RELATIONAL DATABASE

SYSTEM
DOMINIC BOBAN
 Unit No: 04
Unit Name: Database Design & Development

Contents
USER REQUIREMENTS ...................................................................................................................................... 2
SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS .................................................................................................................................. 5
ER DIAGRAM .................................................................................................................................................... 6
PURPOSE OF MY DATABASE ............................................................................................................................. 6
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES ............................................................................................................... 7
USER INTERFACE OF DBMS ............................................................................................................................... 7
MENU BASED INTERFACE ............................................................................................................................. 7
FORM BASED INTERFACES ............................................................................................................................ 7
GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE ........................................................................................................................ 8
NATURAL LANGUAGE INTERFERENCE ........................................................................................................... 8
SPEECH INPUT AND OUTPUT ........................................................................................................................ 8
INTERFACES FOR DBA ................................................................................................................................... 8
DATA VALIDATION............................................................................................................................................ 8
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES............................................................................................................ 8
TYPES ........................................................................................................................................................... 9
PRESENCE ..................................................................................................................................................... 9
UNIQUE IDENTIFIER ...................................................................................................................................... 9
RANGE CHECK .............................................................................................................................................. 9
FORMAT ....................................................................................................................................................... 9
RESTRICTED CHOICE ..................................................................................................................................... 9
NORMALIZATION............................................................................................................................................ 10
First Normal Form ...................................................................................................................................... 10
Second Normal Form .................................................................................................................................. 10
THIRD NORMAL FORM ............................................................................................................................... 11
BOYCE-ODD NORMAL FORM ...................................................................................................................... 13
Fourth Normal Form ................................................................................................................................... 13
Fifth Normal Form ...................................................................................................................................... 13
Sixth Normal Form...................................................................................................................................... 13
ADVANTAGES OF NORMALIZATION ............................................................................................................ 13
DISADVANTAGES OF NORMALIZATION ....................................................................................................... 13

Dominic Boban
Pearson BTEC Level 5 HND in Computing (RQF)
Reg No: 2019-0707
Unit No: 04
Unit Name: Database Design & Development

USER REQUIREMENTS
TABLE: TEAM
• TEAM ID
• CAPTAIN
• TEAM INCOME
• COUNTRY
• SALUTATION

TABLE: MATCH
• LOCATION
• TIME
• TEAMS
• DATE
• COUNTRY ID

TABLE: CAPTAINS
• TEAM ID
• NAME
• WEIGHT
• INCOME
• SALUTATION ID

TABLE: TICKETS
• FIRST NAME
• LAST NAME
• AGE
• ADDRESS
• COUNTRY ID
• DATE

TABLE: TITLE
• SALUTATION ID
• SALUTATION
• CAPTAIN

Dominic Boban
Pearson BTEC Level 5 HND in Computing (RQF)
Reg No: 2019-0707
Unit No: 04
Unit Name: Database Design & Development

TEAM
Table 1:TEAM

TEAM ID CAPTAIN TEAM COUNTRY SALUTATION

INCOME
100 VIRAT KOHLI 1450000000 INDIA Mr.
101 SHAKIB AL 80000000 BANGLADESH Mr.
HASAN
102 ARON FINCH 2200000000 AUSTRALIA Mr.
103 DIMUTH 10000000 SRI LANKA Mr.
KARUNARATNE
104 SHOAB 60000000 PAKISTAN Mr.
MALIK

MATCH
Table 2:MATCH

COUNTRY ID LOCATION TIME DATE TEAMS

150 INDIA 9:15 06-10-2019 INDIA VS
AUSTRALIA
190 AUSTRALIA 22:03 14-10-2019 SRILANKA VS
PAKISTAN
140 SRILANKA 8:30 22-10-2019 AUSTRALIA VS
PAKISTAN
150 INDIA 16:45 27-10-2019 INDIA VS
SRILANKA
180 BANGLADESH 22:45 3-11-2019 BANGLADESH
VS PAKISTAN

CAPTAINS
Table 3:CAPTAINS

TEAM ID NAME SALUTATION WEIGHT INCOME

ID
100 VIRAT KOHLI 1 78 12000000
0
101 SHAKIB AL 1 89 60000000
HASAN
102 ARON FINCH 1 90 16000000
0
103 DEMUTH 1 95 7000000
KARUNARATNE
Dominic Boban
Pearson BTEC Level 5 HND in Computing (RQF)
Reg No: 2019-0707
 Unit No: 04
Unit Name: Database Design & Development
104 SHOAB MALIK 1 96 8000000

