International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics

Volume 119 No. 16 2018, 1619-1630

ISSN: 1314-3395 (on-line version)
url: http://www.acadpubl.eu/hub/
Special Issue
http://www.acadpubl.eu/hub/

Eco friendly electric scooter for energy consumption

G. Priya, M.Tech[1],M.Vasantha moorthy, M.Tech[2],B.Thiruvaimalarnathan M.E [3]

Assistant Professor (Sr.G)(1,2.3)

Dept. of Electronics and Communication Engineering,

SRM Institute of Science and Technology , Ramapuram Campus

---------------------------------------------------------------------***---------------------------------------------------------
Abstract - The Vehicle is a potentially kilometer across our vast empire-like campus to
revolutionary personal transport device. In this get to your classroom or the conference room for
paper , we use gyro sensor to move forward or that board meeting? This sets the stage for the
backward on the vehicle, the rider just leans need of yet another mode of transportation which
slightly forward or backward. To turn left or is considerably lightweight, maneuverable and is
right, the rider turns the right handlebar eco-friendly.
forward or backward. Using ultrasonic sensor,
LITERATURE REVIEW
GSM and GPS we just enhanced our project
from existing system. The most important In this 2016 update, the technical experts at
consideration for the device is balance. It is Robson Forensic highlight the available
important that the performer will not fall off information regarding hover board fire/explosion
from the device. incidents.

The electrical system is centered on the battery

Keywords:Gyrosensor,Magellan trailblazer,
Global navigation satellite system (gnss),UART,
Relays.
1.INTRODUCTION
In our modern and rapidly ever-evolving world,
we rely on our gas powered vehicles to help us
commute over long distances to work, education
or simply just hitting the great outdoors. However,
these vehicles are only usable right up to the
parking lot owing to their shear bulk, difficulty of
motion through confined spaces and not to
mention their polluting nature due to combustion
of the gasoline. But what if we need to walk a
and the distribution of the battery voltage and
current to the other subsystems. Since the battery
for this kind of vehicle contains a lot of energy it
is necessary to monitor the operational status of
the main electrical system and have safety features
to turn it off in case of an emergency or
malfunction. The most important design parameter
for the main electrical system was the current
rating and the safety measures.
This kind of vehicle is interesting since it contains
a lot of technology relevant to an environmentally
friendly and energy efficient transportation
industry. This thesis describes the development of
a similar vehicle from scratch, incorporating every

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International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics
phase from literature study to planning, design,
vehicle construction and verification. The main
objective was to build a vehicle capable of
transporting a person weighing up to 100 kg for 30
minutes or a distance of 2 km, whichever comes
first.
The rider controls are supposed to be natural
movements; leaning forwards or backwards in
combination with tilting the handlebar sideways
should be the only rider input required to ride the
vehicle.
BLOCK DIAGRAM AND DESCRIPTION
LCD:
A liquid-crystal display (LCD) is a flat-panel
display or other electronically modulate optical
device that uses the light-modulating properties
of liquid crystals. Liquid crystals do not emit light
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directly, instead using a backlight or reflector to
produce image in color or Monochrome. LCDs are
available to display arbitrary images (as in a
general-purpose computer display) or fixed
images with low information content, which can
be displayed or hidden, such as preset words,
digits, and 7-segment displays, as in a digital
clock. They use the same basic technology, except
that arbitrary images are made up of a large
number of small pixels, while other displays have
larger elements.
GYRO SENSOR: Gyro sensors, also known as
angular rate sensors or angular velocity sensors
are devices that sense angular velocity. Angular
velocity. In simple terms, angular velocity is the
change in rotational angle per unit of time.
Angular velocity is generally expressed in deg/s
(degrees per second).
International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics
A 1993 Magellan Trailblazer XL GPS Handheld
Receiver
Vehicle navigation on a personal navigation
assistant
A GPS navigation device, GPS receiver, or
simply GPS is a device that is capable of
receiving information from GPS satellites and
then to calculate the device's geographical
position. Using suitable software, the device
may display the position on a map, and it may
offer directions. The Global Positioning
System (GPS) uses a global navigation satellite
system (GNSS) made
Up of a network of a minimum of 24, but
currently 30, satellites placed into orbit by
the U.S. Department of Defence.
ULTRASONIC SENSOR:
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An Ultrasonic sensor is a device that can
measure the distance to an object by using sound
waves. It measures distance by sending out a
sound wave at a specific frequency and listening
for that sound wave to bounce back.
MICRO CONTROLLER PIC16F877A:
This powerful (200 nanosecond instruction
execution) yet easy-to-program (only 35 single
word instructions) CMOS FLASH-based 8-bit
microcontroller packs Microchip's powerful
PIC® architecture into an 40 package and is
upwards compatible with the PIC16C5X,
PIC12CXXX and PIC16C7X devices. The
PIC16F877A features 256 bytes of EEPROM
data memory, self programming, an ICD, 2
Comparators, 8 channels of 10-bit Analog-to-
 International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue

