan and the CPR.
Aug. 31: Pushtunistan National Day was celebrated
in Kabul.
Sept. 6: A Czechoslovak trade mission arrived in
Kabul for talks regarding trade relations between
the 2 countries.
Sept. 9: The 30th anniversary of the founding of
the Afghan National Assembly was marked by
members of the assembly who laid wreaths on the
tomb of the founder, Muhammad Nuruz.
Algeria
(See also, General)
1960
June 16: At a press conference, it was announced
that a French National Front in Algeria was
formed.
June 18: It was reported in Tunis that Communist
China had urged the nationalists to reject Presi-
dent de Gaulle's invitation for peace talks in
Paris.
June 20: The Provisional Government agreed to
send a delegation to Paris led by Farhat 'Abbas.
June 21: The departure of the Algerian nationalist
representative for preliminary contact with the
French Government in Paris was delayed. Mean-
while, ministers of the Provisional Government
conferred in secret in Tunis.
June 25: Three representatives led by Ahmad
Boumendjel arrived in France for the first time
since the beginning of the revolt.
June 26: French and Algerian representatives met
in secret for 2 hours in the morning at Melun.
June 27: Talks continued in complete secrecy.
Meanwhile, no letup was reported in French
military operations in Algeria.
June 28: The preliminary discussions of conditions
for a cease fire in Algeria went into recess pend-
ing a reply by the Provisional Government to
French proposals.
June 29: The talks ended without a formal conclu-
sion and with the next move up to the Provisional
Government.
 CHRONOLOGY
June 30: Reports from Tunis said that Farhat
'Abbas will not go to Paris to discuss the Algerian
question under the terms outlined by the French.
July 1: Rebel emissaries returned to Tunis.
July 4: A communique from the Provisional Gov-
ernment outlined the reasons for the rejection of
the French provisions for the peace talks, declar-
ing in effect that the delegation "would be de-
prived of every liberty that goes with the dignity
and status of negotiators."
July 5: Premier 'Abbas declared in Tunis that
"sooner or later real negotiation will impose itself"
in the Algerian war.
July 6: A rebel group abducted 14 Muslim digni-
taries near Geryville and later killed 12 of them,
a French Army spokesman said. The victims in-
cluded 7 members of the municipal council elected
under French auspices.
July 7: At Alengon, President de Gaulle stated that
the request for recognition of the rebel representa-
tives as emissaries for all Algeria will not be
given because "it would not be justified."
July 8: The Algerian nationalists reportedly reacted
negatively to President de Gaulle's statements and
asserted that he was "in full accord" with the
conditions for full-scale negotiations "laid down
unilaterally by his government."
July 15: The first steps were taken in Algiers toward
the creation of representative commissions to study
various aspects of Algeria's future evolution. The
general councils of the 13 Algerian departments
were summoned to meet July 20th.
July 18: A military tribunal in Lyons sentenced 32
members of an Algerian insurgent organization to
prison terms ranging from 6 months to 7 years.
All were charged with the transport of arms and
munitions.
July 23: The French police in Algiers reinforced
their patrols and security checks in an effort to
halt violence by European ultra-conservatives, it
was reported.
July 28: A French legionnaire and a Muslim were
killed and 4 persons injured when a terrorist
bomb exploded in a cafe in Algiers.
The French Army headquarters announced that
3 European farmers were killed when insurgents
opened fire on their farm about 65 miles south
of Algiers.
July 30: 'Abd al-Rahman Laklifi, leader of a raid
against a Lyons police station in September 1958,
was executed in Lyons despite clemency appeals to
President de Gaulle from Premier Khrushchev and
King Muhammad V of Morocco.
July 31: Algerian rebels machine-gunned a speeding
automobile and a crowded beach 50 miles west of
Algiers, killing 11 persons and wounding 7.
Aug. 2: The death toll of the above raid rose to 13,
it was reported.
Aug. lo: The bodies of 5 Algerians, including a
woman, who were kidnapped in northern Algeria
by rebels were reported to have been found by
French troops.
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437
Aug. 12: Two French soldiers were executed by the
rebels "for crimes and exactions against the Al-
gerian civil population," Algerian rebel head-
quarters in Tunis said.
Authorities in Algiers blocked the distribution
of the anti-Gaullist weekly, L'Express, which car-
ried articles strongly critical of government and
army policies in Algeria.
Aug. 20: A report from Oran indicated that 21
persons were injured when nationalist terrorists
hurled hand grenades into 4 bars there.
Aug. 22: The Algerian rebels called for the inter-
nationalization of the Algerian issue through a
UN referendum. A communique was issued in
Tunis putting an end to any hope for the early
resumption of direct negotiations with France.
The French reaction to a referendum among Al-
gerians on independence for the territory was, as
expected, negative.
Aug. 28: A young French soldier due to be re-
leased from the army in 6 days was killed when
a bomb was thrown onto a cafe terrace at Orleans-
ville, it was reported.
Aug. 30: Provisional Government has begun a major
diplomatic offensive to win the support of Latin-
American countries at the coming session of the
UN General Assembly, it was reported in Rabat.
A delegation of 7 prominent members of the
Algerian National Liberation Front left Morocco
early this week for an extensive tour of nearly all
Latin American countries, it was learned.
Sept. 4: Ten persons died and 16 were injured over
the week-end in incidents "apparently connected
with the Algerian war," French authorities in
Paris said.
Sept. 7: President de Gaulle appealed to the na-
tionalists in Algeria to put aside "the knife" so
negotiations could be resumed to end their 6-year
rebellion, a report from Paris disclosed.
Sept. 9: 'Abd al-Qadir Chanderli, Algerian rebel
spokesman, said in New York he has asked Presi-
dent Eisenhower to back the idea of a UN referen-
dum on Algeria's political future.
Sept. 10: A "crisis of conscience" facing the French
community was disclosed by one of its members
concerning the conflict between France and the
Algerian Muslim nationalists as to the position it
would take in the debate in the UN General
Assembly.
Sept. 11: Fifteen persons were wounded by a
grenade tossed into a crowded cafe on the Zeralda
Beach near Algiers, it was learned in Algiers.
French Army headquarters in Algiers announced
that 2 Algerian rebels were killed in a 5-day battle
in the Aures Mountains. Five rebels were taken
prisoner and 20 persons suspected of aiding the
rebels were arrested.
Sept. 13: The 3,112-ton German freighter, Las
Palmas, was intercepted at sea and escorted to the
French naval base of Mars-al-Kabir for inspection
for alleged smuggled military equipment for the
rebels.
 438 THE MIDDLE EAST JOURNAL

Cyprus slow in the elections for the house of representa-

(See also, General, Turkey)
1960
June 23: British-Cypriote talks on the British bases
in Cyprus were resumed after a 7-week deadlock.
June 27: Hopes for an early settlement have Aug. 15: Nicos Kranidiotis,namedForeignMinister,
mounted, it was reported, after the official an-
nouncement was made at the close of today's meet- Aug. 16: At midnight, Cyprus received her inde-
ing that "good progress" had been made in the
talks.
July 1: Agreement was announced on all outstand-
ing differences in the negotiations, a communique
issued after the meeting disclosed.
July 3: Dr. Fazil Kuchuk faced demands from the Aug. 24: The admissionof Cyprusinto the UN was
Turkish Cypriote community that he spurn the
Cyprus agreement until the Turks had been assured
of receiving their portion of civil service jobs in
the new republic.
July 4: Archbishop Makarios said that the new re-
public of Cyprus would pursue a foreign policy
that would be independent of any military block,
it was reported in Nicosia.
July 5: The Council of Ministers, the transitional
Government of Cyprus, set the dates for Cypriotes
to elect their first parliament.
July 7: A bill to grant independence to Cyprus was
published in the House of Commons.
July 10: It was officially announced that the procla-
mation of Cyprus as an independent republic will
take place August 16.
July 15: At a conference, former EOKA fighters in
Nicosia expressed-as it was stated in a relevant
communique-feelings of opposition to the Zurich
agreement, and decided to form a Pan-Cypriote
Union of Fighters.
July 18: Archbishop Makarios presided over a meet-
ing of Greek Cypriote ministers during which
views were exchanged on the forthcoming elec-
tions, as well as the issue of civil service.
The Cyprus government gazette carried a notifi-
cation by the acting administrative secretary stating
that the submission of candidates for the communal
assemblies must take place by 1200 hours on July
28; voting will be held August 7; and the corre-
sponding dates for the submission of candidacies
for the house of representatives are July 21 and 31,
it was reported.
A 2-hour meeting took place in Nicosia between
representatives of the patriotic front and the AKEL
to examine the practical implementation of the
agreement by the two parties in the event of the
inevitable holding of the elections as a result of
the submission of independent candidacies.
July 19: The Federation of Cyprus Turkish Associa-
tions, the Cyprus Turkish Unity Party, and the
Cyprus Youth organization announced their joint
list of Turkish candidates for election to the house
of representatives.
July 31: It was reported in Nicosia that polling was
tives.
Aug. 1: The partiessupportingArchbishopMakarios
and Dr. Kuchuk won the elections. None of the
independentopposition candidateswas elected.
Aug. 13: Extraprecautionwas taken to preventvio-
lence during the proclamationof the republic's
independence,it was reported.
reportedlydeclined the appointment.
pendencefrom Britain.
Aug. 17: ArchbishopMakariossaid that he would
not permit Britain to use her bases in Cyprusin
any way that would adverselyeffect the rest of the
island.
unanimouslyrecommendedby the SecurityCouncil
upon a resolutionintroducedby the UK and Cey-
lon. It was supportedby Greeceand Turkey.
Sept. 8: The Cyprus Cabinet decided to establish
embassiesin Washington,London,Athens,Ankara,
and Bonn, and approved the establishment of
Soviet and NationalistChineseembassiesin Cyprus.
In protest againstthe dismissalof workersfrom
the public works and water developmentdepart-
ments, nearly 4,500 governmentworkersthrough-
out the island went on a one-day strike. It was
primarily organized by the Communist-controlled
Pan-CyprioteFederationof Labor, but the Greek
Right-Wingtradeunion federationand the Turkish
trade union federation have supportedit, it was
learned.
Sept. 11: The Timzes of Cyprus announced that it
was forcedto close becauseof "an economicsiege"
of rising costs and falling advertisingrevenue.
Ethiopia
(See also, Somalia)
1960
June 18: At the conferenceof independentAfrican
states currently held in Addis Ababa, Menassie
Lemma, the Ethiopian delegate, declaredthat the
nations of Africa must form a "commonAfrican
foreign policy based on African unity" but not
precludingthe attractionof foreign capital.
July 2: The governmentreactedagainst a recentre-
jection by Somalia of the 1897 treaty that fixed
the border between Ethiopia and Somalia.
July 4: According to the London Daily Telegraph,
the Russian plan to build an oil refineryat the
port of Assab under the terms of Russia's $36,-
000,000 aid and equipmentloan to Ethiopia was
shelvedby the Emperor.
July 30: The US governmentgave the EthiopianAir
Force 6 F-86 Sabre jet fighters,its first jets, and
American technicians were sent to service the
planes and train Ethiopianpersonnel.
Sept. 1: The chairmanof the Soviet State Committee

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 CHRONOLOGY 439
on Cultural Relations with Foreign Countries, A commoditysales agreement,providing funds
Georgi A. Zhukov, conferredwith EmperorHaile for lending in Iran by the Export-ImportBank of
Selassie on increasingcultural exchangesand con- Washington, has been completed by the US and
tacts between Ethiopia and the Soviet Union. Iran.
