“Ngêi kh«n ngoan,kh«ng cã g× h¬n lµ

lµm cho m×nh ®îc nªn ngêi,

mµ muèn lªn ngêi kh«ng cã g× h¬n lµ häc.”
(L· ThÞ Xu©n Thu)
English
teacher: Mai ChÝnh
MÖnh ®Ò tr¹ng ng÷
Khi trong c©u cã 2 mÖnh ®Ò cã sù phô thuéc lÉn nhau chóng ta gäi ®ã lµ
c©u phøc. C©u phøc gåm cã mét mÖnh ®Ò mang th«ng tin chÝnh (gäi lµ
mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh) vµ mét mÖnh ®Ò mang th«ng tin bæ sung. Ngoµi c¸c
mÖnh ®Ò phô tÝnh ng÷ (b¾t ®Çu b»ng c¸c ®¹i tõ quan hÖ) chóng ta cßn
mét d¹ng mÖnh ®Ò phô n÷a (b¾t ®Çu b»ng c¸c liªn tõ Because, because of,
even though, although, though, so hoÆc since ta gäi lµ mÖnh ®Ò tr¹ng
ng÷.MÖnh ®Ò tr¹ng ng÷ thêng cã nh÷ng lo¹i sau:
I/MÖnh ®Ò tr¹ng ng÷ chØ nguyªn nh©n: (because/because of)
E.g: 1. Because she din’t work hard, she failed at the exam
2. Because the weather was bad, the canceled the match.
3. They weren’t happy because they were disaapointed with the
result.
4. I am going to give up teaching because I earn so little money
from it.
5. Nga didn’t want to go because of her illness.
6. Because of eating too much, she became overweight.
7. He felt exhausted because of having worked hard for a long time.
8. Because of getting up late, he arrived at the meeting late.
Qua c¸c vÝ dô trªn ta thÊy:
Because + mÖnh ®Ò (S + V) cßn Because of + ng÷ (kh«ng cã S + V)
VËy vÊn ®Ò lµ ta thêng chuyÓn tõ c¸ch dïng because sang because of (vµ ngîc l¹i)
b»ng c¸ch nµo. DÔ thÊy nhÊt lµ:
A/ Khi hai mÖnh ®Ò cã cïng chñ ng÷:
TiÕn hµnh ba bíc 1-Bá chñ ng÷ cña mÖnh ®Ò sau Because
2-ChuyÓn ®éng tõ cña mÖnh ®Ò nµy sang thµnh V-ing
3-Gi÷ nguyªn mÖnh ®Ò cßn l¹i
VÝ dô: 1. Because Lan has no money, she won’t go on holiday with us
-->Because having no money,she won’t go on holiday with us.(or because
of not having money)
2. Because Jack play badly, he lost the match.
--->Bause playing badly, Jack lost the match.
3. Because they had worked so hard all the day, they felt asleep and
wanted to go to bed early.
--->Because having worked so hard all the day, they felt asleep and
wanted to go to bed early.
Vµ lµm ngîc l¹i:
VÝ dô: 4. Because of knowing a little English, Mary could ask for the way
back to the hotel.
--->Because Mary knew a little English, she could ask for the way back to
the hotel.
4. Because of having to take too many exams, childen now have no time
to relax.
--->Because children have to take too many exams, they now have no
time to relax.
 5. Because of not going by his car, Jack came to the wedding late.
--->Because Jack didn’t go by his car, he came to the wedding late.
Chó ý nh÷ng c©u cã d¹ng phñ ®Þnh because of + not + V-ing, because + d¹ng phñ
®Þnh
B/ Khi hai mÖnh ®Ò kh«ng cã cïng chñ ng÷: (thêng cã sù xuÊt hiÖn cña ®éng
tõ TOBE) --->
NÕu cã chñ ng÷ chØ ngêi: 1-ChuyÓn chñ ng÷ (§TNX) sang thµnh tÝnh tõ SH (I--->my,
He--->His
2-ChuyÓn tÝnh tõ (sau TOBE) sang danh tõ
3-Bá TOBE trong mÖnh ®Ò BECAUSE vµ gi÷ nguyªn mÖnh
®Ò cßn l¹i.
