Structure Analysisg - in PDF

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ENGINEERING COLLEGES
2016 – 17 Even Semester
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IMPORTANT QUESTION AND ANSWER
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Department of Civil Engineering
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SUBJECT CODE: CE 6602
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SUBJECT NAME: STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS II
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Regulation: 2013
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Year and Semester: III and VI

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Prepared by
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Name of the Faculty Designation Affiliating College
No.
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M.S.CHENTHIL
1. AP/Civil CET
DHEEBU
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2. S.SATHYADEVI AP/Civil CET

3. B.SATHYA AP/Civil CET
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CCEC DLI CLI
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ANNA UNIVERSITY, CHENNAI-25

SYLLABUS COPY
REGULATION 2013
CE6602 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS II LTPC
3104
OBJECTIVES:
To introduce the students to advanced methods of analysis like matrix methods,
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Plastic analysis and FE method and also analysis of space structures.
UNIT I FLEXIBILITY METHOD 9
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Equilibrium and compatibility – Determinate vs Indeterminate structures –
Indeterminacy - Primary structure – Compatibility conditions – Analysis of
indeterminate pin-jointed plane frames, continuous beams, rigid jointed plane frames
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(with redundancy restricted to two).
UNIT II STIFFNESS MATRIX METHOD 9
Element and global stiffness matrices – Analysis of continuous beams – Co-ordinate
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transformations – Rotation matrix – Transformations of stiffness matrices, load
vectors and displacements vectors – Analysis of pin-jointed plane frames and rigid
frames (with redundancy limited to two)
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UNIT III FINITE ELEMENT METHOD 9
Introduction – Discretisation of a structure – Displacement functions – Truss element
– Beam element – Plane stress and plane strain - Triangular elements
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UNIT IV PLASTIC ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES 9

Statically indeterminate axial problems – Beams in pure bending – Plastic moment of
resistance – Plastic modulus – Shape factor – Load factor – Plastic hinge and
mechanism – Plastic analysis of indeterminate beams and frames – Upper and lower
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bound theorems
UNIT V SPACE AND CABLE STRUCTURES
9 Analysis of Space trusses using method of tension coefficients – Beams
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curved in plan Suspension cables – suspension bridges with two and three hinged
stiffening girders
TOTAL (L:45+T:15): 60 PERIODS
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OUTCOMES:
The student will have the knowledge on advanced methods of analysis of structures
including space and cable structures.
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TEXT BOOKS:
1. Punmia.B.C., Ashok Kumar Jain and Arun Kumar Jain, “Theory of Structures”,
Laxmi Publications, 2004.
2. Vaidyanathan, R. and Perumal, P., “Comprehensive structural Analysis – Vol. I &
II”, Laxmi Publications, New Delhi, 2003
3. Negi L.S. & Jangid R.S., “Structural Analysis”, Tata McGraw Hill Publications, New
Delhi, 2003.
4. BhavaiKatti, S.S, “Structural Analysis – Vol. 1 Vol. 2”, Vikas Publishing House Pvt.
Ltd., New Delhi, 2008
REFERENCES:
ii

1. Ghali.A, Nebille,A.M. and Brown,T.G. “Structural Analysis” A unified classical and

Matrix approach” 6th edition. Spon Press, London and New York, 2013.
2. Coates R.C, Coutie M.G. and Kong F.K., “Structural Analysis”, ELBS and Nelson,
1990
3. Pandit G.S. & Gupta S.P. "Structural Analysis – A Matrix Approach", Tata McGraw
Hill 2004.
4. William Weaver Jr. & James M. Gere, "Matrix Analysis of Framed Structures",
CBS Publishers and Distributors, Delhi, 2004
5. Gambhir. M.L., "Fundamentals of Structural Mechanics and Analysis"., PHI
Learning Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 2011.
TABLE OF CONTENT
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S.NO CONTENTS PAGE NO
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a Aim and Objective of the subject iv
b Detailed Lesson Plan

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c Unit I - Flexibility Method -Part-A 1
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d Part-B 4
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e Unit II - Stiffness Matrix Method -Part-A 34

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f Part-B 37
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g Unit III - Finite Element Method -Part-A 66

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h Part-B 69
Unit IV - Plastic Analysis Of Structures -

i 89
Part-A
j Part-B 92
iii

Unit V - Space And Cable Structures -

k 110
Part-A
l Part-B 112
m University Question Papers 127
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GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
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Department of Civil Engineering
Detailed Lesson Plan
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Name of the Subject& Code CE6602 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS II
AIM AND OBJECTIVE OF THE SUBJECT

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• To analyse the indeterminate structures such as frames and beam with

various end and load conditions by using matrix flexibility and stiffness
method.
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• To study about the finite element and space structures.
• To extend the concept in structural analysis I (determinate structures to

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indeterminate structures).
• To enable the students, get a feeling of how real life structures behave.
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• To make the students familiar with latest computational techniques

and soft ware’s used for structural analysis.
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NEED AND IMPORTANCE FOR STUDY OF THE SUBJECT

• Ability to idealize and analyze statically indeterminate structures.
• Ability to model loads on structures using current loads and standards.
• Correlation between two and three dimensional finite element analysis

of various elements.
iv

Hours Cumulativ
Books
Sl. Required e Hrs
Unit Topic / Portions to be Covered Referre
No /
d
Planned
1. 1 Equilibrium and compatibility––,. 1 1 TB1,TB2
2. 1 Determinate vs Indeterminate structures 1 2 TB1,TB2
1 Indeterminacy - Primary structure – 1 3 TB1,TB2
3.
Compatibility conditions
1 Analysis of indeterminate pin-jointed 1 4 TB1,TB2
4.
plane frames
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1 Problem based on pin-jointed plane 1 5 TB1,TB2
5.
frames
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6. 1 Analysis of continuous beams 1 6 TB1,TB2
7. 1 Problem based on continuous beams 1 7 TB1,TB2
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1 Rigid jointed plane frames (with 1 8 TB1,TB2
8.
redundancy restricted to two)
1 Problem based on Rigid jointed plane 1 9 TB1,TB2
9.
frames ee
10. 2 Element and global stiffness matrices 1 10 TB1,TB2
11. 2 Analysis of continuous beams 1 11 TB1,TB2
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12. 2 Problem based on continuous beams 1 12 TB1,TB2
2 Co-ordinate transformations – Rotation 1 13 TB1,TB2
13.
matrix
2 Transformations of stiffness matrices, 1 14 TB1,TB2
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14.
load vectors and displacements vectors
15. 2 Analysis of pin-jointed plane frames 1 15 TB1,TB2
2 Problem based on pin-jointed plane 1 16 TB1,TB2
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16.
frames
2 Rigid frames (with redundancy limited to 1 17 TB1,TB2
17.
two)
18. 2 Problem based on Rigid frames 1 18 TB1,TB2
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19. 3 Introduction 1 19 TB1,TB2

20. 3 Discretisation of a structure 1 20 TB1,TB2
21. 3 Displacement functions 1 21 TB1,TB2
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22. 3 Truss element 1 22 TB1,TB2

23. 3 Beam element 1 23 TB1,TB2
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24. 3 Plane stress and plane strain 1 24 TB1,TB2

25. 3 CST Element 1 25 TB1,TB2
26. 3 Triangular elements 1 26 TB1,TB2
27. 3 Triangular elements 1 27 TB1,TB2
28. 4 Statically indeterminate axial problems 1 28 TB1,TB2
29. 4 Beams in pure bending 1 29 TB1,TB2
30. 4 Plastic moment of resistance 1 30 TB1,TB2
31. 4 Plastic modulus 1 31 TB1,TB2
32. 4 Shape factor – Load factor 1 32 TB1,TB2
33. 4 Plastic hinge and mechanism 1 33 TB1,TB2
34. 4 Plastic analysis of indeterminate beams 1 34 TB1,TB2

35. 4 Plastic analysis of indeterminate frames 1 35 TB1,TB2

36. 4 Upper and lower bound theorems 1 36 TB1,TB2
5 Analysis of Space trusses using method 1 37 TB1,TB2
37.
of tension coefficients
38. 5 Problem based on Space trusses 1 38 TB1,TB2
39. 5 Problem based on Space trusses 1 39 TB1,TB2
5 Beams curved in plan Suspension 1 40 TB1,TB2
40.
cables
41. 5 Problem based on Suspension cables 1 41 TB1,TB2
5 suspension bridges with two hinged 1 42 TB1,TB2
42.
stiffening girders
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5 Problem based on with two hinged 1 43 TB1,TB2
43.
stiffening girders
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5 suspension bridges with three hinged 1 44 TB1,TB2
44.
stiffening girders
5 Problem based on three hinged 1 45 TB1,TB2
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45.
stiffening girders
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vi

PART - A (2 marks)
UNIT 1- FLEXIBILITY METHOD
1. Find degree of indeterminacy of the following.(AUC Apr/May 2011)
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Degree of indeterminacy = No. of reactions – No. of condition equations
= (3 + 2 + 3) – 3
=5
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2. Define kinematic redundancy. (AUCApr/May 2011)
When a structure is subjected to loads, each joint will undergo

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displacements in the form of translations and rotations. Kinematic redundancy of

a structure means the number of unknown joint displacement in a structure.
3. Give the mathematical expression for the degree of static indeterminacy

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of rigid jointedplane frames.(AUC Nov/Dec 2011)
Degree of static indeterminacy = (No. of closed loops x 3) – No. of

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releases
4. What are the properties which characterize the structure response by

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means of force-displacement relationship?(AUC Nov/Dec 2011)

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 Each element of a flexibility matrix represents a displacement at a

coordinate (i) due to a force at a coordinate (j).
 If the matrix of the structure is known, we know the behaviour of the

structure.
5. What are the conditions to be satisfied for determinate structures and
how are indeterminate structures identified? (AUC May/June 2012)
Determinate structures can be solving using conditions of equilibrium alone

(H = 0; V = 0;M = 0). No other conditions are required.
Indeterminate structures cannot be solved using conditions of equilibrium

because (H ≠ 0; V ≠ 0; M ≠0).
Additional conditions are required for solving such structure
6. Write down the equation for the degree of static indeterminacy of the
pin-jointed frames,explaining the notations used.(AUC May/June 2012)
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Total indeterminacy = External indeterminacy + Internal indeterminacy
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External indeterminacy = No. of reactions – No. of equilibrium equations
Internal indeterminacy = m-(2 j-3)
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7. Mention any two methods of determining the joint deflection of a perfect
frame.(AUC May/June 2013)
 Unit load method

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 Virtual work method
 Slope deflection method

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 Strain energy method
8. What are the requirements to be satisfied while analyzing a structure?

