GREAT BUILDINGS

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EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE The Great Pyramid

(circa 1200 BC – AD 1st
 the Pyramid of Khufu is the largest
Century)
in the world, measuring 230m (756 ft)
Temple of Luxor
 or Southern Sanctuary at
Luxor, Egypt, 18th dynasty
king
 dedicated to Amon-Re,
king of the Gods
 built of sandstone for the
quarries of Gebel Silsila

Abu Simbel
 dedicated chieftly to Re-
Harakhti, God of the rising
sun
 built during the reign of
Ramses II (1304 – 1237 BC)
GREEK ARCHITECTURE
(circa 300 – 30 BC)
Parthenon
447-438
Architect: Itchinus and Callicrates with
Phidias
Location: Athens, Greece
Style: Ancient Greek Doric
 on the historic Acropolis. Doric
exemplar

Pyramid of King Zoser Erechtheum

Architect: Imhotep
 earliest pyramidal structure
of the ancient world, the
Step Pyramid (c.2630 BC)
of King Zoser at Saqqara,
Egypt
 consist of six terraces of
receding sizes with a one
staba
421 – 405
Architect: Mnesicles
Location: Athens, Greece
Style: Ancient Greek, Ionic
 has Caryatid Porch with figural columns.
On the Acropolis, uses grade change.
Epidaurus Theater  most magnificent and architecturally most pleasing
Architect: Polykleitos  largest known forums
Location: Epidauros, or
Epidhavros, Greece Colosseum
Style: Ancient Greek 70 – 82
 and the quality of its acoustics Architect: Vespacian and Domitian
make the Epidaurus theatre Location: Rome, Italy
one of the great architectural Style: Ancient Roman
achievements of the fourth  three-quarter columns and
century. entablatures, Doric in the first story,
 the largest and best preserved Ionic in the second, and
ancient theaters in Greece. Corinthian in the third, face the three
 can accommodate 14,000 tiers of arcades
spectators.  largest Roman Amphitheater
 designed to hold 50,000
spectators
ROMAN ARCHITECTURE  had approximately eighty entrances so crowds could arrive and leave
(300BC – 365 AD) easily and quickly

The Pantheon
118 - 126 AMERICAN ARCHITECTURE
Architect: Acrippa
Location: Rome, Italy White House
Style: Ancient Roman Architect: James Hoban
 great domed hall with oculus Location: Washington, D.C.
oculus – a single circular opening Date: 1793 to 1801, burned 1814, porticos
 one of the great spiritual 1824 to1829
buildings of the world Style: Georgian Neoclassical
 it was built as a Roman temple  official residence of the president of the
and later consecrated as a United States of America, for the last 200
Catholic Church years
 revived the use of brick and concrete in temple Architecture
Capitol of the United States
Trajan’s Forum Architects: Thornton-Latrobe- Bulfinch
100 – 112 Location: Washington, D.C.
Architect: Apollodorus of Damascus Date: 1793 to 1830
Location: Rome, Italy Style: Neoclassical
Style: Roman  meeting place of the U.S.
 composed of an arc of arched Congress, the national assembly of the
arcade United States of America,
consisting of the House of
Representatives and the Senate
National Gallery of Art  shaped like a Latin cross
Architect: John Russel Pope  the largest Roman Catholic Cathedral in the United States
 houses one of the finest collections of painting, sculptures, and  designed in a Gothic Revival materials at English and French Gothic Style
graphic arts in the world Connecticut State Capitol
Architect: Richard Upjohn
Washington Monument
Architect: Robert Mills Monticello
Location: Washington, D.C. 1768 to 1782
Style: Neo-Egyptian Architect: Thomas Jefferson
 the obelisk is the only remnant of Location: Charlottesville, Virginia
the original blue print that Building Type: House
remains Style: Colonial Georgian
 with George Marsh, competition  Remodeled1796 to 1808
1836. standard Egyptian  beautiful hilltop home is a classical
proportion of 10:1 height to base example of the late 18th Century
American architecture and a national
historic landmark

New York City Hall

University of Virginia Architect: Pierre L’enfant
1826 Style: French Renaissance - Georgian Style
Architect: Thomas Jefferson  one of the most historical architecturally distinguished building in New
Location: Charlottesville, Virginia York
Building Type: University campus
Style: Classical, Neo-Palladian Fallingwater
 ideas of symmetry and use of 1934, 1938, 1948
brick Architect: Frank Lloyd Wright
 arcades connect buildings around Location: Ohiopyle, Pennsylvania
central lawn Building Type: house
 curving brick walls surround Style: Expressionist Modern
campus  cantilevers dramatically over rock
outcropping and rushing stream
 sends out free-floating platforms
Massachusetts State House audaciously over a small waterfall
Architect: Charles Bulfinch - first native-born professional and anchors them in the natural
American architect rock
 classical elements are pilasters, porticos and domes