Aug. 5: An agreement has been signed between
NIOC and Williams Brothers(Overseas) Ltd. for
Iran the constructionon the 2nd stage of the Tehran-
Meshed pipeline, the Shahroud-Meshed8-inch
(See also, Afghanistan,Israel, Pakistan,UAR)
productspipeline,the NIOC Newsletterannoulnced.
1960 Aug. 13: Marredby chargesthat the elections were
rigged, reports continued to indicate that the
June 17: It was reportedthat Iran'sbudget estimates National Partywas winning: 83 seats for the Na-
for the fiscal year 1960-61 indicate that revenues tional Party and 37 seats for the OppositionPeo-
will increaseto Rls 64.8 million in 1959-60, and ple's Party and the independents.
that expenditures will rise to Rls 81.1 billion, Aug. 17: A light turnoutof voters cast their ballots
from Rls 66.3 billion in the earlieryear. in Tehran,it was learned. Unofficialreturnsfrom
June 26: A barteragreementwith Afghanistanwas 151 provincial constituenciesrevealed the 2 to 1
reachedby which Iraniantextiles, includingvelvets, lead of the National Par.y.
will go to Afghanistan and Iran will undertake Aug. 19.' Some 1,000 students and workers sat in
the transport and sale of Afghan dried fruits the middle of the street in Tehran to protest that
overseas. the currentelections were "unfair."
July 18: The ExplorationDepartmentof NIOC an- Aug. 22: Dr. MazafarBaghai launcheda new polit-
nounced that testing of well Alborz No. 8 had ical party to carry out a campaignof passive re-
been completed,having a daily productionin ex- sistance against the government. He accused
cess of 20,000 barrels. PremierEghbal of being "a traitor,"and warned
It was announcedin London that Queen Eliza- the Shah that the monarchywould fall if Dr.
beth II and the Duke of Edinburghwill make a Eghbalcontinuedin office.
state visit to Tehranearly in Marchnext year. Aug. 23: Three parties, the National Front, the
July 19: Prime Minister Eghbal said that voting to Toilers party and the new Liberalparty, caused a
elect 200 deputies to the Lower House will start stir in the political scene as they continuedto op-
in provincialdistrictson August 3 and in Tehran pose the currentcampaignfor seats in the Majlis,
on the 8th. it was repor.ed in Tehran. Official quartersre-
July 23: The Shah told a press conferencethat his ported that the groups were under careful vigilance
countryhad recognizedIsrael. He added that the lest "theygo too far."
recognitionwas not "new" since de facto recogni- Aug. 27: The Shah said that he was not fully satis-
tion had been given yearsago and an envoy,whose fied with the national elections, which he had
subsequentrecall was due to a budget deficiency, promised would be "free and fair." In response
had been appointedto Tel Aviv. to oppositioncharges,he declaredthat the 54-year-
July 25: It was disclosed that the UAR had in- old electoralsystem was faulty and would have to
structed its ambassador in Tehran, Muharram be improvedby legislation.
Hammad,to returnto Cairo "for consulations." Aug. 28: Prime Minister Eghbal offered his resig-
July 27: Iran brokeoff diplomaticrelationswith the nation.
UAR, and ordered the UAR ambassadorto leave Aug. 29: The Shah acceptedEghbal'sresignation.He
the countrywithin 24 hours. chose Jaffar Sharif-Imami,Minister of Mines and
July 30: Hasan Arfa, Iran's Ambassadorto Turkey, Industries,to replacethe Premier.
declaredin Istanbulthat this countrydid not con- Aug. 31: Premier Sharif-Imamitook the post of
template de jure recognitionof Israel at any time Acting ForeignMinisterand presentedthe fcllow-
in the future. ing list of Cabinetmembers:
Aug. 1: A reportfrom Tehransaid that armedtroops GeneralAhmadVosogh: WYar
broke up pre-electiondemonstrationsin provinces Major GeneralVali Ansari: Roads
outside Tehran. General'Ali AkbarZargham: Finance
Aug. 3: In a telegramto ShaykhMahmudShaltut, Dr. Muhammad'Ali Hedayati: Justice
Chancellor of al-Azhar University in Egypt, the Dr. MahmudMehran: Education
Shah said that Iran had no intention of extending KhossrowHedayat: Deputy Premierof Planning
full de jure recognitionto Israel,it was announced TahirZiali: Miaiingand Industry
in Tehran. Ahmad'Ali Bahrami: Labor
Aug. 4: An IranianForeignMinistryspokesmansaid AshrafAhmadi: Ministerof State
that, despite foreign press reports,Iran had no in- Major General Alavi Moghadam: Interior
tention of resumingrelationswith the UAR while Dr. MuhammadSa'id: Acting Commerceand
PresidentNasir was in power, and until a national Deputy Premier
regime had assumedoffice to work in the interest Dr. JahanshahSaleh: Health
of the Egyptians. Dr. 'Abd al-Husayn Etebar: Posts and Tele-

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440 THE MIDDLE EAST JOURNAL
graphs
Razi Vishkaii: Customs and Monopolies
Ibrahim Mahdavi: Agriculture
The Electoral Council resigned "in the interest
of the country," it was reported.
Sept. 1: The newly elected deputies of the lower
house resigned at the Shah's request to pave the
way for new elections, it was learned.
Sept. 3: The government appointed Yadullah Azodi,
Ambassador to Iraq, as Iran's new Foreign Min-
ister.
Sept. 9: It was reported that policemen in Tehran
sealed off several squares in the city to prevent a
rally of the independent political party headed by
Dr. Mazafar Baghai.
Sept. 11: An army spokesman announced that 31
generals had retired.
It was reported that Iran will raise taxes on
imported luxury goods.
Sept. 14: The Soviet ambassador to Iran, Nikolai
Pegov, returned to Tehran after 9 months' absence.
Iraq
(See also, General, Israel, Morocco)
1960
Juze 19: Iraq signed 2 agreements with the UN,
one with the UN Special Fund for Economic
Development and the other a revision of the basic
UN agreement first signed in February, 1953.
June 20: Iraq and Denmark have decided to raise
their representation to embassy level, it was offi-
cially announced.
A Baghdad military court sentenced a man to
15 months' imprisonment and a 200-dinar fine for
writing an article which was considered derogatory
to the army in a left-wing newspaper.
June 25: In an interview with al-Thabat, former
Iraqi Minister of Finance Muhammad Hadid
denied reports that he was planning to travel to
London for negotiations with IPC on the increase
of the Iraqi government's share of oil revenues.
June 27: Ratification documents for a cultural agree-
ment between Iraq and Bulgaria, signed in Bagh-
dad on April 8, 1959, were exchanged, it was
revealed.
June 29: Muhammad Hadid and 13 of his support-
ers applied for a license to establish a political
party under the name "The Progressive Democratic
Party." The application bore 257 signatures.
July 3: General Qasim cancelled a deportation order
against the members of the founding committee of
the League of the Sons of Palestine, it was
reported.
July 4: The Military Governor-General, Major-Gen-
eral Ahmad Salah al-'Abdi, ordered the cancella-
tion of passports held by 74 Iraqis living abroad
and ordered all government and public banks to
stop all transfers of money to them. Among these
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were 25 former cabinet members of the monarchial
r6gime, it was learned.
It was reported in Amman that Lt. 'Abbud
Salam Hasan of the Iraqi Air Force said that
President Nasir was organizing a conspiracy with
Iraqi officers to overthrow General Qasim's
r6gime.
July 12: The Council of Ministers approved a bill
ratifying a trade agreement concluded between
Iraq and Morocco on May 9.
July 14: Iraq celebrated the 2nd anniversary of the
revolution.
July 19: An executive plan of scientific and cultural
cooperation between Iraq and Czechoslovakia for
1960-61 was signed and a similar agreement was
signed with the German Democratic Republic.
July 20: The Iraqi Directorate General of Oil Af-
fairs announced that it had succeeded in selling
an unspecified amount of crude oil to Communist
China and East Germany at 4 per cent above the
world price, al-Hayah reported.
July 21: General Qasim declared that the Basrah
Petroleum Company had reduced its production by
5 million tons a year and in so doing failed to
live up to the agreement of February 1952, to
produce and market not less than 8 million tons
a year.
July 22: A spokesman for the IPC in London said
that the company had not received any information
to confirm the alleged reduction of production at
the Rumailah oilfield.
July 26: General al-Shawi, Director-General of
Iraqi seaports, told a Baghdad press conference
that the Basrah Petroleum Company stopped pro-
duction at the Rumailah fields on July 19 but
resumed operations on one well after General
Qasim had attacked the company's reduction of
the oil production.
July 27: A Foreign Ministry spokesman in Baghdad
said that Iraq was asking Iran to reconsider her
recognition of Israel.
July 28: The Iraqi Ports Administration disclosed a
letter from the IPC confirming that instructions
had been given for the resumption of small-scale
production at the Basrah Petroleum Company's
Rumailah field.
General Qasim revealed that the Iraqi Council
of Ministers had decided to authorize the Ministry
of Oil to call for tenders from foreign companies
to prospect for off-shore oil in the Gulf of Basrah.
In a news conference, General Qasim appealed
for "decisive action" against Israel.
July 31: It was reported that an illegal Communist
cell had been discovered in Basrah. Several alleged
members had been arrested, and documents seized.
Aug. 3: The Ministry of Oil officially opened the
off-shore areas to international bidding, and an-
nounced that offers should be submitted within
6 months.
Aug. 13: Major-General Ahmad Salah al-'Abdi
warned publishers and journalists against "con-
tinued recriminations and personal attacks." The
 CHRONOLOGY
statement did not give any details of the "re-
criminations."
Sefior Antonio Carreras presented his credentials
to the President of the Sovereignty Council as the
first Cuban Minister to Iraq.
Aug. 15: Talks opened in Baghdad between repre-
sentatives of the government and of the IPC and
its associated concerns.
Aug. 19: Under an agreement signed in Baghdad,
Iraq obtained a new Soviet loan of 180 million
rubles in addition to the 550 million agreed upon
in March 1959.
Aug. 21: General Qasim rescinded the ban on the
Communist newspaper Sawt al-Ahrar ending the
9-month suspension for publishing secret cor-
respondence between the Iraqi Foreign Ministry
and the Iraqi mission in New York.
Twenty-six persons detained since the Mosul
revolt were released.
Aug. 27: A committee comprising representatives of
the Defense, Finance and Foreign Ministries was
reported to have been set up to study the question
of Iraqi assets in Britain and Jordan, a Foreign
Ministry spokesman disclosed.
Aug. 28: General Qasim was quoted by a cor-
respondent of al-Thawrah as criticising the UAR
for allowing a radio station calling itself the
"voice of free Iraq" to launch daily attacks on his
regime.
Aug. 31: Iraqi-IPC negotiations were suspended
when the IPC negotiators left for London.
Sept. 5: In a statement to the press, the government
revealed that it had invited delegates from Saudi
Arabia, Kuwayt, Qatar, Iran and Venezuela to ex-
change views on the possibility of adopting a
unified attitude towards the oil companies "in
order to safeguard the interests of their peoples,
particularly with regard to price reductions."
