Measuring Angles and Arcs

Why?
The thirteen stars of the Betsy Ross flag are 
Then arranged equidistant from each other and from
You measured angles and
a fixed point. The distance between consecutive
identified congruent
angles.  (Lesson 1-4) stars varies depending on the size of the flag,
but the measure of the central angle formed by
the center of the circle and any two consecutive
Now stars is always the same.
Identify central angles,

major arcs, minor arcs,
and semicircles, and
find their measures. Angles and Arcs  A central angle of a circle is an angle with a  "
Find arc lengths. vertex in the center of the circle. Its sides contain two radii of
the circle. ∠ABC is a central angle of ⊙B.
#
New Vocabulary Recall from Lesson 1-4 that a degree is ​ _1
    ​of the circular
central angle 360
arc rotation about a point. This leads to the following relationship.
$
minor arc
major arc
semicircle Key Concept Sum of Central Angles
For Your
C10-441A-888484
congruent arcs
adjacent arcs be
arc length Words The sum of the measures of the central angles of
a circle with no interior points in common is 360.
1
Math Online Example m∠1 + m∠2 + m∠3 = 360 2
3
glencoe.com
Extra Examples
Personal Tutor
Self-Check Quiz
Homework Help C10-442A-888484
EXAMPLE 1 Find Measures of Central Angles
be
Find the value of x.
m∠GFH + m∠HFJ + m∠GFJ = 360   Sum of Central Angles
(
130 + 90 + m∠GFJ = 360 Substitution 130° )
220 + m∠GFJ = 360 Simplify. x '

m∠GFJ = 140 Subtract 220 from each side.

+
✓ Check Your Progress
1A.   1B.   C10-443A-888484
145° 85°
40° be
x°
165° x°

Personal Tutor  glencoe.com

C10-446A-888484 C10-444A-888484
An arc is a portion of abecircle defined by two endpoints.  be 3
arc
A central angle separates the circle into two arcs with
measures related to the measure of the central angle.
2
arc
1

692  Chapter 10  Circles

C10-445A-888484
 Key Concept Arcs and Arc Measure
For Your

Arc Measure
A minor arc is the The measure of a minor arc is less #
shortest arc connecting than 180 and equal to the measure "
x°
two endpoints on a of its related central angle.
$
circle.
m​⁀
AB ​ = m∠ACB = x

StudyTip A major arc is the The measure of a major arc is #

longest arc connecting greater than 180, and equal to 360 "C10-447A-888484
x°
Naming Arcs  Minor two endpoints on a minus the measure of the minor be
$
arcs are named by circle. arc with the same endpoints.
their endpoints. Major
arcs and semicircles m​⁀ ⁀ = 360 - x
ADB ​ = 360 - m​ AB​ %
are named by their A semicircle is an arc The measure of a semicircle is 180. C10-448A-888484
%
endpoints and another with endpoints that lie "
point on the arc that ⁀
m​ADB ​ = 180 be
on a diameter.
lies between these $ #
endpoints.

Animation  glencoe.com
C10-449A-888484
be
EXAMPLE 2 Classify Arcs and Find Arc Measures
̶̶
​ GJ​ is a diameter of ⊙K. Identify each arc as a major arc,  )
minor arc, or semicircle. Then find its measure.
a. m​⁀
GH ​  (
122°
+
⁀ is a minor arc, so m​ GH​
⁀ = m∠GKH or 122. ,
 ​GH​
-
b. m​⁀GLH ​  c. m​⁀
GLJ ​ 
⁀ is a major arc that shares the ​ GLJ​
 ​GLH​ ⁀ is a semicircle,
⁀.  so m​ GLJ​
same endpoints as minor arc ​ GH​ ⁀ = 180. C10-049A-888484
⁀ = 360 - m​⁀
m​ GHL​ GH ​  be
1
= 360 - 122 or 238

✓ Check Your Progress /

̶̶̶ 115°
​ PM​ is a diameter of ⊙R. Identify each arc as a major arc,  3
minor arc, or semicircle. Then find its measure.
2
​ ⁀  
2A. MQ​ ​ ⁀  
2B. MNP​ ​ ⁀  
2C. MNQ​ .