Saint Patrick’s Cathedral

Architect: James Renwick
Location: New York
Guggenheim Museum
1956 to 1959
Architect: Frank Lloyd Wright
Location: New York, New York
Building Type: art museum
Style: Modern
 a gift of pure architecture—or
rather of sculpture
 based on organic forms that the
architect found in seashells and
snails
Coonley House
1908
Architect: Frank Lloyd Wright
Location: Riverside. Illinois
Style: Prairie style
Building Type: house
Construction System: wood frame
with stucco
 a large, sophisticated prairie
house
Ennis House
1923
Architect: Frank Lloyd Wright
Location: Los Angeles, California
Building type: house
Style: Deco Modern
Construction system: bearing
masonry, concrete blocks
 the last of the four Los Angeles
textile block house
Johnson Wax Building
1936 to 1939 and 1944
Architect: Frank Lloyd Wright
Location: Racine, Wisconsin
Construction system: precast concrete
and brick
Style: modern
 unique structural expression in open hall,
tower with rounded corners
 the tower is totally enclosed and does
not allow for horizontal expansion
of work space
 articulated by dendriform columns capable of supporting six times the
weight imposed upon them, a fact Wright had to demonstrate in order to
obtain a building permit
Larkin Building
1904, demolished 1950
Architect: Frank Lloyd Wright
Location: Buffalo, New York
Building Type: commercial offices
Construction system: brick masonry
Style: Early modern
 large four-storey central atrium
 the first entirely air-conditioned modern
office building on record
Wingspread
1937
Architect: Frank Lloyd Wright
Location: Wind Point, Wisconsin
Building type: large house
Style: neo-Vernacular
 living room, dining room, kitchen,
family sleeping rooms, guest rooms,
were separate unites grouped together
and connected by corridors
Golden Gate Bridge
1933 to 1937
Architect: Joseph Strauss  17th century
Location: San Francisco, California  Daniel Buren: stripped columns
Building type: suspension bridge
Construction system: steel frame, steel cables
Styles: Structural Modern with some Art Deco details
 one of the longest bridge in the world
 a powerful and elegant human structure in an equally
beautiful natural location
 overall bridge length of 9266 feet, or 2824 meters
 bridge main span length of 4200 feet, or 1280 meters
Sacre-coeur
 located at the hill of Montmartre which is the highest point in the city of
FRENCH ARCHITECTURE paris
 1874: Paul Abadie
The Louvre  1910: completed by Lucien Magne
1546 to 1878
Architect: Pierre Lescot Hotel de Ville
Location: Paris, France  largest renaissance building
Building type: palace, art museum  16th and 17th century
Construction system: cut stone  Italian designer Domenico de Cortona
bearing masonry  1871: burned, renovated in 2 years
Style: French Renaissance
 also designed by Catherine de Arc de Triomphe
Medici, J.A. du Cerceau II, Claude  Napoleon, the French emperor
Perrault, etc. decided to build a very big arch of
 I.M. Pei: design the glass triumph, which stands at the top of the
pyramid, which serves as the main public entrance Champs Elysees

Tuileries
 the Tuileries Garden of
Paris is part of the
Triumphal way, which
begins at the Louvre
and continues to the
City’s Western edge
Palais Royal
 commissioned by Pompidou Centre
Cardinal Richeliev 1972 to 1976
 original name is Palais Architect: Richard Rogers and Renzo Piano
Cardinal Location: Paris, France
Building Type: modern art museum  official residence of the president of France
Construction system: high-tech steel and glass
Style: High-tech modern Hotel de Invalides
 a cost of $100,000,000, with an average attendance of  Napoleons tomb is within the structure
approximately seven million people a year  founded by Louis XIV for disabled soldiers
 massive structural expressionist cast exoskeleton, "exterior"  late 17th century
escalators enclosed in transparent tube
La Madeleine
Notre Dame de Paris Architect: Napoleon I
1163 to 1250  church of Ste. Marie Madeleine
Architect: Maurice de Sully  constructed as a church in 1842
Location: Paris, France
 surrounded by 52 Corinthian columns
Building Type: church, cathedral
Construction system: bearing
masonry, cut stone
Style: Early Gothic
 one of the most celebrated
Gothic cathedrals in France
 twin towers marking the entrance
Sorbonne
 probably the most famous image
 most famous building at the University of Paris
in French Gothic art
Chartres Cathedral
1194 to 1260
Paris Opera House Location: Chartres, France
1857 to 1874 Building type: cathedral
Architect: Charles Garnier Construction system: bearing masonry
Location: Paris, France Style: Gothic exemplar
Building type: theater, opera house  the elevation was in three tiers as it had
Construction system: masonry, cut
no gallery and the vaulting was
stone
quadripartite, which eliminated the need
Style: Neo-Baroque
for alternating supports
 polychrome façade, opulent
 supreme monument of High Gothic
staircase
art and architecture
 commission by competition
Amien’s Cathedral
 masterpiece of 19th century architecture
1220
 one of the largest and most opulent theaters in the world
 145 meters long
 false ceiling painted by Marc Chagall
 largest French Gothic Cathedral ever built
 intricate façade completed during the
Elysee Palace 15th century
1718
Architect: Claude Mollet
 Style: Expressionist Modern
 soft-form composition, deep windows with colored glass (wall thickness 4'
to 12')
 Le Corbusier’s dramatic pilgrim church