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The three conditions to be satisfied are:
(i) Equilibrium condition

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(ii) Compatibility condition
(iii) Force displacement condition

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9. What is meant by force method in structural analysis?

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A method in which the forces are treated as unknowns is known as force

method.
The following are the force methods:
 Flexibility matrix method
 Consistent deformation method

Claypeyron’s 3 moment method

 Column analogy method

10. Define flexibility coefficient.
It is defined as the displacement at coordinate i due to unit force at

coordinate j in a structure. It makeup the elements of a flexibility matrix.
11. Why is flexibility method also called as compatibility method or force

method?
Flexibility method begins with the superposition of forces and is hence
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known as force method. Flexibility method leads to equations of displacement
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compatibility and is hence known as compatibility method.
12. Define the Force Transformation Matrix.
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The connectivity matrix which relates the internal forces Q and the
external forces R is known as the force transformation matrix. Writing it in a
matrix form, {Q} = [b] {R}
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Where, Q = member force matrix/vector; b = force transformation matrix
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R = external force/load matrix/ vector
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13. State any two methods of matrix inversion.
 Adjoint method
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 The gauss-jordan method (by linear transformation)
 The Choleski method (by factorization)

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 Partitioning method
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QUESTION BANK (16 Mark)

DEPARTMENT: CIVIL SEMESTER: VI
SUBJECT CODE / Name: CE 6602 / STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS-II
UNIT 1- FLEXIBILITY METHOD
PART - B (16 marks)
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1. Analyse the continuous beam shown in figure using force method. (AUC Apr/May 2011)
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Solution:
Step1: Static Indeterminacy :
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Degree of redundancy = ( 1 + 1 + 3 ) - 3 = 2
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Release at B and C by apply hinge.
Step 2: Fixed End Moment :
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MFAB w 100 x 3
37.5 kNm
8 8
MFBA w 100 x 3
37.5 kNm
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88
2
MFBC w 60 x 42
80 kNm
12 12
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2
w 60 x 42
MFBC 80 kNm
12 12
Step 3: Equivalent Joint Load:
w.
ww
4
Step 4: Flexibility co efficient matrix ( B) :

B BW BX
1 0 0 0
0 1 1 0
BW and BX
0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1
1 0 0 0
0 1 1 0
B
0 0 1 0
n
0 0 0 1
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Step 5: Flexibility matrix (F) :
2 1 0 0
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L 1 2 0 0
F
6 EI 0 0 2 1
ee
0 0 1 2
1 0.5 0 0
gin
1 0.5 1 0 0
F
EI 0 0 1.33 0.67
0 0 0.67 1.33
En
FX BTx F Bx
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1 0.5 0 0 0 0
1 0 1 1 0 0.5 1 0 0 1 0
EI 0 0 0 1 0 0 1.33 0.67 1 0
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0 0 0.67 1.33 0 1
w.
0 0
1 0.5 1 1.33 0.67 1 0
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EI 0 0 0.67 1.33 1 0
0 1
1 2.33 0.67
Fx
EI 0.67 1.33
1 0.502 0.253
Fx EI
0.253 0.879

FW BxT FB w
1 0.5 0 0 1 0
1 0 1 1 0 0.5 1 0 0 0 1
EI 0 0 0 1 0 0 1.33 0.67 0 0
0 0 0.67 1.33 0 0
1 0
1 0.5 1 1.33 0.67 0 1
0 0 0.67 1.33 0 0
n
EI
0 0
g.i
1 0.5 1
FW
EI 0 0
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Step 6 : Displacement matrix (X) :
X Fx 1 FW W
EI
EI
0.502
0.253
0.253
0.879
0.5
0
ee1
0
37.5
42.5
gin
0.251 0.502 37.5
0.127 0.253 42.5
11.923
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5.99
11.923
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X
5.99
Step 7 : Internal forces (P):
1 0 0 0 37.5
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W 0 1 1 0 42.5
P B
X 0 0 1 0 11.923
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0 0 0 1 5.99
ww
37.5
30.58
P
11.923
5.99

Step 8 : Final Moments (M):

37.5 37.5
37.5 30.58
M P
80 11.923
80 5.99
0
68.08
M
68.08
n
95.99
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2. Analyse the portal frame ABCD shown in figure using force method. (AUC Apr/May 2011)
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Solution:
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Degree of redundancy = ( 3 + 2 ) - 3 = 2
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Apply a unit force at B joint.
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2
MFBC w 30 x 42
40 kNm
12 12
2
w 30 x 42
w.
MFBC 40 kNm
12 12
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B BW BX
0 0 6 2 4
0 0 0 4 4
1 0 0 4 4
BW and BX
0 0 0 4 0
0 1 0 4 0
0 0 0 0 0
n
0 0 6 2 4
g.i
0 0 0 4 4
1 0 0 4 4
rin
B
0 0 0 4 0
0 1 0 4 0
ee
0 0 0 0 0
gin
2 1 0 0 0 0
1 2 0 0 0 0
En
L 0 0 2 1 0 0
F
6 EI 0 0 1 2 0 0
0 0 0 0 2 1
arn
0 0 0 0 1 2
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2 1 0 0 0 0
1 2 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 1.33 0.67 0 0
w.
F
EI 0 0 0.67 1.33 0 0
0 0 0 0 1.33 0.67
ww
0 0 0 0 0.67 1.33
FX BxT FB x

2 1 0 0 0 0 2 4
1 2 0 0 0 0 4 4
1 2 4 4 4 4 0 0 0 1.33 0.67 0 0 4 4
EI 4 4 4 0 0 0 0 0 0.67 1.33 0 0 4 0
0 0 0 0 1.33 0.67 4 0
0 0 0 0 0.67 1.33 0 0
2 4
4 4
n
1 8 10 8 8 5.32 2.68 4 4
g.i
EI 12 12 5.32 2.68 00 4 0
4 0
rin
0 0
1 141.28 104
Fx
ee
EI 104 117.28
gin
1 0.0204 0.0181
Fx EI
0.0181 0.0246
En
FW BxT FB w
2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 6
1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
arn
1 2 4 4 4 4 0 0 0 1.33 0.67 0 0 1 0 0
EI 4 4 4 0 0 0 0 0 0.67 1.33 0 0 0 0 0
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0 0 0 0 1.33 0.67 0 1 0
0 0 0 0 0.67 1.33 0 0 0
w.
0 0
6
ww
0 0 0
1
EI 8 10 8 8 5.32 2.68 1 0 0
12 12 5.32 2.68 00 0 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 0
1
EI 8 5.32 48
FW
5.32 0 72


X Fx 1 FW W
40
EI 0.0204 0.0181 8 5.32 48
40
EI 0.0181 0.0246 5.32 0 72
50
40
0.0669 0.1085 0.3240
40
0.0139 0.0963 0.9024
50
n
14.536
g.i
41.824
14.536
X
41.824
rin
ee
0 0 6 2 4
40
0 0 0 4 4
40
gin
W 1 0 0 4 4
P B 50
X 0 0 0 4 0
14.536
0 1 0 4 0
En
41.824
0 0 0 0 0
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161.776
109.152
149.152
P
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58.144
98.144
w.
0
ww
10


0 161.776
0 109.152
40 149.152
M P
40 58.144
0 98.144
0 0
161.776
n
109.152
g.i
109.152
M
98.144
rin
98.144
0
ee
3. Analyse the continuous beam ABC shown in figure by flexibility matrix method and
sketch the bending moment diagram. (AUC Nov/Dec 2011).
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En
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Solution:
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w.
MFAB w 2 2 x 62
6 kNm
ww
12 12
2
MFBA
w 2 x 62
6 kNm
12 12
w 10 x 4
MFBC 5 kNm
8 8
MFCB w 10 x 4
5 kNm
8 8
11

n
g.i
rin
ee
B BW BX
1 0 0 0
gin
0 0 1 0
BW and BX
0 1 1 0
0 0 0 1
En
1 0 0 0
0 0 1 0
B
arn
0 1 1 0
0 0 0 1
Le
2 1 0 0
L 1 2 0 0
F
w.
6 EI 0 0 2 1
0 0 1 2
2 1 0
ww
1 0
F 1 2 0 0
EI
0 0 1.33 0.67
0 0 0.67 1.33
FX BxT FB x
12

