Chronology March 16, 1962-June 16, 1962

Source: Middle East Journal, Vol. 16, No. 3 (Summer, 1962), pp. 337-372
Published by: Middle East Institute
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 CHRONOLOGY
March 16, 1962-June
General
1962
Mar. 17: The Arab League Israeli boycott conference
started its secret meetings in Khartum.
Mar. 20: In an "open letter" to the members of the
Arab League and Iran, Lebanese Deputy Emile
Bustani warned of a Soviet threat to Middle East
oil interests. He said that Russia's rising oil output
and the "commercially ludicrous" prices charged
for Soviet oil might force down oil prices to the
disadvantage of Middle Eastern oil exports.
Mar. 21: It was reported that the Arab states have
decided not to participate in the 6th World
Petroleum Congress in Frankfurt this year, because
Israel was invited.
Mar. 22. The Arab League marked its 17th an-
niversary. The UAR and Syria did not observe
the public holiday as they had in other years.
Mar. 31: The Arab League Council conference began
in Riyadh, with delegations from Jordan, Morocco,
Tunisia, Algeria, Libya, Sudan, Yemen, Saudi
Arabia, Syria, Lebanon, the UAR and the Arab
League attending.
Apr. 2: At the end of a 7-day session in Cairo, the
members of the Casablanca bloc agreed to form an
"African Common Market." Customs duties for
members will be reduced by a quarter upon
implementation of the accords, and duties will be
eliminated within 5 years.
Apr. 4: The Arab League Council ended its meet-
ings. It was learned that they discussed the Pales-
tine question, especially relating to Israeli attempts
to divert the Jordan River, the recent Israeli attacks
on the Syrian frontier and Israel's anxiety to
join the European Common Market. They also
demonstrated their determination to maintain the
League, in the face of the proposal by Iraq and
Syria to hold an all-Arab meeting outside the
framework of the League.
The Trade Relations Officer of the Middle East
Association, M. A. H. Reinhold, began a tour of
the Middle East in order to meet businessmen,
government and agency officials to get an
337
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16, 1962
"up-to-date picture of the commercial position" in
all the countries with which the MEA deals.
Apr. 7: The 4th conference of the OPEC adjourned
in "complete agreement" until June 4 after a 3-day
meeting in Geneva. Iraq was not represented.
Apr. 10: Muhiammad 'Abd al-Khaliq Ilassunah was
reported to be consulting with League member
states' envoys in Cairo in an attempt to "clear the
Arab atmosphere," it was disclosed. Morocco and
Lebanon were said to have offered their good
offices to "heal strained relations" among the
UAR, Saudi Arabia and Jordan. The consultations
were made after "a secret resolution" at the League
Council conference urging member states to inter-
vene to improve relations among the above coun-
tries.
Delegations from-i 7 5 countries met in
Casablanca for the opening of the first World
Conference of Young Workers. The conference
will last 10 days.
Apr. 16: Delegations representing the 8 unaligned
countries in the disarmament conference in Geneva,
namely, Brazil, Burma, Ethiopia, India, Mexico,
Nigeria, Sweden and the UAR, expressed their
"distress" that no agreement had been reached
on the nuclear test ban and proposed a system
of policing "on a purely scientific and nonpolitical
basis."
Apr. 18: The 5th Arab information conference ended
a 4-day meeting in Kuwayt, it was announced. The
meeting discussed the stepping up of propaganda
for Arab causes in African and Asian countries.
Apr. 20: It was reported that Zahir Ahmed of India
has been appointed UN Regional Director for Eco-
nomic and Social Affairs, with headquarters in
Beirut.
Apr. 26: Pakistan pressed for changes in the com-
mand structure of CENTO at a meeting of its
military committee in London, it was reported.
The US and Britain opposed the changes, which,
they believe, will establish a "little NATO" in the
Middle East and raise problems of force levels,
organization and supply incompatible with the
area's military importance.
May 10: The first edition of La Nation Africaine,
338 THE MIDDLE EAST JOURNAL
reportedlythe first daily newspaperwith continent-
wide aspirations,was published in Rabat.
May 11: It was reportedthat early studies of a joint
geophysical survey by Iran and Pakistan in the
Sandak sector of the Chagai mountainsindicated
the presenceof considerablequantitiesof sulphides,
barytes and sub-surfacecopper mineralizationin
associationwith high grade iron ore.
May 22: The formationof an Islamic League was
announcedat the end of a 4-dayIslamicconference
in Meccatoday. The Leaguewill explainthe teach-
ings and principlesof Islam and protectit against
"the serious attemptsto win Muslims from their
religion and break the unity of Islam." A con-
stituentbody,composedof 21 members,was formed
to supervisethe work of the Leaguefor a year.
May 30: The Arab League EconomicCouncil began
a meeting in Cairo. Dardiri Ismi'il, acting secre-
tary-generalof the League, urged delegates to
exert effortsto strengthenArabeconomyand foster
economicrelationsbetweenmembers.Iraq was not
represented.
June 4: The 5th Session of the World IslamicCon-
ference,which was opened in Baghdadby General
Qasim, ended its deliberationswith variousresolu-
tions preparedfor approvalby 4 commissionsset
up by the conference:political,socialand economic,
religious and cultural. It called for officialrecogni-
tion of Palestineas an entity and urged Arab gov-
ernmentsto make budgetaryallocationsfor it. It
invited Arab states to establish consulates in
Jerusalemand organize Palestinianson a military
basis.
June 6: The heads of the UAR, Syrian,Jordanian,
Moroccan and Kuwayti delegations to the Arab
LeagueEconomicCouncilsigned an economicunity
agreement for a period of 10 years. It provides
for the free transfer of persons and capital between
signatory states and reciprocal exemption of
products of these states from taxes or customs
duties. The treaty takes effect upon ratification
by 3 signatories.
June 7: The Ethiopian Foreign Ministry announced
that all African heads of state will be invited to a
conference in Addis Ababa next fall, to vote on a
charter for the organization of African states, it was
reported.
June 12: US ambassadors in 10 Middle Eastern
countries started their annual 4-day conference in
Athens. Those attending were ambassadors ac-
credited to Cyprus, UAR, Greece, Israel, Jordan,
Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Turkey and Iraq.
June 15: Leaders of 6 states subscribing to the Casa-
blanca Charter began a 4-day conference in Cairo
to seek ways to strengthen economic ties and
political unity among Africa's emerging countries.
Prime Minister Nehru of India rejected a de-
mand in Parliament that India establish diplomatic
relations with Israel. He also said that his gov-
ernment would soon recognize an independent
Algeria.
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Aden
(See also, Yemen)
1962
Mar. 24: The Aden Trades Union Congress, at a
3-hour meeting in Aden, decided to form a party
with the aim of securingthe colony'sindependence,
it was reported;it would also press for the unity
of SouthArabiaand Yemen.
Mar. 29: Harold Watkinson,British Defense Minis-
ter, inaugurated a $14 million communications
centerin Aden. It representsone of the first steps
in the integrationof Britain's3 armedservicesin
the communications field.
Apr. 6: The council of the Federation of Arab
Amiratesof the South decidedto changeits name
to the Federationof South Arabia. The reason
given was that the Federationcomprisesnot all
amirates, but one repubic-the small state of
Dathina,in the WesternProtectorate.The decision
awaits formal assent of the Federation'sSupreme
Council.
Apr. 7: The sultanateof Wahidi became the 1lth
memnberof the Federationof Arab Amirates, it
was reported.
Apr. 8: The ministry of internal security in the
Federation said that tribal warfare has broken
out in the remote hills of the EasternAden Pro-
tectorate on the Yemen border. Two tribesmen
have been killed and a numberinjured.
Apr. 11: About 95 per cent of the 6,000-strong
Armed Forces Employees'Union reportedlydefied
local regulations and staged a 24-hour stoppage
directed against recent dismissals and alleged ill-
treatmentof Arab workers by officers.
Apr. 12: Al-Tali'ah reportedthat the MahraSultan
of Qishn and Socotrahad arrivedin Aden for the
purpose of signing an oil concession agreement
with representativesof Pan Am International.
Apr. 15: The Federation's Finance Ministry an-
nounced that Britain will give the Federationof
Arab Amirates of the South a block grant of ?5
million sterling over the next 3 years, ratherthan
a grant in aid, to balancethe Federation'sbudget.
Apr. 16: It was announced that 'Abd al-Latif
MuhammadIsma'il,chairmanof the managingcom-
mittee of the Armed Forces Employees'Union,
and 'Ali al-Aswadi, assistantsecretary,have been
summonedto appearbefore a magistrateon April
24 on a chargeof inciting a strike on April 11.
Apr. 25: It was disclosed that the headquartersof
the British Flag Officer Middle East in Bahrayn
will be transferredto Aden effective May 1.
Apr. 28: A delegationof 3 from the Aden People's
ConstitutionalCongress-a party recently formed,
representingAden's intelligentsia,aiming at a gov-
ernment elected only by Aden-born residents-
is scheduledto leave for New York for talks on
Aden's future and constitutionaldevelopmentwith
 CHRONOLOGY
UN Secretary-General U Thant. The party'sleader,
'All MuhammadLuqman, a journalist, said the
delegation would also visit Cairo and have talks
in London with the British Colonial Secretary,
ReginaldMaudling.
May 5: It was learned that the 2 trade union of-
ficials (reported above) were sentenced to 3
months in prison for inciting the Armed Forces
Employees'Union to strike.
May 14: Police patrolled the streets during demon-
strationsby studentsand a bus strike,which marked
the start of 'Id al-Adha, but no incidents were
reported. The students were protestinga govern-
ment decision to close the girl's college until
October. It was closed last February8 when pupils
walked out protestingracial discriminationon the
part of the Scottish headmistress. The bus crew
wanted 15 per cent more pay.
May 16: Dr. W. A. Glynn, directorof the colony's
medical service, has condemned the treating of
mental patients under "most unsatisfactorycondi-
tions" in Aden's centralprison. In his 1959 report,
released today, he said a mental hospital was
planned by 1964 under the developmentplan for
the colony.
May 17: Aden agreed to join the British-sponsored
Federationof South Arabia, comprising11 states,
under an agreementsigned in Aden at the end
of 9 months of constitutionaltalks. The agree-
ment, which was forwardedto ReginaldMaudling
for his consideration,was approved by all the
colony ministers except A. I. Sa'idi, Minister of
Educationand Immigration. He has been asked
to resign.
June 4: The Recorderreportedthat 6 tribal chiefs
have been jailed in Aden after an alleged revolt
in Upper Aulaqi.
Afghanistan
1962
Apr. 14: PremierSardarMohammedDaud presented
the outline of the second 5-yeardevelopmentplan
before the joint session of Parliament. The total
expenditurewas estimatedat 44.5 billion Afghanis,
2.7 times more than the amountfor the first 5-year
plan. Stress will be placed on the development
of mines and industry, and the budget for agri-
culture is twice that of the sum for the first 5-year sented as a supreme directorate of the OAS,
plan.
May 6: Floodsin northeastAfghanistanhave inflicted
heavy damage,it was reported. Seventeenpersons
were killed, includingwomenand children.
June 11: The US rejectedAfghanistan'srequestfor
$350 million aid to the second5-yearplan. Instead,
the US will give writtenassuranceof intentionsto
continuelong-termeconomicaid without specifying
the amountsor the dates.
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339
Algeria
(See also, General, Jordan, Saudi Arabia,
Tunisia, UAR)
1 962
Mar. 16: It was reportedin Evian-les-Bainsthat the
French and Algerian peace negotiatorswere still
short of completeagreement.The FrenchMinister
of Informationsaid in Paris, however, that con-
clusion of the talks was "a question of hours."
Meanwhile, Algeria's biggest cities "drew closer
to anarchy as terrorism and crippling strikes
grippedthem." Close to 30 personswere killed.
Mar. 17: Eight pharmaciesin the center of Algiers
were raided by Europeansfiring submachineguns
and revolvers at Muslim clerks. Seven Muslim
druggistswere killed and four wounded.
Mar. 18: A cease-fireending the Algerian war was
signed at Evian-les-Bainsby French and Algerian
rebel delegations. The document,terminatingthe
rebellionafter 7 years,4 monthsand 18 days, will
go into effectthroughoutAlgeriaat noon tomorrow.
The accordcovers the processby which Algerians
will vote their own political future in 4 to 6
monthsand the cooperationbetweenFranceand the
independentAlgeria that will result from a self-
determination referendum. Included also are
guaranteesfor the rights of the 1,000,000 Euro-
peans living among 9,000,000 Muslims;an interim
political regime;provisionsfor a continuedFrench
military presencein Algeria; joint exploitationof
oil and other mineralsin the Sahara,and a broad
amnesty for military and political prisoners on
both sides.
In a television speech, President de Gaulle
appealedto the Frenchpeople to supportthe peace
accords reached between the French and the Al-
gerians. They will be presentedto the Cabinetat
a meeting tomorrow.
In Tunis, PremierYasif ibn Khidda,in a radio
address in French and Arabic, orderedthe rebels
to stop fighting at noon tomorrow. He said, how-
ever, that the cease-fire did not mean peace,
"becausethere is the dangerthe Fascist hordes of
the Secret Army Organizationwill increase the
bloodshed in their fight for a FrenchAlgeria."
In Algiers, clandestine leaflets were circulated
announcinga newly formed National Council of
the French Resistancein Algeria, which is repre-
confering upon General Raoul Salan the post of
commanderin chief of all French land, sea and
air forces. The announcementof a cease-firewas
greeted with "noisy demonstrationsfrom windows
and balconies and some violence" reportedly
directedagainstde Gaulle and his policy.
In Washington, President Kennedy hailed the
French-Algeriancease-fireagreementas a "historic
accomplishment."
340 THE MIDDLE EAST JOURNAL
Mar. 19: Algeria passed its first day of peace in
'relative calm," it was reported. The large cities
were in the grip of a general strike ordered by the
OAS. Railroads, airlines, city transport and most
other public services were tied up by the strike.
In Rolle, Switzerland, Algerian nationalist
leaders marked the cease-fire in Algeria at noon
today with a minute of silence at their residence at
Signal-de-Bougy. The negotiators, headed by
Bilqasim Karim, and the 5 nationalist leaders,
headed by Muhammad ibn Balla, liberated last
night by the French, spent the day resting and
receiving diplomats who called to congratulate
them on the peace agreement.
In Rome, Premier Yusif ibn Khidda said that
peace in Algeria will require a "fight to the
finish" against the terrorist OAS and other such
groups.
In Rabat, Algerian nationalist Minister of Arma-
ments 'Abd al-Hafiz Boussouf declared that Presi-
dent de Gaulle must take "immediate forceful steps
to crush French terrorists in Algeria to make the
truce effective."
Christian Fouchet was appointed High Com-
missioner for Algeria, it was reported in Paris.
The French Cabinet approved decrees setting up a
12-man provisional executive body, headed by a
president and vice president, to rule in Algeria
under M. Fouchet.
Moscow formally recognized the Algerian Pro-
visional Government and proposed the establish-
ment of diplomatic relations.
Syria announced that tomorrow would be a na-
tional holiday in celebration of Algeria's independ-
ence.
In Paris Foreign Minister Maurice Couve de
Murville of France called in the Soviet Ambassador,
Sergei Vinogradov, to ask explanation of the Soviet
action in offering juridical recognition of the
Algerian Provisional Government. It was pointed
out there that the peace treaty of Evian-les-Bains
in no way changes the fact of continuing French
sovereignty in Algeria for the present.
In Cairo, President Nasir held out hope that the
Algerian cease-fire might open the way for a re-
newal of friendship between Egypt and France.
In New Delhi, Prime Minister Nehru, in a
statement in Parliament, congratulated both the
Algerian nationalists and the French on the truce.
Fifty-one nations of the African-Asian group at
the UN hailed "with profound joy" the cease-fire.
Officials in Washington indicated that the US
had no immediate plans to recognize the Algerian
Provisional Government.
Mar. 20: At least 50 persons were killed in clashes
last night near Oran between French Muslim troops
and other Muslims, it was reported in Algiers.
Thirty other persons were reported killed through-
out Algeria as violence was renewed. Ten persons
were believed killed and more than 50 wounded
when mortar shells, presumably fired by European
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extremists, fell in a Muslim crowd in an Algiers
square this afternoon. Other clashes were reported
from several towns in the Algerian interior.
In Paris, de Gaulle announced his intention to
ask the French people, in a referendum April 8,
for a grant of exceptional powers to carry out a
policy certain to result in independence for Algeria.
Foreign Minister Sa'd Dahlab of the Algerian
Provisional Government said in Cairo that his
country would follow a foreign policy of non-
alignment after independence from France.
All private flights over Moroccan territory were
banned until further notice as a security measure
pending the arrival of Algerian nationalist leaders
released by France.
Mar. 21: An inconclusive debate on the government's
settlement in Algeria ended in Paris, it was re-
ported. Parliament was not asked to vote on the
agreements reached at Evian-les-Bains. Meanwhile,
French authorities uncovered a plot by right-wing
extremists to free former generals Maurice Challe
and Andre'Zeller.
President Kennedy said that the US should act
"to build" in Algeria "rather than attempting for
political purposes to exploit a situation." His
comment was given in answer to a question re-
garding the Soviet Union's announcement of
recognition of Algeria. Communist China,
Rumania, Czechoslovakia and Albania were re-
ported to have followed the Soviet lead in 24
hours of the signing of the cease-fire agreement.
French military policemen battled with right-
wing terrorists in the center of Oran injuring 14
persons.
At least 11 Muslims were killed in individual
attacks in Algiers. Later at night plastic bomb
and grenade explosions rocked almost every dis-
trict of Algiers resulting in the death of 31 persons.
Muhammad ibn Balla arrived in Rabat where
King Hasan and the Moroccan people gave him
a "heroes' welcome."
The World Council of Churches announced in
Geneva plans for a $1,400,000 relief program for
more than 3 million Algerians in urgent need
following the truce.
Mar. 22: Rightists, armed with automatic weapons,
attacked government security forces in the heart of
Algiers. They also attacked in the eastern and
western sections of the city. Three gendarmes
were reported wounded and one Muslim and 2
or 3 Europeans were killed. Earlier in the day a
powerful bomb exploded on the third floor of the
Prefecture of Police building in Algiers.
The French Communist party called on its
partisans to vote "yes" in the referendum called
for April 8, it was reported in Paris. The party
technically is on the same side of a question as
the President.
Mar. 23: The French army threw fighter planes and
tanks into action late this afternoon to help crush
the European insurrection in the Bab-el-Oued quar-
 CHRONOLOGY
ter of Algiers. Fifteen army men were killed and
more than 50 wounded.
In Paris, de Gaulle ordered the "pitiless" re-
pression of "the armed insurrection"in Algeria,
declaring that "everything must be done im-
mediatelyto smashand punish the criminalaction"
of the OAS terrorists.
Mar. 24: The Bab-el-Ouedquarterof Algiers was
sealed off completely as the French army threw
several thousand conscript soldiers into the fight
against the OAS. A systematicsearch was made
of each apartmentand severalhundredarrestswere
reportedto have been made.
ChristianFouchetarrivedin Algiers.
'Abd al-RahmanFaris, President-designate of the
Algerian transitional executive body, arrived in
Rabat to consult with ministers of the Algerian
ProvisionalGovernment.
YCisif ibn Khidda accepted "with satisfaction"
Mr. Khrushchev'soffer to establish diplomaticre-
lations, it was reported.
Mar. 25: Francewas reportedto have recalled her
Ambassadorfrom Moscow and sent the SovietAm-
bassadorhome as a protest against the Kremlin's
recognition of the Algerian Provisional Govern-
ment.
Frenchgovernmentforcesand Europeanresidents
battled for 5 hours in the centerof Oran. Casual-
ties among the securityforces were one dead and
18 wounded; among the civilians, one dead and
20 wounded.
In Algiers, 1,000 Europeanswere said to have
been taken into custody by French forces since
the armed clash 2 days ago in the Bab-el-Oued
sector.
Fouchet told Europeansettlers they would be
making a "terriblemistake"if they did not accept
the Algerian cease-fire,it was reportedin Algiers.
Speaking for the first time since his liberation
Muhammadibn Balla told 2,000 Algerian soldiers
at the Oujda camp in Moroccothat the Algerian
revolution must go on. He explained later, in
private, however, that while he and his fellow
ministers had approved the cease-fire,the state-
ment was "by no means an expression of dis-
appointment."
Mar. 26: At least 50 French civilians were killed
and about 150 woundedin the heart of Algiers as
Frencharmy forces clashedwith Europeandemon-
strators.
EdmondJouhaud,formerFrenchAir Forcegen-
eral who was secondin commandof the OAS, was
captured in Oran yesterday,it was officially an-
nounced. He was flown to Paris.
De Gaulle, in a television speech, appealed to
all Frenchmento support his policy in Algeria;
he warned his critics saying that massive backing
of his policy would "make known that the
criminals, who are endeavoring by terrorist at-
tacksto force the handof the stateand to subjugate
the nation, have no future but punishment."
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341
It was reported in Washington that the US
has made informalcontactswith the Algerian Pro-
visional Governmentwith the full knowledge of
France.
Mar. 27: In Oran a 5-hour general strike was ob-
servedin sympathyfor the Europeanskilled yester-
day in Algiers.