Sept. 6: The Directorate of Supplies announced that
it would import 22,000 tons of wheat from
Australia.
General Qasim received representatives of the
Shammar tribes in Mosul district and held a meet-
ing with them lasting for more than an hour. It
was reported that the delegation re-emphasized the
loyalty of the Shammars to the Prime Minister
and the Republican regime.
Sept. 7: It was reported that the Iraqi Embassy in
London stated in its latest monthly bulletin that
the Iraqi government wants to acquire a holding
in the capital stock of IPC and that this was one
of the principal differences between the govern-
ment and the company in the current negotiations.
Sept. 8: The right-wing independent list won
another victory in the elections for trade union
executive posts in the Directorate of Oil Distribu-
tion, al-Hurriyah reported. They won 712 votes
against the left-wing workers' unity list's 13.
Sept. 11: In an interview with al-Thawrah, General
Qasim said that he hoped negotiations with the
IPC would secure Iraq her rights, otherwise, "we
will be firm and patient-we might even observe
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441
austerity-but we will not relinquish the people's
rights."
Sept. 15: In a speech at the opening of the Iraqi
Education Conference in Baghdad, General Qasim
reiterated Iraq's position with respect to the OPEC
and the negotiations with IPC. He emphasized
that Iraq "will deal justly and peaceably with the
monopolistic companies of the world," to safe-
guard her rights.
Israel
(See also, General, Iran, Jordan, Palestine Problem)
1960
June 16: Israel's Ambassador to Vienna, Yehezkel
Sahar, has challenged his government to indict
him for perjury in a libel suit against members
of a civic vigilante group when he was inspector
general of the police, it was reported in Tel Aviv.
June 17: Premier Ben-Gurion restated his determina-
tion to keep and try Eichmann, in a luncheon
speech in Paris.
Premier Ben-Gurion conferred with President
de Gaulle at the Elysee Palace. It was his second
meeting with the President.
June 18: It was learned that Israel was expecting to
stand alone in the debate in the UN Security
Council in the Eichmann case.
June 19: The Polish Communist press and officials
in Warsaw reportedly indicated that Poland sup-
ported Israel in the Eichmann affair.
In Milan, President Frondizi said that Argentina
was prepared to have Eichmann extradited if Israel
handed him back to Argentina.
Dr. Alfred Bach, an Israeli magistrate, remanded
Eichmann for a further 15 days.
June 20: A letter, allegedly from Eichmann's eldest
son, Klaus, in Buenos Aires, was published in the
Hebrew press.
June 27: On his return from France, Belgium and
the Netherlands, Premier Ben-Gurion told Israelis
that in his meetings with President de Gaulle he
had "definitely found a common language regard-
ing world problems and Israel's special needs."
July 2: The American Council for Judaism termed
"disappointing" what it called the State Depart-
ment's failure "to repudiate the claim of Israel to
speak for all the Jews" during the debate in the
Security Council on the Eichmann case.
July 4: Israel's first atomic reactor was reported
operating, the government announced.
July 5: Israel asked Argentina to consider the Eich-
mann case closed on the strength of the fact that
3 of the 8 supporters of a UN Security Council
resolution on the subject had made it clear that
they regarded the expression of views by the
Council and the apology by Israel "adequate
reparation" for the violation of Argentina's
sovereignty.
July 6: The Israeli Air Force accepted delivery of
442 THE MIDDLE EAST JOURNAL

the first twin-engine, jet trainer aircraft built in Foreign Minister Golda Meir disclosed that
Israel. 9,236 members of Jewish families in the Soviet
July 9: Dr. Isador Lubin was appointedconsultant Union had asked relatives in Israel to send them
of the Jewish Agency for Israel, Inc., to direct thedocuments asking them to come to Tel Aviv.
agency'snew systemof allocatingAmericanphilan- Aug. 10: Final adoption of a measure to enable a
thropic funds. West German lawyer to defend Eichmann was
July 14: Eichmannchose Dr. Robert Servatius of blocked by a filibuster on another issue, it was
Cologne,West Germany,to defend him. reported, as the Knesset adjourned for 2 months.
Mrs. Eichmann demanded legal action against Soviet-Israeli negotiations on the ownership of
the "abductors"of her husband, it was learned millions of dollars' worth of disputed real estate
in Buenos Aires. in Jerusalem were suspended, a joint communique
July 15: Colonel Shlomo Goren, chief chaplain of said. The property in question concerns the land
the Israeli defense forces and PremierBen-Gurion's and buildings that belonged to a Russian philan-
candidate for the Chief Rabbinate,was reported thropic society during the Czarist regime.
to be favored to win the election to that post on Aug. 12: A US attorney who served on the prosecut-
August 26th. ing staff at the Nuremberg trials has been invited
July 17: A Haifa magistrateextended the warrant to assist the Israeli Attorney General in the
of arrestfor Eichmannfor 2 more weeks. Eichmann case, the Ministry of Justice an.nounced
July 20. Argentinatold Israel in a diplomaticnote in Tel Aviv. His identity was not disclosed pend-
that she was not satisfied with the regrets ex- ing his acceptance.
pressedin the Israeli note of July 4 on Eichmann, Aug. 14: The warrant for Eichmann's detention was
or any of Israel'sproposedsolutions. again extended for another 2 weeks, it was learned
July 21: Flight crews of El Al Israel Airlines went in Tel Aviv.
back to work after a 6-day strike for better work-Aug. 15: Premier Ben-Gurion said that wide dif-
ing conditions. ferences of standards between the West and under-
July 23: Israel expressed official "regret" over developed African and Asian countries "may cause
Argentina'sexpulsion of AmbassadorArieh Levavi an explosion that would endanger not only the
in connection with Eichmann's removal from poor and the backward but also-and not less-
Argentina. the rich and the progressive."
It was announcedin Buenos Aires by an em- Aug. 21: A joint communique, issued in Jerusalem
bassy spokesman that Ambassador Levavi will by Premier Ben-Gurion and Premier B. P. Koirala
leave on July 25th. of Nepal, revealed that Israel and Nepal have
July 28: Engineers announced the completion of agreed on a program of mutual cooperation and
plans for the port of Ashod, it was reported, assistance.
while Israeli officials in Washington were com- Aug. 23: In view of favorable reports, Premier
pleting negotiations for a $25 million loan with Ben-Gurion said that Israel's deficiency in certain
the IBRD in Washington. military weapons "was about to be repaired."
Ambassador Yehezkel Sahar was accused of Sept. 5: Farmers from 10 former French and Belgian
perjuryfor his testimonyin the libel suit brought colonies in Africa began a study of new patterns
by his then deputy inspector general Amos Ben- of cooperative life that have been developed in
Gurion. Israel.
July 31: Abba Eban was appointed Minister of Sept. 11: Premier Ben-Gurion announced that he
Education. had no intentions to attend the UN General
Aug. 3: Israel and Argentina announcedthat the Assembly session.
"incident"between them was closed. Sept. 12: Mrs. Samuel W. Halprin, former leader
Argentina ordered an investigation into the of Hadassah, took issue with Premier Ben-Gurion,
kidnapping of Eichmann. Judge Isurralde ruled when he told the delegates of the organization's
that Frau Eichmann had no legal right to sue 46th convention at the Waldorf-Astoria that the
since her husbandwas the person directlyaffected. Zionist movement was a "scaffolding" for Israel
The Hadassah-HebrewUniversity hospital cen- and was no longer needed.
ter's partly finished buildings were dedicated, it
was learned.
Aug. 5: It was announced that nylon yarn and Jordan
polypropylenefibers are to be added to Israel's
manufacturingindustries. (See also, General, Palestine Problem, UAR)
Aug. 7: It was announced in Tel Aviv that the 1960
Eichmanntrial will take place in Jerusalemnext
spring. June 19: Registration of voters began in all parts of
Aug. 8: Minister of Justice Pinhas Rosen asked the Jordan, in preparation for parliamentary elections
Knesset to pass a measure that would enable a in September.
West German lawyer to defend Eichmannin an June 26: King Husayn warned President Nasir in a
Israeli court. broadcast of the "dark fate" awaiting every dicta-

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 CHRONOLOGY
tor, it was reported. He was replying to Nasir's
speech at Alexandriaon June 24.
June 27: Caironewspapers"violentlyattacked"King
Husayn's denunciationof Nasir, repor)s revealed.
Recent developmentsin relations between Jor-
dan and the UAR were discussedat an emergency
meeting of the JordanianCouncil of Ministers,it
was learned.
June 30: Amman radio, in a special broadcastto
Syria, called on the people to revolt against the
UAR authoritiesin Cairo.
The Minister of the Interior,Wasfi Mirza, said
that he had recommendedthe Councilof Ministers
to issue Jordanianpassportsto Palestiniansfrom
Gaza living in the PersianGulf area.
July 2: King Husayn called for Arab unity and an
end to the rift "causedby Nasir's policies" in a
speech in the celebrationof InternationalCoopera-
tion Day.
July 3: The Cabinetdecidedto complainto the Arab
League that the UAR was guilty of acts of instiga-
tion againstJordanand interferencein her internal
affairs,it was learned.
July 4: An agreementunder which the US will pro-
vide 25,000 tons of wheat for the needy was
signed by Premier Hazza' al-Majali and Sheldon
Mills, the US Ambassador.
July 13: The Ministry of National Economy an-
nounced that the US Phillips PetroleumCompany
had abandonedits test well at al-Lisan on the
Dead Sea at the depth of a little more than 14,000
feet.
July 17: The Director of Antiquitiesannouncedthat
the Americanarchaeologicalexpedition had ended
excavations on the site of the Biblical city of
Bethel aftermakingimportantCanaanitediscoveries
datingto about 1,700 B.C.
July 20: The Ministerof Finance,Hashim al-Jayusi,
returnedto Amman after a 4-day visit to Kuwayt
which resulted in a Kuwayt loan to Jordan of a
million pounds sterling, at 4 per cent interest, to
be credited to Jordan's account in London by
August 1.
July 24: The Councilof Ministersdecidedto exempt
all agricultural land in Jordan, including land
which has not yet been affected by the drought,
from land tax during the currentfinancialyear, it
was announced.
July 25: Premier Hazza' al-Majali confirmedsen-
tences pronouncedby the state security court in
the case of discharged Major-GeneralSadiq al-
Shara'a,18 other officersand a civilian convicted
of plotting against the securityof the state, it was
announcedin Amman.
July 26: It was officiallyannouncedin Ammanthat
a dischargedarmy officer,Colonel Qasim Muham-
mad al-Nasir, had been arrestedat Irbid on the
night of July 24, after crossingfrom Syria,and he
was charged with "plotting to overthrow the
regime at the instigationof the UAR." A number
of other Jordaniansat Irbid were arrestedfor com-
plicity in the alleged plot.
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443
July 27: The Damascus radio denied the Jordanian
allegations.
July 28: An agreement was signed in Amman under
which the USOM in Jordan would undertake to
spend $125,000 on detailed technical studies for
the establishment of a chemical fertilizers plant, a
paper mill, a sanitation equipment industry and
pipes and building materials industry.
July 31: The state security court in Nablus sen-
tenced 24 Jordanians to 1 to 20 years in prison on
charges of being active members of the outlawed
Communist party. Twenty others were acquitted.
Aug. 1: Premier Hazza' al-Majali criticized President
Nasir and the policies of the UAR, at a news con-
ference, saying that the Arab League was influ-
enced by Cairo and was a failure.