2 1 0 0 0 0
1 0 1 1 0 1 2 0 0 1 0
EI 0 0 0 1 0 0 1.33 0.67 1 0
0 0 0.67 1.33 0 1
0 0
1 1 2 1.33 0.67 1 0
EI 0 0 0.67 1.33 1 0
0 1
n
1 3.33 0.67
g.i
Fx
EI 0.67 1.33
rin
1 0.334 0.168
Fx EI
0.168 0.837
FW BxT FB w
ee
gin
2 1 0 0 1 0
1 0 1 1 0 1 2 0 0 0 0
EI 0 0 0 1 0 0 1.33 0.67 0 1
En
0 0 0.67 1.33 0 0
arn
1 0
1 1 2 1.33 0.67 0 0
EI 0 0 0.67 1.33 0 1
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0 0
1 1 1.33
FW
w.
EI 0 0.67

ww
X Fx 1 FW
W
EI 0.334 0.168 1 1.33 6

EI 0.168 0.837 0 0.67 1
0.334 0.3316 6
0.168 0.337 1
13

1.672
1.345
1.672
X
1.345
1 0 0 0 6
W 0 0 1 0 1
P B
X 0 1 1 0 1.672
n
0 0 0 1 1.345
g.i
6
1.672
rin
P
2.672
1.345
ee
6 6
gin
6 1.672
M P
5 2.672
5 1.345
En
0
arn
7.672
M
7.672
3.655
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4. Analyse the portal frame ABCD shown in figure by flexibility matrix method and sketch
the bending moment diagram. (AUC Nov/Dec 2011)
w.
ww
14

Solution:
Degree of redundancy = ( 3 + 2 ) - 3 = 2
Release at D by apply horizontal and vertical supports.
MFAB MFBA MFBC MFBC MFCD MFDC 0
n
g.i
rin
ee
gin
B BW BX
2 0 4
2 4 4
En
2 4 4
0 4 2
BW and BX
arn
0 4 2
0 4 0
0 4 0
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0 0 0
2 0 4
w.
2 4 4
2 4 4
ww
0 4 2
B
0 4 2
0 4 0
0 4 0
0 0 0
15

2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0
L 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0
F
6 EI 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1
n
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2
g.i
0.89 0.44 0 0 0 0 0 0
rin
0.44 0.89 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0.33 0.17 0 0 0 0
ee
10 0 0.17 0.33 0 0 0 0
F
EI 0 0 0 0 0.33 0.17 0 0
gin
0 0 0 0 0.17 0.33 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0.89 0.44
0 0 0 0 0 0 0.44 0.89
En
FX BTx FBx
arn
0.89 0.44 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4
0.44 0.89 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4
Le
0 0 0.33 0.17 0 0 0 0 4 4
1 0 4 4 4 4 4 4 0 0 0 0.17 0.33 0 0 0 0 4 2
w.
EI 4 4 4 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.33 0.17 0 0 4 2
0 0 0 0 0.17 0.33 0 0 4 0
ww
0 0 0 0 0 0 0.89 0.44 4 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0.44 0.89 0 0
16

0 4
4 4
4 4
1 1.76 3.56 2 22 2 3.56 1.76 4 2
EI 5.32 5.32 1.66 1.34 0.66 0.34 00 4 2
4 0
4 0
0 0
60.48 37.28
n
1
Fx
EI 37.28 53.2
g.i
0.0291 0.0203
rin
1
Fx EI
0.0203 0.033
ee
FW BTx FBw
gin
0.89 0.44 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
0.44 0.89 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
0 0 0.33 0.17 0 0 0 0 2
En
1 0 4 4 4 4 4 4 0 0 0 0.17 0.33 0 0 0 0 0
EI 4 4 4 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.33 0.17 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0.17 0.33 0 0 0
arn
0 0 0 0 0 0 0.89 0.44 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0.44 0.89 0
Le
2
2
w.
2
1 1.76 3.56 2 22 2 3.56 1.76 0
ww
EI 5.32 5.32 1.66 1.34 0.66 0.34 0 0 0

0
0
0
1 14.64
FW
EI 24.60
17


X Fx 1 FW W
EI 0.0291 0.0203 14.64

50
EI 0.0203 0.033 24.60
0.0734
50
0.5146
n
3.67
25.73
g.i
3.67
X
25.73
rin
2 0 4
2
2
4
4
4
4
ee
gin
50
W 0 4 2
P B 3.67
X 0 4 2
25.73
0 4 0
En
0 4 0
0 0 0
arn
2.92
11.76
Le
11.76
36.78
P
w.
36.78
14.68
14.68
ww
The final moments also same, since there are no external forces acting on the members.
18

5. Analyse the continuous beam ABC shown in figure by flexibility matrix method and sketch
the bending moment diagram. (AUC May/June 2012)
Solution:
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g.i
Degree of redundancy = ( 3 + 1 + 1) - 3 = 2
Release at A and B by apply hinge.
rin
MFAB w 24 x 10
30 kNm
8 8
ee
w 24 x 10
MFBA 30 kNm
88
gin
w 12 x 10
MFBC 15 kNm
8 8
w 12 x 10
MFBC 15 kNm
8 8
En

arn
Le
w.
ww
19


B BW BX
0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1
BW and BX
1 0 0 1
0 1 0 0
0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1
B
n
1 0 0 1
0 1 0 0
g.i
2 1 0 0
rin
L 1 2 0 0
F
6 EI 0 0 2 1
ee
0 0 1 2
1.67 0 0
gin
1 3.33
F 1.67 3.33 0 0
EI
0 0 3.33 1.67
En
0 0 1.67 3.33
FX BTx F Bx
arn
3.33 1.67 0 0 1 0
1 1 0 0 0 1.67 3.33 0 0 0 1
Le
EI 0 1 1 0 0 0 3.33 1.67 0 1
0 0 1.67 3.33 0 0
w.
1 0
1 3.33 1.67 0 0 0 1
ww
EI 0 0 3.33 1.67 0 1
0 0
1 3.33 1.67
Fx
EI 1.67 6.66
1 0.3435 0.086
Fx EI
0.086 0.1717
20

FW BxT FB w
3.33 1.67 0 0 0 0
1 1 0 0 0 1.67 3.33 0 0 0 0
EI 0 1 1 0 0 0 3.33 1.67 1 0
0 0 1.67 3.33 0 1
0 0
1 3.33 1.67 0 0 0 0
0 0 3.33 1.67 1 0
n
EI
0 1
g.i
10 0
FW
EI 3.33 1.67
rin
X Fx 1 FW
W
EI 0.3435 0.086 0 ee 0 15
gin
EI 0.086 0.1717 3.33 1.67 15
0.286 0.144 15
En
0.144 0.286 15
2.13
arn
4.29
2.13
X
4.29
Le

0 0 1 0 15
w.
W 0 0 0 1 15
P B
X 1 0 0 1 2.13
ww
0 1 0 0 4.29
2.13
4.29
P
10.71
15
21

30 2.13
30 4.29
M P
15 10.71
15 15
32.13
25.71
n
M
25.71
g.i
0
rin
6. A cantilever of length 15 m is subjected to a single concentrated load of 50 kN at the middle
of the span. Find the deflection at the free end using flexibility matrix method. EI is
uniform throughout. (AUC May/June 2013)
Solution: ee
gin
Degree of redundancy = 3 - 3 = 0
En
It is static determinate structures.
Step 2: Deflection at B :
arn
Apply a unit force at given load.

Le
w.
ww
22

M
The deflection is calculated by .
EI
1 375 2 x7.5
Deflection at a21 x 7.5 x x 7.5
2 EI 3
17578.125
Deflection at B
EI
M
Hint:To find the deflection, we use diagram.
EI
7. A two span continuous beam ABC is fixed at A and hinged at support B and C. Span AB =
BC = 9m. Set up flexibility influence coefficient matrix assuming vertical reaction at B
n
and C as redundant. (AUC May/June 2013)
g.i
Solution:
rin
ee
gin
MFAB MFBA MFBC MFBC 0
En
Case (i):
arn
Le
w.
Case (ii):
ww
23

Step 3 :Flexibility Influence Co-efficient Matrix (B):

For case (i):
B BW BX
0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1
BW and BX
1 0 0 1
0 1 0 0
0 0 1 0
n
0 0 0 1
B
1 0 0 1
g.i
0 1 0 0
rin
For case (ii):
B BW BX
ee
0 0 1 0
1 0 0 1
BW and BX
gin
0 0 0 1
0 1 0 0
0 0 1 0
En
1 0 0 1
B
0 0 0 1
arn
0 1 0 0
8. A Statically indeterminate frame shown in figure carries a load of 80 kN. Analyse the
frame by matrix flexibility method. A and E are same for all members. (AUC May/June 2012)
Le
w.
ww
24

Solution:
Step 1: Static Indeterminacy:
Degree of redundancy = Internal Indeterminate – External Indeterminate
= [m – (2j – 3)] – (r – R)
= [6 – (8 – 3)] – (3 - 3)
=1
Step 2: Member forces:
Take member AD as a redundant.
n
3
tan = 0.75 ; sin = 0.6; cos = 0.8;
g.i
4
ΣV = 0
VA = 1
rin
ΣM=0
HA = 1.333 and HB = 1.333
At joint D:
FDC = 1 (compression) = -1 ee
gin
At joint C:
ΣV = 0
FCA sin = 1
En
FCA = 1.667; FCB = 1.333

At joint B:
arn
FBA = 0; FBC = 1.333

Analyse by method of joints and find the member forces.
Step 3: Flexibility Co-efficient Matrix:
Le
B BW BX
w.
0 0.75
1.333 1
ww
1 0.75
BW and BX
1.667 1.25
0 1.25
0 1
25