French riot police and special army units, sup-
ported by tanks and armoredcars, took over the
center of Algiers for 4 hours this afternoon.
The AlgerianguerrillaArmyof Liberationstaged
a formal paradein Oujda,Morocco,in celebration
of the cease-fireagreement.
Felix Schnyder, UN High Commissionerfor
Refugees, announced in Geneva that he would
assistthe returnof Algerianrefugeesto their home-
land in accordancewith the agreementbetween
Franceand the AlgerianProvisionalGovernment.
Mar. 28: It was reportedthat 13 bombs were ex-
ploded in Paris. The targetswere homesand offices
of individuals and organizationsidentifiedwith a
liberal policy for Algeria.
The OAS proclaimed"all-outguerrillawarfare"
against the French forces and announcedthat it
would not again call out Europeancivilians for
mass political demonstrations,it was reportedin
Algiers.
The Algerian ProvisionalGovernmentended a
week of consultationin Rabatand announced,"We
are ready for cooperationwith France because it
is in our interests."
Mar. 29: 'Abd al-RahmanFaris and 6 membersof
the provisionalexecutivecouncil arrivedin Rocher
Noir. The remaining5 memberswill arrive from
Morocco tomorrow, it was announced.
The Frencharmyended its siege of Bab-el-Oued.
The OAS continued its attacks in Algiers, how-
ever, killing 9 Muslimsand one European.
In Oran more than 3,000 citizenswere reported
in attendanceat a funeralservicefor the European
victims of fighting earlier this week in Oran and
Algiers.
AMar.30: Faris warned Algeria's Europeansto cease
their bombingand their "loud and sterile demon-
strationsand assassinationsthat will lead you no-
where." He spoke on radio and television. His
address was followed "immediately"by heavy
explosions in severalparts of Algiers. The casual-
ties were not readily known.
The Frenchgovernmentdeclaredthat arrestsof
undergroundagents in France had thwarted an
alleged plan by the OAS to "unleashwidespread
attacks"in Franceimmediatelyafter the announce-
ment of the cease-fireagreement,it was reported
in Paris.
Mar. 31: A 2-week old special militarycourt of the
Frencharmy in Algiers sentenceda Europeanteen-
ager to 3 years of hard labor for shooting at a
Muslim, it was reportedin Algiers.
At nightfall numerousbombingswere reported
in variousparts of Algiers. One explosion caused
 342 THE MIDDLE EAST JOURNAL

a lire and heavy damage at the city terminal of the
French airlines, which has attracted the attention
of terrorists allegedly trying to keep Europeans
from leaving Algiers. In the last several days the
army has been handling passengers at the Algiers
airport.
For the first time this week Oran's largest bank
and some smaller ones opened. They had been Apr. 6: Forty persons,most of them Muslims, were
closed since the robbery of the big Bank of Algeria
on March 24, when $4,250,000 was taken.
Ibn Balla and 3 other Algerian nationalist lead-
ers flew to Cairo for a public welcome and private
talks with Nasir.
Soviet Ambassador Vinogradov left Paris for
Moscow at the request of the French government.
The French Ambassador to Moscow, Maurice
Dejean, arrived in Paris earlier this week, recalled Algerian question in a "fundamentalway."
by his government for "consultations."
Apr. 1: French army headquarters and the OAS an-
nounced conflicting reports of an OAS attempt
3 days ago to control the feudal village led by
Sa'id Buwalim, who controls a private army of
5,000 men. The OAS maintained that they suc-
ceeded in obtaining Buwalim's support, but the
army communique said that the villagers, the Mus-
lim volunteers and all but one of the conscript Apr. 7: Frenchauthoritiesin Algiers announcedthe
soldiers refused to join the insurgents.
Apr. 2: The French army announced that about 40
members of the commando force that raided the
village under Buwalim were captured.
The OAS bombarded the Casbah in Algiers with
mortars shortly after nightfall, wounding 4 Mus-
lims.
Apr. 3: European terrorists invaded a Muslim clinic,
killed 10 patients in their beds and wounded 7
others. Then they blew up part of the building
and fled. In 10 other attacks in Algiers the terror- to restoreAlgiera "to its only legitimatesovereignty
ists killed 5 persons, 4 of them Muslims, and
wounded 16.
The police in Rheims, France, announced the
capture there of Yann Ziano, alleged to be one
of the chief OAS killers and member of the "Delta
20" terrorist unit blamed for the slaying of Felix
Goldenberg, an Algiers police commissioner.
Apr. 4: European extremists reportedly shelled 2 Apr. 8: The Frenchpeople went to the polls to vote
Muslim residential areas in Algiers with mortars
and carried out other acts of terror in widely scat-
tered parts of the city. At least 6 Muslims were
killed and 25 wounded. Two out of 3 Muslims
working in the European sector stayed home from Apr. 9: The French people approved de Gaulle's
work in view of "indiscriminate attacks" on indi-
viduals venturing into European districts.
Apr. 5. In an interview in Paris, Premier Michel
Debr6 predicted that the OAS in France and
Algeria would be "liquidated within a few weeks."
A young European said to be a member of a
Secret Army Commando unit was sentenced by a
special military court in Algiers to 20 years of
hard labor for the murder of a Muslim civilian.
Only the main branches of banks in Algiers re-
mained open after robbersheld up as many as 10
banks a day in the last several days.
Muslims stageda protestmarchon the European
quarter of Sidi-bel Abbbs in western Algeria, it
was reported. The demonstrationwas provokedby
an alleged murder of 2 Muslims by the OAS.
Police dispersedthe marcherswith tear gas.
killed in Algeria as terrorists,strikingat random,
shot and killed Muslims walking in the streetsof
the Europeanquarters. Five Europeanswere also
killed and many others were wounded.
Appealing for the third time since March 18
on radio and television, de Gaulle called on the
Frenchpeople to approvethe Algerianpeaceagree-
ments on Sunday, April 8, so as to settle the
The French Cabinet put into effect the transi-
tional machineryprovidedfor by the Evian agree-
ments, placing the responsibilityfor public order
in Algeria exclusively in civilian hands. Fouchet
will exercise this responsibilitywith his depart-
mental prefects and with the local provisional
executive of 12 persons, 9 Muslims and 3 Euro-
peans.
capture of one of the key commandersof the
OAS, former Lt. Leon Degueldre.
The provisional executive for the transition
period was formally installed in ceremonies at
Rocher-Noir.
A proclamationfrom Raoul Salan, pinned on
walls and trees in downtownAlgiers, describedthe
provisional executive as "an enemnygovernment
without roots" forced on Algeria by de Gaulle's
"abject surrender policy." Salan called on all
Frenchand Muslim soldiersto join the OAS's fight
-that of France."
Subterraneanphone and telecommunication lines
were blown up in various parts of Algiers, thus
isolating Rocher Noir from the capital for most
of the day. Eighteen more persons, most of them
Muslims, were killed and several were wounded
in terroristattacksin Algiers and Oran.
on de Gaulle'spolicy in Algeria.
Twenty-six persons were killed in terroristat-
tacks in Algiers and Oran-21 Muslims and 5
Europeans-and 67 were wounded,it was reported.
policy in Algeria. The "yes" vote amountedto
90.7 per cent of the valid votes cast, 85.7 per cent
of all votes and 64.87 per cent of the total regis-
tered electorateof almost 28,000,000. Votes from
the overseas departmentsand territorieshave not
been tallied.
Daniel Godot, described as the leader of the
OAS commandounits in metropolitanFrance,was
arrested.
L'Echo d'Oran and the Oran Republicain were

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 CHRONOLOGY
indefinitely suspended following the appearance this
morning of a page presenting the cause of the
OAS, it was reported in Oran.
Apr. 10: The French government named 'Umar
Muqdad, the Muslim leader from Saida, to head
the 60,000-man Muslim force for policing the
Algerian cease-fire agreement.
It was reported in Algiers that about 30 armed
members of a commando unit of the OAS were
killed in a battle with a unit of the Algerian
National Liberation Army about 50 miles south of Apr. 16: Residents of Oran were ordered
Algiers.
Apr. 11: Jouhaud went on trial for his activities as
second in command of the OAS. He admitted
'general responsibility for Secret Army actions in
western Algeria but sought to disavow personal
involvement in certain acts of terrorism."
As a result of several French army operations in
3 districts on the outskirts of Algiers, 14 members
of the OAS were arrested.
Oran was "completely tied up" by a general
strike called for retaliation against searches and
seizures.
Apr. 12: A pamphlet being distributed "surrepti-
tiously" in Oran appeared to give support to the
OAS cauise. "Published and distributed as a public
service by the National Committee of American
Friends of the French Secret Army Organization,
in cooperation with and under the sponsorship of
the American National party," it said, "Americans
Salute the O.A.S .," "De Gaulle and his Communist
crew-No! General Salan and the Frenchmen-
Yes!"
Republican security guards and gunmen of the
OAS fought in the center of Oran this evening,
killing 5 guards and wounding 18. In Algiers the
terrorists blew up the 2 top floors of the city's
airport's control tower and killed 9 Muslims in
individual attacks, it was reported.
Apr. 13: Jouhaud was condemned to death by a high
military tribunal.
At least 7 Muslim civilians were killed by Euro-
pean terrorists in Algiers, it was reported. Twenty-
one persons, including a Muslim woman, were
wounded in the attacks.
Secret Army terrorists reportedly killed Rene
Couet, commercial director of the Air France for
Algeria, on a stairway of his apartment house.
In Oran government forces surrounded and
searched a large area in the center of the city. The
search did not yield arrests of OAS members, ex-
cept for a few pieces of firearms.
Apr. 14: A general strike was called by the OAS and
was heeded throughout the urban centers of Algiera
as a protest against the death sentence passed on
Jouhaud.
Lawyers for Jouhaud began proceedings to obtain
commutation of his sentence. They said they were
acting against the former general's will.
Apr. 15: Two young Europeans were killed and one
was wounded by Muslim youths who had set up a
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343
roadblockon a highway in a suburbof Algiers-
the first instanceof Muslim counter-terrorism since
the cease-fire. In all of Algeria 30 persons were
killed and 67 wounded in Europeanterroristat-
tacks during the day, accordingto incompletere-
ports.
Membersof the OAS held control of the main
Oran telephone exchange for more than 5 hours
without firing a shot. Governmentforces did not
intervene. The OAS men left with no incdent.
by the
Prefect of Police to stay off balconies and roofs
in an effort to prevent Europeanextremistsfrom
firing on security patrols or dropping bombs on
militaryvehicles. Twelve personswere killed and
22 wounded in the last 24 hours in that city. In
Algiers 13 persons were killed and 17 wounded.
All but 2 of the dead were Muslims.
At RocherNoir the provisionalexecutivemet all
heads of the regional administrations.New ad-
ministratorswill be named by the Frenchgovern-
ment on the basis of nominationsmade by the
executive,manyof whom are likely to be Muslims,
it was reported.
Apr. 17: The tension between the Europeanand
Muslim communitiesin Algeria "appearedto be
mounting dangerously,"it was reported. In Oran,
for instance, the Secret Army commandosseized
abandonedsandbagposts at the edge of the Muslim
neighborhoodof Sanchidrianand shot an estimated
numberof 20 Muslims. The Muslims of Sanchid-
rian attackedcars of Europeanswho came along
on near-byhighways,wounding 6 of them.
Ministers of the Provisional Governmentmet
in Tunis to consideramong other things the "con-
tinuing violence in Algeria" and the technical
application of the cease-fire,which, though the
shooting between the French army and the Alge-
rians has stopped, is still "informal"becausethe
mixed commissionof nationalistand Frencharmy
representativeshas not worked out the technical
aspects of the grouping of nationalistforces.
Apr. 18: Muhammadibn Balla reiteratedhis in-
sistence that "revolutionmust go on" in Algeria,
in a speech to nationalist troops and Algerian
refugees at HammamMellegue, in Tunisia, it was
reportedthere.
France appointedLt. Gen. Michel Fourquetof
the air force to succeed Gen. CharlesAilleret as
Commanderin Chief of Frenchmilitaryforces in
Algeria. At the same time the Frenchgovernment
announcedthat Ministerfor AlgerianAffairsLouis
Joxe would leave for Algiers tonight to take "the
necessarydecisionson the spot to hasten"the im-
plementationof the peace accords.
'Abd al-RahmanFarisvisited Algiers for the first
time since his liberation despite OAS threats of
not permittinghim to set foot on Algerian soil.
Four hours after Faris left Algiers for RocherNoir
the OAS blew up part of the Algiers City Hall.
 344 THE MIDDLE EAST JOURNAL
Eight Muslims and 2 Europeans were killed in
terrorist attacks in Algiers, it was reported.
Government forces reoccupied the central tele- Apr. 23: MuhammadYazid denied dispatchesby the
phone exchange in Oran, seized 4 days ago by
OAS commandos.
Apr. 19: Louis Joxe met all day at Rocher Noir with
commanding French officers, leading French officials
and members of the provisional executive in an
effort to find ways of halting the terrorism by Apr. 24: In an interview publishedby the Algerian
extremists of the OAS in Oran.
Doctors in Oran protested against the alleged
interference by French forces with medical aid to
the wounded and the sick being treated by doctors.
They claimed such actions were in violation of the
doctors' right to continue to practice even under
the conditions of subversive guerrilla warfare.
The International Red Cross said that the Al-
gerian Provisional Government, unlike the French
government, had failed to abide by its agreement
with the French on the release of prisoners, it
was reported in Geneva. Algerian nationalist offi-
cials in Tunis said they were investigating the
Red Cross charge.
Apr. 20: Former Gen. Raoul Salan, his wife and
daughter and an aide were arrested in Algiers.
Salan was flown to imprisonment in Paris for
trial. Shortly after his arrival a wild deiiionstration
and fire broke out in Sante Prison. Fifteen prison-
ers and 5 security troopers were reported injured
in a clash before the security forces regained con-
trol.
Muhammad Yazid, Minister of Information, said
Salan's arrest would have a useful "effect on the
criminal action of the fascist commandos."
Muhammad ibn Balla and 4 other ministers re-
cently liberated from prison returned to Tunis after
a 2-day visit to the Algerian border of Tunisia.
It was reported that about 250,000 Algerian
refugees in Tunisia and Morocco will begin their
return home next month at a rate that will eventu-
ally approach 4,000 people a day from both coun- Apr. 27: 'Umar Ousseddik, political head of the
tries.
Apr. 21: Secret Army terrorists opened fire on French
security forces in Algiers and Oran. It was officially
announced that the attack took the lives of 3
soldiers and wounded 2 policemen in Algiers.
Casualties in Oran were not announced, but 2 mem-
bers of the security forces were reported killed and
14 wounded. OAS terrorists also killed 18 Muslim
civilians and wounded 15 during the day in Al-
giers. In Oran, at least 7 Muslims were slain.
A new Algerian security force of mixed Muslim
and European units was officially turned over to
the Provisional Government in ceremonies at
Rocher Noir. Christain Fouchet turned over com-
mand to 'Abd al-Rahman Faris.
Apr. 22: Salan was indicted by the civilian authori-
ties in Paris for crimes against the security of the
state.
Rightist forces in Algiers destroyed 2 printing
presses of L'Echo d'Alger.
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Former general Paul Gardy announcedhe was
taking over as Salan'ssuccessor.
Mideast News Agency from Cairo attributinga
100,000-soldierpledge to fight against Israel to
ibn Balla more than 2 weeks ago while he was on
a tour of the Middle East. He said the Provisional
Governmenthad never promisedthis.
Press Service,ibn Balla called for French-Algerian
cooperation.
The OAS killed 8 Muslims in the streetsof the
Europeanquarterof Algiers.
A "booby-trapped" car exploded at a bus stop
on the Place du Gouvernement,one of the points
of entry into the Casbah,and provokedMuslims
to beat Europeancivilians in that vicinity. The
interventionof Frenchsoldiers and Muslim "vigi-
lante committees"succeededin calmingthe crowds
before much harm could be done.
Terroristsin Algiers killed at least 14 persons
and wounded 34, it was reported.
The AlgerianPressServicesaid in Tunis that the
Provisional Government solicits the support of
AlgerianJews in their campaignagainstthe OAS.
It reported that the Committeefor the Struggle
against Fascism had distributedposters and pam-
phlets to encourageJews of Algeria to rally behind
this effort.
OAS terroristsblasted a commercialairliner at
the Algiers airport,destroyingit completely.There
were no casualties.
Secret Army men attackeda Frenchstrongpoint
in the heart of Oran and held it under fire for
an hour. No casualtieswere reported.
'Abd al-RahmanFaris said in Paris after a meet-
ing with de Gaulle that the meeting left him
"more confident than ever" on the future of
Algeria. Earlierhe conferredwith the new French
Premier,GeorgesPompidou.
National LiberationFrontfor GreaterAlgiers, said
in Algiers that if the Frenchwere willing to arrest
5,000 Europeans they could crush the OAS in
Algiers and Oran in less than 2 weeks.
The commander of the Mobile Security Group
at Ani-el-Turk, 8 miles west of Oran, was found
dead near the center of Oran. He had been
kidnapped from his office early this morning and
shot through the head 16 times.
Apr. 28: The Algerian Nationalist Army of Libera-
tion turned 3 French prisoners over to the French
Consulate General in Tunis. A spokesman for the
Algerian Army in Tunis said he knew of no plans
for further liberation, nor, he said, did he know
whether there were any other prisoners to be liber-
ated. Yesterday, Premier Pompidou told the Na-
tional Assembly in Paris that the French authori-
ties had stopped liberating Algerian prisoners
because of the failure of the Algerians to free
captive Frenchmen.
 CHRONOLOGY
Maj. Gen. Joseph Katz, the military commander
in Oran, ordered closed 4 principal streets in the
center of the city to all vehicular traffic beginning
tomorrow and threatened to shoot at any violators
of the ban. At the same time, he announced that
his troops would immediately enter any building
from which shots were fired and evict the occupants
of an apartment, a floor or, if necessary, the build-
ing.
In individual terrorist attacks in the last 24 hours
in Oran, 8 Muslims and 5 Europeans were killed.
Twelve thousand French troops massed around
Oran for a "progressive operation asphyxiation" to
end the rule of the OAS there.
Authorities in Algiers reported terrorist attacks
in Algeria killed 164 persons and wounded 269
between April 1 and 15. Of the dead, 134 were
Muslims; of the wounded 228.
Apr. 29: French troops infiltrated the heart of the
European section of Oran. The section was cut in
2 with barbed-wire enclosures and machine-gun
positions were set up.
Apr. 30: French officials directing the campaign
against the OAS in Algiers and Oran expressed
confidence that they have wrested the initiative
from extremist insurgents, it was reported in
Algiers. The security forces are carrying out 4 or
5 search operations in each of the cities every day
and an average of 25 members of the OAS are
arrested and about 100 weapons are captured daily,
they said.
At least 29 persons were killed and 11 wounded
in terrorist attacks in Oran during the day.
iMay 1: A general staff officer of the Algerian Army
of Liberation said in Ghardimaou, Tunis, "We are
respecting the peace accords and we will continue
to respect them, even if we do not like them. But
there is nothing sacred about the Provisional
Government. It can be changed any time." He
was referring to the Provisional Government's
policy towards Europeans in Algeria, which was
described as "moderate."
OAS terrorists attacked 2 fortified French com-
mand posts in Oran with mortar and machine-gun
fire. The attackers were repelled after a 40-minute
battle.
May 2: The Prefecture of Police in Paris announced
that the trial of Salan will start on May 15.
At least 91 Muslims and 6 Europeans were
killed in Algiers by OAS terrorists. About 130
Muslims were wounded. Later tonight French
authorities in Algiers reported that throughout
Algeria terrorist attacks killed 110 persons and
wounded 147.
The Provisional Government in Tunis demanded
that "necessary means" of enforcing order in
Algeria be put at the disposal of the transitional
executive there.
May 3: The 5-man Council of Greater Algiers issued
a written declaration that it would take the fight
against European terrorists into their own hands
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345
unless the situation was corrected. The Council
said it had informedthe AlgerianProvisionalGov-
ernmentof this.
After a meeting of the ProvisionalGovernment
in Tunis, under the chairmanshipof Yuasifibn
Khidda, MuhammadYazid said that "the liquida-
tion of the Secret Army Organizationrequired
radicalmeasures,"excludingwhat he called "obso-
lete sentimentalitiesand attachmentto legal forms."
Meanwhile, the Algerian Press Service (APS)
repeatedorders to Muslims in Algeria to remain
quiet and not reply to OAS attacksand provoca-
tions.
May 4: Europeanterroristsexplodeda gasoline truck
on the edge of a canyon above Algiers in an at-
tempt to engulf several hundredMuslim families
with fire. One Muslim was burned to death and
about 32 were reportedwounded.
Yazid issued a statementwarningthe Europeans
of Algeria to halt their aid to "fascists"of the
OAS before the prospect of cooperation in an
independent Algeria was "hopelessly compro-
mised,"and he urgedFrenchauthoritiesto organize
and send into action the all-Muslim police force
providedfor in the Evian accords.
The French Cabinet was reportedto have ap-
proved measures that will carry out fully the
peace accords,but the details were not given.
May 5: The APS declared in Tunis: "Let every
European take stock of the evidence: Algeria
cannot be built without the Algerian people, but
she can be built without the Europeans."