Rheims Cathedral Villa Savoye

 one of the greatest monument of 1928 to 1929
Gothic art and architecture Architect: Le Corbusier
 construction commerced by Jean Location: Poissy, France
d’Orbais and was completed by Building type: house
Robert de Coucy Construction system: concrete and
 a work of remarkable unity and plastered unit masonry
harmony Style: modern
 an early and classic exemplar of the
"International Style", which hovers
above a grass plane on thin concrete
pilotti, with strip windows, and a flat roof
with a deck area, ramp, and a few
contained touches of curvaceous walls
Eiffel Tower
1887 to 1889
Architect: Gustave Eiffel GERMAN ARCHITECTURE
Location: Paris, France
Building Type: exposition Burgtheater
observation tower 1874 to 1888
Construction system: exposed iron Architect: Gottfried Semper with
Style: Victorian Structural Karl von Hasenaver
Expressionist
 dominates the sky line of Paris
 one of the most famous Berlin Opera House
landmarks in the world (STAATSOPER)
 built for the Paris Exposition of Architect: Georg Wenzeslaus von
1889 Knobelsdorf

Notre dame du Haut

1955 Wurzburg Residenz
Architect: Le Corbusier Architect: Balthazar Neumann
Location: Ronchamp, France  one of the best structure of the
Building type: church Baroque-Rococo period
Construction system: reinforced
concrete

Einstein Tower
1919 to 1921
Architect: Erich Mendelsohn
Location: Potsdam, Germany
Building type: laboratory,
observatory
Construction system: bearing
masonry, concrete over brick
Style: Expressionist Early Modern
 curvaceous, streamlined form
 designed to hold Einstein's own
astronomical laboratory
 this 'sarcophagus of
architectural Expressionism' is
one of the most brilliantly
original buildings of the
twentieth century
ENGLISH ARCHITECTURE
British Museum
1823 to 1847
Architect: Sir Robert Smirke
Location: London, England
Building type: art and
historical museum, library
Construction system:
masonry, cut stone
Style: Victorian Ionic façade,
Classical Revival
 Includes one of the world's great
library rooms. Glazed roof over
restored courtyard by Norman
Foster
Salisbury Cathedral
1220 to 1258
Location: Salisbury, England
Building type: Cathedral (church, temple)
Construction system: bearing masonry, cut stone
Style: English Gothic
 Cathedral of Saint Mary
 an outstanding example of the Early English architectural style
 tallest in England 404ft (123m)
 use of Purbeck marble to create a strongly coloured scheme
Queen’s House
1616 to 1635
Architect: Inigo Jones – the greatest of
English Classical architect
Location: Greenwich, England
Building type: large house
Construction system: bearing masonry
Style: Palladian, Late English
Renaissance
 was built by Jones for Anne of
Denmark, wife of James I
Somerset House
1776 to 1786
Architect: William Chambers
Location: London, England
Building type: government offices and art
school
Construction system: cut stone masonry
Style: Neoclassical
 Home of Royal Academy of the Arts.
Corinthian orders above arched
courtyard apertures, rusticated base
Saint Paul’s Cathedral
1675 to 1710
Architect: Sir Christopher Wren
Location: London, England
Building type: church
Construction system: masonry, brick,
timber and cut stone
Style: Late renaissance to Baroque
 the dome peaks at 366 feet above pavement
 a masterpiece of Baroque architecture
 largest cathedral in England
Chiswick House
1729
Architect: Lord Burlington
Location: Chiswick, England
Building type: large house
Construction system: bearing
masonry
Style: Palladian
 also known as “Burlington
House”
Westminster Palace
1836 to 1868
Architect: Sir Charles Barry
Location: London
Building type: seat of government,
government center
Construction system: cut stone
bearing masonry
Style: English Gothic Revival
 Big Ben: the clock tower best
known is a great symbol of
London
 originally seat of kings as a royal
residence
Construction system: bearing masonry
Style: art and crafts, art nouveau
 imaginative synthesis of elements of Art Nouveau and Scottish
Architecture
Durham Cathedral
1093 to 1280
Location: Durham, England
Building type: church, cathedral
Construction system: bearing masonry,
cut stone
Style: Romanesque
 one of the most impressive Norman
Romanesque style in Europe
 had a reciprocal influence on the
architecture of Normady
 the rib vault covering of Durham Cathedral
is the oldest example that has survived
Buckingham Palace
Architect: sir George Goring
 built during the reign of king James
I