Digital (A/D) converter, 2 5th pin of PORTA

capture/compare/PWM functions, the
synchronous serial port can be configured as Analog pin 5 or
8 RE0/RD/AN5
either 3-wire Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI™) 0th pin of PORTE
or the 2-wire Inter-Integrated Circuit (I²C™) bus
and a Universal Asynchronous Receiver Analog pin 6 or
9 RE1/WR/AN6
Transmitter (USART). 1st pin of PORTE

PIC16F877A Pin Configuration: 10 RE2/CS/AN7 7th pin of PORTE

Pin
Pin Name Description Ground pin of
Number 11 Vdd
MCU

MCLR is used
Positive pin of
during 12 Vss
MCU (+5V)
programming,
1 MCLR/Vpp mostly connected External
to 13 OSC1/CLKI Oscillator/clock
programmer like input pin
Picket
External
Analog pin 0 or 14 OSC2/CLKO Oscillator/clock
2 RA0/AN0
0th pin of PORTA output pin

Analog pin 1 or 15 RC0/T1OSO/T1CKI 0th pin of PORT C

3 RA1/AN1 st
1 pin of PORTA
1st pin of POCTC
Analog pin 2 or 16 RC1/T1OSI/CCP2
4 RA2/AN2/Vref- or Timer/PWM pin
nd
2 pin of PORTA
2nd pin of POCTC
Analog pin 3 or 17 RC2/CCP1
5 RA3/AN3/Vref+ or Timer/PWM pin
rd
3 pin of PORTA
18 RC3/SCK/SCL 3rd pin of POCTC
th
6 RA4/T0CKI/C1out 4 pin of PORTA
19 RD0/PSP0 0th pin of POCTD
7 RA5/AN4/SS/C2out Analog pin 4 or

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 International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue

20 RD1/PSPI 1st pin of POCTD 0th pin of POCTB

33 RB0/INT or External
nd
21 RD2/PSP2 2 pin of POCTD Interrupt pin

22 RD3/PSP3 3rd pin of POCTD 34 RB1 1st pin of POCTB

4th pin of POCTC 35 RB2 2nd pin of POCTB

23 RC4/SDI/SDA
or Serial Data in pin
3rd pin of POCTB
5th pin of POCTC 36 RB3/PGM or connected to
24 RC5/SDO or Serial Data Out programmer
pin
37 RB4 4th pin of POCTB
6th pin of POCTC
or Transmitter 38 RB5 5th pin of POCTB
25 RC6/Tx/CK
pin of
Microcontroller 6th pin of POCTB
39 RB6/PGC or connected to
th
7 pin of POCTC programmer
26 RC7/Rx/DT or Receiver pin of
Microcontroller 7th pin of POCTB
40 RB7/PGD or connected to
th
27 RD4/PSP4 4 pin of POCTD programmer

28 RD5/PSP5 5th pin of POCTD

29 RD6/PSP6 6th pin of POCTD

Microchip provides a waste verity of

30 RD7/PSP7 7th pin of POCTD
Microcontrollers from PIC family. Each MCU
has its own advantage and disadvantage. There
Positive pin of
31 Vss are many parameters that one has to consider
MCU (+5V)
before selecting a MCU for his project. The

Ground pin of below points are just suggestions which might

32 Vdd help one to select a MCU. If you are a beginner
MCU
who is learning PIC then, selecting a MCU that
has good online community support and wide

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International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue

applications will be a good choice. PIC16F877A ADC Module 8ch, 10-bit

and PIC18F4520 are two such MCUs Consider
the operating voltage of your system. If they are
Timer Module 8-bit(2), 16-bit(1)
5V then select a 5V MCU some sensors or
devices work and communicate on 3.3V in such
case a 3.3V MCU can be selected If size and Comparators 2

price is a limitation then you can choose small

8-pin MCUs like PIC12F508. These are also DAC Module Nil
comparatively cheaper .Based on the sensors
and actuators used in your project, verify which
UART(1), SPI(1),
modules you might need in for MCU. For Communication
I2C(1),
example is you are reading many Analog Peripherals
MSSP(SPI/I2C)
voltages then make sure PIC has enough ADC
channels and supportive resolution. The details
External Oscillator Up to 20Mhz
of all modules are given in the table above .If
you project involves communication protocols
like UART, SPI ,I2C, CAN etc make sure you Internal Oscillator Nil
PIC can support them. Some MCU can support
more than one module of the same protocol.
Program Memory Type Flash