Aug. 7: Bahjat Abu-Gharbiyah, a leading member of
the Ba'th party, was arrested.
Aug. 13: The Council of Ministers decided to ban
all dealings with the Anglo-Israel Bank of London,
and to deny its chairman and directors entry to
Jordan effective September 15, it was announced.
Aug. 14: King Husayn set out on a 4-day inspection
tour of South Jordan.
Aug. 20: US embassy sources in Amman said that
Jordan will receive aid amounting to $56,500,000
this year. About $16,000,000 was understood to be
for economic and technical aid, with $40,500,000 to
help to cover Jordan's budgetary expenses.
Aug. 23: A halt to anti-UAR broadcasts was or-
dered by King Husayn in view of the foreign
ministers' conference. They were resumed at night.
Aug. 24: King Husayn called an urgent meeting of
the Council of Ministers to consider the short-
lived halt of the anti-UAR broadcasts.
Aug. 28: Ambassador Sheldon Mills left for Wash-
ington to discuss aid to Jordan.
Aug. 29: Premier Hazza' al-Majali and 10 other per-
sons were killed when time bombs exploded in
government offices. Forty-nine other persons were
wounded.
King Husayn, in a broadcast to the nation, said
those killed had been victims of "treachery, wicked-
ness and aggression."
A royal decree was issued naming the new Cabi-
net under the leadership of Bahjat Talhuni. The
officials were listed as:
Shaykh Amin Shanqiti: Education
Falah Madadha: Interior
Musa Nasir: Foreign Affairs
Hashim Jayusi: Finaice
Jamil Tutunji: Health
Wasfi Mirza: Agriculture and Social Affairs
Anwar Nashashibi: Communications, Construc-
tion and Development
Shaykh Muhammad 'Ali Jabari: Justice
Aqif al-Fayiz: Defense
Ya'qub Nawamir: Public Works
Rafiq Husayni: Economy
The State Department's experts in the Middle
East expressed the view that a wide-ranging plot
against King Husayn might lie behind the bomb-
444 THE MIDDLE EAST JOURNAL
ing of the Jordanian Foreign Ministry, it was re-
vealed.
Premier Ben-Gurion conferred with his advisers
on the bombing incident and the possible threat it
posed to Israel, it was reported.
Aug. 30: King Husayn said that "responsible author-
ities in the UAR, mainly in Syria," had advance
knowledge of the plot to assassinate Premier
Hazza' al-Majali.
In a message to Secretary General Hammar-
skj6ld, King Husayn appealed to the UN to focus
its attention on the dangers to Jordan's freedom.
Officials of the UAR and the Cairo radio and
press avoided comment on the assassination, it was
learned.
Aug. 31: King Husayn declared in Amman that Jor-
dan would fight "if we have to" in her dispute
with the UAR.
Cairo officials and the press denied that the
UAR had a connection with the assassination.
Sept. 3. A bomb exploded in an open field in
Amman. Immediately, a Jordanian official blamed
President Nasir for the explosion, it was reported.
Fourteen persons were reported to have been
arrested for questioning in the assassination of
Premier al-Majali, a government spokesman dis-
closed.
Sept. 4: Premier Bahjat Talhuni said that Jordan
would present a demand to the UAR tomorrow for
the extradition of 2 messengers blamed for the
bomb explosion that killed the Premier.
An explosion destroyed a gunpowder factory at
Shafat village. No casualties were reported.
Sept. 5: In a radio address, King Husayn declared
that the assassination of Premier al-Majali was "in-
tended to destroy the Jordanian nation," and added
that he "would enter the battle" to liberate Jordan
and the Arab nation from what he called crime and
conspiracy.
Sept. 6: The King accused the UAR and President
Nasir of direct responsibility for the assassination.
Sept. 7: The charge d'affaires of the US embassy in-
formed Premier Bahjat Talhuni that the US would
contribute $3,300,000 this month, in addition to
$1,400,000 to enable Jordan to purchase seed for
the next agricultural season.
The Cabinet was reported to have dismissed the
director of Jordan's Government Information Of-
fice, clearing the way for possible trial for com-
plicity in the assassination of Premier Hazza' al-
Majali.
Kashmir
1960
June 19: Field Marshal Montgomery was reported to
have emphasized the importance of settling the
Kashmir dispute and urged Prime Minister Nehru
not to lose time about it in view of Communist
China's growing threat in Asia.
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June 22: A 5-member Austrian expedition was
credited with the conquest of the 25,868-foot Dis-
taghil peak in the Karakorum mountain range at
North Kashmir, without the use of oxygen.
June 29: The draft of the Third Five-Year Plan for
Jammu and Kashmir places special emphasis on the
development of small and medium-scale industries,
power generation, and increased production of
fruits and food, it was revealed.
July 5: Prime Minister Nehru flew over the Ladakh
region of Kashmir by helicopter and saw Indian
and Chinese troops less than 400 yards apart, it
was reported.
Aug. 1: Ladakh was linked by road with the rest of
India.
Aug. 14: In his independence day broadcast, Presi-
dent Ayub Khan said that the Kashmir dispute
must be settled if there is to be peace between
India and Pakistan.
Aug. 25: It was reported that the arrangements have
been completed to start implementation of 35 de-
velopment schemes which form part of the first
year of the second Five-Year Plan in Azad Kash-
mir.
Aug. 31: Azad Kashmir President K. H. Khurshid
returned to Muzaffarabad after a day's visit to
Rawalpindi where he attended a high-level meeting
presided over by the minister of Kashmir affairs,
Mr. 'Ali Bhutto.
Lebanon
(See also, General)
1960
June 18: The Cabinet decided to intimate to gov-
ernment departments and large companies that
they should confine their purchases of oil and its
by-products to oil refineries in Lebanon and not
import them from abroad.
June 19: Voters in Beirut and South Lebanon went
to the polls to elect for 4 years 34 more members
to the 99-seat Chamber of Deputies.
A team of IBRD experts arrived in Beirut to
advise the Litani National Board on the problems
which have halted all work on the Litani scheme
for irrigation and hydro-electric power in southern
Lebanon.
June 20: According to reports Pierre Jumayyil and
all of the candidates in his party won.
June 26: Voters in North Lebanon went to the
polls to elect 20 members of the Chamber of
Deputies.
June 27: The election of Rashid Karami and all
members of his list in Tripoli was officially an-
nounced.
June 28: Prime Minister Ahmad al-Da'uq denied
that there had been any interference in the elec-
tions on the part of the UAR.
July 3: The 4th stage of the general elections was
completed with the polling in the Ba'albak-Hirmil
 CHRONOLOGY
and the Zahlah and Rashayaconstituenciesof the
Bekaagovernorate.
July 6: The Council of Ministersnamedthe Leban-
ese ambassadorin Baghdad, As'ad al-As'ad, and
2 armyofficersto representLebanonat the celebra-
tion of the Iraqi revolution's2nd anniversary.
July 8: It was announcedthat the new Chamberof
Deputies will meet on July 18.
July 9: Supportersof the right-wing Tashnaq and
the left-wing Hinshaq Armenianpartiesclashedin
Nahr district, Beirut, and a military cordon was
imposed.
July 12: Raymond Edde, leader of the National
Bloc party, denied responsibilityin the kidnapping
of a security service officer on June 19, during
the inquest before a military investigator.
The military cordon was lifted in the Nahr
district.
July 13: The Council of Ministers, at a meeting,
decided to allocate ?L600,000 for building a
house for the Lebaneseembassyin Brazil.
July 20: PresidentFu'ad Shihab first resigned from
office and later withdrew his resignation after
ministers, collectively and individually, persuaded
him to changehis mind.
July 23: The Council of Ministers approved the
constructionof officesfor the Ministryof Defense,
a military hospital and other buildings in the
projected governmenttown, which will be built
on state-ownedland in Beirut and its outskirts.
July 28: President Shihab asked former Premier
Sa'ib Salam to form a new government.
July 29: Pierre Jumayyil received bruises and rib
fractureswhen he was run over by a small truck
in a Beirutsuburb.
Aug 1: Sa'ib Salam formed an 18-manCabinet,the
largestin Lebanesehistory.
Aug. 2: The list of the new Cabinetministerswas
announced:
Sa'ib Salam: Premier and Interior Minister
Nasim Majdalani: Vice Premier and Justice
RafiqShahini: General Planning
Kamal Junbalat: Education and Fine Arts
Majid Arslan: Defense
Philip Taqla: Foreign Affairs
Elias Khuri: Health
MuhammadSafial-din: Agriculture
SulaymanFranjiyyah:Postal
Sulaymanal-'Ali: Economic
Fu'ad Ghusn: Information and Guidance
Pierre Jumayyil: Finance
MauriceJumayyil: Minister of State for
Finance
Joseph Skaf: Labor and Social Affairs
'Uthman al-Dana: Public Works
Khatchik Papikian: Minister of State for
Administrative Ref orm
'Abdallah Mashnuq: Minister of State f or
Municipal Affairs
Husayn Mansur: Minister of State
The Soviet embassy distributed an article in
Pravda to ministers, deputies and newspapers
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445
which contained a statement that "the US is
using the favorable situation in Lebanon
strategicallyfor aggressivepurposes." The govern-
ment told the Soviet ambassadorthat the article
and the manner of its distribution represented
"improperaction."
Aug. 6: Premier Sa'ib Salam opened a conference
of Lebanon's envoys to the UAR, Jordan, Iraq
and Saudi Arabia.
Aug. 7: The ambassadorsto the UAR and Jordan
returnedto their posts.
Aug. 13: AmbassadorJoseph 'Abu Khatarreturned
to Beirut from Cairo and refused to commenton
his talks with PresidentNasir and UAR Foreign
Minister Fawzi.
Aug. 16: Foreign Minister Taqla discussedthe ap-
proaching meeting of foreign ministers with
Sayyid Khatar and Lebanon's ambassadors to
Jordan, Iraq, and Saudi Arabia, all of whom had
been recalled to be briefed on the results of
Lebanon'sattemptto mediate between Jordanand
the UAR, it was disclosed.
Aug. 18: The new governmentwas given a vote of
confidenceby the substantialmargin of 78 votes
to 9, with one abstention.
Aug. 27: A civil aviation agreement between
Lebanonand Ghanawas signed in Beirut.
Aug. 31: The Council of Ministersdecided to send
Foreign Minister Taqla to lead Lebanon'sdelega-
tion to the UN GeneralAssembly.
Sept. 8: It was reportedthat most post office tele-
phone employeesthroughoutthe countrywent on
strike.
France and Lebanon were reported to have
settled their dispute concerningthe tax position
of Compagniedu Port, des Quaies et des Entrepots
de Beyrouth and Societe-Radio-Orient,and the
case was removedfrom the list of the International
Court of Justice.
Sept. 10: Four persons were injured when a bomb
exploded in the consulate of the UAR in Beirut.
Three Lebanese and 2 Palestinians close to the
scene were arrested.
Sept. 12: The Lebanese ParliamentaryCommittee
for Foreign Affairs discussed the resolutions
passedby the conferenceof ArabForeignMinisters
and informedsourcesrevealedthat the resolutions
and results of the conferencewere "entirelysatis-
factory,"in the judgmentof Minister Taqla.
Sept. 15: The first government-sponsoredconfer-
ence of Lebanese emigrants was opened in the
UNESCO building in Beirut by PresidentShihab.