Personal Tutor  glencoe.com

C10-050A-888484
Congruent arcs are arcs in the same or congruent circles that have the same measure.
be

Theorem 10.1 For Your

Words In the same circle or in congruent circles, (

two minor arcs are congruent if and only '
if their central angles are congruent. 1
- 2 )
Example If ∠1 ≅ ∠2, then ​ FG​ ⁀ ≅ ​ HJ​
⁀. 
⁀ ⁀
If ​ FG​ ≅ ​ HJ​,  then ∠1 ≅ ∠2.
+

You will prove Theorem 10.1 in Exercise 52.

C10-051A-888484
Lesson 10-2  Measuring Angles andbe
Arcs  693
 EXAMPLE 3 Find Arc Measures in Circle Graphs
SPORTS  Refer to the circle graph. Find Female Participation in Sports
each measure. "
a. m​⁀
CD ​ 
' 0UIFS
⁀ is a minor arc. m​ CD​
 ​CD​ ⁀ = m∠CSD  #BTLFUCBMM
 #
∠CSD represents 18% of the whole, 4PDDFS
or 18% of the circle.  4
5SBDL

m∠CSD = 0.18(360)   Find 18% of 360. & 'JFME
4PGUCBMM 
= 64.8 Simplify. 
7PMMFZCBMM

b. m​⁀
BC ​  $
%
The percents for volleyball and track and fieldSource: NFHS
are equal, so the central angles are congruent
and the corresponding arcs are congruent. C10-052A-888484
⁀ = m​ CD​
m​ BC​ ⁀ = 64.8 be

✓ Check Your Progress

 ⁀ 
3A. m​EF​  ⁀  
3B. m​FA​
Personal Tutor  glencoe.com

)
Adjacent arcs are arcs in a circle that have exactly one point in
common. In ⊙M, ⁀ ​HJ ​ and ⁀
​JK ​ are adjacent arcs. As with adjacent . +
angles, you can add the measures of adjacent arcs.
,

C10-053A-888484
Postulate 10.1 Arc Addition Postulate
For Your
be
Words The measure of an arc formed by two adjacent ;
arcs is the sum of the measures of the two arcs. :
⁀ = m​ XY​
Example  m​ XYZ​ ⁀ + m​ YZ​
⁀  8
9

EXAMPLE 4 Use Arc Addition to Find Measures of Arcs C10-054A-888484

be
Find each measure in ⊙F. # $
%
a. m​⁀
AED ​ 
⁀ = m​ AE​
m​ AED​ ⁀ + m​ ED​
⁀   Arc Addition Postulate '

= m∠AFE + m∠EFD m​⁀

AE ​ = m∠AFE, m​⁀
ED ​ = m∠EFD 63°

= 63 + 90 or 153 Substitution " &

b. m​⁀
ADB ​  C10-055A-888484
⁀ = m​ AE​
m​ ADB​ ⁀ + m​ EDB​
⁀   Arc Addition Postulate be
= 63 + 180 or 243 ⁀
​EDB ​ is a semicircle, so m​⁀
EDB ​ = 180.

✓ Check Your Progress

 ⁀ 
4A. m​CE​ ⁀  
4B. m​ ABD​
Personal Tutor  glencoe.com

694  Chapter 10  Circles

 Arc Length  Arc length is the distance between the endpoints along an arc measured
in linear units. Since an arc is a portion of a circle, its length is a fraction of the
circumference.

Watch Out!
For Your
Arc Length  The length
Key Concept Arc Length
of an arc is given in
linear units, such as Words The ratio of the length of an arc ℓ to the circumference
centimeters. The of the circle is equal to the ratio of the degree measure of
measure of an arc is the arc to 360.
given in degrees.
Proportion ​     ​= ​ _
ℓ x_ 
    
​or �
2πr 360

ℓ = ​ _
x
Equation     
​· 2πr x° r
360

C10-056A-888484
be
EXAMPLE 5 Find Arc Length
Find the length of ⁀
​ZY ​.  Round to the nearest hundredth.
a. :   b.  
4 in. 10 cm
75° 9
; 9 130°
: ;

ℓ = ​ _x
    ​· 2πr Arc Length Equation = ​ _
x
    ​· 2πr
ℓ C10-058A-888484 Arc Length Equation
360
C10-057A-888484 360

= ​ _
75
   ​· 2π(4)  
be Substitution = ​ _   ​· 2π(5)  
130 be Substitution
360 360
≈ 5.24 in. Use a calculator. ≈ 11.34 cm Use a calculator.