French authorities announced in Algiers that
security forces had arrested400 OAS suspects in
a massive searchof a single quarterof Algiers, it
was reported.
May 6: Europeanterroristgunmenwere reportedto
have opened fire on Muslim women in the streets
of Algiers for the first time. Two women were
killed in Bab-el-Ouedand one was wounded.
May 7: Muslims, wielding iron bars and sticks, at-
tackedand killed a Europeanworkmanin Algiers,
in the mistakenbelief that he was a memberof the
terrorist underground.
FourMuslimdomesticwomenservantswere shot
dead in the Europeansection of Algiers. Four
otherswere wounded.
May 8: It was reportedthat 2,000 auxiliarypolice-
men recruited among members of the Algerian
National LiberationArmy will soon join the fight
against OAS terroristsin Algiers and Oran. A
group of 1,000 startedtraininglast week.
In 37 individualattacks,most of them in down-
town Algiers, 27 Muslims, 2 of them women, and
one Europeanwere killed.
Four Muslims and 3 Europeanswere killed in
Oran, in individual terrorist attacks, it was re-
portedin Algiers.
Louis Joxe said in Paris that Francecould not
be satisfiedwith "vagueand contradictory" declara-
tions by the Algerian rebels on the fate of 197
 346 THE MIDDLE EAST JOURNAL
French prisoners, and added that the liberation
of the 1,800 Algerian prisoners still in French
hands would be delayed until France had received
satisfaction from the Algerian rebel command on
the fate of the French soldiers.
May 9: In a report to the Cabinet, Joxe said that
the situation in Algiers and Oran was "serious
and preoccupying," it was reported in Paris.
In Tunis, Ibn Khidda called on the people of
his country to observe "scrupulously" the peace
accords, despite provocation.
At least 24 Muslims were killed in Algiers and
6 wounded in terrorist attacks. In Oran the toll
was 7 dead, 5 of them Muslims.
May 10: Eighteen Muslim women and young girls
were killed in Algiers and Oran. The day's toll
for all Algeria was 55, all but 9 of them Muslims.
May 11: Fourteen prominent community leaders, in-
cluding 82-year-old Roman Catholic Bishop, Msgr.
Carmouze, of Oran were arrested in that city. Mean-
while, the French government, through its High
Commissioner for Algeria, warned that Europeans
who "condone terrorist crimes would be punished
as severely as those who perpetrated them."
May 12: The transitional executive announced that
30,000 Muslims soldiers would join the fight
against the terrorists of the OAS in Algiers and
Oran "in the near future," it was reported in
Algiers. It also said that the popular referendum
in Algeria, which is expected to approve independ-
ence, will be held on July 1.
May 13: Two Muslims were killed and about 15
persons, including several Europeans, were
wounded in Algiers in a terrorist bombing of a
parked car in a mixed Muslim-European neighbor-
hood in Algiers, it was reported. Msgr. Jules
Carmouze of Oran was released after questioning.
May 14: Firing from cars as they drove through the
suburbs of Algiers, gunmen identified as Muslims
killed 17 Europeans and 2 Muslims in less than
2 hours tonight, it was reported.
Christian Fouchet expressed "confidence" that
the self-determination referendum, scheduled for
July 1, would be held despite the terrorism of the
OAS, it was reported in Rocher Noir.
May 15: Salan went on trial for his life in Paris,
in a courtroom encircled by security forces.
European gunmen reportedly struck back at the
Muslims, killing 54 persons in Algiers and wound-
ing 34.
May 16: "I am the chief of the Secret Army Organi-
zation. My responsibility thus is complete," said
Salan at the witness stand. He reportedly "attacked
President de Gaulle as having betrayed the con-
cept of an Algeria forever French that was the key-
stone of the 1958 uprising that returned him to
power."
European terrorists shelled the Algiers Casbah
with mortars and killed 40 Muslims. Two Euro- May 23: Salan was sentenced to life imprisonment
peans were also killed.
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In a move to prevent 19-year-old Europeans in
Algeria from being recruited by the OAS, the
French government ordered their drafting into
military service.
Four French soldiers were set free by the
Algerian National Liberation Army, it was repoted
in Rabat.
May 17: Muhammad Yazid, at a news conference in
Tunis, said that Muslims in Algeria should use
"more effective measures" against European ter-
rorist attacks.
Major Si 'Izz al-din, chief of the nationalist
political-military apparatus in Algiers, took re-
sponsibility for the machine-gun attacks by Muslim
gunmen that killed 17 Europeans last May 14, it
was reported in Algiers.
May 18: It was reported that 1,558 Europeans fleeing
Algeria left on a boat for Marseilles. Authorities
have put 2 packet boats on the Algiers-Marseilles
run beginning next week. Meanwhile terrorists
stepped up their campaign against fleeing Euro-
peans.
Authorities in Paris report that more than
14,800 "heads of family" registered as repatriates
from Algeria in metropolitan France in the last 4
months. In March and April alone at least 10,000
registered, they declared.
May 19: It was reported in Paris that 9 judges of
the high military tribunal and the government
prosecutor in the trial of Salan have received death
threats from the OAS.
Former Premier Michel Debr6, called by the
defense in the Salan trial, denied that he had once
plotted against Salan's life.
The Bachagha Sa'id Buwalim, with about 60
members of his family and aides, arrived in France,
it was reported in Mas Thibert.
May 20: Some 1,400 "refugees," who have been
camping for days at the Maison Blanche airport
awaiting passage, were airlifted to France. It was
believed the airlift was ordered by Louis Joxe.
May 21: Today, 1,157 persons left on the Ville de
Marseilles for Marseilles and 900 left by air for
Paris.
Terrorism in Algiers took a toll of 12 lives, 6
Muslims and 6 Europeans. Meanwhile, it was re-
ported that 3 European executives of the Monoprix
were kidnapped. Two of them were found dead
later and one was freed by French troops.
May 22: European authorities in Algiers disclosed
that the French army had found the bodies of 15
Europeans buried in lime on a farm near Maison
Carree, 7 miles from Algiers.
Thirteen Muslims and 3 Europeans were killed
and 6 wounded in terrorist activities in Algiers, it
was disclosed.
A total of 1,660 person left Algeria by sea and
air for France.
by the high military tribunal, which found him
 CHRONOLOGY
guilty on 5 counts, but ruled there were extenuating
circumstances in his case.
Twenty-three persons were killed in 33 separate
incidents in Algiers, and 23 were wounded. Of the
dead 19 were Muslims, of the wounded one was a
European.
May 24: Louis Joxe told the French Cabinet that the
tribunal's judgment of Salan "which has stunned
the nation," could constitute a "blow to the
morale" of the security forces.
The official news agency of the Algerian Pro-
visional Government characterized the jail sentence
given to Salan as "scandalous," a surprise to the
whole world and one that caused general indigna-
tion, it was reported in Tunis.
Lawyers of Jouhaud were reported to have
asked the Ministry of Justice in Paris for a revision
of his death sentence.
May 25: About 8,400 Algerian refugees were re-
ported to have crossed the Moroccan-Algerian
frontier in the last 12 days.
Jouhaud's execution was stayed, it was reported
in Paris.
May 26: Official sources in Paris disclosed that
Jouhaud would be spared from execution only if
European-inspired terror stopped in Algeria.
The high military tribunal that sentenced Salan
was dissolved, by order of the Ministry of Justice,
it was reported in Paris.
European extremists burned out 18 elementary
school buildings in Algiers, it was reported.
May 27: The French Government established a new
fund of 200,000,000 francs to aid refugees fron
Algeria.
The French government confirmed a report that
Salan continued to operate from prison as a leader
of the OAS. The capture of Andre Canal on May
6 and the investigation that followed it revealed a
letter from Salan dated April 24, which contained
instructions written while Salan was in Sante
prison.
The French government published a decree for
the re-establishment of political liberties in Algeria
before the self-determination vote on July 1.
May 28: The American Federation of Labor and
Congress of Industrial Organizations announced a
fund-raising campaign to help the Algerian labor
movement, at a luncheon in Washington for 'Abd
al-Nur 'Ali Yahya, general secretary of the Algerian
General Workers Union.
Gen. Francois Partiot disclosed in Paris that he
had successfully sought early retirement because he
was ordered to detail the firing squad for Jouhaud.
Seven more schools and a social security payment
office were burned by terrorists in Algiers.
May 29: Shawqi Mustafa'i, a member of the pro-
visional executive, denied reports that there have
been "negotiations" with European rightists and the
Algerian nationalists, and charged that the
OAS was seeking a way out of "its impasse"
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347
through "any sort of accord with the National
Liberation Front."
The Secret Army burned 2 more schools in
Algiers and announced in a "private broadcast" it
would attempt to reduce Algeria to her condition
at the time of the French conquest in 1830.
May 30: De Gaulle declared he was determined
to maintain his Algerian policy and the stability
of the French state, it was learned in Paris. On
the same day, a new Military Court of Justice was
formed to mete out "exemplary" punishment to the
killers of the OAS and those who block the
Algerian policy and bring down the Fifth Republic.
Armand Belvisi, the principal suspect in the at-
tempted assassination of de Gaulle last September,
was arrested, in the meantime, after a gun fight
in one of the biggest residential districts of Paris.
France's 6 Roman Catholic Cardinals issued a
statement condemning the violence in Algeria.
June 1: The Secret Army in Algiers called a halt to
the terrorist killing it has carried on for the last
10 weeks. It was not determined who ordered it
or what was going on behind the scenes.
In Paris, several elected representatives of the
Europeans of Algeria reportedly asked for further
guarantees for the period following Algerian inde-
pendence.
June 2: A "cease-fire" of the OAS was reported to
have been extended to Tuesday, June 5. It was
believed the unofficial "negotiations" were being
carried out, although no one could determine who
were involved in them. In Oran, however, gen-
darmes fought for 15 minutes with OAS men. No
casualties were reported.
June 3: A "private broadcast" on the television sound
channel at Oran declared that the command of the
OAS was in the Oran region, not at Algiers. The
broadcast denounced as without authority the
alleged "negotiations" that were reported earlier.
A similar broadcast in Algiers, however, said the
"contacts" that were in progress had thus far been
the "maneuvers of politicians."
The Pope called for an end to the bloodshed in
Algeria and appealed for racial peace in North
Africa.
Security forces captured an OAS band at Arewv,
25 miles from Oran, it was reported there.
Haj j Masali announced that the Algerian Na-
tional Movement, of which he is the leader, had
transformed itself into a legal political party-the
Algerian Popular Party.
June 4: France's highest appeals court refused a re-
trial for Jouhaud.
No violence was reported in Algiers after the
midnight deadline set by the alleged truce. The
OAS broadcast continued its warning, however, of
the end of the truce.
The US government denounced the OAS threat
to "scorch the Algerian earth" and force the exodus
of Europeans unless the Algerian nationalists
348 THE MIDDLE EAST JOURNAL
agreed to revise the Evian accords,in a statement
issued in Washington.
June 6: Jouhaudurged the OAS to halt its campaign
of terror.
June 7: The OAS ordereda resumptionof its ter-
rorism in Algiers. Using incendiarybombs,plastic
explosives and grenades, terrorists set off blasts
that causedfires in a large numberof public build-
ings in Algiers, Bone, Constantine,Oran and Sidi-
bel-Abbes. At least 6 Muslimswere reportedkilled
in Algiers.
June 8: In a television broadcast,de Gaulle forecast
a need for constitutionalchanges to insure the
continuityof a strong Frenchstate beyondhis own
term of office. He credited the "imminentsolu-
tion" of the Algerianproblemto the strongexecu-
tive powers he obtained in 1958. In Algiers,
meanwhile, the Europeanterroristspursued their
campaign of burning public buildings. It was
learned that talks between representativesof the
Europeancommunityand the Algerian nationalists
were continuing.
June 9: The US cultural center in Algiers was in-
vaded and partly destroyedby Europeanterrorists,
it was reported. Most of the 6,000 volumesin the
librarywere destroyedby fire.
Reutersreportedthat the OAS called off its at-
tacks against Muslims tonight.
June 10: It was announcedin Algiers that European
terrorists sabotaged a gas well yesterdayin the
Sahara, in southern Algeria.
The ProvisionalGovernmentannouncedit would
address a "solemn declaration"to the Europeans
of Algeria within the next 2 days. The subject
matterof the "declaration"was not disclosed.
An OAS spokesman,in "piratebroadcasts,"was
reportedto have announcedthat by last night or
today he would advise the Europeancommunityin
Algeria either that it was safe to remainin Algeria
or that all was lost and that they should flee,
leaving behindonly the SecretArmymembers.
June 11: The OAS postponeda decisionon whether
they would orderEuropeansto leave the country.
It was learned that Bilqasim arrivedin Rocher
Noir yesterday. It was believed he joined other
nationalistleadersin "talks"with Europeanrepre-
sentatives.
The OAS attackedin vain police headquarters
in Oran with bazookas and machine guns twice
today. No casualtieswere reported.
June 12: In Algiers, the OAS killed 3 Muslims,
bombed 2 downtown insurance company offices
and the state-runrailway administrationbuilding,
and robbed 2 business offices and a post office of
$36,600.
It was reported in Marseilles that more than
10,000 Europeansfrom Algeria arrived there by
sea and air in the last 24 hours.
June 13: The ProvisionalGovernmentissued a state-
ment denying to the Europeansfurtherguarantees
to those alreadyagreedupon at Evian. It urgedthe
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Algeriansto vote "yes"in the forthcomingreferen-
dum, July 1. Meanwhile,European"piratebroad-
casts" indicated that talks between nationalists
and Europeanswere going on "at the highest
level."
June 14: The French army commanderfor western
Algeria,Maj. Gen. PhilippeGinestet,was seriously
wounded when he was shot as he left the chapel
in a militaryhospital in Oran.
June 15: A spoksemanfor the OAS announcedthat
the terroristswould step up its campaignof arson
and bombings.
Terroristsdestroyedthe major part of Algeria's
largest and best-equipped hospital. They also
damageda smallerhospital. They blew up Algiers'
City Hall, killing at least 3 French soldiers
stationed as guards. It was reported that Euro-
pean women joined in the bombing operations.
It was reported in Tunis that the nationalists
called on the Frenchgovernment"to show the same
fidelity" to the truce accords that "the Algerian
ProvisionalGovernmenthas shown," and thus "to
contribute decisively to the re-establishmentof
peace" in Algeria. The nationalistshave charged
Frencharmyand some Frenchofficialquarterswith
"complaisancetoward if not complicitywith" the
SecretArmy.
In Paris, the Frenchgovernmentmoved to retry
Salan. It was also learned that 20 alleged killers
were capturedin the last 48 hours along the route
of de Gaulle'scurrenttour in the Jura region.
Cyprus
(See also, General,Lebanon,PalestineProblem)
1962
Mar. 25: Bomb explosions reportedly damaged 2
mosques-used by Cypriotsof Turkishdescent-in
the Greek quarterof Nicosia.
Mar. 29: Several thousand Greek Cypriote school
children paradedin Nicosia, chanting slogans of
"enosis"after word of damageby fire in a Greek
school in the Turkishquarterof the city last night.
Policemenpreventedany outbreakof violence.
Apr. 2: ArchbishopMakarioswas reportedto have
expressed his concern to British officials about a
threat to the island's economy. The proposed
gradual withdrawal of British forces from bases
in Cyprus,in addition to Britain'sexpected entry
in the EuropeanCommonMarket,were regarded
as "economicallyharmful" by Cypriote officials.
Apr. 7: At a press conferenceMakariosdeclaredthat
Cypruswould maintainher alliancewith the West.
He expressedhope for harmonybetweenthe Greek
and Turkishcommunitiesin Cyprus;indicatedthat
if Britain were admittedto the CommonMarket
Cyprus would seek associate membershipin the
 CHRONOLOGY
market;and emphasizedCyprus'neutrality"in so
far as military alignmentsare concerned."
Apr. 23: Two persons reportedly killed Ayhan
Mustafa Hikmet, publisher of Cumhuriyet. Later
police found AhmetMuzaferGurkan,a lawyerand
editor of the same paper, shot and killed. The
killers were not known.
May 1: Home SecretaryR. A. Butler said that An-
tonis Zacharia and Euripides Arestidou-fugitive
informersagainst EOKA-will not be returnedto
Cyprusto face criminalcharges.It was the firsttime
in the historyof the FugitiveOffendersAct of 1881,
under which Cyprus sought their return, that a
Home Secretaryhad exercisedhis authorityto over-
rule a British court and deny the return of a
fugitive.
May 20: Makariosleft Nicosia by air for state visits
to West Germanyand the US.
June 5: Makariosarrivedin Washingtonon a 5-day
visit.
June 7: In an addressto the UN GeneralAssembly,
Makariosappealedto the nuclearpowers to avert
an "impendingcatastrophe"by taking action in ac-
cordancewith their responsibilityfor "enlightened
world leadership."
June 11: Addressingthe OverseasPressClub in New
York, Makariossaid he was "strongly"opposedto
suggestionsthat voting in the UN be proportionate
to the size of power of the members.
Ethiopia
(See also, Somalia)
1962
Apr. 6: It was reportedthat 2 Britishfirms-Mitchell
Cotts & Co. Ltd. and Mediterranean Meat Canners
Ltd.-have signed an agreementwith the govern-
ment. They propose to set up a national corpo-
ration with an initial capital of about ?700,000,
60 per cent of which will be made available for
public subscriptionlocally.
Apr. 13: The Ministerof Educationwarnedthat the
appropriationof $8,656,000 in the currentbudget
will not be sufficientto meet Ethiopia's "serious
shortage"of schools and teachers.
Apr. 24: A funeral service was held for Prince
Sahle Silasse,who died last night at the age of 31.
May 4: An agreementwas reported to have been
made betweenEthiopiaand the Ivory Coast,allow-
ing their airlinesentry into each other'sairports.
May 23: The Chamberof Deputies approved an
agreement negotiated with the USSR last year,
providing a long-termcredit of 90 million rubles
to finance industrial, agricultural and mineral
projects. It was also learned that an application
for a World Bank loan of $14 million has been
approvedin principle.
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349
May 25: It was reported that a concession agree-
ment with Ralph Parsons& Co., of California,for
the exploitationof potash deposits in the Danakil
depressionhas been signed.
May 28: The head of a 7-member International
Atomic Energy Commission delegation disclosed
that his organization'sbudget for next year will
make provision for the training of Ethiopianstu-
dents in nuclear sciences. The delegationleft for
Beirut after a visit to Ethiopia.
June 8: It was learnedthat the World Bankhas made
a loan equivalentto $2.9 million to the Board of
Communicationsto help finance the purchase of
equipmentfor the improvementand extension of
the telephoneand telegraphnetworkbegun by the
Board with the help of a World Bank loan a
decade ago. The loan is for 20 years at 53/4per
cent interest.
June 13: Addis Ababa radio's external service
inaugurated its Swahili program for east and
centralAfrica. Last May 5 it began foreign broad-
casts in English, Frenchand Arabic.
Iran
(See also, General)
1962
Mar. 17: The semi-annualdiscussionsbetween the
Iranian Oil Consortiumand the National Iranian
Oil Companyended. A communiquewas issued
which indicatedthat "full agreement"was reached
on "a large numberof mattersof commonagree-
ment." No other details were disclosed.
Mar. 20: It was reported in Washington that the
detention in Tehran of Abol Hassan Ebtehaj,
formerhead of the planning organizationin Iran,
was injectedinto a Senateinquiryinto Iran'suse of
Americanaid funds.
Mar. 25: Former Foreign Minister Hossein Qods-
Nakhai was reported to have been appointed to
succeedArdeshirZahedi as Iranianambassadorto
the US.
Mar. 30: It was reportedthat the general assembly
of the NIOC has agreed on outstandingfinancial
matterswith the Consortium. These included the
financing by the Consortiumof projects such as
housing for oil workers and the calculation of
depreciationand operatingcosts at Kharg Island.
Apr. 4: TehranUniversityreopenedafterbeing closed
since February25.
Apr. 9: The Shah distributedlands to 522 peasants
in northernIran, along the border of the Soviet
Union.
Apr. 10: The Shah and EmpressFarah arrived in
New York for an 8-day officialvisit to the US.
Apr. 11: Presidentand Mrs. Kennedy received the
Shah and the Empressat the White House.
Apr. 12: The Shah told Congress to continue US
 350 THE MIDDLE EAST JOURNAL
foreign aid and pledged that his nation would
not surrender to communism regardless of any
American action.
Apr. 13: It was reported that a new decree has been
passed making it compulsory for foreigners who
have been working in Iran to produce a tax settle-
ment certificate to customs officials at border check-
points. Failing such a certificate, they must deposit
a sum of 5,000 rials with the Ministry of Finance
for every month of work in Iran, this sum being
held as a deposit against setting outstanding tax
due within 2 months-otherwise the deposit will
be forfeited.
Apr. 14: A communique was issued by the Shah and
President Kennedy stating, inter alia, that they
"agreed on the necessity for further acceleration
of economic development in Iran and the need
for continued external assistance to Iran to enable
that country to pursue the goals of its economic
development plans."
Apr. 18: The Shah was conferred an honorary
Doctor of Laws degree by the University of
Pennsylvania.