0 0.75
1.333 1
1 0.75
B
1.667 1.25
0 1.25
0 1

3 0 0 0 0 0
n
0 4 0 0 0 0
g.i
1 0 0 3 0 0 0
F
AE 0 0 0 5 0 0
0 0 0 0 5 0
rin
0 0 0 0 0 4
ee
FX BxT FB x
3 0 0 0 0 0 0.75
gin
0 4 0 0 0 0 1
0 0 3 0 0 0 0.75
0.75 1 0.75 1.25 1.25 1
0 0 0 5 0 0 1.25
En
0 0 0 0 5 0 1.25
0 0 0 0 0 4 1
arn
27
Fx
AE
Fx 1 AE
Le
27
FW BxT FB w
3 0 0 0 0 0 0
w.
0 4 0 0 0 0 1.333
0 0 3 0 0 0 1
ww
0.75 1 0.75 1.25 1.25 1

0 0 0 5 0 0 1.667
0 0 0 0 5 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 4 0
FW 7.30
AE
26


X Fx 1 FW W
AE 7.30
80
27 AE
X 21.63kN
0 0.75
1.333 1
n
W 1 0.75 80
g.i
P B
X 1.667 1.25 21.63
0 1.25
rin
0 1
ee
16.22
84.77
gin
63.78
Final forces, P
105.76
27.04
En
21.63
9. Analyse the continuous beam shown in figure by flexibility method.

arn
Solution:
Le

w.

ww
2
MFAB w 16 x 102
133.33 kNm
12 12
2
w 16 x 102
MFBA 133.33 kNm
12 12
w 16 x 10
MFBC 20 kNm
8 8
w 16 x 10
MFCB 20 kNm
8 8
27

n
g.i
rin
B BW BX
ee
0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1
BW and BX
gin
1 0 0 1
0 1 0 0
En
0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1
B
1 0 0 1
arn
0 1 0 0
Step5: Flexibility matrix (F) :
2 1 0 0
Le
L 1 2 0 0
F
6 EI 0 0 2 1
w.
0 0 1 2
1.11 0.56 0 0
ww
0.56 1.11 0 0
F
0 0 3.33 1.67
0 0 1.67 3.33
FX BxT FB x
28

1.11 0.56 0 0 1 0
1 0 0 0 0.56 1.11 0 0 0 1
0 1 1 0 0 0 3.33 1.67 0 1
0 0 1.67 3.33 0 0
1 0
1.11 0.56 0 0 0 1
0.56 1.11 3.33 1.67 0 1
0 0
n
1.11 0.56
g.i
Fx
0.56 4.44
rin
1 0.962 0.121
Fx
0.121 0.241
ee
FW BxT FB w
1.11 0.56 0 0 0 0
gin
1 0 0 0 0.56 1.11 0 0 0 0
0 1 1 0 0 0 3.33 1.67 1 0
0 0 1.67 3.33 0 1
En
0 0
arn
1.11 0.56 0 0 0 0
0.56 1.11 3.33 1.67 1 0
0 1
Le
0 0
FW
3.33 1.67
w.

X Fx 1 FW
W
ww
0.962 0.121 0 0 113.33

0.121 0.241 3.33 1.67 20
41.62
82.90
41.62
X
82.90
29


0 0 1 0 113.33
W 0 0 0 1 20
P B
X 1 0 0 1 41.62
0 1 0 0 82.90
41.62
82.90
P
30.43
n
20
g.i
133.33 41.62
rin
133.33 82.90
M P
20 30.43
ee
20 20
gin
174.95
50.43
M
50.43
En
10. Analyse the continuous beam shown in figure by flexibility method.

arn
Le
Solution:
w.

Degree of redundancy = ( 1 + 1 +1 +1) - 2 = 2
ww

2
MFAB w 4 x 32
3 kNm
12 12
2 2
w 4x3
MFBA 3 kNm
12 12
30

MFBC w 4x8
4 kNm
8 8
w 4x8
MFCB 4 kNm
8 8
w 6x6
MFCD 4.5 kNm
8 8
w 6x6
MFDC 4.5 kNm
8 8
n
g.i
rin
ee
gin
En
B BW BX
1 0 0 0 0 0
arn
0 1 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 0 1 0
BW and BX
0 0 1 0 0 1
Le
0 0 0 0 0 1
0 0 0 1 0 0
w.
1 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 1 0
ww
0 0 0 0 1 0
B
0 0 1 0 0 1
0 0 0 0 0 1
0 0 0 1 0 0
31


2 1 0 0 0 0
1 2 0 0 0 0
L 0 0 2 1 0 0
F
6 EI 0 0 1 2 0 0
0 0 0 0 2 1
0 0 0 0 1 2
1 0.5 0 0 0 0
0.5 1 0 0 0 0
n
1 0 0 1.33 0.67 0 0
g.i
F
EI 0 0 0.67 1.33 0 0
0 0 0 0 1 0.5
rin
0 0 0 0 0.5 1
ee
FX BxT FB x
1 0.5 0 0 0 0 0 0
gin
0.5 1 0 0 0 0 1 0
1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1.33 0.67 0 0 1 0
EI 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0.67 1.33 0 0 0 1
En
0 0 0 0 1 0.5 0 1
0 0 0 0 0.5 1 0 0
arn
0 0
1 0
Le
1 0.5 1 1.33 0.67 0 0 1 0

EI 0 0 0.67 1.33 1 0.5 0 1
0 1
w.
0 0
1 2.33 0.67
ww
Fx
EI 0.67 2.33
1 0.468 0.135
Fx EI
0.135 0.468
32

FW BxT FB w
1 0.5 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
0.5 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1.33 0.67 0 0 0 0 0 0
EI 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0.67 1.33 0 0 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 0 1 0.5 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0.5 1 0 0 0 1
1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0
n
0.5 1 1.33 0.67 0 0 0 0 0 0
g.i
1
EI 0 0 0.67 1.33 1 0.5 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 0
rin
0 0 0 1
1 0.5 1 0.67 0
FW
ee
EI 0 0 1.33 0.5
gin
X Fx 1 FW W
3
En
EI 0.468 0.135 0.5 1 0.67 0 1

EI 0.135 0.468 0 0 1.33 0.5 0.5
arn
4.5
3
0.234 0.468 0.134 0.068 1
Le
0.068 0.135 0.599 0.234 0.5

4.5
w.
0.139
0.685
ww
0.139
X
0.685
33

UNIT 2 - STIFFNESS MATRIX METHOD
1. Define static indeterminacy. (AUC Apr/May 2011)

The excess number of reactions that make a structure indeterminate is called static
indeterminacy.
Static indeterminacy = No. of reactions – Equilibrium conditions
2. Define flexibility of a structure. (AUC Apr/May 2011)
n
This method is also called the force method in which the forces in the structure are
g.i
treated as unknowns. The no of equations involved is equal to the degree of static
indeterminacy ofthe structure.
rin
3. Write down the equation of element stiffness matrix as applied to 2D plane
element. (AUC Nov/Dec 2011)
The equation of element stiffness matrix for 2D plane element is
K
4E
l
4 2
ee
gin
2 4
4. Define degree of freedom of the structure with an example. (AUC May/June 2012)
En
What is degree of kinematic indeterminacy and give an example.(AUC Nov/Dec2011)

Degree of freedom is defined as the least no of independent displacements required to
arn
define the deformed shape of a structure.

There are two types of DOF: (a) Nodal type DOF and (b) Joint type DOF.
Le
For example:
w.
ww
i = r – e where, r = no of reactions, e = no of equilibrium conditions r = 4 and e = 3

i=4–3=1
5. Write a short note on global stiffness matrices.(AUC May/June 2012)

The size of the global stiffness matrix (GSM) = No: of nodes x Degrees of freedom
per node.
34

6. Write a note on element stiffness matrix.(AUC May/June 2013)
K1 0 0
K 0 K2 0
0 0 K3
The element stiffness is K1,K 2 ,K 3 etc......
7. List out the properties of rotation matrix. (AUC May/June 2013)

 Matrix multiplication has no effect on the zero vectors (the coordinates of the origin).
n

g.i
It can be used to describe rotations about the origin of the coordinate system.
 Rotation matrices provide an algebraic description of such rotations.
rin
 They are used extensively for computations.

Rotation matrices are square matrices with real entries.
ee
8. What are the basic unknowns in stiffness matrix method? (AUC May/June 2009)
In the stiffness matrix method nodal displacements are treated as the basic
gin
unknowns for the solution of indeterminate structures.
9. Define stiffness coefficient ‘kij’.
Stiffness coefficient ‘kij’ is defined as the force developed at joint ‘i’ due to
En
unit displacement at joint ‘j’ while all other joints are fixed.
10. What is the basic aim of the stiffness method? (AUC May/June 2010)
arn
The aim of the stiffness method is to evaluate the values of generalized coordinates
‘r’ knowing the structure stiffness matrix ‘k’ and nodal loads ‘R’ through the structure
equilibrium equation.
Le
{R} = [K] {r}

11. What is the displacement transformation matrix? (AUC May/June 2011)
w.
The connectivity matrix which relates the internal displacement ‘q’ and the external
displacement ‘r’ is known as the displacement transformation matrix ‘a’.
ww
{q} = [a] {r}
12. How are the basic equations of stiffness matrix obtained?
The basic equations of stiffness matrix are obtained as:
35

 Equilibrium forces
 Compatibility of displacements
 Force displacement relationships
13. What is meant by generalized coordinates?

For specifying a configuration of a system, a certain minimum no of independent
coordinates are necessary. The least no of independent coordinates that are needed to specify
the configuration is known as generalized coordinates.
14. Write about the force displacement relationship.
n
The relationship of each element must satisfy the stress-strain relationship of the element
g.i
material.
15. Compare flexibility method and stiffness method.
rin
Flexibility matrix method:

The redundant forces are treated as basic unknowns.
ee
 The number of equations involved is equal to the degree of static
indeterminacy of the
gin
structure.

The method is the generalization of consistent deformation method.
En
 Different procedures are used for determinate and indeterminate structures

Stiffness matrix method:
arn
 The joint displacements are treated as basic unknowns

 The number of displacements involved is equal to the no of degrees of
freedom of the structure
Le
 The method is the generalization of the slope deflection method.