c. :    ℓ = _
​  x   ​ · 2πr
Arc Length Equation
360

6 in. =_​  75  ​ · 2π(6)   Substitution

StudyTip 75° 360
; 9
Alternate Method  ≈ 7.85 in. Use a calculator.
The arc lengths in
Examples 5a, 5b,
and 5c could also Notice ⁀ has the same measure, 75, in both Examples 5a and 5c. The arc lengths,
that ​ ZY​
C10-059A-888484
have been calculated
however, are different. This is because they are in circles that have different radii.
using the arc length be
proportion ​ _     ​= ​ _
ℓ x
    ​.
2πr 360
✓ Check Your Progress
Find the length of ⁀
​AB ​.  Round to the nearest hundredth.
5A. "   5B. 5C.
" "
3 cm 14 m 0
45° # 80° 120°
0 0
8 ft
#
#
C10-061A-888484
C10-060A-888484 C10-062A-888484
Personal Tutor  glencoe.com
be
be be
Lesson 10-2  Measuring Angles and Arcs  695
 ✓ Check Your Understanding
Example 1 Find the value of x.
p. 692
1.   2.  
60° 130° 140°
x°
x°
35°

̶̶ ̶̶
Example 2  ​HK​ and ​ IG​ are diameters of ⊙L. Identify each arc as a major arc, *
p. 693 minor C10-063A-888484
arc, or semicircle. Then find its measure. C10-064A-888484 )
59°
⁀  
3. m​ IHJ​ be 4. m​HI​
 ⁀    ⁀  
5. m​HGK​ be
- +

,
(

Example 3 6. RESTAURANTS  The graph shows the results What DinersC10-065A-888484

Want
p. 694 of a survey taken by diners relating what 2VJDL
4FSWJDF $
is most important about the restaurants  # be
where they eat.
3FBTPOBCMF
 ⁀.  
a. Find m​AB​ 1SJDFT

 ⁀.  
b. Find m​BC​
(SFBU
'PPE
c. Describe the type of arc that the "

category Great Food represents.  %POU
,OPX
 &
"UNPTQIFSF
 %
Source: USA TODAY

̶̶ 3
Example 4  ​QS​ is a diameter of ⊙V. Find each measure.  
p. 694
 ⁀  
7. m​STP​ C10-066A-888484
7
2 4 be
 ⁀ 
8. m​QRT​ 72°
75°

 ⁀  
9. m​PQR​ 1
5
Example 5 Find the length of ⁀
​JK ​.  Round to the nearest hundredth.
p. 695 C10-067A-888484
10.   11.
, be
2 ft
30° 15 cm
+ $ +
$ 105°

C10-068A-888484 C10-069A-888484
  =  Step-by-Step Solutions begin on page R20.
Practice and Problem Solving
be    Extra Practice begins on page 969.
be

Example 1 Find the value of x.

p. 692
12.   13   14.   15.  
70°
155° 65° 85° 135° 145°
125° 150°
x° x°
x° °
x° x

696  Chapter 10  Circles

C10-070A-888484 C10-071A-888484 C10-072A-888484 C10-073A-888484
 ̶̶ ̶̶
Example 2  ​AD​ and ​ CG​ are diameters of ⊙B. Identify each arc as a  $
p. 693 major arc, minor arc, or semicircle. Then find its measure. %
⁀  
16. m​ CD​  ⁀  
17. m​AC​  ⁀  
18. m​CG​ 55°
#
⁀  
19. m​ CGD​  ⁀  
20. m​GCF​  ⁀  
21. m​ACD​
⁀ 
22. m​ AG​  ⁀  
23. m​ACF​ " 35°
'
(