TICKETS

Table 4:TICKETS

COUNTRY ID FIRST NAME LAST NAME AGE ADDRESS DATE

180 DIMITRY VEGAS 33 RK NAGAR, 3-11-2019
BANGLADESH
150 MICHAEL SANTA 32 DELHI, INDIA 27-10-2019
190 AMANDA TOWNLEY 22 BRISBANE, 14-10-2019
AUSTRALIA
140 TREVOR PHILIPS 26 LAKESHORE, 22-10-2019
SRILANKA
180 FRANKLIN JEZEL 29 RK NAGAR, 3-11-2019
BANGLADESH

TITLE
TABLE 5: TITLE

SALUTATION ID SALUTATION CAPTAIN

1 Mr. VIRAT KOHLI
1 Mr. SHAKIB AL HASAN
1 Mr. ARON FINCH
1 Mr. DEMUTH KARUNARATNE
1 Mr. SHOAB MALIK

Dominic Boban
Pearson BTEC Level 5 HND in Computing (RQF)
Reg No: 2019-0707
 Unit No: 04
Unit Name: Database Design & Development
SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS

COUNTRY ID
COUNTRY
SALUTATION TIME
LOCATION
INCOME

ICC
TEAM WORLD MATCH
CUP

CAPTAIN
TEAM ID
TEAMS DATE
SALUTATION ID

TEAMMATE
SAL ID TITLE TEAM ID

CAPTAINS
CAPTAIN
SALUTATION

INCOME TICKETS

HEIGHT
TEAM ID AGE
NAME
FIRST NAME

SALUTATION ID LAST NAME

ADDRESS
DATE

COUNTRY ID

Dominic Boban
Pearson BTEC Level 5 HND in Computing (RQF)
Reg No: 2019-0707
Unit No: 04
Unit Name: Database Design & Development

ER DIAGRAM
Figure 1 : ER Digram using Visual Aradigm for ICC WORLD CUP

PURPOSE OF MY DATABASE
The purpose of the database is to give definition language and to specify the project
in a particular way which we are using.

• Gathering information from the user

• Assigning primary key
• Relational diagram based on the user requirements
• Normalize the design

I created the ICC World Cup as Database, and it will give an overall idea about how
we can manage the cricket match within two teams in a match. I created four tables
as
TEAM, MATCH, PLAYER, AND TICKETS which will show the in-depth look behind a cricket
match.

Dominic Boban
Pearson BTEC Level 5 HND in Computing (RQF)
Reg No: 2019-0707
 Unit No: 04
Unit Name: Database Design & Development

I created four attributes for TEAM and five attributes for MATCH, five attributes for
CAPTAINS and six attributes for TICKETS

The relationship between tables is ONE TO MANY and ONE TO ONE because TABLE TEAM
has many MATCHES with TABLE MATCHES, and TABLE TEAM has only ONE CAPTIAN, which
is one to one relationship. Similarly, for ONE MATCH there will be many tickets, so the table
MATCH and TABLE TICKETS has one too many relationships

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

• With the help of this database we can manage the complete game easily
• It will help us to investigate everything that happens in the entire game or a match.
• Everything that is happening in a game is fully organized, and will there will no trouble or kind of a
problem arises when things go on work.
• By this database, we can see which match is going for first and which teams are getting played,
• The database should need constant updating because in each match if a player scores a run, the
database should need to update about which player scored a run and which bowler thrown the
bowl under which captaincy of batting teams.
• There should be a big server for keeping database because we need to know every detail about
whom all are playing their teams, managers, sponsors, advertisers, media, and information about
who came to see the match
• For maintaining the database, we need a lot of IT PROFESSIONALS to input the information and
maintain it.

USER INTERFACE OF DBMS

The database management system interface is a user interface that allows the capability to input the
number of queries into a database without using the query language itself.

MENU BASED INTERFACE

These interfaces provide the user with a list of options that direct the user through the creation of a
request. The simple benefit of using menus is that they eliminate the difficulty of understanding
specific commands and syntax of any query language, moderately than the application; they are made
by step by step by gathering or selecting choices from a menu that is shown by the program.

FORM BASED INTERFACES

These are based on forms that show a form for every user. Users can fill in all the form entries to
enter new data, or they can fill out only those entries, in which case the DBMS can substitute the
same type of data for other entries left over. Frequently, this type of form is designed or created and
programmed for users who have no operating system knowledge.

Dominic Boban
Pearson BTEC Level 5 HND in Computing (RQF)
Reg No: 2019-0707
 Unit No: 04
Unit Name: Database Design & Development
GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE
A GUI usually shows a structure in a diagrammatic manner to the user. Through modifying the image,
the user can then define a response. GUI's use both menus and shapes in many instances. Many GUIs
use a pointing tool like a mouse to select some of the schema diagram shown.

NATURAL LANGUAGE INTERFERENCE

These interfaces accept written requests in English or some other language and try to understand
them. A Natural Language Interface has its schema, like the conceptual scheme of the database, as
well as a dictionary of essential words. The natural language interface applies to the terms in its
vocabulary and to the collection of common words in a dictionary that interprets the message.