Program Memory (KB) 14KB

1) PIC16F877A Features:
CPU Speed (MIPS) 5 MIPS
PIC16F877A –Simplified Features

RAM Bytes 368

CPU 8-bit PIC

Data EEPROM 256 bytes

Number of Pins 40

Operating Voltage (V) 2 to 5.5 V

2) Applications:

Number of I/O pins 33

 Multiple DIY Projects
 Very good choice if you are learning PIC

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International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics
 Projects requiring Multiple I/O interfaces
and communications
 Replacement for Arduino Module
 Ideal for more advanced level A/D
applications in automotive, industrial,
appliances and consumer applications.
POWER SUPPLY:
A power supply is an electrical device that
supplies electric power to an electrical load. The
primary function of a power supply is to
convert electric current from a source to the
correct voltage, current, and frequency to power
the load. As a result, power supplies are
sometimes referred to as electric power
converters. Some power supplies are separate
standalone pieces of equipment, while others are
built into the load appliances that they power.
Examples of the latter include power supplies
found in desktop computers and consumer
electronics devices. Other functions that power
supplies may perform include limiting the current
drawn by the load to safe levels, shutting off the
current in the event of an electrical fault, power
conditioning to prevent electronic noise or voltage
surges on the input from reaching the load, power-
factor correction, and storing energy so it can
continue to power the load in the event of a
temporary interruption in the source power
(uninterruptible power supply).
UART:
A universal asynchronous receiver-transmitter is
a computer hardware device for asynchronous
serial communication in which the data format and
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transmission speeds are configurable. The electric
signaling levels and methods are handled by a
driver circuit external to the UART. A UART is
usually an individual (or part of an) integrated
circuit (IC) used for serial communications over a
computer or peripheral device serial port. UARTs
are now commonly included in microcontrollers.
A related device, the universal synchronous and
asynchronous receiver-transmitter (USART) also
supports synchronous operation.
Transmitting and receiving serial data:
The universal asynchronous receiver-
transmitter (UART) takes bytes of data and
transmits the individual bits in a sequential
fashion. At the destination, a second UART re-
assembles the bits into complete bytes. Each
UART contains a shift register, which is the
fundamental method of conversion between serial
and parallel forms. Serial transmission of digital
information (bits) through a single wire or other
medium is less costly than parallel transmission
through multiple wires.
The UART usually does not directly generate or
receive the external signals used between different
items of equipment. Separate interface devices are
used to convert the logic level signals of the
UART to and from the external signalling levels,
which may be standardized voltage levels, current
levels, or other signals.
Communication may be simplex (in one direction
only, with no provision for the receiving device to
send information back to the transmitting
device), full duplex (both devices send and receive
International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics
at the same time) or half duplex (devices take
turns transmitting and receiving).
3) Data framing:
The idle, no data state is high-voltage, or powered.
This is a historic legacy from telegraphy, in which
the line is held high to show that the line and
transmitter are not damaged. Each character is
framed as a logic low start bit, data bits, possibly a
parity bit, and one or more stop bits. In most
applications the least significant data bit (the one
on the left in this diagram) is transmitted first, but
there are exceptions (such as the IBM
2741 printing terminal).
The start bit signals the receiver that a new
character is coming. The next five to nine bits,
depending on the code set employed, represent the
character. If a parity bit is used, it would be placed
after all of the data bits. The next one or two bits
are always in the mark (logic high, i.e., '1')
condition and called the stop bit(s). They signal
the receiver that the character is completed. Since
the start bit is logic low (0) and the stop bit is
logic high (1) there are always at least two
guaranteed signal changes between characters.
If the line is held in the logic low condition for
longer than a character time, this is a break
condition that can be detected by the UART.
4) Receiver:
All operations of the UART hardware are
controlled by a clock signal which runs at a
multiple of the data rate, typically 8 times the bit
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rate. The receiver tests the state of the incoming
signal on each clock pulse, looking for the
beginning of the start bit. If the apparent start bit
lasts at least one-half of the bit time, it is valid and
signals the start of a new character. If not, it is
considered a spurious pulse and is ignored. After
waiting a further bit time, the state of the line is
again sampled and the resulting level clocked into
a shift register. After the required number of bit
periods for the character length (5 to 8 bits,
typically) have elapsed, the contents of the shift
register are made available (in parallel fashion) to
the receiving system. The UART will set a flag
indicating new data is available, and may also
generate a processor interrupt to request that the
host processor transfers the received data.
Communicating UARTs usually have no shared
timing system apart from the communication
signal. Typically, UARTs resynchronize their
internal clocks on each change of the data line that
is not considered a spurious pulse. Obtaining
timing information in this manner, they reliably
receive when the transmitter is sending at a
slightly different speed than it should. Simplistic
UARTs do not do this, instead they resynchronize
on the falling edge of the start bit only, and then
read the center of each expected data bit, and this
system works if the broadcast data rate is accurate
enough to allow the stop bits to be sampled
reliably.
It is a standard feature for a UART to store the
most recent character while receiving the next.
This "double buffering" gives a receiving
computer an entire character transmission time to
fetch a received character. Many UARTs have a
International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue

small first-in, first-out FIFO buffer memory used in Europe and other parts of the world. GSM
between the receiver shift register and the host uses a variation of time division multiple access
system interface. This allows the host processor (TDMA) and is the most widely used of the three
even more time to handle an interrupt from the digital wireless telephony technologies (TDMA,
UART and prevents loss of received data at high GSM, and CDMA). GSM digitizes and
rates. compresses data, then sends it down a channel