Apr. 21: It was reported that heavy rains flooded
parts of Tehran, inundating some 400 houses and
making thousands homeless. Unofficial reports said
the death toll was 15, including 8 children.
May 2: A new trade agreement was signed with
Poland in Tehran, under which Poland will take
other goods to a value of at least one third of
its purchases of Iranian cotton. Poland will export
machinery and manufactured goods to Iran, and
some goods such as lorries, trucks and radio sets
have been exempted from the prohibited list for
import from Poland.
May 5: The NIOC announced that the special sub-
committee of the Supreme Oil Council had now
endorsed 3 of its projects for immediate action:
a refinery at Tehran, using oil from the Alborz
field; a topping plant at Alborz, also using Alborz
crude; and a gas separating plant at Sarajeh. The
projects will provide petroleum products for use
in northern Iran, saving up to $60 million in
foreign exchange, and thus releasing crude from
the southern fields for export.
May 19: The Shah and his wife dedicated the Sefid
Rud Dam, which was built by the French at a cost
of $60 million. It will irrigate about 375,000 acres
and produce 132,000 kilowatts of power for Gilan
Province.
May 23: The annual general meeting of the Iranian
Oil Exploration and Producing Company and the
Iranian Oil Refinery Company were held in The
Hague, under the chairmanship of E. W. Berlin.
The Board of Directors, with Berlin as chairman,
were unanimously reappointed.
May 25: It was reported that all motor cars that
have been used by government officials, except
those used by Cabinet members and other senior
officials, have been called in. They will be offered
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for sale to their former users or sold at public
auction.
It was learned that the Minister of Justice has
confiscated the property of 8 persons accused in a
case against officials of the Tobacco Monopoly
department, said to have misappropriated about
$5 million. No names were disclosed.
May 27: Premier Amini named former Trade
Minister Jehangir Amuzegar as Finance Minister
and the former mayor of Tehran, Dr. Mohessen
Nasr, as Minister of State.
June 3: A special meeting was held at the Plan
Organization headquarters to discuss the budget for
the current year, which is now 2 months overdue.
June 4: Ebtehaj was reported to have demanded that
he be tried or released unconditionally.
June 11: Iran and the Soviet Union signed an agree-
ment to exchange goods valued at more than
$5,500,000, renewing a 20-year-old trade pact.
June 14: Ebtehaj was released from a prison hospital
on his personal pledge of $134,000,000 not to leave
Iran until the case against him had been completed.
His friends put up $6,000,000 more as bail.
June 15: Tass said that the Soviet Union had ex-
pelled the Iranian embassy's press attach6 on the
ground that he and some other Iranian officials
had operated a currency black market.
Iraq
(See also, General, Kuwayt, Syria)
1962
Mar. 17: Iraq announced the recall of its envoy to
Japan, which has recognized Kuwayt.
Mar. 18: Iraq recalled its ambassador to Iran in pro-
test against the presentation of credentials by the
Kuwayti Ambassador.
Mar. 19: Al-Ahd al-Jadid reported that Brig. Shaqir
Mahmuid Shuqri has been nominated Iraqi Ambas-
sador to Syria.
Mar. 26: The Albanian deputy Minister of Trade,
Kico Kaspio, signed in Baghdad a protocol regu-
lating exchanges this year within the framework
of the 1959 trade agreement between Iraq and
Albania.
The Iranian Ambassador to Iraq, Abbas Aram,
left for Tehran to assume the post of Foreign
Minister in the Cabinet of Premier Ali Amini. He
said his departure "was not connected with the
recall of the Iraqi ambassador from Iran."
Al-Wahdah, organ of the Arab Nationalist
Party in Iraq, published a statement by the party
urging the government to issue legislation provid-
ing for: Iraqi participation in the capital of the
IPC group of oil companies to the extent of 20
per cent; and imposition of an income tax law
which would raise Iraq's share of profits to 70 per
cent.
 CHRONOLOGY
Mar. 31: It was reported that the Cabinet will
promulgate a special law governing the oil industry
during the next few weeks. The Oil Ministry
disclosed that the law will include provisions for
granting and renewing concessions, the division
of concessionary areas, royalties, export duties and
other technical questions concerning the develop-
ment of oil production and exploitation by the
government.
Apr. 1: Premier Qasim was quoted in an interview
with al-Thawrah as having reported that govern-
ment forces had crushed the Kurdish tribal revolt
in northern Iraq after a campaign lasting only a
week.
The government announced a budget for the
financial year 1962-63 which starts today. Expendi-
ture was estimated at ID 127,003,945 and revenue
at ID 118,456,284.
Apr. 6: Iraq and Bulgaria were reported to have
agreed on "specific items" of scientific and technical
cooperation in the fields of industry, agriculture and
construction. No details were disclosed.
Apr. 8: The Ministry of Education spokesman an-
nounced 15 scholarships granted to Nigerian stu-
dents for the next academic year, "to strengthen
Iraq's friendship with Nigeria."
Apr. 9: The Tunisian Foreign Minister, $adduik
Muqaddam, had a 2-hour meeting with Qasim and
gave him a letter from President Bourguiba. The
Defense Ministry said the meeting covered "good
relations between the 2 republics, remedies to Arab
issues and unification of efforts to combat im-
perialism."
Apr. 13: Security forces reportedly seized a complete
printing press, pamphlets, banned books and a
party membership list when they discovered a
"clandestine political party cell in a Baghdad dis-
trict." Party members were arrested and inter-
rogated.
Apr. 14. The government was reported to have
formally rejected BP's posting of $1.72 a barrel for
Basrah crude at the new deepwater loading terminal
of Khaur al-'Umayyah. Compagnie Francaise des
Petroles's price for the same crude at the terminal
is $1.78.
Apr. 17: The Ministry of National Guidance
cancelled the licenses of 5 newspapers for not
appearing for 6 consecutive months. They are
Sawt al-Furat, al-Ikhlas, al-'lraq, al-Watain and
Insaniya.
Apr. 23: It was learned in Beirut that the Kurds have
gained control "across the north from Mosul to the
territory facing the Turkish-Iranian borders and
along the northeastern region south of Sulay-
maniya."
Apr. 25: A ?5 million contract for the first stage of
the proposed ?15 million international airport in
Baghdad has been awarded to the Bulgarian
Techno-Export organization, it was reported.
Apr. 27: Al-Ayim reported that the government has
appointed a committee to study the income tax
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351
law with a view to an increase in the state's present
50 per cent share of oil revenue.
Apr. 30: Army detachments were sent to northern
Iraq. Qasim said that the people there needed
protection. He told al-Ahd al-Jadidthat the recent
unrest of Kurdish tribesmen in the area "had been
instigated by oil companies and imperialists to
plunder a peaceful people." The situation has
been brought under control, he added, and the army
units will undergo training "and finish their duties
according to plan."
May 6: Japan was reported to have recalled her
envoy in Baghdad. The Iraqi ambassador to Japan
returned to Baghdad last month.
May 12: Pakistan signed her first trade agreement
with the post-revolutionary government of Iraq,
under which she will export to Iraq rice, jute and
electrical goods and import dates worth more than
?250,000, as well as cement and petroleum
products. Both countries will grant each other
"most favored nation" treatment and payment will
be in sterling.
May 13: An ID 1,500,000 contract with the West
German firm of Polinski and Zollner to build a
diversion weir in the Kirkuk province was signed
by the Minister of Agriculture, 'Abd al-Jalal. This
is the first stage of a 3-year ID 50 million project
for irrigating more than 170,000 acres.
May 17: The Iraqi Ambassador to Lebanon, Nasir
al-Hani, recalled because Lebanon has decided to
establish diplomatic relations with Kuwayt, re-
turned to Baghdad.
May 24: According to a joint communique issued in
Baghdad, Iraq and East Germany will establish
consulates-general in their respective capitals.
May 25. Al-Thawrah reported that Iraq had decided
to turn down a Lebanese request for the supply of
40,000 tons of petroleum products, made 3 months
ago.
May 26: A representative of Mustafa Barazani, a
Kurdish leader, said in a telephone interview from
Damascus that Kurdish rebels had resisted a 10-day
offensive by Iraqi troops, it was reported in Beirut.
He added that while the main ground offensive
ended May 9, the Iraqi air force was continuing
large-scale air attacks against the Kurdish centers.
May 27: Al-Ayam reported that the government has
rescinded orders which impounded the property of
several leaders of the former regime after the July
1958 revolution. They are 'Abd al-Hadi al-Shalabi,
former President of the Senate; Tariq al-Askari,
former charge d'affaires in London; 'Ali Jawdat
al-Ayfibi, former Prime Minister and 'Abd al-Karim
al-UzrI and 'Abd al-Mahdi al-Muntifqi, former
ministers.
May 29: Three Kurdish organizations-the Demo-
cratic Kurdish party of Iran, the Democratic
Kurdish party of Syria and the Association for the
Defense of Rights of the Kurdish People--appealed
to "Kurds everywhere and to the Kurdish people in
352 THE MIDDLE EAST JOURNAL
Iraq in particular" to back the Kurdish rebellion
and its leader, Barazani, "with blood and money."
Oil Minister Muhammad Salman announced that
work on 4 new oil projects, costing a total of
ID 3 million, would be inaugurated on July 14.
These are: a plant at Dawrah, for the manufacture
of spare parts for oil equipment; a pumping station
at al-Tharthar, to increase the capacity of the 12-in.
crude pipeline from Kirkuk to the Dawrah refinery;
an oil product storage depot at al-Za'faraniyah,
with a storage capacity over 12 million gallons of
oil products; and a 100-bed hospital for govern-
ment oil workers, also at Dawrah.
May 31: The Iraqi Oil Workers Union held its
third annual congress in Baghdad. Its resolutions
included expressions of support for the govern-
ment's oil policy and Iraq's claim to Kuwayt.
IbrIhim Jawad was reelected president of the
union.
June 2: Iraq was reported to have ordered the US
ambassador, John D. Jernegan, to leave the coun-
try and has recalled its own ambassador from
Washington in protest against US accreditation of
an ambassador from Kuwayt. The US said it
would comply with the request and expressed
formal regret at the break.
June 3: Al-Muwatin re-appeared today, allegedly
marking the resumption of political activity by
Kamal al-Chaderchi, leader of the NDP.
June 4: Muhammad Alwan, charge d'affaires in Bel-
grade, disclosed that Yugoslavia had agreed to
provide Iraq with 64 experts to serve with the
government's maritime transport company.
The West German government was reported to
have decided to send a special envoy to Baghdad to
seek "clarification" on an agreement between the
East German and Iraqi governments calling for the
opening of consulates-general in their respective
countries.
June 5. East Germany and Iraq began talks to expand
trade under the agreement of 1958. East German
delegates arrived in Baghdad 2 days ago.
Mar. 28: Attorney General Gideon Hausner asked
June 8: Foreign Minister Hashim Jawad called for
collaboration among Iraq, Syria and the UAR in
"a new departure in inter-Arab relations."
June 11: Kurdish guerrillas were reported to have
defeated 3 Iraqi battalions in a battle between
Sulaymaniya and the Iranian border, it was learned
in Baghdad and Beirut.
Mar. 29: Former Israeli Ambassador to the US,
June 15: A military court sentenced 6 civilians to
death for taking part in a disturbance in the Kirkuk
province.
Speaking at graduation ceremonies at Baghdad
University, Qasim predicted that the frontiers
between Iraq and Syria "will disappear."
Mar. 30: Eichmannwas transferredfrom his court-
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Israel
(See also, General, Palestine Problem, UAR)
1962
Mar. 16: FinanceMinister Levi Eshkol won a fight
in his party when, by 14 votes to 10, the secretariat
of the Mapai turneddown a demandthat an emer-
gency cost-of-living allowance be paid to Israeli
wage earners in April as part of their March
earnings.
Mar. 20: A phosphorusbomb reportedlyexploded
and a 300-foot tower of scaffolding collapsed in
Tel Aviv during the night in 2 separate incidents,
while the feast of Purim was celebrated. About
100 persons were injured, 14 of them seriously.
Mar. 22. The attorney for Adolf Eichmann served
notice before the Supreme Court that his client
would appeal to the Council of Europe if he was
not extradited to West Germany. The Council can
only consider claims, however, of individuals to
whom the state against which the complaint has
been entered has given its consent.
Mar. 23: Eichmann appealed to the Supreme Court
to save him from the gallows, and said that by
doing so it might permit him to serve as "an
instrument against any recurrence of a Nazi holo-
caust."
Mar. 25: A new freighter, the 3,500-ton Varde,
joined Israel's merchantfleet at Elath. She will
ply between Israel's Red Sea outlet and Far Eastern
and Southeast Asian ports.
The Cabinetdecidedto look into the possibility
of altering the libel bill the governmentis spon-
soring in the Knesset. Under the bill, a newspaper
could be closed indefinitelyif it was found guilty
of publishing 2 libelous statements in 2 years. Any
citizen or resident of Israel who published libelous
information about the state abroad would also be
criminally liable in Israel.
the Supreme Court to send Eichmann to his death,
saying, "There is no punishment in the world
commensurate with the enormity of his deeds. . .
Let this court sentence him for one of them and
history will condemn him to eternal abhorrence
and disgrace for the murder of all the others."
Eliahu Elath, was elected president of the Hebrew
University in Jerusalem.
The Supreme Court rejected a request by Dr.
Servatius for permission to present new evidence
and witnesses. After the court adjourned, the de-
fense counsel said he would leave for West Ger-
many to take the case to an administrative court
in Cologne in an effort to force West German
authorities to ask extradition of Eichmann.
house cell to Ramlehprison.
 CHRONOLOGY
Apr. 2: The government decided to compensate about
200,000 low-paid workers in grants of 3 per cent
of their wages between April and June. The rate
is commensurate with the rise of the cost of living
index since last July, when cost-of-living allowances
were last increased.
Apr. 3: The Knesset called for Yosef Schuhmacher
to be returned to his parents. The boy had been
entrusted to religious zealots by his mother's
parents after they heard that she was going to the
Soviet Union.
Apr. 8: The Jerusalem Rabbinate was reported to
have declared the Hadassah-Hebrew University
Medical Center "out of bounds" to descendants of
Aaron, brother of Moses, because the mortuary is
part of the hospital. The Kohanim, a priestly class
allegedly scions of Aaron, posted proclamations
on billboards saying they might enter the hospital
only if life was at stake. The hospital said the
Rabbinate's criticism was being met.
Eleven persons were killed when an express train
crashed into a truck near Tel Aviv. Six were
injured.
Apr. 10: The protocol admitting Israel to full mem-
bership of the General Agreement on Tariffs and
Trade (GATT) was signed in Geneva.
Apr. 14: The first Reform Jewish synagogue in
Israel was dedicated in ceremonies in a walled
garden in Jerusalem, it was reported.
Apr. 16: The agents who found Eichmann in
Argentina were reported to have joined the hunt
for Yosef Schuhmacher.
Apr. 29: Eichmann was permitted a brief visit by his
wife, Vera, at Ramleh prison.
May 1: Parades and rallies of May Day were set
aside in Israel this year. Instead, the nation ob-
served the Day of Remembrance in quiet tribute
to the memory of the millions of Jews who died
at the hands of the Nazis during World War II.
May 7: An official army publication, Bamahane,
was reported to have said that a European power
had been pressing Israelis into its espionage net-
work by threatening to punish their relatives living
in Europe. Information collected by the European
power, the paper asserted, has been transmitted to
Egyptian intelligence.
May 8. Israel marked her 14th anniversary of in-
dependence with a parade, which included a show
of her military strength.
May 11: Mayor Wagner of New York promised a
group of Brooklyn Jewish leaders that he would
lead a delegation to Washington to meet with
President Kennedy in an effort to win a change
in the US policy toward Israel.
May 15: In an address to the B'nai B'rith triennial
convention at the Statler-Hilton Hotel in Wash-
ington, Attorney General Hausner appealed to the
civilized world to guard against a recurrence of
genocide, it was reported in Washington.
A treaty of friendship and mutual technical
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353
assistance between Gabon and Israel was signed
in Israel at the end of a state visit by Mr. Leon
M'ba, President of Gabon. The agreementcalls
for cooperationin a number of fields, including
agriculture,fishing, public health, youth training
and communications,and providesfor scholarships
for Gabon trainees and the dispatch of Israel
experts.
May 16: Finance Minister Levi Eshkol told the
Knesset that the governmentintended to impose
a plan of forced saving on the populationto soak
up some of the excesspurchasingpowerthreatening
the economy.
May 24: Nahum Goldmann,presidentof the World
Zionist Organization,was reportedto have agreed
to declare publicly that he would not deal wvith
concretequestionsof Israel'sforeignaffairswithout
first consulting the Israeli government.
Senator Kenneth B. Keating accused the US
State Departmentof failing to assist Israel suf-
ficiently in her relations with the EuropeanEco-
nomic Community,it was reportedin Washington.
May 25: Goldmannsaid in Jerusalemthat he be-
lieved PremierBen-Gurion"deliberatelywanted to
damagehis position by criticizinghim" for repre-
sentationshe had made on Israel'sbehalf. It was
learned that Ben-Gurion, at a Cabinet meeting
on May 20, chargedthat Goldmannwas "in effect
interfering with Israel's conduct of her foreign
affairs." With the Cabinet'sapprovalthe Premier
sent a letter to Moshe Sharett, chairmanof the
Jewish Agency executive, asking an explanation
of Goldmann'salleged actions.
May 29: The Knesset met in a special session to
discussthe SupremeCourt'srejectionof Eichmann's
appealagainsthis deathsentence.
May 30: Eichmannasked PresidentItzhak Ben-Zvi
to sparehimnfrom the gallows.
Junze1: Eichmannwas hanged just before last mid-
night. The Presidentrejectedhis appeal for mercv
shortlybeforethe execution.
June 3: It was disclosedthat most of the lettersfrom
Israelis to PresidentBen-Zvi favoredsparingEich-
mann'slife.
A prosecutorin the Eichmanncase was arrested
on charges of "impersonatinga lawyer." Yaakov
Baror, a district attorneyfor the last 6 years in
Tel Aviv, obtaineda permit to the bar in March
from Chief Justice Itzhak Olshan on the recom-
mendationof the Minister of Justice, it was re-
ported. He was released on a $666 bail, and
throughhis counsel entereda formal denial of the
charges.
June 4: Dr. MartinBuber said in Jerusalemthat he
was inclined to view the executionof Eichmannas
a "mistakeof historicaldimension."
June 5: Eight hundredexhibitorsfrom 34 countries
opened displaysat the Near East InternationalFair
in Tel Aviv.
President Ben Zv-i accepted an invitation by
354 THE MIDDLE EAST JOURNAL
President William Tubman to visit Liberia from
August 9 to 16, it was officially announced in
Monrovia.
June 6: Leonard R. Sussman, executive director of
the ACJ, asserted in New York that the differences
between Ben-Gurion and Goldmann resulted from
an internal struggle to control the single Zionist-
Israel power structure," it was reported.
June 13: Ben-Gurion took issue with Dr. Joachim
Prinz, president of the ACJ, who said "American
Jews believe they will survive as a group in a
country which is traditionally a nation of groups."
Jordan
(See also, General, Kuwayt, Lebanon, Palestine
Problem, UAR)
1962
Afar. 20: "Immediate measures" to carry out joint
projects in the Yarmuk valley were recommended
in a communique issued by the Jordanian-Syrian
Yarmuk joint committee at the end of meetings
today begun on March 17.
MAar.21: It was officially announced that the US
Mission agreed to provide $2.5 million for the
third and last section of the Eastern Ghor Canal.
An agreement will be signed on April 1.
An economic delegation, led by 'Abd al-Wahhab
al-MajMli, Minister of National Economy, left for
Kuwayt for talks with Kuwayti government leaders
on financing a number of Jordanian development
projects included in the 5-year program.
A $1,227,000 survey to determine the volume of
underground water in al-Azrak district, east of
Amman, and the means of exploiting it was re-
ported to have started. The UN Special Fund will
contribute $750,000 to the cost of the survey, which
is expected to last from 2 to 3 years. The Central
Water Authority will contribute $470,000.
Mar. 24: The Cabinet met and decided that the
Council for Reconstruction ask an international
concern to study the possibilities of developing the
south of Jordan.
Mar. 26: A Royal Education Commission left for
Beirut for consultations with education experts on
the development of teaching in Jordan and the
establishment of university faculties there. The
body was formed in February. It has made a tour
of Jordan and made observations on the educational
system. It will submit recommendations and re-
ports within 6 months, after touring West Ger-
many, Denmark, Britain and the US.
Mar. 28: A delegation representing the Arab Potash
Company left for Kuwayt on the first stage of a
tour that will take them also to Qatar, Bah.rayn
and Saudi Arabia seeking subscriptions to the
capital of the company. The company's nominal
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capital is JD 4,501,000, of which JD 1,001,000
has already been subscribed by the governments of
Jordan, Syria, Saudi Arabia, Lebanon, and the UAR
and by the Arab Bank.
Jordanian and World Bank officials began
formal talks in Amman on the financing of eco-
nomic projects.
Apr. 1: The Finance Ministry received a check for
$3,500,000 from the USOM as the first instalment
of American aid to Jordan for the financial year
1962-63.
King Ilusayn, in a radio broadcast, said the
people of Jordan have a national duty to give
more support to Algeria.