Example 3 24. SHOPPING  The graph shows the results  C10-074A-888484

Best Places to Clothes Shop
p. 694 of a survey in which teens were asked /POF
PG
UIFTF be
where the best place was to shop for 
clothes.
0OMJOF
a. What would be the arc measures  .BMM
associated with the mall and vintage 
7JOUBHF
TUPSFT
stores categories?  
b. Describe the kinds of arcs associated 'MFB
NBSLFUT
with the first category and the last 
category. 
C10-075A-888484
c. Are there any congruent arcs in this graph?
Explain.  be
25. FOOD  The table shows the results of a survey Dropped Food
in which Americans were asked how long food
Do you eat food dropped on
could be on the floor and still be safe to eat.
the floor?
a. If you were to construct a circle graph of this Not safe to eat 78%
information, what would be the arc measures Three-second rule* 10%
associated with the first two categories?  Five-second rule* 8%
b. Describe the kind of arcs associated with the Ten-second rule* 4%
first category and the last category.  Source: American Diabetic Association
* The length of time the food is on the floor.
c. Are there any congruent arcs in this graph?
Explain.
Examples 2 and 4 ENTERTAINMENT  Use the Ferris wheel shown to  '
pp. 693–694 find each measure.
(
⁀  
26. m​ FG​  ⁀  
27. m​JH​
40°
 ⁀  
28. m​JKF​  ⁀  
29. m​JFH​
-
 ⁀  
30. m​GHF​  ⁀  
31. m​GHK​
60°
 ⁀  
32. m​HK​  ⁀  
33. m​JKG​
, )
 ⁀  
34. m​KFH​  ⁀  
35. m​HGF​
+

Example 5 Use ⊙P to find the length of each arc. 3

p. 695 Round to the nearest hundredth.
⁀, if the radius is 2 inches 
36. ​ RS​ 1 130°
2
112°
$"
⁀, if the diameter is 9 centimeters
37 ​ QT​ "QQSPWFE
4
​ ⁀, if PS = 4 millimeters 
38. QR​
5
​ ⁀, if RT = 15 inches 
39. RS​
C10-077A-888484
⁀, if RT = 11 feet 
40. ​ QRS​
be
​ ⁀, if PQ = 3 meters 
41. RTS​

Lesson 10-2  Measuring Angles and Arcs  697

 B HISTORY  The figure shows the stars in the Betsy Ross  # $
flag referenced at the beginning of the lesson.
42. What is the measure of central angle A? Explain
how you determined your answer.  "
43. If the diameter of the circle were doubled, what
would be the effect on the arc length from the
center of one star B to the next star C? 

44. FARMS  The Pizza Farm in Madera, California, 

is a circle divided into eight equal slices, as
shown at the right. Each “slice” is used for Pork Beef
$"
growing or grazing pizza ingredients.
"QQSPWFE
Dairy Olives
a. What is the total arc measure of the slices
containing olives, tomatoes, and peppers? 
Herbs Tomatoes
b. The circle is 125 feet in diameter. What is the
arc length of one slice? Round to the nearest Wheat Peppers
hundredth. 

Find each measure. Round each linear measure to the

nearest hundredth and each arc measure to the nearest
degree. C10-079A-888484
45. circumference of ⊙S   ⁀  
46. m​CD​ 47. radius of ⊙K
  $   + -  

4 5 #
70° 1.31 m ,
7.94 in. 0.5 m 340°
3
% 56.37 ft
C10-080A-888484
ALGEBRA  In ⊙C, m∠HCG = 2x and m∠HCD = 6x + 28. 
C10-081A-888484 )
Find each measure.be
$
C10-082A-888484
be ( %
⁀  
48. m​ EF​  ⁀  
49. m​HD​  ⁀  
50. m​HGF​
be &
'

51 RIDES  A pirate ship ride follows a semi-circular path, as shown in the diagram.
C10-083A-888484
be
$
22° 22°

" #

 ⁀?  
a. What is m​AB​
​ ⁀?  Round to the
b. If CD = 62 feet, what is the length of AB​
nearest hundredth. 
$"
C "QQSPWFE
52. PROOF  Write a two-column proof of Theorem 10.1.   $

 Given: ∠BAC ≅ ∠DAE %

⁀ ≅ DE​ #
Prove: ​ BC​ ​ ⁀  "
&

698  Chapter 10  Circles

C10-085A-888484
 53 COORDINATE GEOMETRY  In the graph, point M is located y
at the origin. Find each measure in ⊙M. Round each + (5, 12)
linear measure to the nearest hundredth and each arc , (12, 5)
measure to the nearest tenth degree. .
⁀   - (13, 0) x
a. m​ JL​  ⁀  
b. m​KL​  ⁀  
c. m​JK​
​ ⁀  
d. length of JL​ ​ ⁀  
e. length of JK​