Sayyid Taqla announced that Premier Sa'ib
Salam would lead the Lebanesedelegation to the
UN during the first stage of the session.
446 THE MIDDLE EAST JOURNAL
Libya
(See also, General)
1960
June 23: In a memorandumsubmittedto the Na-
tional Assembly, the Federationof Labor Unions
in Cyrenaica urged the government to seek its
views on petroleumagreements.A furtherdemand
was made for giving priority to Libyan workers
over those of other nationalities and to other
Arabs over foreigners, as well as a demand for
higher wages and another for more medical care
and housing schemesfor workers.
June 29: The Libyan Petroleum Commission an-
nounced the completion of 3 new oil wells in
Block 32 in Tripolitania. The rate of flow was
11,500 b/d from a depth of around3,100 feet.
July 2: It was reportedthat the Ministerof National
Economyhas recently approvedthe granting of 4
off-shore oil exploration permits in the Gulf of
Sirte to the LibyanAtlantic Company.
July 6: The president of the Ohio Oil Company
announcedthat the companywould refine Libyan
oil in Spain if the Spanish Governmentapproves
of a projectto build a refinerythere.
July 20: The Legislative Assembly of Tripolitania
discussed the subject of oil companies operating
in Libya which insure their operationsand equip-
ment abroad. It was told by the Secretaryof
Finance that "there is nothing to prohibit" such
a measure,and in order to save on the taxes and
fees due to it, he added that the governmenthad
instructedthe LibyanNational Bank not to trans-
fer any insurance premiums, unless documents
were submittedto prove that taxes and fees had
been paid. It was agreed to ask the Federal
Governmentto amend the present laws so as to
require the oil companies to insure their assets
locally.
July 21: The Libyan Petroleum Commission an-
nounced that the Oasis Group had filed an ap-
plication with the Commissionfor the construction
of a pipeline from the al-Dhahraharea, in the
southernpart of Block 32, to a point on the Gulf
of Sirte near Ras al-Sidr.
July 28: A royal decree, appointing the new mem-
bers of the Libyan Petroleum Commission,was
issued in Tripoli. The new appointees are:
Muhammadal-Sayfat (chairman), 'Abu Bakr al-
Izmirli, Salim Sayf al-Nasr and Husayn Bal-'Aun.
The appointmentof the chairmanhas brought to
an end the previous practice whereby the chair-
manshipwas held in rotation.
Aug. 14: The Libyan Petroleum Commission an-
nounced the completion of Oasis Oil Company's
12th producingwell in Block 32 in Tripolitania.
The well flowed at a rate of 720 b/d.
Aug. 22: Libya and Yemen have agreed to estab-
lish diplomatic relations at ambassadoriallevel
"to strengthenthe brotherlyand friendly relations
between the Libyan and Yemeni peoples," it was
officiallyannounced.
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Morocco
1960
June 30: King MuhammadV laid the first stones of
a housing project,a hospital,a mosqueand a radio
station to markthe first steps in the reconstruction
of Agadir.
July 1: The MoroccanSupremeCourt rejected the
appealsof 5 grocerssentencedto death, and 2 sen-
tenced to life imprisonment,for causing 10,000
Moroccansto become ill and partly paralyzedby
selling them adulteratedcooking oil.
July 5: The General Union of MoroccanLabor, a
right-wing trade union federation founded by
MuhammadDouiri, Ministerof the National Econ-
omy, received tacit official recognition,it was re-
ported in Rabat.
July 18: The annualcongressof the National Union
of MoroccanStudentsopened in Casablanca.
July 24: The governmenthas embarkedon a pro-
gram to re-groupthe country'ssmall land holdings
to form more productiveagriculturalunits, it was
reportedin Rabat.
Aug. 13: Under the 5-yearplan scheduledto go into
effect next month, the governmentannouncedthe
plan for increasedstate participationin education
and agricultureto solve the unemploymentprob-
lem, it was learnedin Rabat.
Aug. 18: King MuhammadV expressed "complete
agreement"with the UAR and Guinea in their
position on the Congo question.
Aug. 20: King MuhammadV protestedthe maneu-
vers aimedat separatingMauritaniafrom Morocco,
and he announcedthat he had demandedthat the
question be included in the next session of the
UN General Assembly.
Moroccois reportedto be looking to the Philip-
pines, the FrenchAntilles and Brazilto providethe
sugar she can no longer obtain from Cuba.
Aug. 26: The King began consultationsfor the for-
mation of a council to draft Morocco'sfirst consti-
tution.
In Rabat,the MoroccanMinistryof Information
said that 3 foreign newspapers,The Tangier Gaz-
ette, Stockset Marches,and La DepecheMarocaine
will be closed down on Sundayfor allegedly "tak-
ing a position on internal Moroccanaffairs and
criticizing national policy."
Aug. 27: Agadir victims were offered 50 per cent
indemnitiesto return to the rebuilt city after the
reconstructionis completed,it was announcedby
the governmentin Rabat.
Sept. 1: France has agreed to evacuate her military
bases in Moroccoby March 2, 1961, and her air
force facilities there by the end of 1963, it was
learnedin Paris.
It was reported in Rabat that the government
has begun a nation-wide campaign to wipe out
the "tin-cancities" in which 400,000 persons live
in wretchedconditionsoutside seven main cities.
Sept. 4: A Moroccanplan providingfor the training
 CHRONOLOGY 447

of 3 battalionsof paratroopersfor the Congo army nounceda Pakistanbudget calling for expenditures
was reportedly accepted by Patrice Lumumbaof of Rs 3,490,500,000 for the fiscal year. He said
the Congo. that receipts totaling Rs 3,351,100,000 were ex-
Sept. 12: Crown Prince Mawlay Hasan announced pected, leaving a deficit of Rs 139,400,000.
in Rabat that the governmentwill grant investors July 7: On his first visit to Chalna,GovernorAzam
a cash gift of up to 20 per cent of the capital Khan promised to give the people Rs 10,000 to
invested in new enterprisesestablishedin the Tan- erect a drinkingwater tank "throughself-help,"it
gier area. was reported.
Sept. 15: Forty Moroccanpilgrims, en route to a July 13: Defense MinisterMuhammadAyub Khuhro
Muslim festival at Mawlay-Idris,were killed when was barredfrom public life for 6 years for mis-
their bus plunged off a road near Meknes, over- conductin public office.
turnedand caughtfire. Floods swept away a house in Sukkur, West
Pakistan,killing 14 personsand injuring 15 others,
it was reported.
July 15: FormerPrime MinisterHusaynSuhrawardy
was barred from political life for 6 years after
being found guilty of misconduct,favoritism,abuse
Pakistan of power and misappropriationof public funds.
July 21: FinanceMinister Shuaibpaid a 2-day visit
(See also, Afghanistan) to Londonfor furthertalks with PresidentEugene
Black of the IBRD and Vice PresidentW. B. Illif
1960 on the aspects of the Second Five-YearPlan and
the financingthereof.
July 25: PresidentAyub Khan warnedthe people of
June 16: Cecil E. Gibbon, former Speakerof Par- East Pakistanof the dangers emanatingfrom the
liament and a leader of the Christiancommunity Communistpolitical strongholdin Calcutta,India,
in Pakistan,was found guilty on charges of cor- it was reportedin Dacca.
ruption and misuse of official power, and was Aug. 1: Ministerof Health and LaborW. A. Burki
barredfrom political life for 6 years. asked the armyto assist in fighting cholera,which
June 19: Two high Pakistaniofficialswarned of a has caused 200 deathsin 8 West Pakistandistricts
growing Chinese Communistthreat to South Asia, in 2 months, it was reported.
it was reportedin Rawalpindi. In New Delhi, a report was made that Prime
June 21: It was announcedthat the SecondFive-Year Minister Nehru might visit Pakistan to discuss
Plan, as approvedin its final form by the govern- with PresidentAyub Khan problemsbetween the
ment, supersedesthe outline for the plan issued neighboringcountriesand to sign the Indus River
at the beginning of this year. The total cost re- treaty.
mains at Rs 19,000 million, and added to the sec- PresidentAyub Khan orderedthe terminationof
tors of public and private industry is a third the status of Karachias the capital of Pakistan.
sector comprisedof public corporations. Aug. 5: Interior Minister Zakir Husayn expressed
June 23: It was reportedthat "an uneasypeace pre- fear that unemployed graduates formed the
vails" along Pakistan'snorthwesternfrontier as a nucleus of communism'ssupport in Pakistanand
result of the borderdisputewith Afghanistan. other under-developed and newly independent
June 24: A new import policy for the shipping countries.
period July-December1960 was announcedby the Aug. 6: The governorof East Pakistansaid that he
government. Items of industrialraw material,es- considered communism'smost vulnerable attack
sential consumergoods, and agriculturaland fish- on an economic front. He was referringparticu-
ing goods were placed under automaticlicensing; larly to the shortageof food in East Pakistan.
luxury items were eliminated from the list of Aug. 17: It was announcedthat Pakistanwill send
licensable goods; and goods such as glass and a companyof about 200 men to the Congo to set
glassware, china, mechanicaland educationaltoys, up an ordnancedepot for the UN forces there.
were declarednon-importableunderbonus licenses. Aug. 21: The Pakistan-Iranagreementon the ad-
June 25: PresidentAyub Khan declaredthat Paki- ministrationof their border areas was signed, it
stanis were "beginningto doubt"that the govern- was reported.
mental machineryof the US was attuned to the Aug. 22: It was officially announced that Prime
requirementsof the nuclearage. Minister Nehru would arrive in Karachi on
June 28: Pakistanand Japan signed a tax protocol September19, to sign the treaty on the division
designed to contributeto the promotion of trade of the Indus BasinWaters.
and economic cooperationbetween the two coun- Sept. 10: Soon after a Soviet mission began dis-
tries. cussions on a Moscow proposal to prospect for
Work in the proposednew capital of Islamabad oil and mineral resourcesin Pakistan,it was an-
was reportedto be progressing"rapidly." nounced that Pakistanwill ask the Soviet Union
lune 30: Finance Minister MuhammadShuaib an- for technicalassistancein setting up a steel plant.

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448 THE MIDDLE EAST JOURNAL
PalestineProblem
(See also, General, Israel, UAR)
1960
June 30: Nasim Husayn, Pakistani Ambassador to
Lebanon, presented a check for 100,000 rupees as
Pakistan's 1960 contribution to the UNRWA for
Palestine refugees in the Near East.
July 1: Israel accused the UAR of a series of aggres-
sive military actions along the Syrian border, a
letter to the Security Council disclosed.
July 2: The Jordanian Council of Ministers approved
a proposal to grant Jordanian passports to all
Palestinians abroad. It was pointed out that this
was in accordance with a law of several years'
standing making not only all Palestinians of Arab
origin but all other Arabs entitled to Jordanian
nationality.
July 3: The Israel Boycott Office in Amman received
a note from the Central Office in Damascus enclos-
ing a copy of a recent note from the Iraqi govern-
ment to the Polish government protesting against
Jewish immigration from Poland to Israel.
Albert Grand, press officer at the truce supervi-
sion organization, said the organization received a
statement from the Israeli authorities alleging that
Syrian troops opened fire on Israeli border guards
while they were on duty east of Beit Katzir in the
demilitarized zone.