SPEECH INPUT AND OUTPUT

The Speech input is detected using a predefined word and used to configure the parameters provided
to the queries. A similar conversion of text or numbers into speech occurs for output.

INTERFACES FOR DBA

Most database system contains privileged commands that can only be used by staff at the DBA. These
include commands to create accounts, set system parameters, grant account authorization, change a
schema, reorganize a database's storage structures.

DATA VALIDATION
Data Validation is used to lessen the number of errors ion the database. Moreover, it automatically
checks the database to prevent incorrect data from being recorded. Validation of data means
checking the accuracy and quality of the data from the source before using, importing, or otherwise
processing data. Depending on the destination constraints or objectives, different types of validation
may be performed. Validating data is a form of cleaning up the data.

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

• It stops the user from entering potentially incorrect data. It also reduces the possibility of
entering incorrect data by mistake.
• It takes the programmer longer to script the validation code.

There are different types of data validation methods

• Types
• Presence
• Unique Identifier
• Range Check
• Format
• Restricted Choice

Dominic Boban
Pearson BTEC Level 5 HND in Computing (RQF)
Reg No: 2019-0707
 Unit No: 04
Unit Name: Database Design & Development
TYPES
If we make a specific field numeric, then it will not allow is to input any letters or other numeric
characters
FOR EXAMPLE,
If we use data for database entry, we can only add numbers and not the characters.

PRESENCE
This type of validation obliges the user to enter data in the field required. Leaving a relevant field
blank will cause an error message preventing you from proceeding to the next stage.
FOR EXAMPLE,
If we will not add FIRST NAME or the LAST NAME to the TICKET, then there will be error pos up and
will not proceed to the next step.

UNIQUE IDENTIFIER
It is essential that one record can be identified clearly from another record. Every record has one field
that acts as a unique record identifier.
FOR EXAMPLE,

If we write TEAM ID for different countries the same one, then it will make an error, so every team
should have a unique identifier as a number to identify them.

RANGE CHECK
The range check is a validation check that can be applied to numeric fields. This is done to ensure that
only numbers within a given domain can be entered a field.
FOR EXAMPLE,
If we write TEAM_ID as int (20) Then it should come under the (20) and not more than that.

FORMAT
This is used for a field that requires an entry in a specific format.

FOR EXAMPLE,
IF we give the date it should come under the specific format otherwise it will not run, or it will show
the error

RESTRICTED CHOICE
The fields in the database have a certain amount of data that can be entered.
FOR EXAMPLE

The countries who could PLAY ICC world cup have a limit and cannot enter other countries how does
not have a team or not being participated

Dominic Boban
Pearson BTEC Level 5 HND in Computing (RQF)
Reg No: 2019-0707
 Unit No: 04
Unit Name: Database Design & Development

NORMALIZATION
• Normalization is the data organization process in the database.
• Standardization is used to minimize redundancy from a relationship or set of relationships. It is
also used to eliminate unwanted features such as Insertion, Update, and Deletion Anomalies.
• Normalization divides the larger table into the smaller table and uses the relationship to link
them.
• To reduce redundancy from the database table, the standard form is used.

There are different types of data normalization.

o 1NF-First Normal Form
o 2NF- Second Normal Form
o 3NF- Third Normal Form
o BCNF- Boyce And Odd Normal Form
o 4NF-Fourth Normal Form
o 5Nf- Fifth Normal Form
o 6Nf-Sixth Normal Form

First Normal Form

• Each Table cell should have a single value
• Every record should be unique.

Example
TABLE 1: TEAM

TEAM ID CAPTAIN TEAM COUNTRY SALUTATION

INCOME
100 VIRAT KOHLI 1450000000 INDIA Mr.
101 SHAKIB AL 80000000 BANGLADESH Mr.
HASAN
102 ARON FINCH 2200000000 AUSTRALIA Mr.
103 DIMUTH 10000000 SRI LANKA Mr.
KARUNARATNE
104 SHOAB 60000000 PAKISTAN Mr.
MALIK

Second Normal Form

• Be in 1st Normal Form
• It has only Single Column Primary Key
Dominic Boban
Pearson BTEC Level 5 HND in Computing (RQF)
Reg No: 2019-0707
 Unit No: 04
Unit Name: Database Design & Development

Example

Table1
TABLE1: TEAM

TEAM ID CAPTAIN TEAM COUNTRY SALUTATION

INCOME
100 VIRAT KOHLI 1450000000 INDIA Mr.
101 SHAKIB AL 80000000 BANGLADESH Mr.
HASAN
102 ARON FINCH 2200000000 AUSTRALIA Mr.
103 DIMUTH 10000000 SRI LANKA Mr.
KARUNARATNE
104 SHOAB 60000000 PAKISTAN Mr.
MALIK

Table 2
Table 2:MATCH
TEAM ID NAME SALUTATION WEIGHT INCOME
ID
100 VIRAT KOHLI 1 78 12000000
0
101 SHAKIB AL 1 89 60000000
HASAN
102 ARON FINCH 1 90 16000000
0
103 DEMUTH 1 95 7000000
KARUNARATNE
104 SHOAB MALIK 1 96 8000000

I divided the table 1NF into two tables — table 1.