5) Transmitter: with two other streams of user data, each in its

own time slot. It operates at either the 900 MHz or
Transmission operation is simpler as the timing
1800 MHz frequency band
does not have to be determined from the line state,
nor is it bound to any fixed timing intervals. As RELAY:
soon as the sending system deposits a character in
the shift register (after completion of the previous A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many

character), the UART generates a start bit, shifts relays use an electromagnet to mechanically

the required number of data bits out to the line, operate a switch, but other operating principles are

generates and sends the parity bit (if used), and also used, such as solid-state relays. Relays are

sends the stop bits. Since full-duplex operation used where it is necessary to control a circuit by a

requires characters to be sent and received at the separate low-power signal, or where several

same time, UARTs use two different shift circuits must be controlled by one signal. The first

registers for transmitted and received characters. relays were used in long

High performance UARTs could contain a distance telegraph circuits as amplifiers: they

transmit FIFO (first in first out) buffer to allow a repeated the signal coming in from one circuit and

CPU or DMA controller to deposit multiple re-transmitted it on another circuit. Relays were

characters in a burst into the FIFO rather than used extensively in telephone exchanges and early

have to deposit one character at a time into the computers to perform logical operations.

FIFO. Since transmission of a single or multiple

MOTOR:
characters may take a long time relative to CPU
speeds, a UART maintains a flag showing busy
status so that the host system knows if there is at
least one character in the transmit buffer or shift
register; "ready for next character(s)" may also be
signalled with an interrupt.

GSM:

GSM (Global System for Mobile communication)

is a digital mobile telephony system that is widely

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International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics
Animation of an Electric motor.
An electric motor is an electrical machine that
converts electrical energy into mechanical energy.
The reverse of this is the conversion of
mechanical energy into electrical energy and is
done by an electric generator, which has much in
common with a motor.
Most electric motors operate through the
interaction between an electric motor's magnetic
field and winding currents to generate force. In
certain applications, such as in regenerative
braking with traction motors in the transportation
industry, electric motors can also be used in
reverse as generators to convert mechanical
energy into electric power.
APPLICATIONS:
The electric scooters are cheap, convenient and
funny means of transport. You can go anywhere;
on roads and streets and enjoy making local
errands fun, quick and easy. You can ride the
electric scooters even in the corridor of your home
or shopping malls. Electric scooters are the
cheerful way of transportation. Riding an electric
scooter would make you feel like skiing on land.
Electric scooters are the best friend of those
having physical problem, especially those finding
hard to walk as the electric scooters are designed
to move with comfort and ease making the rider
enjoy the sense of independence and freedom that
comes from mobility. Electric scooters are cheap
and affordable as they do not consume gasoline or
any petroleum-based fuels, so are environment
friendly. These scooters are so compact designed
that it could be stored in a small place anywhere in
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Special Issue
your house or wherever you go. You can even
access public transport buses or trains with the
electric scooters. Some electric scooters can even
be folded and dragged. The basic structure of
electric scooter combines a seat with a backrest
and foot support to provide a comfortable and
stable seating. The sitting arrangement with fold
up armrests adds to the comfort of the rider
reducing the amount of physical strain on the
upper body. Generally, a stable seating posture is
essential in order to manage the vehicle's controls,
so the seat unit should have an anatomically
contoured seat base and backrest and be wide
enough. At the same time, the seat should not be
too narrow to become uncomfortable and increase
the risk of pressure sores. Also there are electric
scooters structured to stand-riding without seat.
These types of scooters are especially made for
young children who can easily stand on the foot
rest and ride for long. Electric scooters are very
cheap compared to motor bikes and scooters.
ADVANTAGES:
Environment friendly.
Best suited for indoor transportation
Easy manoeuvrability through confined areas
High power to size ratio
Easy to operate
Easy portability
Safe for use by kids and senior aged people.
Superb road presence
3. CONCLUSION
This paper was implemented with an idea
to find an effective solution to the transportation
International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue

problems which exist. The main objective is to

achieve space utilization and minimize the fuel
consumption and green house emissions especially
for communicating over short distances.

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