Apr. 3: An agreement authorizing a KD 7,500,000-
loan to Jordan was signed by representatives of the
Kuwayti Arab Economic Development Fund and a
Jordanian delegation, it was announced.
Apr. 4: Kamal al-Dajini, Minister of Interior, an-
nounced that the government will exempt from
visa fees all pilgrims travelling to Hidjaz, or re-
turning from pilgrimages through Jordanian ter-
ritory.
Apr. 7: It was officially announced that King Sa'ud
and Crown Prince Faysal have accepted King
Husayn's invitation to visit Jordan.
Apr. 8: The Foreign Minister received the Iranian
Ambassador, Ismail Majdi, and discussed the pros-
pects of strengthening trade between the 2 coun-
tries.
Apr. 9: The transit royalty agreement signed by
Tapline and the Jordanian government on March
13 was ratified by both houses of Parliament: on
the 5th of April by the House of Representatives
and by the Senate today. The agreement will now
go to the King for signature.
An agreement providing for mutual aviation
services was signed in Amman by Jordanian and
Luxembourg officials, it was reported.
Apr. 12: A decree was issued announcing King
Husayn's approval of the Tapline transit royalty
agreement.
Apr. 16: Dr. Shawkat al-Mufti, under-secretary at
the Ministry of Health, was appointed ambassador
at the Foreign Ministry.
Apr. 17: The Communications Minister announced
the completion of negotiations for expanding the
Port of Aqaba with its British designers and West
German builders.
Apr. 18: 'Abdallah Salah, ambassador-designate to
Kuwayt, left for Kuwayt.
Apr. 23: The government signed a JD 1,260,000
contract with the West German Zeplin firm to
carry out expansion projects in the port of Aqaba.
British financial aid to Jordan during the
financial year which began on April 1 will total
?1,500,000, the under-secretary of the Ministry of
Finance announced. In addition Britain will give
Jordan a loan of ?750,000 to enable her to carry
out development projects.
 CHRONOLOGY 355

Apr. 24: An agreement was concluded between cation from Jordan for a loan of JD 3 million for
the government and the German-Americanfirm the Agricultural Loan Organization.
InternationalDevelopment Investment (IDI) for May 9: Transit fees on goods imported by Arab states
the constructionof a chemical fertilizer plant at through the port of Aqaba will be abolished, the
Aqaba. The agreementgrants IDI a concession Minister of Communications announced.
period of 20 years for the productionand export May 10: Ex-Colonel Mahmud Rusan, who was
of fertilizers. The plant will be financedby in- sentenced to 10 years' imprisonment in January
vested capital of $10 million, half public and half 1960, for plotting against the regime and attempt-
governmental. ing with other officers to overthrow the govern-
Apr. 25: Presentingthe budgetto the Cabinet,Adib ment, was released. His sentence was reduced on
al-Saghir,under-secretary
of Finance,said expendi- various occasions and has now been freed under
ture for the 1962-63 financialyear was estimated a general amnesty to mark the birth of Crown
at JD 39,241,000. Incoming revenue, including aid Prince 'Abdallah.
and loans, was estimated at JD 38,680,000. May 12: The Cabinet approved a higher education
Agreements with the US Aid Mission covering program in principle. The program provides,
the implementation of the third stage of the among other things, for the establishment of an
Eastern Ghor Canal project, action against malaria educational and an agricultural college as the
and waterprojectswere concludedin Amman. The nucleus of a Jordanian university.
Mission will spend $2,851,000 on these projects. The House of Notables unanimously approved
Apr. 26: The governmentreceivedfrom the Tapline the government's budget for the financial year
$10 million as back paymentin accordancewith 1962-63, which began on April 1.
the recent amendment of the agreement between the May 19: The Cabinet approved a plan to organize
government and the company. summer camps for secondary school seniors, where
Apr. 27: A goodwill delegation left Amman for a they will work on building terraces and roads and
10-day visit to Nationalist China, including the cleaning wells, as well as get lectures and military
Quemoy islands, at the invitation of the Formosa and physical training.
government. May 20: King Hlusayn opened a 120-bed private hos-
Apr. 28: In a speech introducing the budget in the pital in Amman, which includes a school of nurs-
House of Representatives, Finance Minister 'Izz ing.
al-din al-Mufti said the government considered it May 21: A decree was issued approving Jordan's
a practical interpretation of its programs for public higher education program, providing for the estab-
services, development and construction. He added lishment of a Jordanian university.
the expected increase in national income would be Diplomatic relations with South Korea were
about JD 6 million and opportunities for employ- established at ambassadorial level.
ment would be available for about 10 thousand May 24: Three agreements with the USOM were
people. signed at the Development Board, under which
May 1: The Iraq Petroleum Comany (IPC) was re- $849,500 will be spent on training, agricultural
ported to have set up a clinic for the government research and general administration in accordance
at the H.4 pumping station on the Iraqi-Jordanian with provisions of the 5-year program for economic
border. IPC has also given the Ministry of Edu- development.
cation 2 school buildings at the area. It was reported that the US firm Meurogas
May 2: King IHusayn's 9th anniversary of his ac- Holdings has applied to the government for
cession to the throne was celebrated today, a public permission to lay a natural gas pipeline passing
holiday. through Jordan, in connection with a project to
A delegation left for India to discuss an agree- pipe natural gas from the Arabian Gulf to the
ment on the trade balance and payments between Mediterranean.
the 2 countries. June 2: The US was reported to have paid Jordan
May 5: The civil airport at Amman will be expanded the $3,500,000 second instalment of an annual loan,
to make it an international airport, the Minister of which has been reduced from $40 million to $37
Communications, Da'ud Abui Ghazal!, disclosed. million.
Tenders would be opened on May 25, he said. It was announced that next school year teaching
King IHusayn inaugurated a pioneer scheme for will begin in 4 faculties-science, arts, agriculture
desert reclamation on the Mafrak road, 21 km. east and economics-in the proposed Jordanian uni-
of Zerqa. It consists of a model farm irrigated versity.
from an artesian well. June 7: Prime Minister Wasfi al-Tall signed an
The last contingent of the Jordanian relief force agreement with Meurogas Holdings which allows
for the Arab security forces in Kuwayt left Amman. the company's natural gas pipeline to pass through
May 6: The Development Board was reported to have Jordan. The agreement is for 50 years and Jordan
set up a committee to study proposals made in a will get as part of profits at least $1 million in
note from the World Bank in reply to an appli- the first 7 years and $2 million thereafter. The

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356 THE MIDDLE EAST JOURNAL
company will provide Jordanian towns with natural
gas.
June 10: The Minister of Finance, Sa'id al-Mufti,
left for London on a short official visit, during
which, he said, he will explore prospects of a pro-
posed Jordanian Central Bank, to be established in
Amman with a capital of JD 1 million. Yesterday,
the Cabinet appointed former Finance Minister
Sulayman Suqqar as governor of the proposed bank.
June 11: The Cabinet decided to reduce the interest
it received on state deposits in banks from 4 to 3.5
per cent, as from June 1.
Kashmir
1962
Apr. 19: President Ayub Khan has turned down
Prime Minister Nehru's invitation to visit India
to discuss the Kashmir question, the Indian Foreign
Ministry announced.
Apr. 27: The Security Council met to discuss the
Kashmir question at the request of Pakistan.
Muhammad Zafrulla Khan indicated Pakistan's
willingness to negotiate but accused Nehru of
refusing to negotiate except on the prior agreement
that the present division of Kashmir should stand.
India's delegate, Defense Minister V. K. Menon,
was not present. He will arrive tomorrow.
May 2: Pakistan suggested to the Security Council
that India allow a plebiscite to find out whether
the people of Kashmir wished to join India or
Pakistan. Zafrulla Khan promised that his country
would be willing to accept any procedure to de-
termine what is holding up progress toward agree-
ment. Menon said he would study the suggestions
and reply to them later.
May 3: Menon told the Security Council that the
accession of Kashmir to India was "full, complete
and final." He rejected the idea of a plebiscite
and closed the door to any intervention, "any good
offices, or any thing of the sort."
Nehru charged that Pakistan was recruiting tribes-
men for "a possible invasion of Kashmir," it was
reported in New Delhi. He was addressing the
Upper House of Parliament.
May 7: Nehru told the Lower House that China was
"interfering" in India's "legal sovereignty" over
Kashmir by agreeing to negotiate with Pakistan
about the region's border. Four days ago Pakistan
and China announced that they would undertake
to negotiate the boundary between China and
Pakistani-controlled "free" Kashmir, "with a view
to insuring tranquility on the border and develop-
ing good neighborly relations."
May 16: The Security Council postponed the debate
on Kashmir to May 28.
June 15: The IJS, Britain, France and Nationalist
China urged Pakistan and India to come to an
agreement about Kashmir. The Soviet Union did
not speak.
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Kuwayt
(See also, General, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine
Problem, Saudi Arabia)
1962
Mar. 19: The UAR ambassador to Kuwayt presented
his credentials.
Mar. 20: Iraq's resident UN representative, in a letter
to the Security Council, said Iraq would employ
peaceful means "to restore its legitimate rights in
Kuwayt" and rebutted Kuwayti allegations of
"provocative actions," it was reported.
Mar. 25: An agreement for a Kuwayti loan to Sudan
of about KD 7 million to improve her railway
network was signed between the Kuwayti Fund for
Arab Economic Development and a Sudanese dele-
gation.
Mar. 26: It was reported that Ashraf Lutfi has been
named chairman of the board of the Kuwayt Na-
tional Petroleum Company, replacing Ahmad al-
Sayyid 'Umar, who has resigned.
Apr. 1: The Ruler of Kuwayt was reported to have
approved a law imposing a 100 per cent customs
duty on imported LPG.
Apr. 3: The Kuwayti Fund for Arab Economic De-
velopment has granted a KD 7,500,000 loan to
Jordan for various projects, among them the Yar-
muk river scheme and the expansion of the
Jordanian phosphate company, it was reported.
Apr. 9: Talks between the government and the
Kuwayt Oil Company (KOC) on the possible
relinquishment of portions of the company's con-
cession area will start next week, a KOC spokes-
man said.
Apr. 18: Shaykh 'Abdallih al-Salim Al Sabah re-
ceived the deputy Commander-in-Chief of the Arab
League security forces in Kuwayt, Brig. Khalid
Sahin. No details of the meeting were given.
Apr. 26: A 5-man delegation representing the West
German firm Demag arrived in Kuwayt to study
a project for the construction of an iron and steel
plant powered by natural gas, it was reported.
May 6: Kuwayt radio announced that a mission has
left Kuwayt for Washington for talks regarding
Kuwayt's intention to join the IBRD.
May 9: Shaykh Jabir al-Ahmad Al Sabah, the Minis-
ter of Finance, announced that the KOC had agreed
to relinquish 9,262 sq. kms. of its concession area
to the government.
May 19: The Minister of Finance approved payment
of KD 2 million to Lebanon as the first instalment
of a KD 5-million loan made to the Beirut
Municipality under an agreement signed last
February 16.
May 20: It was reported that the Cabinet will dis-
cuss shortly a bill providing for the creation of a
national company to undertake all government
construction projects in Kuwayt. The bill has
 CHRONOLOGY
been drafted by a governmentcommitteeand re-
ferred to the Cabinetfor study.
May 30: Shaykh 'Abd al-Salim Al Sabah officially
inauguratedAminoil's new 100,000 b/d refineryat
Mina 'Abdallah. The new plant brings Aminoil's
total refinerycapacityup to 150,000 b/d.
June 9: Muhammad al-Madf, Kuwayti charge
d'affairesin Lebanon,presentedhis credentialsto
Prime Minister Rashid Karami in Beirut, it was
reported.
June 12: The KOC embarkedon a projectto increase
the crude oil processingcapacityof its Mina al-
Ahmadi refinery by 60,000 b/d, thereby raising
refinerythroughputfrom 190,000 b/d to 250,000
b/d, it was reported.
Lebanon
(See also, General, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwayt, Morocco,
PalestineProblem)
1962
Mar. 19: The National News Agency, controlledby
the Ministry of Guidance, Information and
Tourism, issued its first bulletin. The agency has
correspondentsin all Lebanesedistricts,operatesa
24-hour monitoringservice of internationalbroad-
casts and commentaries,and includes translation
and archivessections.
Mar. 27: Kazim al-Sulhwas elected chairmanof the
ParliamentaryForeign Affairs Committee.
Apr. 2: The Press Syndicateannouncedthat it had
ended the self-imposedcensorshipit had introduced
after the abortivecoup of December31, 1961.
Apr. 4: It was reported in Beirut that diplomatic
representationbetween Lebanonand Cuba will be
raisedto embassylevel.
Apr. 10: The Lebanese Ambassador to Ghana,
Karim Azkul, left Beirut to returnto Accra after
talks with governmentleaders on the recent arrest
of several Lebanesebusinessmenin Ghana, who
have been detained on alleged charges of being
involved in smuggling gold, diamonds and cur-
rencyout of Ghana.
A telex system lipking Beirut with Berne and
Paris was officiallyopened.
Apr. 15: Troops and firemenput out a fire on board
the Liberianship, Theopan, docked in the harbor
of Beirut. Damage was reportedheavy.
Apr. 17: Rafiq Najja, Ministerof Economy,told the
Chamberof Deputies that the governmentwas try-
ing to work out some sort of economic inter-
dependencewith the Arabcountries"for the preser-
vation of our existence."
Kamal al-Asa'd, Minister of Education,opened
a regional training center in Beirut for senior
education administration officials in the Arab
world.
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357
Apr. 18: A number of Lebanese nationals, deported
from Accra on charges of smuggling, declared in
Beirut that they were innocent of the charges. They
said they asked for a trial and announced that they
would accept confiscation of their property if the
charges were proven.
Apr. 26: The Foreign Minister, Philip Taqla, told
the Foreign Affairs Committee that the question of
diplomatic relations with Kuwayt had reached "a
starting point for implementation."
Mlay 1: Flights between Lebanon and Cyprus on
Lebanese or Cypriote airliners stopped after
officials had failed to reach an agreement regulat-
ing aviation between the 2 countries.
May 3: Lebanon and Kuwayt were reported to have
agreed to confine diplomatic relations between the
2 countries to charges d'affaires, for the time being.
May 7: A Syrian goodwill mission arrived in Beirut,
with Foreign Minister Adnan al-Azhari as its head.
May 9: The indictment for 197 persons accused of
taking part in the abortive coup of December 31,
1961 was issued today. It asks for the death
sentence for the defendants.
Afay 12: The death of Yusif al-Zayn, deputy for
Nabatiya, was announced. He was 83.
May 15: Security authorities abolished a regulation
requiring Jordanians to obtain permits before being
allowed into Lebanon. Exit permits for both
Lebanese and Jordanians leaving Lebanon, how-
ever, were still necessary, it was disclosed.
An Argentine trade mission arrived in Beirut
from Cairo on a 5-day exploratory visit.
May 19: It was reported that the government and
IPC have signed a new agreement covering a 2-year
project to enlarge the company's refinery at Tripoli,
North Lebanon, so that it can supply all the local
needs of fluid fuel and butane gas.
May 20: Lebanon signed an agreement with the
UAR in Cairo under which the Lebanese pound
has been stabilized at 8 to the Egyptian pound for
tourists. Egyptian visitors to Lebanon will be able
to bring in up to LElO0. Another agreement
provided for the purchase by the UAR of Lebanese
apples and other fruit valued at ?E300,000.
May 22: The Lebanese Ambassador to Iraq, Sa'id
al-Asa'd, returned to Beirut.
The Lebanese Ambassador to Saudi Arabia,
Mahmuid Hafiz, arrived in Beirut. No official
reason was given for his return.
May 23: The government announced it was sub-
mitting an urgent bill to Parliament empowering
the Minister of Information and Guidance to
suspend a newspaper for 10 days pending trial if it
offended the head of a foreign state, its emblems
or its army, even though the state did not make
a complaint.
May 28: The military prosecutor asked for prison
terms ranging from 3 months to 2 years for 11
persons, including a woman, alleged to have hidden
members of the Nationalist Socialist Party charged
358 THE MIDDLE EAST JOURNAL
with staging the aborative coup on December 31,
1961.
May 29: The Chamber of Deputies passed an emer-
gency law empowering the government to prosecute
any newspaper or news agency considered to have
defamed the head of a foreign state. The govern-
ment can suspend the paper for 5 days pending
trial, instead of 10 as previously proposed. Papers
like al-Hayat, al-Jarida and al-Nahar issued protests
against the law.
May 31: The Jordanian Foreign Ministry said Jordan
has protested to the Lebanese government against
alleged attacks by certain Lebanese papers against
Jordanian leaders.
June 2: 'Afif Tibi, President of the Lebanese Press
Syndicate, submitted his resignation in protest
against the new press law. The Syndicate's council
rejected the resignation.
June 3: Dr. Fu'ad 'Ammun, director-general of the
Foreign Ministry, met his Syrian counterpart,
IbrThlm al-'Ustuwani, in Shtawra, to discuss a
Syrian protest on alleged recent attacks in the
Lebanese press against the Syrian regime.
Maran 'Abbuid, the Lebanese author, died in
Beirut at the age of 77.
June 12: The Saudi Ambassador to Lebanon returned
to Beirut after a month's absence. It was reported
he was recalled because of Lebanese press attacks
against King Safid and members of his royal
family.
June 13: The National News Agency announced that
tobacco plantations covering 130 dunums in the
Bint Jebeil district affected by disease have been
destroyed.
June 15: In Beirut, the military court resumed hear-
ings on the accused participants of the December
coUp.
Libya
(See also, General)
1962
Mar. 17: Mustafa ibn Halim, chairman of the Na-
tional Oil Company of Libya, was reported to have
stated that his company will apply for a "reasona-
ble" number of concessions in Libya's 4 oil zones.
Mar. 29: The International Confederation of Free
Trade Unions (ICFTU) issued a statement in
Brussels protesting Libya's alleged refusal to permit
a "top-level international trade union delegation"
to enter the country. The ICFTU threatened
"direct action" against Libyan oil.
Mar. 31: The Libyan Federal Council of Ministers,
meeting at Beida, Cyreniaica, under Premier
Mukhammad'Uthman al-Sa'id, was reported to have
voted ?40,000 for immediate relief work among
inhabitants of Tripoli suburbs hard hit by tor-
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rential floods. The government has voted an ad-
ditional ?60,000 for control work for Wadi
Megenin, which has twice this year broken its
banks.
Apr. 1: Labor Minister 'Abd al-Mawla Lanqi
said that a formal protest had been lodged with the
International Labor Organization (ILO) against
the ICFTU for "their hostile attitude against the
sovereignty of the Libyan state." He added ICFTU
members were refused entry into Libya because
the government was not informed in advance
of their arrival and the purpose of their mission.
Apr. 14: It was reported that new price control
regulations have been issued in Libya limiting
wholesale and retail profit margins on several
consumer goods. Retail profit on the sale of
textiles, ready-made clothing and shoes is 25 per
cent; wholesaler's profit 15 per cent.
Apr. 15: Libya had 185 producing wells as of April
1-13 more than on March 1-with an average
production capacity of 278,101 b/d, the Libyan
Petroleum Commission announced. Libyan crude
oil exports up to April 1 totaled 1,274,876 tons
(9,901,239 barrels). Exports were started last Sep-
tember from Esso's Zelten field, the only producing
area at present.
Apr. 19: The Senate ratified the 2 royal decrees,
issued in July and November 1961, amending the
1955 Petroleum Law. It will be recalled that last
February the Petroleum Commission announced
that there would be no further announcements
regarding available concession areas until Parlia-
ment had ratified the 2 decrees; also that BP, Esso
and Gulf agreed to convert their concessions to the
stiffer terms of the new law, but on condition
that it should first be ratified by Parliament.
Apr. 21: It was reported that King Idris and Crown
Prince Hasan have accepted an invitation for a
state visit to India.
Tripoli Provincial Council decided to rename the
city's cathedral square as "Algeria Square," it was
reported.
Tripoli port workers ended their 2-year boycott
on handling French goods, it was announced in
Tripoli by the president of the Port Workers'
Trade Union, who said France would now have a
better opportunity "to indicate her good intentions
towards the Algerians."
Apr. 29: It was learned that the amendments to the
1955 Petroleum Law, reported earlier as having
been ratified by Parliament, were not in fact so.
According to the Petroleum Intelligence WVeekly,
the new law was ratified by the Lower House, but
the Senate introduced additional amendments and
passed the law back to the ILower House for
reconsideration.
At a meeting held today, the Libyan Council
of Ministers decided that Libya should apply for
membership of the OPEC.
May 8: It was announced in Tripoli that Libya will
 CHRONOLOGY
appoint an ambassadorto the Soviet Union and
set up an embassyin Moscow.
May lO: A spokesmanat the OPEC headquartersin
Geneva confirmed that Libya had applied for
membershipof the organization,it was reported.
May 12: In a new customstariff issued in Tripoli,
all import duties on agriculturalmachinery,ferti-
lizers and chemicalsfor farm use were lifted. The
duty on industrialmachinerywas reducedand, al-
though no imports were banned,a greaterprotec-
tive tariff was imposed on importedgoods which
competewith local products. It was reportedthat
Libya expects to gain ?10 million in revenuefrom
duties in the coming financialyear.