July 6: It was announced that the UAR had in-
structed its permanent delegate to the UN to refute
Israel's complaint on the Israel-Syrian border inci-
dent of June 28.
July 7: The UAR charged Israel with "using the UN
Security Council as a forum for baseless allegations
and tendentious propaganda."
July 10: The Jordanian Foreign Minister, Musa
Nasir, received Major-General Karl Von Horn, UN
Chief Truce supervisor, and complained about
"Israel's contraventions" in the Mount of Olives
and Mount Moukabber zones, Jerusalem, including
the blocking of the road to Eissawiyeh village
every evening.
July 12: Albert Grand said that the UN Supervision
Organization had received an Israeli complaint al-
leging that a Syrian outpost at Upper Tawafiq had
fired a number of shots yesterday at an Israeli
tractor near Tel-Katzir, wounding the driver.
July 22: Israeli and UAR border patrols were re-
ported to have exchanged 6 hours of intermittent
shooting. Reports from Tel Aviv said that 1 or 2
Arab soldiers had allegedly crossed the interna-
tional frontier by the Syrian border, were shot and
fell in Israeli territory.
July 23: In Cairo, a battalion of Palestine refugees
being trained at Gaza to fight Israel made its first
public appearance in a big military parade celebrat-
ing the 8th anniversary of the Egyptian revolution.
July 27: The Higher Commission for Palestinian
Affairs in Lebanon met for the first time at the
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Foreign Ministry in Beirut in the presence of
Minister Taqla and discussedthe affairs of Pales-
tine immigrantsin general, it was reported.
Aug. 26: Delegates to the Arab foreign ministers'
conferencein Beirut devoted the 5th day of the
meeting to a discussion of "remainingaspects of
the Palestineproblem"which included the subject
of a Palestinestate.
Sept. 12: A restless dog touchedoff an Israeli-Arab
border skirmish. One Lebanesepatrol officerwas
takenprisoner.
Persian Gulf
1960
June 16: Al-Bilad reportedthat the Japanese-owned
ArabianOil Companyhad completeda third well
in its Neutral Zone offshoreconcession. The well
flowed at a rate of about 6,000 b/d.
June 22: It was reportedthat preliminarywork had
begun at Fasht al-Jarim,a shoal about 15 miles
northof Manama,Bahrain,where Bapcowill begin
drilling an offshore exploratoryoil well later this
year.
June 28: ShaykhSalmanibn Hamad al-Khalifa,the
Ruler of Bahrain, ordered a further reduction in
the cost of electricitysupplied to the public, over
the 20 per cent reductionin June 1959. The new
flat rate price is 10 Naya Paisa per unit for both
small and large consumers.
July 1: The Post Office Departmentof Bahrainan-
nounced that effective today a series of Bahrain
postal stamps, replacing the British stamps over
printed with the name Bahrain,will be used for
foreign mail. Eleven denominationswere chosen,
7 Naya Paisa and 4 rupee.
July 7: British Colonial SecretaryIain Macleod un-
dertook to look into the detention on St. Helena
of 3 prisonersfrom Bahrain,it was reported.
July 9: Inhabitantsof 18 villages in Bahrainwere
the recipientsof 90 title deeds donatedby Shaykh
Salmanibn Hamadal-Khalifa.
July 18: Crude oil productionby the Kuwayt Oil
CompanyduringJune amountedto 6,489,794 tons,
bringingthe total for the first 6 monthsto 39,033,-
118 tons, as compared with 34,347,392 tons during
the first half of 1959-an increaseof 15 per cent.
Aug. 10: A British Foreign Office spokesmancon-
firmed a report that a "fact-finding"mission in
the disputed Buraimi Oasis was being appointed
by Dag Hammarskjold,to examine in particular
the problemof refugee shaykhsfrom the Buraimi
area, of whom 12 are in Saudi Arabia.
Aug. 13: ShaykhSalmanibn Hamadal-Khalifawas
reportedto have donated ?10,000 to aid Algerian
refugees in Tunisia and Morocco.
Aug. 26: The presidentof the JapaneseArabianOil
Companysaid in Tokyo that his companyis seek-
ing preferentialtreatmenton the Japanesemarket
 CHRONOLOGY
for its Arabian Gulf crude production, it was re-
ported.
Aug. 27: The US was reported to have protested to
the government of Kuwayt for alleged "unwar-
ranted intereference in the commercial relationships
of business firms." This was brought about by
letters sent to a large number of US concerns by
the Israel Boycott Office in the Kuwayt Directorate
of Customs requesting them to "clarify" the nature
of their relations with Israel and Israeli companies
lest they be blacklisted.
Sept. 12: A British Foreign Office spokesman de-
scribed as "complete nonsense" a London news-
paper report that Herbert de Ribbing, invited by
Mr. Hammarskjold to carry out a fact finding
mission in Buraimi, was to meet "Omani elements"
in Cairo.
Moscow radio reported that the Deputy Imam of
Oman, Amir Salah ibn 'Isa al-Harithi, was in
Russia at the invitation of the Soviet Committee
for Solidarity with Afro-Asia countries.
SaudiArabia
(See also, General)
1960
June 24' The Board of Directors of SARCO was re-
ported to have announced that the remaining 49
per cent of the company stock would be offered
for public subscription. The offer is open only to
Saudi nationals and a maximum holding of 5,000
shares per person was offered as the limit.
June 27: It was reported that an increase of ?3,600,-
000 in the value of oil exports from Saudi Arabia
to Britain during the first 5 months of 1960
boosted trade between the 2 countries to a total of
?9,421,425, as compared with ?6,284,419 in the
corresponding period last year.
July 3: Mecca radio announced a reshuffle in the
Saudi Arabian cabinet as proposed by Prince Fay-
sal. It said the King had appointed Prince Musa'id
ibn 'Abd al-Rahman as Minister of the Interior,
Ahmad Salih Jamjum as Minister of Trade and
Ahmad Zaki Yamani as Minister of State and
member of the cabinet.
July 5: The Beirut daily al-Anwar accused Prince
Faysal of trying to "maintain stagnation, tyranny
and humiliation of the people" in the country
while his brother King Sa'ud and "the liberal
princes" wanted to set out on the way of "libera-
tion, advancement and social justice." The accusa-
iton was reported to have been the result of the
disagreement on the part of King Sa'ud and Prince
Faysal on the latter's replacement while on a
medical trip to Europe.
July 16: In an interview with Le Commerce du
Levant Shaykh 'Abdallah al-Tariki said that it
would be impractical to implement the project for
an Arab-owned pipeline from the Arabian Gulf to
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449
the Mediterranean until such time as there is an
increase of tankers either belonging to the com-
pany or chartered by it.
July 19: The Saudi Embassy in Cairo disclosed that
the government had taken over harbor management
in Jiddah.
It was reported that the West German airline
Lufthansa will start weekly flights from Hamburg
to Dhahran next month.
July 21: The Saudi Arabian Foreign Ministry issued
a statement denying reports that the Saudi govern-
ment had expelled all Yemeni cititzens from the
country, Mecca radio reported. It added that abro-
gration of the Ta'if treaty with Yemen would
soon be followed by the conclusion of a new treaty.
July 22: An official Saudi Arabian statement pub-
lished in Amman denied reports that Dhahran air-
port was a foreign military base. It referred to
"erroneous terms" used since the renewal of the
agreement between the US and Saudi Arabia on
April 2, 1957.
July 27: The Middle East News Agency reported one
of King Sa'ud's daughters as among the dead in an
auto accident in Riyadh. Two other daughters of
the King were reported injured.
Aug. 19: In an interview with the editor of Middle
East Economic Survey, Shaykh 'Abdallah al-Tariki
described the price cuts announced by the Esso Ex-
port Corporation and other major companies as
"an unfair and arbitrary action" taken unilaterally
without consulting the producers concerned.
In Baghdad, Shaykh 'Abdallah al-Tariki held
consultations with Iraqi officials concerning the
price cuts.
Sept. 7: Aramco announced that its crude oil produc-
tion in Saudi Arabia totaled 35,950,976 barrels for
the month of August. This figure represents an
average of 1,159,709 b/d as compared with a total
of 33,994,066 barrels, or an average of 1,096,583
b/d during August 1959.
Crude oil processed at Ras Tanura Refinery dur-
ing the first 8 months of 1960 totaled 53,806,645
barrels as compared with a total of 42,230,082
barrels correspondingly in 1959.
Somalia
(See also, Ethiopia)
1960
June 26: At Hargeisa, a blue and white starred flag
was hoisted after an all-night celebration ending
73 years of British rule. Muhammad Hajji Ibrahim
Igal took an oath as premier of the new nation.
He welcomed a delegation from Italian Somalia
scheduled to unite with Somaliland to form a
republic.
June 29: Somaliland decided to exclude South Africa
from the Commonwealth countries that will enjoy
450 THE MIDDLE EAST JOURNAL
a 15 per cent preferentialtradetariff with Somali-
land.
July 1: The new republic of Somalia was pro-
claimed. British Somalilandand the Italiantrustee-
ship territoryof Somaliawere united to form the
new nation. The provisionalhead of state, Adan
'Abdallah asserted that the republic would main-
tain good relations with all nations and would
defend "the sacred values of democracy."
Demonstratorsof three opposition parties were
forced back by the police as they attempted to
march on the parliamentbuilding where the Na-
tional Assembly of the Republic of Somalia was
sitting for the first time. One person was killed
by police fire and 32 persons,including 11 police-
men, were wounded.
July 4: The new republic completedits 4 days of
festivities. In interviewsover the last week, it was
learnedthat the leaderswould start seeking all the
help they could get from foreign countries. They
countedon the continuedhelp of Italy, Britainand
the US to build up the nationaleconomy. Already,
opposition forces favoringthe policies of President
Nasir were reportedto make a strong bid for their
policies which are critical of the government's
"go-slow approachto a Greater Somalia,"it was
learned.
July 5: Italy, Tunisia and the UK jointly sponsored
the admissionof Somaliainto the UN.
July 12: The Italian Somalia Cabinet headed by
'Abdallahi'Isa resigned.
July 13: 'Abdi Rashid Shermarkewas appointed
Premierof the new republic.
Aug. 6: About 350 prisoners, 3/5 of the prison
population, were pardonedin the SomaliaNorth-
ern Region by PresidentAdan 'Abdallah'Uthman,
it was reported.
Sudan
1960
July 2: It was officially announcedthat President
Ibrahim 'Abbud, together with Foreign Minister
Ahmad Khayr,Minister of Finance'Abd al-Majid
Ahmad, Brig. Maqbul al-Amin al-Hajj and eco-
nomic experts, will visit Yugoslavia on July 9.
July 9: The Presidentand his party arrivedin Bel-
grade for a 12-daystatevisit.
July 10: President'Abbudand PresidentTito opened
formalpolitical talks.
July 15' The Minister of the Interiorwas reported
to have warned 2 former Premiers,foreign news
agencies,the press and radio of drasticpunishment
if they interferedin Sudanesepolitics.
July 18: As of todaythe Sudanhad exported314,538
bales of cotton since January1, as comparedwith
527,482 for the same period last year. The most
importantbuyerwas the UK.
July 20: PresidentsTito and 'Abbud declaredin a
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communique that "non-aligned countries should
exert their utmost efforts" to oppose policies of
force, interferenceand propagandistrivalry. They
reiteratedthe importanceof the UN Charterand
stressed their support for the principles of the
Bandungand Accraconferences.