VÝ dô: 1. Beause Jim was sick, they visited him at the hospital
--->Because of Jim’s sickness, they visited him at the hospital
2. Because they were lazy, everyone is worrying about their result.
--->Because of their laziness, everyone is worrying about their
result.
3. Because she is intelligent, they admire her a lot.
--->Because of her intelligence, they admire her a lot.
Vµ lµm ngîc l¹i: 4. Because of our stupidness, he took advantage of us.
--->Because we were stupid, he took advantage of us.
5. Because of her beauty, they chose her the presentative of their
group.
--->Because she is beautiful, they chose her the presentative of
their group.

NÕu kh«ng cã chñ ng÷ chØ ngêi: -ChuyÓn tÝnh tõ lªn tríc danh tõ chñ ng÷
VÝ dô: 1. Because the weather was fine, they decided to climb up to
the mountain
--->Because of the fine weather, they decided to climb up to the
mountain.
2. Because his room was small, some of us must stay outside.
--->Because of his small room, some of us must stay outside.
3. Because it was dark, they stopped working.
--->Because of the darkness, they stopped working.
Vµ lµm ngîc l¹i: 4. Because of Ngoc’s bad temper, nobody wants to make friend with
her.
--->Because Ngoc’s temper is bad, nobody wants to make friend
with her.
5. Because of the house’s bad conditions, it was pulled down to
rebuild.
---> Because the house was in bad conditions, it was pulled down to
rebuild.
6. Because of the good preparations, the festival became
unforgettable.
--->Because the preparationss were good, the festival became
unforgettable.
Ngoµi because vµ because of cã thÓ më ®Çu cho mÖnh ®Ò chØ nguyªn nh©n ta cßn
cã “SINCE vµ AS” víi t c¸ch liªn tõ (nghÜa lµ bëi v×) nhng ë ®©y c¸c em chØ cÇn biÕt
nghÜa cña tõ lµ ®îc, kh«ng cÇn qu¸ chó ý.
VÝ dô: 1. He gave up smoking three months ago since he felt unhealthy.
(Anh ta bá thuèc l¸ c¸ch ®©y hai th¸ng v× anh ta c¶m thÊy kh«ng khoÎ)
2. The sea must be protected more carefully as it is the habitat for many
rare creatures.
 (BiÓn ph¶i ®îc b¶o vÖ cÈn thËn h¬n n÷a bëi ®ã lµ n¬i c tró cña nhiÒu
sinh vËt hiÕm.
I/ MÖnh ®Ò tr¹ng ng÷ chØ sù ®èi lËp (mÖnh ®Ò nhîng bé):
although, though (mÆc dï)
VÝ dô: 1. Although Mr Ha and Mr Chinh have to live in poor, they always
look happy.
2. Though they had tried much, they didn’t get good result at the end of
the shool year.
3. The accident happened although the both drivers were careful.
4. They refused him though he had many qualifications.
5. Inspite of his bad health, he still tried to finish the race.
6. Depite the bad weather, the children went swimming.
7. Linda invited them to her wedding party despite their bad behaviour.
8. We came to Ha noi to watch the parade inspite of living very far from it.
Qua c¸c vÝ dô trªn ta thÊy: although, though + MÖnh ®Ò (S + V)
cßn inspite of, despite + Ng÷
VËy c¸ch chuyÓn ®æi gi÷a chóng còng t¬ng tù nh because/because of phÝa
trªn. Ngoµi ra ta cßn cã “Even though” (thËm chÝ lµ, cho dï lµ) víi ý nghÜa t ¬ng ph¶n
m¹nh h¬n
VÝ dô: 1. Hoa is not satisfied with her preparations for Tet, even though
she had decorated her house and mase plenty og cakes.
(Hoa kh«ng hµi lßng víi sù chuÈn bÞ cña m×nh cho TÕt cho dï lµ c«
Êy ®· trang trÝ nhµ cöa vµ lµm rÊt nhiÒu b¸nh)
2. Even though the girls in Thinh Long have very bad characters,
they are still loved by many people.