The same procedure is used for both determinate and indeterminate structures.
w.
ww
36

UNIT 2 - STIFFNESS MATRIX METHOD
PART - B (16 marks)

1. Analyse the continuous beam shown in figure using displacement method.
(AUC Apr/May 2011)
n
g.i
Solution:
Step1: Assign coordinates :
rin
ee
gin
En
MFAB w 240 x 10
300 kNm
8 8
MFBA w 240 x 10
300 kNm
arn
88
MFBC w 120 x 10
150 kNm
88
Le
MFCB w 120 x 10
150 kNm
88
Step 3: Fixed End Moment Diagram:
w.
ww
300
WO
150
36
Step 4: Formation of ( A ) matrix:

1 0
0 1
A
0 1
0 0
1 0 0 0
AT
0 1 1 0
n
Step5: Stiffness matrix (K) :
4 2 0 0
g.i
EI 2 4 0 0
K
L 0 0 4 2
rin
0 0 2 4
0.4 0.2 0 0
ee
0.2 0.4 0 0
K EI
0 0 0.4 0.2
gin
0 0 0.2 0.4
Step 6 :System stiffness matrix (J):

En
J A T KA
0.4 0.2 0 0 1 0
arn
1 0 0 0 0.2 0.4 0 0 0 1
EI
0 1 1 0 0 0 0.4 0.2 0 1
0 0 0.2 0.4 0 0
Le
1 0
0.4 0.2 0 0 0 1
EI
0.2 0.4 0.4 0.2 0 1
w.
0 0
0.4 0.2
ww
J EI
0.2 0.8
1 1 2.86 0.71
J
EI 0.71 1.43
37

Step 7:Displacement matrix ( )

1
J W
J 1
W* W0
1 2.86 0.71 0 300

EI 0.71 1.43 0 150
1 964.5
EI 427.5
n
Step 8 : Element forces (P):
g.i
P KA
0.4 0.2 0 0 1 0
rin
EI 0.2 0.4 0 0 0 1 964.5
EI 0 0 0.4 0.2 0 1 427.5
0 0 0.2 0.4 0 0
0.4
0.2
0.2
0.4 964.5 ee
gin
0 0.4 427.5
0 0.2
En
300
21.9
P
arn
171
85.5
Le

300 300
w.
300 21.9
M P
150 171
150 85.5
ww
0
321.9
M
321
64.5
38

2. Analyse the continuous beam ABC shown in figure by stiffness method and also draw the
shear force diagram. (AUC Nov/Dec 2011).
Solution:
n
g.i
rin
w 10 x 3 ee
gin
MFAB 3.75 kNm
88
MFBA w 10 x 3
3.75 kNm
88
En
MFBC
w 2
5 x 32
3.75 kNm
12 12
arn
2
MFCB w 5 x 32 3.75 kNm
12 12
Le
w.
ww
0
WO
3.75
39


0 0
1 0
A
1 0
0 1
0 1 1 0
AT
0 0 0 1
n
4 2 0 0
g.i
EI 2 4 0 0
K
L 0 0 4 2
rin
0 0 2 4
1.33 0.67 0 0
ee
0.67 1.33 0 0
K EI
0 0 1.33 0.67
gin
0 0 0.67 1.33

En
T
J A KA
1.33 0.67 0 0 0 0
arn
0 1 1 0 0.67 1.33 0 0 1 0
EI
0 0 0 1 0 0 1.33 0.67 1 0
0 0 0.67 1.33 0 1
Le
0 0
0.67 1.33 1.33 0.67 1 0
EI
0 0 0.67 1.33 1 0
w.
0 1
2.66 0.67
ww
J EI
0.67 1.33
1 1 0.431 0.217
J
EI 0.217 0.861
40


1
J W
J 1
W* W0
1 0.431 0.217 0 0
EI 0.217 0.861 0 3.75
1 0.814
EI 3.228
n
g.i
P KA
1.33 0.67 0 0 0 0
rin
EI 0.67 1.33 0 0 1 0 0.814
EI 0 0 1.33 0.67 1 0 3.228
0 0 0.67 1.33 0 1
0.67 0
1.33 0 0.814 ee
gin
1.33 0.67 3.228
0.67 1.33
En
0.545
1.082
P
arn
- 1.081
-3.75
Le

3.75 0.545
w.
3.75 1.082
M P
3.75 - 1.081
3.75 -3.75
ww
3.205
4.832
M
4.832
0
41

3. Analyse the portal frame ABCD shown in figure by stiffness method and also draw the
bending moment diagram. (AUC Nov/Dec 2011)
Solution:
n
g.i
rin
ee
gin
En
MFBC w 30 x 5
18.75 kNm
8 8
arn
MFBC w 30 x 5
18.75 kNm
8 8
MFAB MFBA MFCD MFDC 0
Le

w.
ww
18.75
WO
18.75
42


0 0
1 0
1 0
A
0 1
0 1
0 0
0 1 1 0 0 0
AT
0 0 0 1 1 0
n
g.i
4 2 0 0 0 0 0.8 0.4 0 0 0 0
2 4 0 0 0 0 0.4 0.8 0 0 0 0
rin
EI 0 0 4 2 0 0 0 0 0.8 0.4 0 0
K EI
L 0 0 2 4 0 0 0 0 0.4 0.8 0 0
ee
0 0 0 0 4 2 0 0 0 0 0.8 0.4
0 0 0 0 2 4 0 0 0 0 0.8 0.4
gin
T
J A KA
En
0.8 0.4 0 0 0 0 0 0
0.4 0.8 0 0 0 0 1 0
0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0.8 0.4 0 0 1 0
arn
EI
0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0.4 0.8 0 0 0 1
0 0 0 0 0.8 0.4 0 1
Le
0 0 0 0 0.8 0.4 0 0
0 0
1 0
w.
0.4 0.8 0.8 0.4 0 0 1 0

EI
0 0 0.4 0.8 0.8 0.4 0 1
ww
0 1
0 0
1.6 0.4
J EI
0.4 1.6
1 1 0.67 -0.17
J
EI - 0.17 0.67
43

Step 7:Displacement matrix ( ):

1
J W
J 1
W* W0
1 0.67 -0.17 0 18.75

EI - 0.17 0.67 0 18.75
1 15.75
EI 15.75
n
P KA
g.i
0.8 0.4 0 0 0 0 0 0
0.4 0.8 0 0 0 0 1 0
rin
EI 0 0 0.8 0.4 0 0 1 0 15.75
EI 0 0 0.4 0.8 0 0 0 1 15.75
0 0 0 0 0.8 0.4 0 1
0.4
0
0
0 0 0 0.8 0.4
ee
0 0
gin
0.8 0
0.8 0.4 15.75
0.4 0.8 15.75
En
0 0.8
0 0.4
arn
6.3
12.6
Le
6.3
P
6.3
w.
12.6
6.3
ww

0 6.3 6.3
0 12.6 12.6
18.75 6.3 12.5
M P
18.75 6.3 12.5
0 12.6 12.6
0 6.3 6.3
44

4. Analyse the continuous beam ABC shown in figure by stiffness method and also sketch the
bending moment diagram. (AUC May/June 2012)
Solution:
n
g.i
rin
Step 2: Fixed End Moment : ee
gin
MFAB w 10 x 3
3.75 kNm
8 8
w 10 x 3
MFBA
En
3.75 kNm
8 8
2
w 6 x 42
MFBC 8 kNm
12 12
arn
2
w 6 x 42
MFCB 8 kNm
12 12
Le

w.
ww
3.75
WO
4.25
45


1 0
0 1
A
0 1
0 0
1 0 0 0
AT
0 1 1 0
n
4 2 0 0
g.i
EI 2 4 0 0
K
L 0 0 4 2
rin
0 0 2 4
1.33 0.67 0 0
ee
0.67 1.33 0 0
K EI
0 0 1 0.5
gin
0 0 0.5 1

En
T
J A KA
1.33 0.67 0 0 1 0
arn
1 0 0 0 0.67 1.33 0 0 0 1
EI
0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0.5 0 1
0 0 0.5 1 0 0
Le
1 0
1.33 0.67 0 0 0 1
EI
0.67 1.33 1 0.5 0 1
w.
0 0
1.33 0.67
ww
J EI
0.67 2.33
1 1 0.879 0.253
J
EI 0.253 0.502
46


1
J W
J 1
W* W0
1 0.879 0.253 0 3.75

EI 0.253 0.502 0 4.25
1 2.221
EI 1.185
n
P KA
g.i
1.33 0.67 0 0 1 0
EI 0.67 1.33 0 0 0 1 2.221
rin
EI 0 0 1 0.5 0 1 1.185
0 0 0.5 1 0 0
1.33 0.67
0.67 1.33
0 1
2.221
1.185 ee
gin
0 0.5
En
3.75
3.06
P
1.185
arn
0.59
3.75 3.75
Le
3.75 3.06
M P
8 1.185
w.
8 0.59
ww
0
6.81
M
6.81
8.59
47