President'Abbudleft Pula airportin Yugoslavia
for Cairo,where he was welcomedon a state visit
by PresidentNasir.
July 24: It was announcedthat the mass vaccination
campaignagainst TB carriedout in Sudan'ssouth-
ern provincesby the Ministryof Health, with the
assistanceof the WHO, has been completed.
July 25: President 'Abbud accompaniedPresident
Nasir to Bilbeis airbase to inauguratewhat was
describedin Cairo as the biggest air academyin
the Middle East.
July 28: Presidents'Abbudand Nasir issued a joint
communiquein support of "the struggles of the
Congolesenation againstimperialism."In the after-
noon President 'Abbud left Alexandriafor Khar-
tum.
Aug. 7: Foreign Minister Ahmad Khayr told the
heads of African diplomaticmissions in Khartum
that a message had been received from President
Kwame Nkrumahof Ghana asking the Sudan for
militaryinterventionin the Congo. The Sudan,he
said, favors a meeting of Africanforeign ministers
in Leopoldvilleto decide on any united action.
Tunisia
1960
June 30: Tunisia recognizedthe independenceof the
new Republicof the Congo.
July 6: The Tunisian National Assemblywound up
its session which had opened on April 7.
July 7: It was reportedthat Tunisia sponsoredthe
applicationof the Republicof the Congo for mem-
bershipin the UN.
July 8: Washingtonannouncedthat a loan of $18,-
000,000 would be grantedto Tunisia for the Oued
Nebhana dam, to be repaid over 30 years in
Tunisian dinars at an interest of 31/2per cent.
July 15: Tunisian troops left for the Congo to join
UN forces.
July 25: Tunisia celebratedthe 3rd anniversaryof its
independence.
July 28: PresidentBourguiba (Buraqibah) declared
that the UN SecurityCouncil "had avoided catas-
tropheby decidingto send a force to the Congo."
Aug. 3: Mr. Patrice Lumumba arrived in Tunis
aboarda Soviet Ilyushin airliner.
Aug. 4: After the Lumumbavisit, a joint communi-
que was issued saying that he and President
Bourguibahad agreed"to studythe practicalmeans
of a meetingbetweenthe leadersof Africanstates."
Aug. 15: The 10th session of the RegionalCommit-
 CHRONOLOGY
tee for the Eastern Mediterraneanof the WHO
opened at the Bourse du Travail in Tunis.
Sept. 12: PresidentBourguibacalled upon Franceto
begin negotiations on evacuation of her base at
Bizerte before the end of October.
Turkey
(See also, Cyprus)
1960
June 16: In a personal message to Cemal Gursel,
President Eisenhower praised the "constructive"
policies of the Turkish provisionalgovernment.
Twelve officers who helped to lead the coup
refused to take the constitutionaloath and were
dropped from the ruling Nationalist Union Com-
mittee, a source close to the union said in Ankara.
June 17: EkremAlican, FinanceMinister, disclosed
that the country will be faced with a period of
austerityto strengthenthe economy.
June 18: The governmentpublisheda law providing
for a 36-memberinvestigationcommitteeto inquire
into the activities of the country'sformer leaders.
The Trade Ministry announcedthat imports are
to be reducedby $35,000,000 in the fourthquarter
of 1960, from the usual total of $250,000,000.
June 20: The effigyof AdnanMendereswas paraded
through Ankara and later burned at a mass rally
of about 15,000 studentson the Ankararace-course.
The governmentannouncedthat all future state
investmentswould be channeledthrough a Plan-
ning Office to be createdwith the help of foreign
experts "of internationalreputation." It was also
announcedthat the governmentwould abolish the
national protection law which compelled traders
to fix artificiallylow prices, and led to many eva-
sions.
June 21: General Gursel denied rumors of a split
within the militaryjunta.
June 24: The membersof the Committeeof National
Unity took an oath in supportof the new Turkish
government.
June 27: In a radio broadcast,General Gursel ap-
pealed for a halt in the reportedphysical assaults
of some membersof the Democraticpartyby their
political foes.
June 29: General Gursel assured President Eisen-
hower that Turkey will be a more useful and
efficient partner in her pro-Western alliances, a
letter publishedin Ankaradisclosed.
June 30: Mr. Allan Hernelius, an advisor from the
InternationalPress Institute, flew to Istanbul to
help in setting up a Turkish Press Council.
A 31-memberHigh Council of Inquirywas ap-
pointed to investigatechargesagainst officialsand
members of parliamentof the old regime. The
chairmanis CelalettinKurelman. Aug. 20: The Ministry of Finance announced in
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451
July 2: General Gursel arrived in Istanbul on his
first visit to that city since he assumedleadership.
July 4: An agreementwherebythe US released for
use by the Turkish governmentthe Turkish lira
equivalent of some $110 million in counterpart
funds previously deposited by Turkey against US
economic aid, was signed in Ankara by Foreign
MinisterSelim Sarperand US AmbassadorFletcher
Warren.
July 7: The decision to indict the ex-Presidenton a
chargeof treasonwas adoptedunanimouslyby the
Committeeof National Unity.
July 13: ReportsreachingIstanbulsaid that 29 per-
sons have been arrested at Tire and accused of
undergroundactivities against the "nationalrevo-
lution."
July 17: The head and 3 membersof the High Coun-
cil of Inquirywere reportedto have resigned.
July 19: A British Britanniaairliner carrying 130
passengerswas forced by 4 TurkishAir Force jets
to land in Ankarafor allegedly penetratinga pro-
hibited military zone.
July 21: The resignationof the 4 membersof the
High Council of Inquiry was accepted. The new
president is Hayrettin Sakir Berk, hitherto the
vice-president.
July 24: A group of leading Turkish journalists
signed a so-calledcode of self-control,designedto
bind the country'snewspapersto a strict system
of professionalethics.
July 27: GeneralGursel receivedthe diplomaticrep-
resentatives of Iraq, the UAR, Libya, Lebanon,
Saudi Arabia, Jordan and Tunisia, all of whom
paid him a collectivevisit.
July 29: At Iskenderun,General Gursel told his
countrymenthat Hatay provincewill remain Tur-
kish despite a resolution adopted by the National
Union Party of the UAR calling for the "return"
of Hatay.
July 30: FormerPrime MinisterHasan Saka (1947-
49), died in Istanbulat the age of 74.
Aug. 3: Defense Minister Fahri Ozdilek announced
in Ankarathat 235 generals,admiralsand officers
of lesser rank had been retired as "a measureto
rejuvenatethe Turkish Armed Forces."
A sum of $34.4 million which coversimportsof
petroleumand its derivatives,machinery,motorized
vehicles and spare parts, iron and steel products,
chemicaland medicinalsupplies,unprocessedwool,
jute and rubberand other imports, was given by
the US to aid the Turkish economy, it was an-
nouncedin Ankara.
Aug. 9: General Gursel told reportersin Istanbul
that too many political partieswould not be good
for the country.
Aug. 16: A Turkish army unit of 607 men and 45
officersto be stationedin Cypruslanded at Fama-
gusta.
Aug. 18: AmbassadorEmin Dirvana, envoy to Cy-
prus, presentedhis credentialsto ArchbishopMa-
karios.
452 THE MIDDLE EAST JOURNAL

Ankarathat effective August 22, the uniform par Center for Arab countries,subject to the holding
value of the Turkish lira will stand at 9.00 liras beforehandof a series of trainingcoursesin Cairo.
per US dollar (11.11 cents per Turkish lira) and June 28: The UAR trade mission visiting Britain
its equivalentin other world currencies. concludedits fortnight's "study tour" with a dis-
Aug.-25: Ten of 19 Turkish Cabinetmembershave cussion with Mr. ReginaldMaudling,Presidentof
been removed from office on orders of the Com- the Boardof Trade,and later left by air for Stock-
mitte of National Unity, an official statementre- holm.
vealed. No reason was given for the move. June 30: The ForeignMinistryannouncedthe official
Aug. 26: ProfessorOsman Tosum replacedFeridun state visit of PresidentAyub Khan on November5.
Ustun as AgricultureMinisteron ordersof General July 6: It was announcedthat the UAR had in-
Gursel. structedits permanentdelegateat the UN to refute
Aug. 31: The Cabinet as it stood today after the Israel's complaint against the UAR and to dis-
changeswas as follows: tributea note to all membersof the UN.
General Gursel: Head of State and Government July 9: Speakingat the opening of the general con-
Amil Artus: Justice, and Acting Minister of gress of the UAR National Union in Cairo Uni-
State versity, PresidentNasir said that the US did not
Fahri Ozdilek: Defense show the expectedresponsewhen the UAR asked
Major General MuharremIhsan Kiziloglu: In- for cooperation because American policy was
terior, and Acting Minister of State "bound to the imperialist powers and interna-
Selim Sarper: Foreign Affairs, and Acting Min- tional Zionism."
ister of Information-Radio-Tourism July 13: ForeignMinisterMahmudFawzi left Cairo
Ekrem Alican: Finance, and Acting Minister of for Dublin for a 3-day officialvisit to Ireland.
Labor July 15: The UAR announcedthat is was ready to
Dr. Nusret Fisek: Acting Minister of Health grant any requestfor aid from the Congolesegov-
Fethi Askin: Customs, and Acting Minister of ernmentin its "struggle against imperialism."
Commerce July 19: PresidentNasir namedDr. Nur al-din Kah-
Resat Aktan: Acting Minister of Agriculture halah as Syrian Vice Presidentin a decree which
Major General Sitki Ulay: Communications, and also listed 600 deputiesto take seats in the UAR's
Acting Minister of Public Works firstNational Assembly.
Emin Iplikci: Acting Minister of Industry July 21: President Nasir was sworn in before the
Professor Fehmi Yavuz: Reconstruction, and UAR's first National Assembly. The proceedings
Acting Mizister of Education were the subject of the first television program
Turkey won 3 gold medals in Greco-Roman transmittedin the UAR.
wrestling at the Olympicgames in Rome. PremierIbrahim'Abbudof the Sudanbegan an
Sept. 3: Appointmentsto 6 of the 9 vacanciesin 8-dayvisit to the UAR.
the Cabinetwere announced: July 25: PresidentNasir called home for consultation
Hayri Mumcuoglu: Minister of State the UAR's Ambassadorin Tehran,MahmudMuha-
Nasir Zeytinoglu: Minister of State kam Hammud.
MehmetBaydur: Commerce Raul Castro,Cuba'sArmed Forces Minister, ar-
Professor Ragip Uner: Health and Social Wel- rived in Cairo for a 9-day visit to the UAR.
fare July 26: The UAR embassyin Iran would be closed
MehmetRasit Beserler: Labor in retaliationfor Iran'srecognitionof Israel,Presi-
SahapKocatopcuoglu:Industry dent Nasir said in Alexandria.
Muhammadal-Zayyat,Director of the Technical
Office at the General Secretariatof the National
Assembly, said that the provisional by-laws and
UnitedArabRepublic regulationsof that body had been drafted.
July 28: The UAR National Assembly denounced
Iran's recognition of Israel and declared it to
(See also, General,Israel, Iran, Jordan)
represent"a challenge to the feelings of all peo-
ple who understoodIsraeli intentions."
1960 July 29: Muslims in Cairo demonstratedagainstthe
Shah'srecognitionof Israel.