(Cho dï lµ c¸c c« g¸i ë ThÞnh Long cã nh÷ng tÝnh c¸ch rÊt xÊu, hä
vÉn ®îc nhiÒu ngêi yªu mÕn).

B/ Bµi tËp:
I/ ViÕt l¹i c¸c c©u sau:
1. Because Mr Ha has no money, he has no friends no love.
.........................................................................................................................
2. Although we admire his intelligence, we can’t stand his selfishness.
...........................................................................................................................
3. Inspite of working very hard, they got in stuck in solving the problem.
.............................................................................................................................
4. Because of the bad character, Susan can’t keep her positon in that company.
...................................................................................................................................
5. They feel disappointed because they can’t sell their house with resonable price.
....................................................................................................................................
6. They are broke now because of spending too much at gambling.
......................................................................................................................................
7. Thomas looks tired because of having to study hard for the next exam.
..........................................................................................................................................
8. The meeting was delayed because of the chairman’s lateness.
..........................................................................................................................................
..
9. She smiled happily although she was cheated by the man.
..........................................................................................................................................
10. Despite taking the raincoat, they got wet.
..........................................................................................................................................
....
11. Hung was the one who left home the latest because he was busy.
...........................................................................................................................................
.....
12. Because of the rain, No plane could take off.
..............................................................................................................................................
.........
 13. Despite running very fast, John came to class late yesterday.
.................................................................................................................................................
.........
14. Though they thought carefully before working, they made a terrible mistake.
...............................................................................................................................................
.........
15. Although Ha noi isn’t the biggest city in Vietnam, It is the heart of the country for
thousands year.
..................................................................................................................................................
.......... 16. Inspite of knowing her for a long time, I can’t understand her.
...................................................................................................................................................
.........
16. The students couldn’t understand the lesson well because of their teacher’s unclear explaination.
.........................................................................................................................................................
...
17. People poured to the South because of thinking that they can earn money more easily
there.
...................................................................................................................................................
.........
18. I will still wait for you although I am disappointed with you.
...................................................................................................................................................
.........
19. They will never get on well again athough they have apolosized each other.
...................................................................................................................................................
.........
20. She laughed at him because he was stupid.
...................................................................................................................................................
.........
II/Chän ph¬ng ¸n ®óng:
1. Mary hurried, ................she was late.
A. because of B. because C. despite D. although
2. We can’t listen to the music, ....................the noise from the next room.
A. because of B. because C. despite D. although
3. .......................he has started many times, the engine couldn’t start.
A. because of B. because C. despite D. although
4. ....................their lateness, their teacher let them stand outside the classroom.
A. because of B. because C. despite D. although
5. Mary learns English well, .....................she often pratices it regularly.
A. because of B. because C. despite D. although
6. They lose the way back to their hotel, ......................having forgotten the map of the city at
their room.
A. because of B. because C. despite D. although
7. ..............the daughter sickness, they decides to delay their holiday.
A. because of B. because C. despite D. although
8. Lien’s parents felt unhappy, ...............her failure at the exam.
A. because of B. because C. despite D. although
9. Nga, .............family is going to move to the South, wanted to have a farewell party to her
friends.
A. who B. whose C. whom D. which
10. Nga, ...............I met at Loan’s house last week, is a second year student.
A. who B. whose C. whom D. which
11. The pupil .................won the prize is our headmaster’s son.
A. who B. whose C. whom D. which
12. Do you know a person ..................can repair this bike.
A. who B. whose C. whom D. which
13. Mai doesn’t want to come in because she is afraid ............the dog.
A. in B. at C. by D. of
14. Feeling tired I stayed ..............bed late.
A. in B. at C. by D. of
15. The school is famous .........................its tied regulations and trickness of the teacher.
A. in B. for C. at D. from
16. Many students in Thinglong are bad ..........English because of their laziness.
A. in B. for C. at D. from
17. His parents are surprised at his .............................
A. Succeed B. successful C. success D. successfully
 18. She smiled .........................because she was defeated.
A. happily B. unhappily C. happy D. unhappy
19. Because of her ....................., no one can teach her.
A/laziness B. lazy C. lazily D.