May 13: Esso Standard'scrudeoil exportsfromLibya
totaled 3,778,000 barrels in April, an average of
over 125,000 b/d (Esso's target for 1962), it was
reported. This brings Esso's total exports for the
first 4 months of 1962 to 8,434,000 barrels.
May 20: It was reportedthat the National Oil Com-
pany's public's share of the stock was oversub-
scribedby some 10 per cent.
May 24: It was reportedthat in a recentpress inter-
view the Prime Minister revealed that Libya will
spend ?130 million on its 5-yeardevelopmentplan.
So far, he said, only a small part of this sum had
been allocated,but addedthat the LibyanDevelop-
ment Board, which will supervise the execution
of the plan, is to receive 70 per cent of the
country'soil revenues.
June 2: The alleged dismissalfrom the Libyanarmy
of 7 officerswas confirmedin a royal decreeissued
in Tripoli in the name of Prince IHasanal-Rida'
regent during the absence of King Idris on
pilgrimage. No reason was stated for the dis-
missals but the convening of the court followed
changes in the post of chief-of-staff early this
year after reported"tensionwithin the army."
June 15: It was reportedthat King Idris has ap-
pointed IHamid'Ubaydi as Minister for Develop-
ment, a new post createdin a minor Cabinetre-
shuffle. Muhammad'AbiuNuwayrahwas appointed
Minister of Agriculture, the former post of
'Ubaydi. Meanwhile,it was learnedthat the pro-
posed 5-year development plan was rejected by
the Cabinet. The first task facing the Ministry
for Development,it was said, will be to reconsider
the proposedplan before it is again submittedto
the Cabinet.
Morocco
(See also, General,Algeria)
1962
Mar. 27: Moroccan and Soviet governmentrepre-
sentatives signed an agreement in Rabat, under
which the Soviet airline Aeroflot will run 3
services through Morocco to Africa, Central
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359
America and South America. Royal Air Maroc
plans 3 regular flights to Moscow, Kiev and War-
saw.
Mar. 31: The Minister of Education, Yiusif ibn
'Abbas, left Paris for Rabat after talks with French
Ministers of Education and Health.
Apr. 3: The Minister of Information said in Dakar
that Morocco did not intend to encourage any kind
of action against the stability of the Senegalese
government, it was reported.
Apr. 7: Al-Alam said that an alleged recent attack
on a French military post at Nema, in Mauritania,
in which 6 men in the post were killed and 24
wounded, had been carried out by "dissidents seek-
ing to reunite Mauritania with Morocco."
Reports reaching Paris said that President Moktar
Ould Daddah of Mauritania has asked Mali to
close "subversive Moroccan" training canmps on
Mali territory.
A government mining agency signed an agree-
ment with 2 Czech companies that will install a
copper ore enriching plant in South Morocco in
return for payment in copper ore concentrates over
a period of 5 years.
Apr. 9: Three earth tremors hit various parts of
Casablanca, but caused no damage.
Apr. 10: It was reported in Rabat that 2 Soviet ships
arrived 3 days ago and unloaded artillery weapons,
tanks and vehicles. The dockworkers were kept off
as Moroccan army troops unloaded the weapons.
Apr. 13: A ban on Tunisian newspapers was reported
to have been lifted. The measure had been in
effect since January.
Police detained and later released several mem-
bers of the Iranian Bahai sect who confessed to
trying to convert Moroccans to their beliefs, it was
reported in Rabat.
Apr. 20: Under a trade agreement signed in Rabat,
Moroccan minerals and cement will be exported to
Pakistan in exchange for jute and other products.
Apr. 21: It was announced that the Lebanese gov-
ernment has approved the appointment of Dr.
'Umar Boucetta as Moroccan Ambassador in place
of Fatmi ibn Sliman.
Apr. 26: King 1Hasan opened the 18th Casablanca
international fair.
Apr. 30: 'Abd al-Qadir Benjelliun, the Minister of
Labor and Social Questions, accused trade unions
of "abusing" the right to strike and causing "con-
siderable prejudice" to the country's economy. He
announced there was a loss of 617,503 work days
in Morocco through strikes in 1961. The govert-
ment, he said, was drafting a decree to set up a
conciliation procedure to avoid strikes.
'AlaI al-Fasi, Minister of State in charge of
Islamic affairs, sent a protest telegram to Mauri-
tania's President Daddah, against the death
sentences passed on 5 Mauritanians by a Nouakchot
special criminal court. The 5 were found guilty
360 THE MIDDLE EAST JOURNAL

of a grenade attack against a military base at reservoirhad been discoveredin the upper Indus
Nema. plains in West Pakistan.
May 10: King Hasanarrivedin Francefor talks with Mar. 31: The Presidentinauguratedthe Karnaphuli
President de Gaulle, whom he met at a chateau HydroelectricDam in East Pakistan,a dam which
outsideParis,it was reported. has been built at a cost of $100 million with the
May 15: Mahdi ibn Barqa,a leader of the left-wing technical and financial help of the US. Meantime,
opposition to the monarchy,returnedto Morocco President Nehru was reported to have lodged a
after 2 years of voluntaryexile. protestwith the government,threateningto revoke
May 19: Following King Uasan's privatetalks with an earlier agreementto the building of the dam.
de Gaulle, the governmentannouncedthat it has It was said that the compensationdetailsfor Indians
received assurancesthat the French are ready to living in the 12 sq. miles of Indian territorythat
start a "vigorous new aid programin Morocco" may be inundated when the dam is fully working
as part of a "wider effort to promotestabilityand have never been settled.
securityin strategicNorth Africa." Joint technical
Apr. 2: Ayub Khan said he would leave his office
committeeswill meet in Paris next week to work at the expiration of his 5-year term.
out in detail a programof French financial,eco-Apr. 13: It was reported that plans have been drawn
nomic and technical assistanceto Morocco. up for the spending of a recent French loan of
May 25: The NationalUnion of PopularForcesopened $25 million, which will be used for the establish-
its first national congressin Casablanca,at which ment of small industries.
former Premier 'Abdallah Ibrahim presented an The economic committee of the Cabinet was
analysisof the "failureof the Moroccanrevolution reported to have approved a scheme sponsored by
since independence." The party asserted it was the Railway Board for the rehabilitation of track
moving in the same path of Arab socialism as on the Pakistan Western Railway at an estimated
that advocatedby PresidentNasir. cost of Rs 141,000, including foreign exchange
May 28: It was announcedthat US Ambassadorto component of Rs 16,050,000.
Morocco,Philip W. Bonsal, had resignedhis post.Apr. 17: It was announced that Dacca University
May 31: The US and Moroccosigned a new agree- will be closed until May 31, the end of the
ment, under which the US will provide $30,000,- semester, following student demonstrations there
000 in cash credits and commodityloans for the against the detention of a number of alleged politi-
1962 fiscal year, as comparedwith $40,000,000 cal prisoners.
in the previousyear. Apr. 20: The second petition for the release of
June 12: Al-Alam said that "The time has come to Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy, former Prime
clarify problems and to raise officially questions
Minister of Pakistan, now under detention in a
pendingwith Spain on her sovereigntyin the south Karachi jail on charges of having been a threat to
and north" [of Morocco]. the national security, was dismissed by the West
June 14: The FrenchForeignMinistersaid agreement Pakistan High Court on the ground that it had
had been reachedon technicalaid to Morocco,it "no jurisdiction" to hear the case.
was reported. Apr. 27: A. K. Fazlul Haq, a leader of the All-India
Minister of InformationMawlay Abmad 'Alawi Muslim League, died in Dacca at the age of 89.
said that forthcomingmilitarytalks betweenFrance
Apr. 28: Elections for the National Assembly were
and Moroccowill not lead to any militaryalliance held. Some 80,000 electors called "Basic Demo-
nor a joint defense agreement.He said the missioncrats," participated. Theoretically, each elector
would discuss the equipmentof the army, within represented approximately 1,000 persons who had
the frameworkof Morocco'snonalignmentpolicy. chosen him by secret ballot in December 1959
and January 1960. The results indicated "a heavy
endorsement" of Ayub Khan's government.
May 1: Ayub Khan declared that new countries should
Pakistan be assisted by the UN to devise forms of demo-
(See also, General,Iraq,Morocco) cratic government "more suitable to their character
than the standard Western forms."
1962 May 3: Muslim refugees from West Bengal told
reporters in Rajshahi of alleged killings of at least
Mar. 16: King PhumipholAduldet and Queen Sirikit 1,000 Muslims in recent communal clashes in
of Thailandarrivedon a 4-dayvisit to Pakistan. Malda, West Bengal.
Mar. 20: The new US Ambassadorto Pakistan, The Indian mission to the UN charged that
Walter P. McConaughty,presentedhis credentials "highly exaggerated and baseless reports" of anti-
to PresidentAyubKhan. Muslim disturbances in West Bengal had led to
Mar. 21: Mrs. John F. Kennedyarrivedin Pakistan "far more widespread attacks on the Hindu
on a 5-dayvisit. minority in East Pakistan." It said that only 3
Mar. 22: It was reportedthat an undergroundwater persons were killed in religious disturbances in

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 CHRONOLOGY
Malda late last month and that there had not been
any mass flight of refugees.
May 4: The government confirmed reports that more
than 100 Naga refugees had arrived in East Pakis-
tan from India, it was reported in Rawalpindi.
May 6: The leader of the banned Khaksar party,
Allama Mashriqi, 72 years old, was put under
house arrest and 12 of his followers were jailed, on
a charge of conspiracy against the state.
May 10: Ayub Khan warned that the present trend
of US relations with India might force some of
India's neighbors to "look for protection else-
where."
May 11: Muhammad Zafrulla Khan was formally
entered as a candidate for President of the 17th
UN General Assembly.
Prime Minister Nehru told the upper house of
Parliament that many more Hindus died in Pakis-
tan than Muslims in India during recent com-
munal disturbances, it was reported in New Delhi.
An East Pakistan government spokesman said
that 7 Hindus were killed and 13 injured during
recent communal clashes in the Rajshahi district.
May 20: Angami Zapu Phizo, president of the Naga
National Council, arrived in Karachi from London.
He had been denied entry into India. Phizo con-
tends that on ethnic, historical and geographical
grounds, Nagaland should be independent of
India.
Police in Lahore dispersed 200 Muslim students
of the American-sponsored Forman Christian Col-
lege who were demonstrating against alleged inter-
ference by college authorities in their religious
activities. The students accused the college authori-
ties of having an anti-Islam bias.
May 28: Ayub Khan denied reports that Phizo was
planning to establish a Naga government in exile
in Pakistan.
June 2: Pakistan and India signed a trade agreement,
under which Pakistan will sell to India 100,000
bales of cotton and the latter will deliver 130,000
tons of coal a month to Pakistan during the third
year of the treaty.
June 6: The Cabinet met for the last time after 44
months in office. It will resign tomorrow to make
way for a new one to be formed by the President
under the new Constitution.
June 8: Martial law ended in Pakistan, the new
Constitution went into effect and the new Parlia-
ment was sworn in.
June 11: Former Premier and Ambassador to the US,
Muhammad Ali, was elected Speaker of Parliament.
June 13: The new Cabinet was sworn in. The mem-
bers are:
Mohammad Munir: Law and Parliamentary Af-
fairs
Mohammad Ali: External Affairs
Abdul Qadir: Finance
Abdul Monem Khan: Health, Labor and Social
Welfare
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361
Habibullah: Home and KashmirAffairs
Wahiduzzaman: Commerce
ZulfikarAli Bhutto: Industriesand Natural Re-
sources
Abdus SaburKhan: Communications
A.K.M. Faziul QuaderChowdhury:Agriculture
and Works
PresidentAyub will hold chargeof the Ministryof
Defense, in addition to Economic Affairs, Plan-
ning and States and Frontier Regions Divisions.
The Educationand InformationMinistry has not
yet been filled.
Palestine Problem
(See also, General)
1962
Mar. 17: An armyspokesmanin Jerusalemestimated
that 30 Syrianswere killed in an Israeli raid this
morningthat destroyedfortificationsin Syrianter-
ritory near the Sea of Galilee. Syria filed a com-
plaint with the Mixed Armistice Commission
againstthe alleged shelling of 4 villages by Israeli
artillery and the bombingsof 3 others by Israeli
planes.
In a letter from MichaelS. Comay,Israel'schief
representativeto the UN, Israel replied to the
Syrian note of March 2 and accused Syria of
interveningin her internalaffairsby opposingplans
to divert the watersof the JordanRiver.
Mar. 18: Syria lodged a complaint with the UN
Mixed Armistice Commission that accused the
Israeli forces of having directed small-armsfire
today into an area around the bridge of the
Daughtersof Jacob, in a demilitarizedzone north
of the Sea of Galilee.
Mar. 19: Letters of protest from Syria and Israel
were received by the Security Council today.
Neither nation called for a meetingof the Council,
but each charged in its letter that the other had
violated the UN Charterand armisticeagreements.
Mar. 20: Two Israeli border policemen aboard an
armored launch were wounded in another clash
with Syrianforces on the easternshore of the Sea
of Galilee. It was the secondclash since March17.
PremierBen-Gurioncalled an emergencysession
of his Cabinetto discuss the situation.
Israel complainedto the Mixed ArmisticeCom-
mission about the above shooting and chargedthat
2 Syrian jets had been crossing over the area in
the last 24 hours.
Lebanoncomplainedto the Commissionthat 6
Israeli jets flew over Lebanesevillages near the
borderyesterday.
Jordan also complainedto the Commissionthat
2 Israeli planes had bombed her territory. The
Commissioncalled a meetingon the complaintsbut
at the request of the Israeli delegate the meeting
was put off until toinorrow.
362 THE MIDDLE EAST JOURNAL
Syria formally requested a meeting of the
Security Council to consider Syrian complaints of
Israeli aggression near the Sea of Galilee.
The US called in the envoys of Israel and Syria
to express its concern over the outbreak of hos-
tilities along the border of the 2 countries.
Mar. 22: The Jerusalem radio announced that Syrian
border troops opened fire last night and today with
machine guns on 2 Israeli settlements near the Sea
of Galilee.
Premier Ma'ruf Dawalibi accused Israel of
"flouting UN resolutions," and urged that she "be
expelled from the UN."
Mar. 25: The Jordanian-Israeli Mixed Armistice
Commission in effect closed the case raised by Jor-
dan against Israel. The chairman, Lt. Col. Owen
H. Burn of New Zealand, abstained in the vote.
Brig. Meir Amid, chief of the intelligence branch
of the Israeli army, left for the US to join the
Israeli delegation for the Security Council debate
on the clashes with Syria.
Mar. 28: The Security Council met to hear the
charges by Israel and Syria against each other. The
Council agreed to call for a personal report next
week from Maj. Gen. Carl von Horn, chief of
staff of the UN Truce Supervision Organization.
Apr. 2: Syria and Israel, in separate meetings, con-
ferred with von Horn in New York. It was learned
that von Horn was called to New York on a
proposal by Adlai Stevenson of the US, who, in
his comments at that time, criticized Israel for the
raid of March 17.
Apr. 3: Syria and Israel each suggested today that
the Security Council condemn the other for
"'aggression" in the recent clashes along the Sea of
Galilee.
Apr. 4: Von Horn, in a written report to the Security
Council, urged Syria and Israel to cooperate with
the Mixed Armistice Commission in the settlement
of their differences. He said there was no evidence
to support Israel's charge that her attack on Syria
was necessary to destroy a fortified post in self-
defense-there was no post "either existing or
destroyed" in the area concerned.
Apr. 5: Israel challenged von Horn's report. Michael
S. Comay suggested the observers "had been de-
ceived by the Syrians," and questioned the right
of the Mixed Syrian-Israel Armistice Commission
to deal with matters in the demilitarized zones.
He also rejected 2 points in a joint US-British
resolution calling for an unarmed patrol boat for
UN observation in the Sea of Galilee and the
recognition of the Commission's authority in the
area.
Apr. 6: The US and Britain asked the Security
Council to "censure Israel severely for her raid
on Syria March 17." They asked both countries
to cooperate with the UN truce supervisors. The
Soviet delegate, Platon D. Morozov, protested that
the proposed resolution would be equivalent to
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"showing the victim as the aggressor." The pro-
posed resolution also "reaffirmsthe security council
resolution of 19 January 1956, which condemned
Israeli military action in breach of the General
Armistice Agreement, whether or not undertaken
by way of retaliation."
Apr. 9: The Security Council reaffirmed by a vote
of 10 to 0 a 1956 resolution that condemned re-
prisal raids by Israel on Syria. Only France ab-
stained.
Apr. 10: Ben-Gurion assailed the US government for
conduct in the UN Security Council that he said
was designed "to meet the taste of the Egyptian
government." The Knesset, after a 3-hour debate,
voted 76 to 3 to approve a resolution backing the
Premier's stand.
Apr. 13: Syria asked UN observers to visit a de-
militarized area where Israel has charged that Syria
built fortifications. Syria requested a similar in-
spection of 4 specified points in Israeli territory,
but it did not make this a condition of the in-
spection on the Syrian side.
It was reported that the Israeli army set up road-
blocks in the Negev region this morning following
an ambush last night in which a truck driver was
shot dead. Israel complained to the Israeli-Jor-
danian Mixed Armistice Commission about it and
UN observers spent the day searching the area for
signs of the attackers.
Apr. 15: Dr. Joseph E. Johnson, special envoy of
the Palestine Conciliation Commission, began his
second tour of the Middle East by conferring in
Jerusalem with Foreign Minister Golda Meir, in
an effort to find a solution of the displaced Pales-
tinian Arabs. He made his first tour in September
and is expected to visit Lebanon, Syria, Jordan
and Egypt.
Jordan was reported to have undertaken "in-
formally" steps to prevent Bedouin tribesmen from
crossing into Israel to set up ambushes like one
in which an Israeli truck driver was killed. That
ambush and a similar one which allegedly took
place the night before were discussed at a meeting
this morning of the Israeli-Jordanian Mixed Armis-
tice Commission.
Apr. 20: Johnson met with Lebanese Foreign Mlinis-
ter Philip Taqla in Beirut. He declined to comment
afterward. Palestine refugees in Lebanon issued
statements denouncing any plans to resettle them
outside their original homes.
Apr. 22: The Jordanian government began a series of
talks with the purpose of deciding on a plan for
the future of Palestine. Ahmad al-Shuqayri, Saudi
Arabian Minister for UN Affairs, arrived in Am-
man for the talks. Other representatives were
expected.
Apr. 25: A delegation of the Palestine Arab Higher
Committee arrived in Amman to participate in the
talks on the future of Palestine. The delegation
 CHRONOLOGY
consisted of Emil al-Ghuri, Munif al-Husayni and
'Isa Nakhla.
Apr. 26: It was reported from Tel Aviv that Israel's
National Water Council approved a plan for laying
a giant conduit to carry water from the Sea of
Galilee to southern Israel.
May 1: The first stage of talks on Palestine in
Amman was reported to have ended. No details
were disclosed.
May 5: Premier 'Abd al-Karim Qasim discussed
"basic preliminaries" for forming a Palestine re-
public with al-Hajj Amin al-Husayni, president
of the Arab Higher Committee for Palestine. A
communique issued after the meeting indicated
that they discussed the coordination of efforts to
"redeem the Palestine homeland for its people."
It stressed that Palestinians must bear the greater
responsibility for liberating their homeland, with
the support of all other Arab countries.
Ahmad al-Shuqayri left Beirut for Cairo, to
continue discussions on a Jordanian plan for the
Palestine question.
May 7: Johnson said in Jerusalem that after visiting
the Arab states and Israel he was "cautiously
optimistic" that the Palestine problem could be
solved.
The Jordanian Foreign Ministry disclosed
that the Arab states would make a joint approach
to the Cypriote Government against the trade agree-
ment signed between Cyprus and Israel today.
May 9: It was learned that the Jordanian govern-
ment was circulating a note to Arab governments
informing them of the outcome of the talks with
Johnson and drawing the attention of the govern-
ments to the steps which the Jordanian govern-
ment thinks should be taken.
The Jordanian Foreign Ministry warned against
"active efforts by Israel and international Zionist
forces" to cause the UN to adopt a resolution
calling for direct negotiations between the Arab
states and Israel, it was reported in Amman.
May 11: King Sa'Cid,in an address at the traditional
annual reception in honor of prominent pilgrims
to Mecca, called on Palestinian leaders to meet
in Saudi Arabia or any other place to settle their
differences and unify their policies.
It was announced that the Amir of Kuwayt has
donated a gift of $100,000 to provide 200 scholar-
ships for refugees to attend one of the 9 UNRWA
vocational training centers.
It was learned that Britain completed her regular
assessment of $728,717 toward the UNEF for the
first half of 1962 by a donation of $67,500.
May 12: Johnson ended 4 weeks of talks in the
Middle East with what was reported to be "a
feeling of confidence" that Israel and the Arab
states were ready for a positive move to solve the
Palestine refugee problem.
May 15: In a speech at ceremonies held to com-
memorate the anniversary of the entry into Pales-
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363
tine of 7 Arab armies in 1948, LebanesePrime
Minister Rashid Kar5mi warned that there would
be a "continuedthreat in the Middle East unless
the UN carried out its commitments towards
Palestine."