5. Analyse the portal frame ABCD shown in figure by stiffness method and also sketch the
bending moment diagram. (AUC May/June 2012)
Solution:
n
g.i
rin
ee
gin
Step2: Fixed End Moment :
En
2
MFBC
w w 30 x 4 30 x 42
55 kNm
8 12 8 12
2
30 x 42
arn
w w 30 x 4
MFCB 55 kNm
8 12 8 12
Le

w.
ww
55
WO
55
48


0 0
1 0
1 0
A
0 1
0 1
0 0
AT
0 1 1 0 0 0
n
0 0 0 1 1 0
g.i
4 2 0 0 0 0 1 0.5 0 0 0 0
rin
2 4 0 0 0 0 0.5 1 0 0 0 0
EI 0 0 4 2 0 0 0 0 1 0.5 0 0
K EI
L 0 0 2 4 0 0 0 0 0.5 1 0 0
0
0
0
0
0 0
0 0
4
2
2
4 ee 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0.5
0.5
1
gin
J A T KA
En
1 0.5 0 0 0 0 0 0
0.5 1 0 0 0 0 1 0
arn
0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0.5 0 0 1 0
EI
0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0.5 1 0 0 0 1
0 0 0 0 1 0.5 0 1
Le
0 0 0 0 0.5 1 0 0
0 0
w.
1 0
0.5 1 1 0.5 0 0 1 0
EI
ww
0 0 0.5 1 1 0.5 0 1
0 1
0 0
2 0.5
J EI
0.5 2
1 1 0.53 -0.13
J
EI - 0.13 0.53
49


1
J W
J 1
W* W0
1 0.53 -0.13 0 55
EI - 0.13 0.53 0 55
1 36.3
EI 36.3
n
P KA
g.i
1 0.5 0 0 0 0 0 0
0.5 1 0 0 0 0 1 0
rin
EI 0 0 1 0.5 0 0 1 0 36.3
EI 0 0 0.5 1 0 0 0 1 36.3
0 0 0 0 1 0.5 0 1
0.5
0
0
0 0 0 0.5 1
ee 0 0
gin
10
1 0.5 36.3
0.5 1 36.3
En
0 1
0 0.5
arn
18.15
36.3
Le
18.15
P
18.15
w.
36.3
18.15
ww

0 18.15 18.15
0 36.3 36.3
55 18.15 36.3
M P
55 18.15 36.45
0 36.3 36.3
0 18.15 18.15
50

6. A two span continuous beam ABC is fixed at A and simply supported over the supports B
and C. AB = 10 m and BC = 8 m. moment of inertia is constant throughout. A single central
concentrated load of 10 tons acts on AB and a uniformly distributed load of 8 ton/m acts
over BC. Analyse the beam by stiffness matrix method. (AUC May/June 2013)
Solution:
n
g.i
rin
ee
gin
MFAB w 10 x 10
12.5 kNm
8 8
En
w 10 x 10
MFBA 12.5 kNm
8 8
2
w 8 x 82
arn
MFBC 42.67 kNm

12 12
2
w 8 x 82
MFBC 42.67 kNm
12 12
Le

w.
ww
30.17
WO
42.67
51


0 0
1 0
A
1 0
0 1
0 1 1 0
AT
0 0 0 1
n
4 2 0 0
g.i
EI 2 4 0 0
K
L 0 0 4 2
rin
0 0 2 4
0.4 0.2 0 0
ee
0.2 0.4 0 0
K EI
0 0 0.5 0.25
gin
0 0 0.25 0.5

En
T
J A KA
0.4 0.2 0 0 0 0
arn
0 1 1 0 0.2 0.4 0 0 1 0
EI
0 0 0 1 0 0 0.5 0.25 1 0
0 0 0.25 0.5 0 1
Le
0 0
0.2 0.4 0.5 0.25 1 0
EI
0 0 0.25 0.5 1 0
w.
0 1
0.9 0.25
ww
J EI
0.25 0.5
1 1 1.29 0.65
J
EI 0.65 2.32
52


1
J W
J 1
W* W0
1 1.29 0.65 0 30.17

EI 0.65 2.32 0 42.67
1 66.65
EI 118.60
n
g.i
P KA
0.4 0.2 0 0 0 0
rin
EI 0.2 0.4 0 0 1 0 66.65
EI 0 0 0.5 0.25 1 0 118.60
0 0 0.25 0.5 0 1
0.2
0.4
0
0 66.65 ee
gin
0.5 0.25 118.60
0.25 0.5
En
13.33
26.66
P
arn
3.68
42.64
Le

12.5 13.33
w.
12.5 26.66
M P
42.67 3.68
42.67 42.64
ww
0.83
39.16
M
39
0
53

7. A portal frame ABCD with supports A and D are fixed at same level carries a uniformly
distributed load of 8 tons/m on the span AB. Span AB = BC = CD = 9 m. EI is constant
throughout. Analyse the frame by stiffness matrix method. (AUC May/June 2013)
Solution:
n
g.i
rin
ee
gin
2
MFBC w 8 x 92
54 ton.m
12 12
2
8 x 92
En
w
MFCB 54 ton.m
12 12
arn

Le
w.
ww
54
WO
54
54


0 0
1 0
1 0
A
0 1
0 1
0 0
0 1 1 0 0 0
AT
0 0 0 1 1 0
n
g.i
4 2 0 0 0 0 0.44 0.22 0 0 0 0
2 4 0 0 0 0 0.22 0.44 0 0 0 0
rin
EI 0 0 4 2 0 0 0 0 0.44 0.22 0 0
K EI
L 0 0 2 4 0 0 0 0 0.22 0.44 0 0
ee
0 0 0 0 4 2 0 0 0 0 0.44 0.22
0 0 0 0 2 4 0 0 0 0 0.22 0.44
gin
T
J A KA
En
0.44 0.22 0 0 0 0 0 0
0.22 0.44 0 0 0 0 1 0
0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0.44 0.22 0 0 1 0
arn
EI
0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0.22 0.44 0 0 0 1
0 0 0 0 0.44 0.22 0 1
Le
0 0 0 0 0.22 0.44 0 0
0 0
1 0
w.
0.22 0.44 0.44 0.22 0 01 0

EI
00 0.22 0.44 0.44 0.22 0 1
ww
0 1
0 0
0.88 0.22
J EI
0.22 0.88
1 1 1.212 -0.303
J
EI - 0.303 1.212
55


1
J W
J 1
W* W0
1 1.212 -0.303 0 54
EI - 0.303 1.212 0 54
1 81.81
EI 81.81
n
P KA
g.i
0.44 0.22 0 0 0 0 0 0
0.22 0.44 0 0 0 0 1 0
rin
EI 0 0 0.44 0.22 0 0 1 0 81.81
EI 0 0 0.22 0.44 0 0 0 1 81.81
0 0 0 0 0.44 0.22 0 1
0.22
0
0
0 0 0 0.22
ee 0.44 0 0
gin
0.44 0
0.44 0.22 81.81
0.22 0.44 81.81
En
0 0.44
0 0.22
arn
18
36
Le
18
P
18
w.
36
18
ww

0 18 18
0 36 36
54 18 36
M P
54 18 36
0 36 36
0 18 18
56

8. Using matrix stiffness method, analyze the truss for the member forces in the truss loaded
as shown in figure. AE and L are tabulated below for all the three members.
(AUC Apr/May 2011)
Member AE L
AD 400 400
BD 461.9 461.9
CD 800 800
n
g.i
Solution:
Step 1: Assign coordinates:
rin
i) Global coordinates: ii) Local coordinates:
ee
gin
En
arn
Step 2: Displacement diagram:

Le
w.
ww
Step 3: Formation of [A] matrix:

Apply unit displacement in DD’.
Displacement along 1, AD = 0
Displacement along 2 and 3,
DD1 = cos 60o = 0.5 and DD2 = cos 30o = 0.866
57

0
A 0.5
0.866
Step 4: Stiffness matrix (K):
K1 0 0 1 0 0
AE
K 0 K2 0 0 1 0
L
0 0 K3 0 0 1
Step 5: System stiffness matrix (J):
T
J A KA
n
1 0 0 0
g.i
0 0.5 0.866 0 1 0 0.5
0 0 1 0.866
rin
0
ee
0 0.5 0.866 0.5
0.866
gin
J 1
1
J 1
Step 6: Displacement matrix ( ):
En
1
J W
1 x 80 80
Step 7: Element forces (P):
arn
P KA
1 0 0 0
Le
0 1 0 0.5 80
0 0 1 0.866
w.
0
0.5 80
ww
0.866
0
Final forces, P 40
69.28
58

9. Analyse the frame shown in figure by matrix stiffness method.
Solution:
n
g.i
rin
ee
gin
En
2
MFBC w 30 x 82
160 kN.m
12 12
2
w 30 x 82
MFCB 160 kN.m
arn
12 12
Le

w.
ww
0
O
W 160
160
59

1
0 0
4
1 0.25 0 0
1 0
4 0.25 1 0
0 1 0 0 1 0
A
0 0 1 0 0 1
1 0.125 0 1
0 1
n
8 0.125 0 0
g.i
1
0 0
8
rin
0.25 0.25 0 0 0.125 0.125
T
A 0 1 1 0 0 0
ee
0 0 0 1 1 0
gin
4 2 0 0 0 0
En
2 4 0 0 0 0
EI 0 0 4 2 0 0
K
arn
L 0 0 2 4 0 0
0 0 0 0 4 2
0 0 0 0 2 4
Le
1 0.5 0 0 0 0
w.
0.5 1 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0.5 0 0
K EI
0 0 0.5 1 0 0
ww
0 0 0 0 1 0.5
0 0 0 0 0.5 1
60


T
J A KA
1
0 0
4
1 0.5 0 0 0 0 1
0.5 1 0 0 0 0 1 0
0.25 0.25 0 0 0.125 0.125 4
0 0 1 0.5 0 0 0 1 0
EI 0 1 1 0 0 0
0 0 0.5 1 0 0 0 0 1
0 0 0 1 1 0
0 0 0 0 1 0.5 1
0 1
n
0 0 0 0 0.5 1 8
g.i
1
0 0
8
rin
1
0 0
4
ee
1
1 0
4
0.375 0.375 0 0 0.187 0.187
0 1 0
gin
EI 0.5 1 1 0.5 0 0
0 0 1
0 0 0.5 1 1 0.5
1
0 1
En
8
1
0 0
8
arn
0.234 0.375 0.187