Table 1 contains information about TEAM ID, CAPTAIN, TEAM INCOME, COUNTRY. Table 2 contains
information on HEIGHT AND WEIGHT and other information.
I presented a new column called SALUTATION.

THIRD NORMAL FORM

• Be in 2nd Normal Form
• It has no transitive functional dependencies

EXAMPLE

Dominic Boban
Pearson BTEC Level 5 HND in Computing (RQF)
Reg No: 2019-0707
 Unit No: 04
Unit Name: Database Design & Development

Table1
Table 1:TEAM

TEAM ID CAPTAIN TEAM COUNTRY SALUTATION

INCOME
100 VIRAT KOHLI 1450000000 INDIA Mr.
101 SHAKIB AL 80000000 BANGLADESH Mr.
HASAN
102 ARON FINCH 2200000000 AUSTRALIA Mr.
103 DIMUTH 10000000 SRI LANKA Mr.
KARUNARATNE
104 SHOAB 60000000 PAKISTAN Mr.
MALIK

TABLE 2
Table 2:MATCH

TEAM ID NAME SALUTATION WEIGHT INCOME

ID
100 VIRAT KOHLI 1 78 12000000
0
101 SHAKIB AL 1 89 60000000
HASAN
102 ARON FINCH 1 90 16000000
0
103 DEMUTH 1 95 7000000
KARUNARATNE
104 SHOAB MALIK 1 96 8000000

Table 3
Table 3:CAPTAIN

SALUTATION ID SALUTATION CAPTAIN

1 Mr. VIRAT KOHLI
1 Mr. SHAKIB AL HASAN
1 Mr. ARON FINCH
1 Mr. DEMUTH KARUNARATNE
1 Mr. SHOAB MALIK

• We have split our tables once again and created a new table that stores greetings.

Dominic Boban
Pearson BTEC Level 5 HND in Computing (RQF)
Reg No: 2019-0707
 Unit No: 04
Unit Name: Database Design & Development
• There are no transitive functional dependencies, and therefore our table is in 3NF In Table 3

• It is, in fact, already in higher forms of normalization. In complex databases, separate efforts to move
into the next levels of data normalization are typically required.

BOYCE-ODD NORMAL FORM

Even if a database is in the 3rd Normal Type, irregularities would still occur if it has more than one
Candidate Key.
BCNF is sometimes referred to as a 3.5 Normal Form as well.

Fourth Normal Form

Rules If no database table instance holds two or more independent and multivalued data describing
the entity concerned, then it is in the 4th Normal Form.

Fifth Normal Form

Rules A table is in the 5th Normal Form only when in 4NF and cannot be disintegrated into any
number of smaller tables without data loss.

Sixth Normal Form

The current 6th Normal Form is not structured, but the software experts have been debating it for
some time. Ideally, soon, we would have a consistent and straightforward concept of 6th Standard
Type

ADVANTAGES OF NORMALIZATION
• A compressed archive can be retained as the redundant data is removed by normalization. Therefore,
the overall database capacity is accessible.
• The improved performance, which can be related to the above point, is guaranteed. As the scale of
datasets reduces, the data flows quicker and shorter, thereby increasing response time and distance.
• Smaller tables are possible because the uniform tables will be fine-tuned, and the columns will be
smaller, allowing more data records per page.
• More indexes per table allow speedier maintenance tasks (reconstruction of indexes).
• Realizes also the option of joining only the required tables.

DISADVANTAGES OF NORMALIZATION

• More tables to join, as the need to join the table increases, and the task becomes more boring by
spreading the data into more tables. The database becomes more challenging to understand.
• Tables should contain codes rather than actual data, as replicated data will be managed as coding
lines rather than as accurate data. Furthermore, the need to go to the lookup table is always there.
• The data model becomes extremely hard to query as the data model is optimized for applications, not
ad hoc querying. Thus, it is difficult to model the database without knowing what the client wants.

Dominic Boban
Pearson BTEC Level 5 HND in Computing (RQF)
Reg No: 2019-0707
 Unit No: 04
Unit Name: Database Design & Development
• As the typical style of model advances, the output gets slower and slower.
• Proper data on the different standard types are necessary for the effective implementation of the
normalization process.

Dominic Boban
Pearson BTEC Level 5 HND in Computing (RQF)
Reg No: 2019-0707