Nay 21: The JordanianForeignMinister,in a state-
ment to the press, said Jordanhad sent notes on
Palestineto heads of Arab diplomaticmissions in
Jordan and asked for early replies from their
governments. He said the notes also concerned
the "requiredjoint Arab effort to face the huge
Zionist activity, whose signs appearedsome time
ago, and which is aimedat influencingthe UN and
the world powers in liquidating the Arab right
in Palestine." The notes included a report on
the talks held with Johnson.
May 29: According to the Daily Star of Beirut, John-
son has proposed a referendumamong Palestine
refugees on repatriation or compensation, and
Jordan has rejectedthe proposal.
Jordan requested an emergency "high-level"
meetingof the Arab LeagueCouncilto discussthe
recenttour of Johnson.
UNRWA will issue 2,000 ration cardsto needy
childrenof Palestinianrefugees,Qasim al-Rimawi,
JordanianMinisterof Reconstructionand Develop-
ment, announcedafter signing an agreementwith
Dr. John Davis, UNRWA's director. The agree-
ment providesfor the transferenceof cardsof dead
refugees.
June 3: Senator Jacob K. Javits, Republican of
New York, said that Americanforeign aid should
be withheld from the UAR until PresidentNasir
ended political and economicboycottsof Israel.
June 5: Dr. SayyidNufal, assistantsecretary-general
of the Arab League, met with Hafiz Isma'il,
UAR foreign undersecretaryand Farid 'Abd al-
Qadir, UAR director of Arab affairs, to consult
them on the Jordanianproposalfor an emergency
meeting of the Arab LeagueCouncil.
June 12: The UAR protestedto the Mixed Armistice
Commissionthat Israeli aircrafthad violated Gaza
air space.
June 13. The UN Truce Supervision Organization in
Palestinereceiveda complaintfrom Israel claiming
that Syrianforces had opened machinegun fire on
drilling equipmentbeing operatedat the frontiers
yesterday.
June 14: Syrianand Israeli troops exchangedfire for
21/2hoursin the Huleh Valley, a Syrianspokesman
said. He said Syrian troops fired on Israeli bull-
dozers which entered the demilitarizedzone and
began digging.
An Israeli border policemanwas killed and 3
otherpeople injuredin Jerusalemin incidentsabout
which both Jordan and Israel complainedto the
Mixed ArmisticeCommission.
364 THE MIDDLE EAST JOURNAL
Persian Gulf
1962
Mar. 18: Shaykh Talib ibn 'All, a brother of the
exiled Imam of Oman, and members of an Omani
delegation visiting Baghdad, opened an Omani
office there. A spokesman for the delegation said
that Yahya ibn 'Abdallah would arrive in Baghdad
shortly to take charge of the office.
Mar 19: An inquiry in London was told that the
British liner Dara, which sank in the Persian Gulf
last April with a loss of 236 lives, was "sabotaged
by a time bomb," by the solicitor general, Sir John
Hobson. He added, "little doubt" it was the work
of "Omani rebels."
Mar. 20: The Omani office in Cario denied the alle-
gation that Omani rebels planted the time bomb
on the Dara, it was reported in Cairo.
Mar. 26: An Omani delegation, led by Shaykh
Sulayman ibn Himyar, Amir of Jabal al-Akhdar, and
Shaykh Talib ibn 'Ali, arrived in Damascus from
Baghdad to acquaint government leaders with the
latest developments of the Omani case.
Apr. 17: An official military spokesman for Bahrayn
denied a British report that the Ruler of Bahrayn
had refused permission for the training of British
troops in his territory.
Shell has spudded its first wildcat in the Sultanate
of Muscat and Oman as the principal shareholder
in Petroleum Development (Oman). The well is
located 32 miles southwest of Fahud.
Apr. 26: The British government endorsed the find-
ings of 2 British experts that the island of Halul in
the Persian Gulf belonged to Qatar and several
smaller ones to Abu Dhabi. However, 2 of the
islands, over which the rival claims are judged to
be equal, have not been alloted to either party.
May 26: It was reported that hundreds of British
soldiers of the First Parachute Battalion have
arrived by air in Bahrayn to take over from the
Third Parachute Battalion.
Le Commerce du Levant reported that John W.
Mecom, the Texas independent, has been awarded
an oil concession covering 5 Trucial Coast shayk-
doms, rights to which were recently surrendered
by IPC's Trucial Coast affiliate. The agreement
reportedly provides for a 50/50 profit split and
covers both the onshore and offshore areas.
May 31: Shaykh 'Isa ibn Sulman al-Khalifah, Ruler of
Bahrayn, officially opened Port Sulman-named
after his predecessor. The port was designed to
replace the old one at the capital, Manama. It has
a 500-foot jetty with 6 fully-serviced berths.
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SaudiArabia
(See also, General, Jordan, Palestine Problem,
Sudan, UAR)
1962
Mar. 16: Shaykh Ibrahim Suwayyil, Foreign Minister,
Prince Nawaf ibn 'Abd al-'Aziz, the Finance Minis-
ter, and Shaykh 'Abdallah al-Tariki, head of the
Petroleum Ministry, were removed from the Cabi-
net. Crown Prince Faysal was appointed Deputy
Premier and Foreign Minister.
Mar. 17: King Sa'ud received the former ruler of
Qatar, Shaykh'All al-Thani.
'Abd al-Rahman Aba Khayr was appointed Minis-
ter of Labor and Social Affairs, it was announced.
Mar. 18: King Sa'ud issued an official statement
pledging "full support for Syria against Israeli
aggression."
Mar. 20: The Cabinet met under King Sa'ud, and
drew up the country's domestic and foreign policies.
Of the latter the King declared the following ob-
jectives: cooperation with all Muslim countries;
support of the Arab League and for unification of
the Arab world; settlement of the Buraymi problem
before r-esumption of relations with Britain; and
reestablishment of relations with France.
Apr. 1: King Sa'ud ordered that ?1 million be given
to the Algerian government, in accordance with the
Arab League Council's decision to provide im-
mediate and effective financial aid.
Apr. 2: The government took over complete opera-
tion of the Dhahran Airfield.
Apr. 10: Amir MZisa'ad ibn 'Abd al-'Aziz, the
Minister of Finance and National Economy, was
appointed vice-chairman of the Supreme Planning
Board. The Ministers of Petroleum and Mineral
Affairs, of Communications and of Agriculture were
appointed as members of the Board.
Apr. 11: Saudi Arabia and Spain signed a friendship
treaty, it was reported.
Apr. 14: The Minister of Agriculture opened an agri-
cultural conference in Riyadh to define the major
agricultural problems in the kingdom.
Apr. 19: Shaykh Yusuf Yasin, advisor to King Sa'ad,
died of a heart attack in the Eastern Province. He
was about 70 years old, it was reported.
Apr. 23: King Sa'uid, in an address at a reception
given in his honor at al-Khubar, called on Pales-
tinians to follow the example of the Algerians in
the struggle to regain Palestine.
Apr. 27: The ARAMCO announced the election of
Ahmad Zaki Yamani, Minister of Petroleum and
Mineral Affairs, as a director. He succeeds 'Ab-
dallah al-Tariki, the former minister, on the
ARAMCO board.
Apr. 29: Shaykh IbrThim al-Suwayyil was appointed
 CHRONOLOGY
special advisor to the King with the rank of minis-
ter. He was also appointed Chief of the Political
Branch in the Cabinet.
May 6: King Sa'iid left Riyadh for Jiddah to lead the
pilgrimage.
May 9: The entry to Saudi Arabia of the traditionally
Egyptian-made Kiswah for the Ka'bah was pre-
vented by the government.
May 18: King Sa'ud opened a Muslim Conference of
world leaders of Islam in Mecca.
May 27: Regulations for the protection and encour-
agement of national industries were promulgated.
The main points were: all machinery, equipment
and spare parts imported for use in new industry
will be exempted from customs duties; the state will
provide land for the construction of new factories
and for employees' housing; products of local in-
dustries will be exempted from export and all
other duties; the government is authorized to take
measures, such as import restrictions, tariffs, and
grants of financial assistance to local industries for
their protection. The provisions do not apply to
industrial firms already enjoying special privileges.
June 3: The Director General of the Saudi Income
Tax Department, Shaykh 'Abd al-Jalil 'Abd al-
Jawad, was reported to have said that his office
will ask the appropriate UN committee to loan the
services of a chartered accountant to assist in the
auditing of the accounts of oil companies and other
large commercial firms operating in Saudi Arabia.
June 7: It was reported that the government has
concluded a contract with the UN Special Fund to
establish a pilot experimental farm and agricultural
research center in the eastern region, in the Qatif
oasis. The Fund will furnish $680,600 of the
estimated cost of $1,371,600, the remainder to be
provided by the government. The FAO will or-
ganize, staff and administer the 5-year program.
June 15: A Kuwayti delegation left for Saudi Arabia
to hold discussions with Saudi authorities on the
demarcation of frontiers between the 2 countries
and on the administration of the Saudi Arabia-
Kuwayt Neutral Zone.
Somalia
1962
May 4: President Adam 'Abdallah 'Uthman arrived in
Jiddah on a visit to Saudi Arabia, it was reported.
May 12: Somalia's first resident ambassador in
Ethiopia, 'Abd al-Rahim 'Add! Farah, was reported
to have arrived in Addis Ababa.
June 14: The Premier's office issued a statement an-
nouncing the government's decision to establish
political unity with other East African countries,
it was reported. Members of the National Assembly
will be sent to the forthcoming session of the East
African legislative assembly.
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365
Sudan
(See also, General, Kuwayt)
1962
Mar. 17: The first railway link between the northern
and southern Sudan was officially inaugurated. The
280 mile line runs from Babanusa in Kordofan to
Wau in the Bahr al-Ghazal province.
Mar. 29: A delegation led by the manager of the
Japanese Wireless and Telecommunications Depart-
ment arrived in Khartum to work out a plan to set
up a factory for the production of telephone equip-
ment and an assembly shop for wireless sets in the
Sudan.
Mar. 31: Emergency powers have been declared in
Blue Nile province, it was reported, to give the
provincial government authority to recruit labor for
picking this year's cotton crop, estimated at
3,918,000 kantars.
Apr. 5: Leonard Carl Cartwright of New York, a
consulting engineer with the Foster D. Snell firm,
will spend the next 6 months at Suakin as a UN
technical assistance expert at a salt plant there, it
was announced. He will help train a group of
technicians and advise the Commissioner of Prisons,
who directs the plant, in the search for better and
cheaper methods of producing salt.
Apr. 6: It was reported that a joint West German-
Sudanese company has been formed to build and
run an international hotel in Khartum at a cost of
?S 1.8 million. The government will contribute 92
per cent of the capital; the German group has sub-
scribed the balance and will provide a 12-year credit
to cover the foreign currency costs of equipment and
fittings.
Under a technical aid agreement signed with the
USOM in Sudan, a grant of $1 million was made
towards the cost of a Higher Technical Institute
at Khartum, which will accommodate 630 students
for a 2-years training course.
Apr. 11: President 'Abbud, accompanied by the Min-
isters of Foreign Affairs, Finance and Economy, and
Agriculture, arrived in Bonn, after an overnight
stop at Zurich, for an official visit.
Apr. 12: President 'Abbuidmet with Chancellor Ade-
nauer and discussed with him matters concerning
the strengthening of ties between the 2 countries.
He will stay in Germany for one more week or
holiday.
Apr. 14: From March 1 to date, 45,443 bales of
Gezira cotton were sold at the local auctions out
of 64,596 offered for sale. About 145,000 bales
from the "private estates" new crop were sold
during March. The Railways Administration re-
ported that the gathering of this year's "exception-
ally large crop" was proceeding well.
Apr. 20: The Cabinet was reported to have ratified
the agreement concluded with the Kuwayt Fund for
Arab Development which provides a loan of ? 7
 366 THE MIDDLE EAST JOURNAL

million to the Sudan RailwaysAdministration.
Apr. 21: It was reported that the Foreign Affairs
Ministry, acting on a complaintby the UAR em-
bassy, has warned the Saudi Arabian charge MAar.21: Premier Ma'ruifal-Dawalibi told Parlia-
d'affaires that Saudi bulletins must not contain
attackson the UAR.
Apr. 23: President 'Abbiid returned to the Sudan
from Germany.
May 13: A new trade and paymentsagreementwith Mar. 28: The Syrianarmytook over control of the
Czechoslovakiawas signed in Khartum.It calls for
increasedexchangesof Sudanesecotton, cottonseed
and other produce in return for Czech machinery Mar. 29: It was reportedthat the armyarrestedmore
and consumergoods.
May 22: The German airline, Lufthansa, inaugu-
rated Boeing 720 services through Khartum to
Johannesburg.
May 26: A UAR trademission, led by Dr. Qaysfini,
arrived in Khartum to review and readjust the
trade and paymentsagreementof November 1959 Mar. 30: Maj. Gen. 'Abd al-KarimZahr al-din indi-
between the 2 countries.
June 8: The Sudan/UAR trade and paymentsagree-
ment of November1959 were renewedwith a num-
ber of amendments,it was reported. The chief
amendmentsto the tradeagreementdeal with a list Mar. 31: Diplomatic informantsin Damascus dis-
of goods offered by the UAR, such as cars, re-
frigerators, air conditioning units and other in-
dustrialproducts. Sudanwill supply cattle, camels,
cottonseedand ground nuts. The revision of the
paymentsagreementdeals with measuresto avoid
the accumulationof commercialdebts and to settle
the UAR's presentdebt to the Sudan.
The Minister of Communications,Maj. Gen.
al-Bahari,left for Belgradeto discuss new Yugo-
slav offers of economicaid to the Sudan. The chief
object of his visit was to negotiatethe purchaseof
2 more ships for the SudanShippingLine.
Syria
(See also, General,Algeria, Iraq, Jordan,Lebanon,
PalestineProblem,Saudi Arabia,UAR)
1962
Mar. 16: President Nazim al-Qudsi and Premier
'Abd al-KarimQasim of Iraq, in a joint communi-
que, condemnedthe Fertile Crescentand Greater
Syriaplans and announcedplans for "closemilitary
and political cooperation"and invited other Arab
countriesto join them, it was reported.
Mar. 19: The Higher Supply Committeedecided to
grant consumercooperativesa reductionof 5 per
cent on all commoditiessold by governmentadmin- Apr. 5: A Damascusradio announcementsaid that
istrations,providedthese commoditiesare sold ex-
clusively to membersof cooperatives. The Com-
mittee removedthe ban on the export of cotton-
seed, barleyand cattle fodder.
Mar. 20: Exportersof Syrian productsto Iraq and
importersof Iraqi commoditieswere invited by the
Ministry of Economy to submit any remarksor
proposalswhich they believe can help to remove
obstacles in the way of promotingtrade between
the 2 countries,it was reportedin Damascus.
ment that the UAR refused to deliver to Syriaair-
craft, arms and naval units for which Syria had
paid more than ?S200 million. The UAR denied
the charges.
country, turning out the governmentof Premier
al-Dawalibiand also deposedPresidental-Qudsi.
than 100 persons, including the former President,
the Premierand all but one of the Cabinet. Others
arrestedinclude all membersof the Economicand
Financial Committeeof the dissolved Parliament
and the heads of the industrial trust called the
Khumaslya.
cated at a press conferencethat the officerswho
staged a militarycoup were "in no hurryto restore
civilianrule." "This questionrequiresdeep study,"
he said.
closed that Syriasent a "secretmilitarydelegation"
to Cairo last Wednesday,March 29.
Apr. 2: It was reportedthat officersdemandingre-
union with the UAR took control of large parts
of Syria. Damascuswas surroundedby troops and
the army high commandoffered to negotiatewith
rebelliousNisirites on the possibilityof a referen-
dum on union with Egypt. Demonstrationsfor
reunion were also reported in Aleppo, Homs,
Hama and Baniyas.
The military regime sealed Syria'sbordersand
closed the country'sseaports.
The Syrian high command in Damascus said
order had been restored, it was reported. Other
reports indicated,however, that there was trouble
in Homs, where a meeting of militaryofficerswas
taking place. Three factionsappearedto emerge-
one advocatingreunionwith Egypt,one supporting
the deposedPresidentand the third supportingthe
high commandin Damascus.
Apr. 4: Telephonecommunicationswere interrupted
and Syrian borders remained closed. Informants
described as "reliable" reported, however, that
al-Qudsi would be restoredto the Presidencyof
Syria. The same source also reported that Maj.
Gen. Zahr al-din would remain as commanderin
chief of the army,with Maj. Gen. Namil Kamal
as his chief of staff.
Zahr al-din had signed an order reshufflingthe
army commandto include officerswho "enjoyed
the confidenceof all army units."
Apr. 7: The army was reportedto be arrestingsup-
portersof PresidentNasir.
Zahr al-din said soldiers would not take any
part in the next Syriangovernment,it was reported.

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 CHRONOLOGY
Apr. 8: Newspapers in Damascus reported that a
civilian provisional government would be set up
soon to succeed the military junta.
Apr. 10: Zahr al-din said in Damascus that a "gov-
ernment of technicians" would be formed in 2 or
3 days. He said it would receive reports of 6
committees appointed yesterday to study the na-
tional economy, finance, agrarian reform, public
information, questions affecting other Arab coun-
tries and international relations.
Apr. 11: The army released 6 of the men it arrested
after the March 28 coup. Twelve or 14 leaders
were believed to be still in custody, including
al-Qudsi, al-Dawalibi and Mam'uin al-Kuzbari.
Apr. 13: Zahr al-din announced over the Damascus
radio that al-Qudsi has been returned to office.
He said that the army was committed to protect
the higher national objectives "represented in the
establishment of a sound Arab unity with the
liberated Arab states, headed by Egypt, provided
committees are formed to lay down the principles
of this cherished union so that they may be sub-
mitted to a free, popular plebiscite."
Apr. 16: A new Syrian government was formed, with
Dr. Bashir Azimah as Prime Minister. The other
Cabinet officers named were:
Rashad Barmada: Deputy Prime Minister; Agri-
culture and Education
'Abd al-Halim Khadduir: Interior
Dr. 'Adnan al-Azhari: Foreign Affairs
Robert Ilyas: Public Works
Riyad al-Midani: Municipal and Rural Affairs
and Supply
Subhi Kahhalah: Planning
'Abd al-Salam al-Ujayli Culture and National
Guidance
Rashid Humayda: Justice and Waqfs
'Abdallih 'Abd al-Dayam: Information
Nuhad al-Siba'i: Economy
George Khuri: Finance
Ihsan Rifa'i: Health
AIhmad'Abd al-Karim: Social Affairs, Labor and
Agrarian Reform
Apr. 21: Prime Minister Bashir Azmah broadcast a
statement of policy in which he said his government
would re-nationalize the Khumasiya Company and
cancel all recent amendments to the Agrarian Re-
form Law.
Apr. 24: The Prime Minister said his government
would not adopt nationalization as a policy. Any
plan for Arab union would be put to a referendum.
He also said at his first press conference that his
government's first task was to rebuild national
prestige, unite the nation and restore its confidence
before dealing with foreign policy.
Apr. 30: The Cabinet at an all-night meeting ap-
proved a bill which re-established the Agrarian
Reform Law as it stood in 1958, with amendments.
Only 11 of the 31 articles of the law were
amended. The maximum ownership of non-irrigated
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367
land in the Gezira, Euphrates and Rashid provinces
has been raised from 300 to 450 hectares and the
share of each beneficiary has been increased from
30 to 45 hectares in these provinces because of
"heavy expenses" born by farmers there, it was
disclosed.
May 2: The director of the Central Bank of Syria,
Dr. Karam Tiima, disclosed that the Central Bank
and the National Bank of Egypt have begun the
transfer of frozen assets, proceeds of sales by
Egyptians and Syrians of goods in the other
country during the union, the first of which was
received by the Central Bank yesterday. The
Central Bank would pay Syrian merchants in
Syrian currency the value of their goods sold in
Egypt, at a rate of exchange yet to be agreed upon.
Prime Minister Azmah announced that the ban
on the entry to Syria of Khalid Baqdash, leader
of the outlawed Syrian Communist Party, was still
in force.
May 3: At a press conference, Information Minister
'Abdallah 'Abd al-Dayam disclosed that Syria was
negotiating loans totalling $40 million with the
US, West Germany, Italy and the International
Monetary Fund.
MAay6: Col. 'Abd al-Hamid Sarraj escaped from a
military hospital in Mezze last night, it was re-
ported.
'Abd al-Dayam said that the committee for Arab
affairs, set up today, will discuss "the form and
method of implementing a policy for Arab union."
The Minister of Industry disclosed that the
Ministry was studying plans and tenders submitted
by international concerns for the exploitation of
oil in al-Gezira governorate.
May 9: It was reported that Col. Sarraj arrived at
the Cairo airport shortly after dawn today.
May 10: The entire Damascus press was reported to
have published statements by Akram Hur5ni,
former Vice-President of the UAR, urging Presi-
dent Nasir "to cease immediately his activities in
the Arab countries surrounding Palestine, and par-
ticularly in Syria." He threatened that otherwise
he would be compelled to disclose "secrets and
facts" about Nasir which had come to his knowl-
edge when he was a member of the UAR govern-
ment.
'Abd al-Dayam told a press conference that the
government had permitted Akram Hurani to reply
to alleged personal attacks from Cairo "out of
belief in freedom of thought and self-defense,
provided it were not a vicious attack." He appealed
to information media in Arab countries not to
exchange insults.