J EI 0.375 2 0.5
Le
0.187 0.5 2
w.
6.29 1.10 0.31

1 1
J 1.10 0.73 0.08
EI
ww
0.31 0.08 0.55
61


1
J W
J 1
W* W0
6.29 1.10 0.31 0 0

1
1.10 0.73 0.08 0 160
EI
0.31 0.08 0.55 0 160
126.4
1
129.6
EI
n
100.8
g.i
P KA
rin
1
0 0
4
1 0.5 0 0 0 0 1
1 0
ee
0.5 1 0 0 0 0 4 126.4
EI 0 0 1 0.5 0 0 0 1 0
129.6
gin
EI 0 0 0.5 1 0 0 0 0 1
100.8
0 0 0 0 1 0.5 1
0 1
0 0 0 0 0.5 1 8
En
1
0 0
8
arn
0.375 0.5 0 17.4

0.375 1 0 82.2
126.4
0 1 0.5 79.2
Le
P 129.6
0 0.5 1 36
100.8
0.187 0 1 124.44
w.
0.187 0 0.5 74.04

ww
0 17.4 17.4
0 82.2 82.2
160 79.2 81
M P
160 36 124
0 124.44 124.44
0 74.04 74.04
62

10. Analyse the continuous beam shown in figure using displacement method.
Solution:
n
g.i
rin
ee
gin
MFAB wab2 6.4 x 5 x 32

4.5 kNm
2
82
En
MFBA
wa 2b 6.4 x 52 x 3
2
7.5 kNm
82
arn
MFBC w 8x6
6 kNm
8 8
w 8x6
MFCB 6 kNm
8 8
Le

w.
ww
WO 1.5
63


0
1
A
1
0
T
A 0 1 1 0
n
4 2 0 0
g.i
EI 2 4 0 0
K
L 0 0 4 2
0 0 2 4
rin
0.5 0.25 0 0
ee
0.25 0.5 0 0
K EI
0 0 0.67 0.33
gin
0 0 0.33 0.67

En
J A T KA
arn
0.5 0.25 0 0 0
0.25 0.5 0 0 1
EI 0 1 1 0
0 0 0.67 0.33 1
Le
0 0 0.33 0.67 0
0
w.
1
EI 0.25 0.5 0.67 0.33
1
ww
J EI 1.17
1 0.85
J
EI
64


1
J W
J 1
W* W0
0.85
0 1.5
EI
1.275
EI
n
P KA
g.i
0.5 0.25 0 0 0
EI 0.25 0.5 0 0 1
1.275
rin
EI 0 0 0.67 0.33 1
0 0 0.33 0.67 0
0.25
0.5 ee
gin
1.275
0.67
0.33
En
0.319
0.638
arn
P
0.854
0.421
Le

w.
4.5 0.319
7.5 0.638
M P
ww
6 0.854
6 0.421
4.82
6.86
M
6.85
5.58
65

UNIT III
FINITE ELEMENT METHOD
1. What is meant by Finite element method?

Finite element method (FEM) is a numerical technique for solving
boundary value problems in which a large domain is divided into smaller pieces
or elements. The solution is determined by assuming certain polynomials. The
small pieces are called finite element and the polynomials are called shape
functions.
n
g.i
2.List out the advantages of FEM. (AUC Nov/Dec 2014)

Since the properties of each element are evaluated separately
differentmaterial properties
rin

 can be incorporated for each element.
 There is no restriction in the shape of the medium.
ee
Any type of boundary condition can be adopted.
gin
3. List out the disadvantages of FEM. (AUC Nov/Dec 2011)

The computational cost is high.


The solution is approximate and several checks are required.
En
4. Mention the various coordinates in FEM. (AUC May/June 2010)


arn
Local or element coordinates



Natural coordinates

Simple natural coordinates
Le

Area coordinates or Triangular coordinates

Generalized coordinates
w.
5. What are the basic steps in FEM? (AUC May/June 2009)


Discretization of the structure

ww

Selection of suitable displacement function

Finding the element properties

Assembling the element properties

Applying the boundary conditions

Solving the system of equations
Computing additional results

6. What is meant by discretization? (AUC May/June 2013)

Discretization is the process of subdividing the given body into a
number of elements
which results in a system of equivalent finite elements.
7. What are the factors governing the selection of finite elements?


The geometry of the body


The number of independent space coordinates
n

The nature of stress variation expected
g.i
8. Define displacement function. . (AUC Nov/Dec 2012)
Displacement function is defined as simple functions which are assumed
rin
to approximate the displacements for each element. They may assume in the
form of polynomials, or trigonometrical functions.
ee
9. Briefly explain a few terminologies used in FEM. (AUC May/June 2014)
The various terms used in FEM are explained below.
gin
Finite element: Small elements used for subdividing the given domain to be
analysed are called
finite elements. These elements may be 1D, 2D or 3D elements depending on the
En
type of structure.
Nodes and nodal points: The intersection of the different sides of elements are
called nodes. Nodes
arn
are of two types – external nodes and internal nodes.

External nodes – The nodal point connecting adjacent elements.
Le
Internal nodes – The extra nodes used to increase the accuracy of

solution.
Nodal lines: The interface between elements are called nodal lines.
w.
Continuum: The domain in which matter exists at every point is called a

continuum. It can be
ww
assumed as having infinite number of connected particles.

Primary unknowns: The main unknowns involved in the formulation of the
element properties are
known as primary unknowns.
Secondary unknowns: These unknowns are derived from primary
unknowns are known as
secondary unknowns. In displacement formulations, displacements are treated
as primary unknowns
and stress, strain, moments and shear force are treated as secondary unknowns.

10. What are different types of elements used in FEM? (AUC May/June 2012)
The various elements used in FEM are classified as: One
dimensional elements (1Delements) Two dimensional elements (2D elements)
Three dimensional elements (3D elements)
11.What are 1-D elements? Give examples.

Elements having a minimum of two nodes are called 1D element.
n
Beams are usually
g.i
approximated with 1D element. These may be straight or curved. There can
be additional nodes within the element.
rin
ee
gin
En
12. What are 2-D elements? Give examples.

A plane wall, plate, diaphragm, slab, shell etc. can be approximated as an
arn
assemblage of 2-D
elements. Most commonly used elements are triangular, rectangular and
quadrilateral elements.
Le
w.
ww

13. What are 3-D elements? Give examples.

3-D elements are used for modeling solid bodies and the various
3-D elements are
tetrahedron, hexahedron, and curved rectangular solid.
14. Define Shape function. . (AUC May/June 2012)

Shape function is also called an approximate function or an
n
interpolation function whose
g.i
value is equal to unity at the node considered and zeros at all other nodes.
Shape function is
rin
represented by Ni where i = node no.
15. What are the properties of shape functions?

 The no of shape func
 ee
will be equal to the no of nodes present in the element.
Shape function will have unit value at the node considered and zero
gin
value at other nodes

o
The sum of all the shape function is equal to 1.

En
arn
Le
w.
ww

PART B
n
g.i
rin
ee
gin
En
arn
Le
w.
ww

n
g.i
rin
ee
gin
En
arn
Le
w.
ww

n
g.i
rin
ee
gin
En
arn
Le
w.
ww

n
g.i
rin
ee
gin
En
arn
Le
w.
ww

n
g.i
rin
ee
gin
En
arn
Le
w.
ww

n
g.i
rin
ee
gin
En
arn
Le
w.
ww

n
g.i
rin
ee
gin
En
arn
Le
w.
ww

n
g.i
rin
ee
gin
En
arn
Le
w.
ww

n
g.i
rin
ee
gin
En
arn
Le
w.
ww

n
g.i
rin
ee
gin
En
arn
Le
w.
ww

n
g.i
rin
ee
gin
En
arn
Le
w.
ww

n
g.i
rin
ee
gin
En
arn
Le
w.
ww

n
g.i
rin
ee
gin
En
arn
Le
w.
ww

n
g.i
rin
ee
gin
En
arn
Le
w.
ww

n
g.i
rin
ee
gin
En
arn
Le
w.
ww

n
g.i
rin
ee
gin
En
arn
Le
w.
ww

n
g.i
rin
ee
gin
En
arn
Le
w.
ww

n
g.i
rin
ee
gin
En
arn
Le
w.
ww

n
g.i
rin
ee
gin
En
arn
Le
w.
ww

n
g.i
rin
ee
gin
En
arn
Le
w.
ww

UNIT 4 - PLASTIC ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES
1. What is shape factor? (AUC Apr/May 2011) (AUC Nov/Dec 2011)

The shape factor is defined as the ratio of the plastic moment of a
section to the yield moment of the section.
2. State upper bound theorem. (AUC Apr/May 2011) (AUC May/June2013)

Upper bound theorem states that “A load computed on the basis of an
n
assumed mechanism is always greater than or equal to the true ultimate load”.
g.i
3. Define plastic modulus. (AUC Nov/Dec 2011)
The plastic modulus of a section is the first moment of the area above and
rin
below the equal area axis. It is the resisting modulus of a fully plasticized
section.
ee
4. What are meant by load factor and collapse load? (AUC Nov/Dec2011&
May/June 2012)
gin
Load factor:
Load factor is defined as the ratio of collapse load to working load.
collapse load WC
En
Load factor,
working load W
Collapse load:
arn
The load that causes the (n + 1) the hinge to form a mechanism is called
collapse load where n is the degree of statically indeterminacy. Once the
structure becomes a mechanism.
Le
5. Define plastic hinge with an example. (AUC May/June 2012 & 2013)
w.
When a section attains full plastic moment Mp, it acts as hinge which is
called a plastic hinge.It is defined as the yielded zone due to bending at which
large rotations can occur with a constant value of plastic moment Mp.
ww
6. What is difference between plastic hinge and mechanical hinge? .