54. MULTIPLE REPRESENTATIONS  In this problem, you will investigate the relationship
C10-086A-888484
between chords and arcs.
̶̶ be
a. GEOMETRIC  Draw a circle with congruent chords AB​ ​   and
̶̶̶
​  . Find the center of the circle. Repeat the process for
CD​
two additional circles using different chord lengths.  B
b. CONCRETE  Cut a piece of patty paper larger than each A
circle and attach the patty paper at the center of each
circle with a push pin. Trace the arc bounded by one of C D
the segments on the patty paper. Rotate the patty paper
around the push pin to compare the arc length that you
traced to the arc formed by the second segment. Repeat
this process for each circle. 
C10-087A-888484
c. VERBAL  Make a conjecture about the relationship between the arcs bounded by
congruent chords of a circle. Prove your conjecture.  be

H.O.T. Problems Use Higher-Order Thinking Skills

55. FIND THE ERROR  Brody says that WX​ ​ ⁀ are congruent
​ ⁀ and YZ​
since their central angles have the same measure. Selena says :
;
they are not congruent. Is either of them correct? Explain 118°
8 9
your reasoning.

REASONING  Determine whether each statement is sometimes, always, or never true.

Explain your reasoning. C10-088A-888484

56. The measure of a minor arc is less than 180. be

57. If a central angle is obtuse, its corresponding arc is a major arc.

58. The sum of the measures of adjacent arcs of a circle depends on the measure of the
Watch Out! radius.

Proportions  59. CHALLENGE  The measures of LM​ ​ ⁀, MN​

​ ⁀, and NL​
​ ⁀ are in the ratio
5 : 3 : 4. Find the measure of each arc. - .
Remember that the
order of the factors ,
matters in proportions.
For example, if the ratio
of A to B to C is 1 to 2
to 3, A : B : C = 1 : 2 : 3. /

60. OPEN ENDED  Draw a circle and locate three points on the circle. Estimate the
measures of the three nonoverlapping arcs that are formed. Then use aC10-089A-888484
protractor to
find the measure of each arc. Label your circle with the arc measures.  be

61. CHALLENGE  The time shown on an analog clock is 8:10. What is the measure of the
angle formed by the hands of the clock? 

62. Writing in Math  Describe the three different types of arcs in a circle and the method
for finding the measure of each one. 

Lesson 10-2  Measuring Angles and Arcs  699

 Standardized Test Practice

63. What is the value of x?   65. ALGEBRA  A rectangle’s width is represented
by x and its length by y. Which expression best
A 120 130°
x° represents the area of the rectangle if the length
B 135 and width are tripled? 
95°
C 145
F 3xy H 9xy
D 160
G 3​(xy) ​2 ​ J ​(xy) ​3​
64. GRIDDED RESPONSE  In ⊙B, m∠LBMC10-090A-888484
= 3x and 66. SAT/ACT  What is the area of the shaded region
m∠LBQ = 4x + 61. What is the measure be if r = 4? 
of ∠PBQ? 

,
- r r

r r
. 2
#

1
A 64 - 16π C 16 - 8π
B 16 - 16π C10-092A-888484
D 64 - 8π
C10-091A-888484 be
be
Spiral Review
Refer to ⊙J.  (Lesson 10-1) ,
1
67. Name the center of the circle.  -
+ /
68. Identify a chord that is also a diameter.
69. If LN = 12.4, what is JM? 
.

Find the image of each polygon with the given vertices after a dilation centered at the
C10-093A-888484
origin with the given scale factor.  (Lesson 9-6)
be
70. X(-1, 2), Y(2, 1), Z(-1, -2); r = 3  71. A(-4, 4), B(4, 4), C(4, -4), D(-4, -4); r = 0.25

72. BASEBALL  The diagram shows some dimensions of Comiskey Park in %

̶̶
Chicago, Illinois. BD​
​   is a segment from home plate to dead center field,
̶̶
and ​ AE​ is a segment from the left field foul pole to the right field foul pole.
If the center fielder is standing at C, how far is he from home plate?  (Lesson 8-3) " $ &
45°
x
347 ft 45° 347 ft

Find x, y, and z.  (Lesson 8-1) #

73.   74.  
6
x z y
y 36
8
C07-102C-829637
z 6x x 10p x 9p

C10-094A-888484 C10-096A-888484
Skills Review
be be
Find x.  (Lesson 8-3)
75. ​24 ​2​+ ​x 2​ ​= ​26 ​2​  76. x​  2​ ​+ ​5 ​2​= ​13 ​2​  77. ​30 ​2​+ ​35 ​2​= ​x 2​ ​ 

700  Chapter 10  Circles