20. By the time they arrived, the train ..............................
A. left B. was leaving C. has left D. had left

Verb tense
Past Perfect and Past simple
Give the correct verb form
1. We (see) ……………..that film before 1975.
2. When I (come) ……………..to the room last night, this film (begin) ……………..a quarter before.
3. Ronald Regan (be) ……………..a Hollywood actor before he (become) ……………..a politician?
4. I (feel) ……………..little better after I (take) ……………..the medicine.
5. Was Tom at the party when you (arrive) ……………..? – No, he (go) ……………..home.
6. Anna never (see) ……………..snow until last winter.
7. He (live) ………………….in his father’s house till his father died.
8. What did you do after you (leave) ………………….the stadium?
9. In the 1980 Olympic Games, the Soviet people (complete) ………….their preparations when the
participants (arrive)........
10. When he (come) …………………., the children already (finish) ………………….the exercises.
11. By the time he arrived, the match (begin) ……………………
12. When the telephone rang. I just (finish) ………………….my homework.
13. Peter’s father had his old bicycle (repair) ………………….
14. When we (come) ………………….. Tom already (have) ………………….dinner.
15. After she (finish) ………………….her work, she (leave) ………………….the office.
16. As soon as it (stop) ………………….raining the workers went on with their work.
17. What did you do after you (leave) ………………….the stadium?
18. Before I (come) ………………….here yesterday, my mother (advise) ………………….me (not/ cross)
………………….the streets against the red lights.
19. We were very tired last night because we (play) ………………….football in the afternoon.
20. Linda wasn’t at home then. If she (be) ………………….at home, I (visit) ………………….her.
21. I (meet) ………………….him twice before I (leave) ………………….for London.
22. When we (come) ………………….to the movies, the film already (begin) ………………….
23. After I (finish) ………………….my breakfast, I (get) ………………….ready to go to school.
24. If I (not/ be) ………………….buzy, I would have come.
25. He (leave) ………………….his office after he (read) ………………….the report.
26. He (go) ………………….to the railway station yesterday morning but the the train (start)
…………………..
27. The manager already (leave) ………………….for the conference before we (get) ………………….to the
office.
28. If we (meet) ………………….Lan, she wouldn’t have been unhappy.
29. I didn’t meet Sleve because when I (arrive) …………………., he (go) ………………….to school.
30. This room (paint) ………………….since the last time I (be) ………………….here.
31. If you had finished it yesterday, you (not/ have) ………………….to come back.
32. Miss Snow (type) ………………….ten letters before lunchtime yesterday.
33. The train (start) ………………….before we (arrive) ………………….at the station.
34. The film already (begin) ………………….when we (get) ………………….to the cinema.
35. He said that he (see) ………………….that man before.
36. Mr. Brown (die) ………………….after he (be) ………………….ill for a long time.
37. By December 1st last year, he (work) ………………….in the bank for 5 years.
38. He discovered to his horror that he (eat) ………………….a fly.
39. He (do) ………………….nothing before he (see) ………………….me.
40. I realised that I (see) ………………….that woman before.
41. We would have been very happy if you (be) ………………….there yesterday.
42. If he (train) ………………….hard, he would have broken the record.
43. They would have had a lot of fun if they (join) ………………….in that trip.
44. They got up late, and when they (arrive) ………………….at the staion, the train (leave)
………………….
45. If I (have) ………………….enough money, I would have bought that bicycle.
46. When I (get) ………………….home, she (be) ………………….there for three hours.
47. We tried to phone Henry this afternoon, but there (be) ………………….no answer. He (go)
………………….out.
48. They arrived at work in the morning and found that somebody (break) …….into the office during
the night. So they (call) ……the police.
49. I was driving home when I (see) ………….a car which (break) ………….down, so I (stop) ………….to
see if I could help.
50. Lisa (meet) …….Brian a few weeks ago. He just (come) ……….back from holiday. He (look)
………………….very well.
51. Yesterday Bob was very surprised when he (have) ………………….a phone call from Ann. He (write)
………………….to her many times, but she never (reply) ………………….to his letters.