May 13: It was reported in Beirut that the Syrian
government has released several more of the
politicians arrested by the army in March. The
leaders, unidentified, have been put under house
detention and deprived of political rights pending
final consideration of any allegations against them.
368 THE MIDDLE EAST JOURNAL
May 22: Nazim al-Qudsi accepted the resignations
of the Foreign Minister, Dr. 'Adnan al-Azhari,
and the Minister of the Interior, 'Abd al-Halim
Khaddur.
May 23: The Minister of Information disclosed that
Dr. Nuhad al-Siba'l, the Minister of Economy, had
also tendered his resignation, but that the President
had not yet accepted it.
May 26: The domestic situation was reviewed in
detail at a meeting at the Republican Palace,
attended by the President, the Prime Minister,
ministers and deputies, and it was reported that a
decision was taken to carry out the government's
stated policy.
May 27: The President accepted the resignation of
Dr. al-Siba'i.
June 5: A decree was issued abolishing censorship
of the press which had been effective since 1960.
June 6: Premier Azmah announced that his govern-
ment would take steps "toward a partial restora-
tion of Syria's union with the UAR," a union
under which Syria would retain her sovereignty,
and added that "this government . . . will start
contacts with Egypt on this basis."
JI1ne 7: The Governor of the Central Bank of Syria
left for West Germany to sign a $16 million loan
agreement.
June 8: It was learned that Syrian politicans who
have been working for the reconvening of the
National Assembly said they would not publish
their reply to Dr. Azmah's address to the nation
(on federal union with Egypt). They said the
starting point of national unity was the calling of
a national congress.
It was announced that the US will lend Syria
$6 million.
June 9: Ma'miunKuzbari was released from prison.
June 11: A joint Syrian-Iraqi economic committee
began consultations on the trade agreement signed
last November.
June 12: Syrian newspapers proposed that general
elections be held in both the UAR and Syria as a
prelude for reuniting the 2 countries, it was re-
ported.
June 14: The Deputy Prime Minister denied reports
circulated earlier that the government was about
to resign.
Tunisia
(See also, Morocco)
1962
Mar. 20: Addressing the opening session of a na-
tional meeting of the Neo Destour Party, Presi-
dent Bourguiba hailed the methods adopted in the
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Franco-Algerian peace negotiations, pledged
Tunisian supportto the Algerian people and said
that "once foreign domination has been elimi-
nated there was no reasonto avoid cooperation."
Apr. 3: Muhammad'Ali Anabi, Commissionerof
Atomic Energyand Tunisian representativeto the
InternationalAtomic Energy Commission,died of
a heart ailment. He was 56 years old.
Apr. 4: Tunisia and Niger signed commercialand
techincal cooperationagreementsin Tunis, under
which Tunisia will export citrus products, dates,
wines and manufacturedproductsand importtropi-
cal products and Nigerian fruits. No amounts
were mentioned.
Apr. 7: It was reportedthat decrees nationalizing
several public service organizations,in particular
gas and electriccompanies,have been publishedin
the OfficialGazette.
Apr. 12: PresidentBourguibawas marriedto Wasila
ibn Ammar, both for the second time. On this
occasion,the Presidentfreed429 prisonersandgave
the schoolsa holiday.
Apr. 27: The governmentissued a communiquein
Tunis calling the US resumptionof nucleartesting
"regrettable."
May 2: The Minister of Information,Chedli Klibi,
left Tunis by air for a visit to Moscowand Prague.
He said he was going to Russiaand Czechoslovakia
at the invitation of those governmentsand would
study questions related to radio, television and
folklore.
May 12: Jeune Afrique reported that President
LeopoldSenghorof Senegalhad offeredto mediate
in the Franco-Tunisiandispute over the French
naval and air base at Bizerta. It said President
Senghor had sent a personal message to Prime
Minister Pompidou, emphasizing that it was in
France'sinterestto solve the problem.
May 25: Tunisia pledged the purchaseof $475,000
worth of UN bonds, it was reportedin the UN.
May 26: Greece and Tunisia signed a financial,
scientific and technical agreementin Athens. No
details were disclosed.
June 1: President Bourguibapardoned49 convicts
to mark Tunisia'sNational Day, a public holiday.
June 5: Tunis Afrique Presse became the first re-
cipient of a new daily news servicesin Frenchto
North Africa by Reuters, transmitted by cable and
radio-teleprinter.
June 7: The Italian Prime Minister, AmintoreFan-
fani, arrivedin Tunis on a 3-dayvisit. Bourguiba
accepted an invitation from Dr. Fanfani to visit
Italy.
June 9: II Tempo of Rome reportedthat Italy will
grant Tunisia a $10 million loan for development.
June 15: An Italian delegation began talks on eco-
nomic and technical cooperation with Tunisian
officials in Tunis, it was reported.
 CHRONOLOGY
Turkey
(See also, Cyprus)
1962
Mar. 20: It was announced that a long-term plan for
the construction of 150,000 kms. of all-weather
village roads will be started this year. The Minister
of Public Works said a sum of ?T 85 million will
be spent to start the program this year.
Mar. 23: The US Atomic Energy Commission was
reported to have contributed $350,000 towards the
cost of the Turkish nuclear research and training
center.
Mar. 27: The IMF announced a supplementary loan
of $31 million to a credit of $45 million recently
disclosed by the Organization for Economic Co-
operation and Development (OECD), both to
help bridge the gap in Turkey's deficient inter-
national payments.
Apr. 2: Gen. Norstad, Supreme Commander of
NATO, held discussions with high officials in
Ankara on Turkey's continuing role in Western
defenses, it was reported.
Apr. 4: It was reported that Premier Ininii conferred
with the chiefs of the armed forces, reportedly to
discuss a draft of a law to grant amnesty to those
in the army who took part in a revolt February 22.
Apr. 7: A US army sergeant was sentenced to 15
months' imprisonment and fined $18,000 for having
violated Turkish currency regulations.
Apr. 13: tn6ni gave an outline of Turkey's first 5-
year plan in a speech over Ankara radio. He said
that in all 1,300 projects requiring an investment
of some ?T100,000 million had been suggested:
526 were agricultural, 374 were for reconstruction
and 399-including 125 submitted by the private
sector-were industrial projects. The State Plan-
ning Organization will select those to be incorpo-
rated in the 5-year plan within the framework of
the overall plan which will call for a total invest-
ment of about ?T 56,000 million.
Apr. 14: In a press interview, tn8nil said that he
hoped for the eventual release of more than 400
imprisoned supporters of the late Adnan Menderes.
Apr. 20: A draft bill pardoning 69 dissident officers
who staged an abortive coup last February was
formally submitted to Parliament.
Apr. 21: The New Turkey and Peasants parties op-
posed the amnesty bill.
Apr. 30: The Lower House approved the amnesty
bill, 297 to 13.
May 5: The Turkish Confederation of Workers
Syndicates called on Parliament and the government
to do something about the nation's unemployment
problem. The statement followed a demonstration
by jobless workers on May 3 before the Parlia-
ment building. Forty-six demonstrators were
arrested.
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369
May 9: It was reported that a delegation from the
OECD have begun talks with the State Planning
Organization on the proposed 5-year development
program.
May 16: It was announced that Morrison-Knudsen
Company, Inc. has been awarded a $16.8 million
contract for a new steel mill at Eregli. The project
is scheduled for completion next May.
May 27: Turkey's first atomic reactor was put into
operation in Istanbul.
May 28: Turkey's exports of unmanufactured tobacco
during 1961 totaled 194,900,000 pounds, the US
Department of Agriculture announced. Shipments
to the US of 105,100,000 pounds in 1961 set a
record and represented 54.2 per cent of Turkey's
total exports.
May 30: Indni resigned following a decision of the
Parliamentary group of the Justice party to demand
that the amnesty terms be broadened.
May 31: In6nii's resignation was accepted by Presi-
dent Giursel.
June 2: Gursel was reported to have asked In6nu
to form a new Cabinet.
June 10: Justice party leaders met in Ankara and en-
dorsed the idea of an early amnesty, accusing Indnii.
and his party of being the main obstacles to the
release of the prisoners. tn6nii, who, it was learned,
has accepted Giirsel's suggestion to form a new
government, allegedly received a "serious set back"
as a result of the above meeting.
June 11: The Justice party meeting was continued
and Inonu declared that if a coalition is not formed
by tomorrow he will give up the task.
June 13: In6nii presented a plan to Giirsel for a new
coalition by the Republican People's party, the
New Turkey party and the Republican Peasant
Nation party. The grouping isolates the Justice
party which is said to be beset by "internal
bickering." The Premier said the new combination
was strong enough to insure a government majority
in the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate, and
that he has been assured the support of 18 in-
dependent Deputies.
United Arab Republic
(See also, General, Algeria, Iraq, Israel, Jordan,
Kuwayt, Lebanon, Morocco, Palestine Problem,
Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria)
1962
Mar. 17: China and the UAR signed a trade agree-
ment. No details were announced.
Mar. 19: The first trade and payments agreement
between the UAR and Niger was signed in Cairo,
under which the UAR will import leather, meat
and peanuts and export industrial products, textile
and cement. The agreement also provides for
exchange of technical aid, under which the UAR
370 THE MIDDLE EAST JOURNAL
will send agricultural,buildingand some industrial
experts to Niger.
Mar. 23: Al-Ahraimreportedthat the governmentis
considering how compensationwill be paid for
the ?50 million sterling worth of foreign property
nationalizedlast year.
It was reported that Muslim authorities have
handedover to the governmentsome 250,000 acres
of farm land. The Ministry of AgrarianReform
was charged with the redistributionof land to
landless peasants.
iMar.24: A new 4-man Suez Canal Board was ap-
pointed: MahmudYiinis, who retains his post as
chairmanof the board; 'Abd al-HamidAbi Baqir,
general secretary;MuhammadTawfiq al-Dib, chief
engineer; and Dr. Mustafi al-Hafniwi, legal ad-
visor. Therewere 8 membersin the previousboard,
appointedin 1957.
Mar. 27: PresidentJamal 'Abd al-Nisir summoned
the National Congressof Popular Forces to meet
on May 5 when he will present a new national
charter.
Mar. 29: Mustafa Amin was reinstated,by presi-
dental decree, as chairman of the board of al-
Akhbair. The same decree appointed Kamal al-
Hannawi, former general managerof the Middle
East News Agency, as chairmanof al-Jumhiriyah,
in successionto Major Silah Salim, who died last
month.
Apr. 1: The prosecutiondemandedlife sentencesat
hard laborfor 4 Frenchofficialson trial on charges
of conspiringagainst the securityof the state and
trying to overthrowthe regime of PresidentNasir.
Apr. 7: The Cairo "spy trial" ended when the court
agreed to a prosecutionrequest for an indefinite
postponement.The defendantswere released- 11 of
them, includingthe 4 Frenchofficials.
Hafiz 'Abd al-Hamid al-Kashif, under secretary
in the Ministry of Economy,succeeded 'Abd al-
Latif 'Izzat as sequestrator-generalfor Jewish,
French,British, Australianand Belgian properties.
Apr. 10: The first television station at Suez opened,
bringingthe whole Delta region of the UAR except
Port Sa'id within the range of television trans-
mission. Work is in progressto include the Port
Sa'idregionin the network.
Apr. 11: Two agreements-one on trade and pay-
ments and the other for technical, economic and
cultural cooperation-were signed between the
UAR and Dahomey.
Apr. 13: The Italian Embassyin Cairo announced
that agreementhas beenreachedwith UAR authori-
ties on settlement of questions relating to the
nationalizationof Italian banks, insurance com-
panies and other properties,as well as the transfer
of capital belonging to Italians now held in the
UAR.
Apr. 14: It was announcedthat the UAR ratifiedthe
convention against discrimination in education,
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adopted in December 1960 by the 11th general
conferenceof UNESCO.
The ban on French subjectsentering the UAR
imposed last Decemberafter the arrest of French
diplomatsin Cairo for alleged espionageactivities
was reportedto have been lifted.
Apr. 16: 'Abd al-Mun'im al-Qaysuini,Minister of
Economy,left Cairo by air for the US, where he
will have separatetalks with World Bank and US
officials.
Apr. 20: The UNESCO committee of the inter-
national campaignto save the Nubian Monuments
from being covered by water as a result of the
constructionof the Aswan High Dam ended its
3-daymeetings. No details were disclosed.
Apr. 22: A 5-yeartelevision cooperationagreement
was signed in Cairo betweenthe UAR and Leban-
ese television interests,calling for an exchangeof
experts, newsreelsand educatiohalprograms. The
UAR will supply Lebanesetelevisionwith musical
and entertainment programsand the LebaneseTele-
vision Companywill strengthenits receiving sta-
tions to pick up UAR transmissions.
Apr. 24: The chairman of the General Oil Au-
thority, Ahmad Kamil al-Badri, announcedthat
work has startedon a crude oil carbonizingplant
in Suez for the extractionof oil by-products.The
plant aims to produce 1,700,000 tons of fuel oil
annuallyand is expectedto be finishedby the end
of 1963.
Apr. 26: It was officially announcedthat 'Abd al-
Qadir Hatim, Minister of State, issued a decree
allowing Frenchtourists to enter the UAR.
Apr. 28: Nasir orderedthe distributionof dividends
of companyprofitsto workers. Accordingto their
wage level, work-erswill get 10 per cent of com-
pany profits up to a maximumof LE 50.
Apr. 29: A decree was issued postponingthe inau-
gural meeting of the National Congressfrom May
5 to May 21. No official reason was given, but
al-Ahnimsaid more time was needed for the com-
pletion of the new national charter.
May 1: PrimeMinisterLee Kuan Yew of Singapore
left by air for Belgradeafter a 5-day visit to the
UAR.
Thousandsof workersreportedlygatheredin Re-
public Square for a May Day rally-the first of
its kind ever held in the UAR.
May3: Nasir has decidedto awardthe GrandCordon
of the Nile posthumouslyto Dag Hammarskj6ld
and Count Folke Bernadotte,it was officiallyan-
nounced.
May 4: The Daily Telegraphreportedthat, according
to reportscirculatingin the Middle East,Nasir had
been shot by an assassin and seriously wounded.
The reported assailant, the Telegraph said, was
'Ali 'Amir, a brotherof Marshal 'Abd al-Hakim
'Amir. The State Departmentin Washingtonsaid
it had no word that Nasir had been wounded;also,
 CHRONOLOGY
the UAR delegation of the UN said it had no
word.
May 5: Two Lebanese magazine editors saw Nasir
for an hour and a half and said later that he
had joked about reports of an attempt on his life.
May 7: The International Monetary Fund announced
that it had entered into a stand-by arrangement
authorizing the UAR to draw the equivalent of
$42.5 million over the next 12 months in currencies
held by the fund. The announcement said the UAR
would adopt a single rate for the UAR pound at
$2.50. Imports would be placed on a non-dis-
criminatory basis and credit expansion would be
slowed down.
May 8: Nasir presided over a full meeting of the
Cabinet to discuss the national charter.
The British ambassador, Sir Harold Beely, met
with Minister of Economy Qaysiini, at the am-
bassador's request. It was reported they discussed
questions arising from British property still under
sequestration and matters of general economic
interest.
May 9: Saudi Arabia rejected the annual Egyptian
offering of a holy carpet for the Mecca shrine.
Egyptian Muslims charged King Sa'ud with "in-
sulting the rich Islamic tradition in continuing
his political quarrel with President Jamal 'Abd
al-Nasir." Egyptian pilgrims refused to debark and
returned to Egypt on the steamer Mecca.
May 11: Col. 'Abd al-Hamid Sarraj, who escaped
from a Damascus prison hospital, has arrived in
Cairo, the government announced. He spent more
than an hour with Nasir this afternoon.
Afay 13: Nasir revealed in an interview with al-
Jumhzuriyah that the UAR would provide the
Algerian Nationalist Army with a large number
of armored vehicles and all types of armus.
May 14: Coast guards seized half a ton of narcotics
worth ?500,000 sterling after a battle with smug-
glers in the Gulf of Suez, it was reported. One
smuggler was reported killed and 3 were arrested.
The arrested persons confessed they received the
narcotics from gangs of Israeli and Jordanian
smugglers.
May 15: Nasir, in a decree issued today, appointed
Anwar al-Sadat and Kamal al-Din HIusaynas secre-
taries-general of the National Congress.
A United Arab Airlines plane carrying news-
papers to Beirut exploded as it left Cairo and the
crew of 3 persons were killed.
May 17: During the 3-day feast of Sacrifice Bayram,
it was disclosed that Nisir has distributed about
$43 million worth of "dividends" to shareholders
and factory and government workers, the first profit
shares in "socialist Egypt."
May 19: The UAR ambassador to Venezuela, Ismail1
Wafiq, announced that Nasir will visit Venezuela
next February.
MJ)y 21: Nasir presented a new constitution at the
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371
inaugural session of the National Congress of
Popular Forces. He said the charter must insure
that the country's farmers and working men get
half of the seats in political and popular organiza-
tions "at all levels" because "they are the majority
of the people and the longest deprived of rights."
He said that the authority of elected popular
councils must in the future be raised "above the
authority of the executive machinery."
May 22: Nasir's plan for a "Socialist" UAR struck
diplomatic observers in Cairo as a "far more
moderate revolutionary program" than had been
expected, it was reported in Cairo.
Akram Hurani, a leading Syrian socialist, de-
nounced Nasir's plans for the UAR as "just
words."
The UAR will import 400,000 tons of wheat and
flour, valued at about $28 million, from the US
under an agreement signed in Cairo. Eighty per
cent of the price will be lent to UAR development
projects, and the loan is repayable over 40 years
at 4 per cent interest.
May 26: Nasir told the National Congress that there
would be a congress of the Arab Socialist Union
next October, followed by National Assembly elec-
tions, after which the Assembly would draft new
laws. He rejected a suggestion that he stay in office
for life.
May 27: Nasir told a session of the National Congress
that in the future the UAR must have a President
who can be removed if he deviates from the
national interest or seeks personal gain.
May 31: Nasir dropped the ban on birth control.
He told the National Congress, in one of the
nightly televised discussions of the new charter,
that if the present pattern of increase continued,
all efforts to double the national income every 10
years "will have been in vain." Coincidentally,
the first public discussions in Cairo of family plan-
ning had just ended. The symposium recommended
further studies into the deve!opment of cheap,
effective contraceptives for the country's poor and
illiterate peasants; urged the establishment of health
education clinics in the villages; and asked to
campaign for the promotion and acceptance of
family planning among the Muslim populace.
June 1: An agreement was signed in Cairo under
which the US will lend $20 million for Egypt's
economic development program. The loan is re-
payable over 7 years at 21/2 per cent interest.
June 2: The UAR ended its 5-day naval maneuvers
in the eastern Mediterranean.
June 4: According to reports reaching Cairo today,
4 people died and 15 were injured in a fire which
raged for 3 days in the village of Mandra, Lower
Egypt.
June 6: Talks began in Cairo between Lebanon and
the UAR on the question of Lebanese property
nationalized or sequestrated by the UAR.
372 THE MIDDLE EAST JOURNAL
June 7: The National Congress recessed until June
23 so that its 1,750 delegates can spread word of
Nasir's plans for Arab socialism to the people. On
its return the Congress will give final approval
for the Constitution and elections.
June 9: The Middle East News Agency reported that
the UAR and Lebanon have reached a "preliminary
solution" to the problem of compensating Lebanese
nationals whose property in the UAR was na-
tionalized or sequestrated.
June 11: Al-Ahram's diplomatic correspondent indi-
cated that the UAR was ready to open negotiations
for a union with any Syrian government on con-
dition that the Syrian government expressed the
will of the people and was not engaged in party
maneuvers "playing with unity for individual
interests" and that "the government should prove
its good intentions by carrying out investigations
into the unjust accusations levelled against Cairo
on the heels of the separatist reactionary coup."
June 12: Cobina Kessie, Ghana's new ambassador,
presented his credentials. Another new ambassador,
Victorio Carpio of the Philippines, who is also
chairman of the UN Special Committee on South-
west Africa, also presented his credentials.
June 15: Qaysini left Cairo at the head of an 11-
member delegation to Moscow for talks on UAR-
Soviet long-term trade and payments agreements.
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Yemen
(See also, Aden)
1962
Mar. 31: Two men were beheaded in the main square
of Ta'iz for their part in an attempt to assassinate
Imam Ahmad last year, it was reported.
Apr. 21: Ahmad Muhammad Basha, who is in charge
of Yemeni interests in Cairo, said that his country
has decided to establish diplomatic relations with
Indonesia and Japan.
The Aden Chronicle reported a "critical" water
shortage in Yemen.
Apr. 26: It was announced that Yemen had joined
UNESCO.
May 10: The Aden Chronicle reported that at least
21 persons have been killed in recent fighting be-
tween Yemeni tribesmen.
June 5: The Red Sea port of Ahmadiyah was
officially opened.
June 7: A decree was issued providing for the
establishment of a Development Council headed by
Crown Prince Muhammad al-Badr. The Council
has been asked to study various agricultural
projects, water and soil conservation and a program
of imports of agricultural implements, seeds and
fertilizers.
June 15: Three frigates are due in Yemen for its
coast guard service, al-Qalam al-'Adani reported.