CHINA, TURKEY, ITALY, INDIA

AND SPAIN ARCHITECTURE

Glasgow School of Art Temple of Heaven

1897 to 1909 Location: China
Architect: Charles Rennie  700 acre enclosure built by the Ming
Mackintosh Dynasty emperor Yongle (Yung-Io)
Location: Glasgow, England  means “Perpetual Help”
Building type: college
  "Pisa Cathedral with Baptistery, Campanile and Campo Santo, together
form one of the most famous building groups in the world
 the cathedral complex includes the famous Leaning Tower, La Torre
Pendente
 white marble with colonnaded facades

Hagia Sofia Florence Cathedral

532 to 537 1296 to 1462
Architect: Isidoros and Architect: Arnolfo di Cambio
Anthemios Location: Florence, Italy
Location: Istanbul, Turkey Building type: domed church,
Building type: church cathedral
Construction system: Construction system: bearing masonry
bearing masonry Style: Italian Romanesque
Style: Byzantine  1296: Cathedral begun on design by
 a tremendous domed Arnolfo di Cambio
space  1357: Project continued on a modified
 built as the new plan by Francesco Talenti
Cathedral of Constantinople by the Emperor Justinian  1366-7: Talenti's definitive design emerged
 a masterpiece of Byzantine architecture calling for an enormous
 additional minarets when the church became a mosque octagonal dome
 1418: competition for construction of dome.
Cathedral of Siena  1420: technical solution for vaulting proposed by Brunelleschi approved
Location: Southern Italy and construction begun
 incorporated Gothic  The Duomo – dome added by Brunelleschi
elements in a strongly  1436— church consecrated
Mediterranean design

Krak des Chevaliers

1150 to 1250
Pisa Cathedral Location: Syria
103 to 1350 Building type: fort
Location: Pisa, Italy Style: Medieval
Building type: church complex  crusader castle
Construction system: bearing  the best preserved and most
masonry, cut stone, white marble wholly admirable castle in the
Style: Romanesque world
 Style: Art Nouveau
 expressionistic, fantastic, organic forms in undulating facade and roof line
 light court
Alhambra  it could be compared with the steep cliff walls in which African tribes build
1338 to 1390 their cave-like dwellings
Location: Granada, Spain
Building type: palace Sagrada Familia
Construction system: bearing 1882 to 1926
masonry Architect: Antonio Gaudi
Style: Moorish (Islamic) Location: Barcelona, Spain
 palace of Nasrid Dynasty Building type: church
 the most beautiful remaining Construction system: masonry
example of Western Islamic Style: Expressionist
Architecture  Church of the Holy Family
 built as a cathedral in the mid-  uncompleted during Gaudi’s lifetime
1200’s  crowned by four spires
 “hall of justice”: noted from its elaborate stalactite
(maqarnas) decoration

Casa Batllo Taj Mahal

1905 to 1907 1630 to 1653
Architect: Antonio Gaudi Architect: Emperor Shah Jahan
Location: Barcelona, Spain Location: Agra, India
Building type: apartment building Building type: Islamic tomb
Construction system: concrete Construction system: bearing
Style: Expressionist or Art Nouveau masonry, inlaid marble
 uses animal styles al through-out Style: Islamic
the structure  onion-shape domes, flanking towers,
built for wife Mumatz Mahal
 located on the Jumna River
 museum for Mogul emperor’s consort

Casa Mila
1905 to 1910
Architect: Antonio Gaudi
Location: Barcelona, Spain
Building type: multifamily housing
Construction system: masonry and
concrete