June 20: In a communiqueissued at the conclusion July 30: The Foreign MinistrysummonedArab en-
of PresidentNasir's visit to PresidentTito, the 2 voys to discuss the UAR's dispute with Iran.
leaders declaredthat world peace was the concern Aug. 1: The UAR called for an urgent meeting of
of all nations,and not exclusivelythe responsibility the Arab League Council to considerthe repercus-
of the great powers. sions of Iran's de facto recognitionof Israel.
June 24: The Board of Governorsof the Interna- Aug. 3: PresidentNasir issued a decreelimiting the
tional Atomic EnergyAgency, in Vienna, endorsed land holdings of the Coptic Churchorganizations
a request from the UAR for the establishmentin to 200 feddansof desertland.
Cairo of a Middle EasternRegional Radioisotope Aug. 7: At a meeting in al-AzharUniversity, 150

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 CHRONOLOGY 453
'ulama issued a proclamationcalling on Muslims June 26: A spokesman for the Ministry of Industry
throughout the world to "adopt an attitude of announced that more bids had been received for oil
jihad against the Shah of Iran's recognition of exploration concessions in the Western Desert.
Israel." These included a bid from Pan-American Interna-
Aug. 9: EzraTaft Benson, the US Secretaryof Agri- tional, whose representative met with Dr. 'Aziz
culture, arrivedin Cairo for a 2-day visit. Sidqi today.
Aug. 14: It was announcedthat 500 paratroopers July 5: Under an agreement signed in Cairo, Egypt
will be sent by the UAR to the Congo at the re- will receive a loan of ?E8 million in local cur-
quest of Mr. Hammarskjold. rency to be used as part finance for a number of
Aug. 20: The airlift of 540 UAR paratroopersto industrial projects. The sum will be made avail-
the Congo began. able out of proceeds of American sales of surplus
Aug. 23: Russia will help the UAR to build a ship- farm products to Egypt.
yard in Alexandriaunderthe UAR-Sovieteconomic July 6: Export control regulations became effective
and technical agreementof 1958, it was reported prohibiting the export of Egyptian banknotes or
in Cairo. currency notes from Egypt.
Aug. 27: The UAR and the Soviet Union signed an July 13: It was learned that Egyptian authorities had
agreementin Moscow covering Russian assistance identified the body of Donald Shannon of Mil-
for the second stage of the constructionof the waukee as one of the 4 victims of the motor trip
Aswan Dam. across the Nubian Desert a year ago.
Aug. 30: Dr. Murad Ghalib was appointed as the July 30: In Alexandria, the state supreme security
UAR Ambassadorto the Congo. court prosecutor demanded that the death sentence
Sept. 1: The Cairo radio said the assassinationof be imposed on Rashad Rizq, a former Ford Com-
PremierHazza'al-Majaliwas only the beginningof pany Personnel Officer, for complicity in the
the elimination of "traitors"to the Arab cause. alleged spy-ring on behalf of Israel.
It accusedKing Husayn of trying to blame Presi- Aug. 3: The UAR announced the formation of a
dent Nasir for the incident "to whip up foreign Central Bank for Egypt to take over the functions
resentment." of the National Bank of Egypt from August 18.
Sept. 7: Cairo newspapersreportedthat all imports Aug. 15: At a UAR embassy reception in Moscow
from West Germanyhad been halted temporarily honoring 'Abd al-Khaliq Hasunah, reports were
becausethe trade balancehas been unfavorableto given expressing the satisfaction of the UAR dele-
the UAR for the last 4 years. gation with the discussions concerning the second
Sept. 8: Well-informed sources in Cairo reported stage of the construction of the Aswan High Dam.
that PresidentNasir would head the UAR's dele- Aug. 18: Fifty Egyptian engineers arrived in Frank-
gation to the UN GeneralAssembly. furt for a study visit. They are among the 330
Sept. 10: It was officiallyannouncedthat President lecturers who will eventually teach at the new
Nasir will attend the forthcomingsession of the Egyptian techinical college being built with West
UN GeneralAssembly. German assistance at Helwan, near Cairo.
Sept. 12: The UAR decided to withdrawher forces Aug. 22: Two airliners, one a BOAC Comet and the
from the Congo in protest against the alleged other a French aircraft, were involved in separate
"deviation"of UN force from its task which the accidents.
UAR considereda "flagrantviolation of Congolese Aug. 27: Egypt and the USSR signed the final agree-
sovereignty." ment on the financing and construction of the
Aswan Dam providing another credit of 900 mil-
lion rubles.
Al-Ahram reported that the state council had re-
jected a Suez war damages claim by the Shell Com-
Egypt pany for ?345,909 on the grounds that the Anglo-
Egyptian financial agreement did not provide for
1960 such compensation to British companies.
Aug. 30: Two new 20,000-ton tankers designed to
June 16: It was reportedfrom Prague that Czecho- transport Saudi crude to the UAR left Suez for
slovakia and Egypt had signed a trade agreement Ras Tanura.
under which the former will deliver to Egypt Sept. 7: Under-Secretary for Social and Labor Af-
engineering products and equipment for public fairs Ibrahim al-Ghatrifi revealed that 30 trade
services. unions had already been formed in Egypt and an-
June 20: The Suez Canal Authoritymade it obliga- other 35 would be established before the end of
tory for vessels to be piloted in Suez harborroads, the month.
where several collisions have occurredin the past Sept. 11: President Nasir initiated a measure for
between pilotless ships. decentralized local government in Egypt under
June 23: Soviet sources reportedthat work has be- which 21 provincial governors with the rank of
gun on designingthe 2nd stage of the Aswan High Under-Secretary in the new Local Government
Dam. Ministry will apply government policies in internal

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454 THE MIDDLE EAST JOURNAL
affairs, independentof other ministries. The Min-
ister of Education,Kamal al-din Husayn, was ap-
pointed Minister of Local Government,holding
both positions simultaneously.
Syria
1960
June 27: The Ministryof Economydecidedthat fruit
and vegetable importersshould be exemptedfrom
having to pay into banksa cash deposit of 15 per
cent of the total value of their purchases.
June 28: Accordingto a news agencydispatchfrom
Damascus, the Syrian Ministry of Industry has
granted the ENI subsidiaryAgip Mineraria a per-
mit for conductinga preliminarysearchfor oil in
the areas between Damascus,Homs, and Dayr al-
Zawr.
June 29: The SyrianMinister of the Treasury,'Abd
al-WahhabHawmad,received Tapline Vice Presi-
dent W. A. Campbell and Regional Director
Muhammadal-Yusuf to resumediscussionson the
increase of Tapline's transit royalty payments.
July 1: Electionsfor the executivecommitteesof the
Palestinian National Union began throughout
Syria.
July 4: The SyrianMinister of Industry,Wajih al-
Salman,led the Syriandelegationin the first meet-
ing held with representativesof Concordia,to reach
an agreementon the developmentof oil discovered
by the companyin the Suwaidiyahfield in north-
east Syria.
July 5: A new price list of medicinesscheduledto
be enforced on July 21 allows a total margin of
40 per cent for the chemist and 17 per cent for
the importer,an officialsourcesaid.
July 12: The Ministry of Industry authorized the
establishmentof 10 new factoriesduring the finan-
cial year,it was learned.
July 18: Dr. 'Izzat al-Tarabulsi,Governor of the
SyrianCentralBank, in a press statementdeclared
that the currencyposition in Syria was "sound"
despite the rise in the ratesof foreign currenciesin
terms of the Syrian lire during the last fortnight.
July 19: The Ministryof Agricultureannouncedthat
France,India, the Soviet Union, Japan and Com-
munist China had offered to buy considerable
quantities of the new cotton crop due to be har-
vested in September.
July 24: The Syrian Social Affairs and LaborMin-
ister, Akram Dayri, opened a social centerat Har-
ran al-Awamid,composedof an agriculturalunit, 1960
a social unit and a healthunit.
The UAR Social InsuranceOrganizationhad a June 23: ShaykhAhmadMuhammadNa'man,former
membershipof 85,000 workers in Syria by mid-
July, it was revealedby the director,FaysalAqbiq.
July 30: British and Syrianrelationswere discussed
by the visiting diplomaticmission headedby Colin
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Crowe. Attention was given to the details of
various projects embracedin Syria's 2nd indus-
trializationprogram,it was reported.
July 31: Minister of Justice Nihad al-Qasim an-
nounced that it had been decided to commission
36 Egyptianjudges for work at Syriancourts and
10 Syrianjudges to work in Egypt duringthe cur-
rent fiscal year.
Aug. 3: A presidentialdecree was publishedimpos-
ing a yearly tax of 50 lire on each television set,
payableeveryJanuary.
Aug. 9: The Ministry of Economy announcedthe
cancellationof deposits which formerlyhad to be
paid on importedgoods, but ruled that payment
of a deposit was still necessarywhen goods were
importedon a letter of credit basis.
Syria and the US signed an agreementunder
which Syriapurchased17 million dollars'worth of
Americanwheat and flour, paymentfor which was
to be made in local currencywith the proceeds
loaned back for developmentprojects.
Aug. 10: The Minister of the Interior appointed
Ihsanal-MarrashActing Director-General of Propa-
ganda and Informationin place of Dr. Sami al-
Jundi who had been appointeda memberof the
National Assembly.
Aug. 14: The Ministry of Economyruled that the
maximumjoint profit an importerand a pharma-
cist could make should not exceed 31 per cent.
Aug. 19: Fire destroyedabout 50 to 80 per cent of
the gold and precious stones in the Damascus
jewelrymarket.
Aug. 27: Negotiations on the purchase of French
propertiesin Syriaopened in Damascus.
Sept. 1: Minister of EconomyHusni al-Sawwafre-
ceived 'Abid Hasan Safrani, the Indian Consul
General in Damascus,to discuss the possibilityof
exporting Syrian cotton to India in return for
Indian commodities.
Sept. 7: Wajih al-Samanconferredwith representa-
tives of the General PetroleumAuthority on the
issue of test productionat the 8th well sunk in
the Karatchukoilfield, Geziragovernorate.
Sept. 10: The AgriculturalBank decided to grant
loans to farmersduring the fiscal year totalling 50
million lire as comparedwith 30 million lire last
year.
Yemen
(See also, Aden, Libya)
leader of the Free Yemen Movement, denied in
Aden that there was any truth in Yemeni govern-
ment chargesassociatinghim with recent troubles
in that country.
 CHRONOLOGY 455
June 27: Three thousandYemenisgatheredin Aden July 30: A numberof young Yemenis left for the
to see off ShaykhNa'man, who had been asked to Soviet Union to be trained in shipping and port
leave Aden by the British authorities. He was work, radio Sanaaannounced.
enrouteto Cairo by way of Addis Ababa. Aug. 6: An 8-man delegationarrivedin Aden from
Reportsthat the Yemeni governmentrecentlyre- Ta'izz to negotiate the returnof Yemeni refugees
called its representativein Cairo were denied in a in Aden Colony and Protectorateand offer Imam
statementby the Yemeni legation in London. Ahmad'spardonto them.
July 17: Imam Ahmad of Yemen was reportedby Aug. 7: The negotiationsbegan but it was reported
Yemeni sources in Aden as "seriouslyconsidering that the meeting producedno results as the chiefs
the possibility of announcingHodeida as Yemen's appearedto be suspiciousof the Imam'sintentions.
third capital," where he would be safe with his
loyal Zariniqsoldiers.

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