(AUC Apr/May 2008)
Plastic hinges modify the behavior of structures in the same way as
mechanical hinges. The only difference is that plastic hinges permit rotation with
a constant resisting moment equal to the plastic moment Mp. At mechanical
hinges, the resisting moment is equal to zero.
89

7. List out the assumptions made for plastic analysis. . (AUCApr/May2010)

The assumptions for plastic analysis are:
 Plane transverse sections remain plane and normal to the longitudinal
axis before andafter bending.

Effect of shear is neglected.
 The material is homogeneous and isotropic both in the elastic and
plastic state.
Modulus of elasticity has the same value both in tension and
n
compression.
g.i

There is no resultant axial force in the beam.
 The cross-section of the beam is symmetrical about an axis through
its centroid and parallel to the plane of bending.
rin
8. List out the shape factors for the following sections. (AUCApr/May2007)
ee
 Rectangular section, S = 1.5
 Triangular section, S = 2.346
gin
 Circular section, S = 1.697
 Diamond section, S = 2
En
9. Mention the section having maximum shape factor. . (AUCApr/May2014)

The section having maximum shape factor is a triangular section, S = 2.345.
arn
10. State lower bound theory.

Lower bound theory states that the collapse load is determined by
Le
assuming suitable moment distribution diagram. The moment distribution

diagram is drawn in such a way that the conditions of equilibrium are satisfied.
11. What are the different types of mechanisms?
w.
The different types of mechanisms are:

ww
Beam mechanism
Column mechanism
Panel or sway mechanism
Cable mechanism
Combined or composite mechanism
90

12. Mention the types of frames.

Frames are broadly of two types:
 Symmetric frames
 Un-symmetric frames
13. What are symmetric frames and how they analyzed?

Symmetric frames are frames having the same support conditions,
n
lengths and loading conditions on the columns and beams of the frame.
Symmetric frames can be analyzed by:
g.i
 Beam mechanism
 Column mechanism
rin
14. What are unsymmetrical frames and how are they analyzed?
ee
Un-symmetric frames have different support conditions, lengths and
loading conditions on its columns and beams. These frames can be analyzed
by:
gin
 Beam mechanism
 Column mechanism
En
 Panel or sway mechanism

 Combined mechanism
arn
15. How is the shape factor of a hollow circular section related to the
shape factor of a ordinary circular section?
The shape factor of a hollow circular section = A factor K x shape
Le
factor of ordinary circular section. SF of hollow circular section = SF of circular

section x {(1 – c3)/ (1 – c4)}
w.
ww
91

UNIT 4 - PLASTIC ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES
PART - B (16 marks)

1. Derive the shape factor for I section and circular section. (AUC Apr/May 2011)
I section:
n
g.i
rin
Zp Plastic modulus
Shape factor, S = =
Z Elastic modulus
Elastic modulus (Z) :
I ee
gin
Z
Y
3
BD 3 bd
I
12 12
En
D
Y
2
3
BD 3 bd
arn
12 12 BD3 bd 3 2
Z x
D 12 12 D
2
Le
3
BD 3 bd
Z
6D
w.
Plastic modulus ( Zp ) :
A
ww
Zp = ( y1 +y2 )
2
A = 2(b1 d1) + b2 d2
a1y1 + a2y2
y1 =y2 =
a1 + a 2
A ( y +y )
1 2
Zp
2
S= = 3
Z BD - bd3
6D
92

Circular Section:
n
g.i
rin
Zp Plastic modulus
Shape factor, S = =
Z Elastic modulus
ee
Elastic modulus (Z) :
D4
gin
I 64
Z
y D
2
En
D3
Z
32
arn
Plastic modulus (Zp ) :

A
Zp y1 y2
2
Le
D2
A
4
4r 2D
w.
y1 y2
3 3
D2 2D 2D D2 4D D3
ww
ZP
4 2 3 3 8 3 6
D3
ZP 6 D3 32 32
S 3
Z D3 6 D 6
32
S 1.697
93

2. Find the fully plastic moment required for the frame shown in figure, if all the members have
same value of MP. (AUC Apr/May 2011)
Solution:
n
Step 1: Degree of indeterminacy:
g.i
Degree of indeterminacy = (No. of closed loops x 3) – No. of releases
= (1 x 3) – 0 = 3
rin
No. of possible plastic hinges = 5
No. of independent mechanisms = 5 – 3 = 2
Step 2: Beam Mechanism:
ee
gin
En
arn
EWD = 5( 2 θ ) = 10 θ
IWD = Mp θ + 2M p θ + Mp θ = 4Mp θ
EWD = IWD
Le
10θ = 4 Mp θ
Mp = 2.5kN.m
w.
Step 3: Sway Mechanism:

ww
94

EWD = ( 2 x 4θ ) = 8θ
4θ 4θ
IWD = Mp θ +M θ + M
p p
+ Mp = 3.33M p θ
6 6
EWD = IWD
8θ = 3.33Mp θ
Mp = 2.4kN.m
Step 4: Combined Mechanism:
n
g.i
rin
ee
gin
EWD = ( 2 x 4 ) (5 x 2 θ ) = 18θ
4 4
IWD = Mp θ + M p(2θ) + M p θ+ Mp = 5.33Mp θ
6 6
En
EWD = IWD
18θ = 5.33Mp θ
Mp = 3.38kN.m
arn
The fully plastic moment, MP = 3.38 kNm.

3. A simply supported beam of span 5 m is to be designed for an udl of 25 kN/m. Design a
Le
suitable I section using plastic theory, assuming yield stress in steel as fy = 250 N/mm2.
(AUC Nov/Dec 2011)
Solution:
w.
ww
95

IWD = 0 + MP (2θ) + 0 = 2 MPθ

EWD = Load intensity X area of triangle under the load
1
= 25 x x 5 x 2.5θ
2
= 156.25θ
IWD = EWD
2MP θ = 156.25θ
MP = 78.125 kNm
W.K.T.,
n
MP = σy x ZP
g.i
MP 78.125 x 106
ZP = = = 3.12 x 10 5 mm3
σy 250
rin
Assuming the shape factor for I - section as 1.15
ZP
S =
ee
Z
ZP 3.12 x 105
Z = = = 271.74 x 10 3mm .3
gin
S 1.15
Adopt ISLB 250 @ 279 N / m ( from steel table)
4. Analyse a propped cantilever of length ‘L’ and subjected to udl of w/m length for the entire
En
span and find the collapse load. (AUC Nov/Dec 2011)

Solution:
arn
Le
w.
ww
96

Consider the moment at A as redundant and that it reaches MP. the second hinge will form
n
where the net positive BM is maximum.
g.i
rin
V 0 ee
gin
RA RB WC
WC
RA RB
2
En
WC X WC X2
Mx
22
arn
MP X WC X WC X2
MP
22
X X
MP 1 1
Le
2
X WC X X
MP
w.
2
WC X X WC X X2
MP
2 X 2 X
ww
dMP
For MP to be maximum, 0
dx
dMP WC ( x )( 2x) ( x x 2 )(1)
0
dx 2 ( x )2
97

( x )( 2x) ( x x 2) 0
2
2 x x 2x2 x x2 0
2 2
2 x x 0
x2 2 x 2
0
2
2 8
x
2
x 0.414
Mechanism :
n
0.586 0.414 1
g.i
1 1.4155
1
1.4155 2.4155
WC 1
rin
EWD x x x 0.586 0.293WC
2
IWD MP MP (2.4155 ) 0 3.4155 MP
ee
EWD IWD
0.293WC 3.4155 MP
gin
11.66MP
WC
5. Determine the shape factor of a T-section beam of flange dimension 100 x 12 mm and web
dimension 138 x 12 mm thick. (AUC May/June 2012)
En
Solution:
arn
Le
w.
ww
98

ZP Plastic modulus
Shape factor, S =
Z Elastic modulus
i) Elastic modulus (Ze ) :
yt (100 x 12 x 6) (12 x 138 x 81)

49.48mm
(100 x 12) (12 x 138)
yb 150 49.48 100.52 mm
b1d 1 32 b2 d23
Ixx A1h 1 A2 h 22
12 12
n
100 x 123 12 x 1383 2
(100 x 12 x 43.48 ) (10 x 138 x 31.52 )
g.i
12 12
Ixx 6.27 x 10 6 mm4
I 6.27 x 106
rin
Ze 62375.65 mm3
ymax 100.52
ee
ii) Plastic modulus :
gin
En
arn
Equal area axis,

Le
A
width of the flange X h
2
2856
w.
100 h
2
h 14.28 mm (from top)
ww
(100 x 12 x (6 + 2.28)) (12 x 135.72 x 67.86)

y1 42.58mm
(100 x 12) (12 x 135.72)
107.42
y2 53.71 mm
2
A(y1 +y2 ) 2856
Zp = (42.58 53.71)
2 2
Zp = 137502.12 mm3
99

Shape factor,
ZP 137502.12
S
Z 62375.65
S 2.20
6. Determine the collapse load ‘W’ for a three span continuous beam of constant plastic
moment ‘MP’ loaded as shown in figure. (AUC May/June 2012)
n
Solution:
g.i
Degree of indeterminacy = 4 – 2 = 2
rin
Step 2: Mechanism (1):
ee
gin
En
W
arn
EWD Wx
2 2
IWD MP (2 ) MP 3MP
IWD EWD
Le
3MP W
2
w.
6M P
WC
ww
100

2 1
3 3
1
2
3
1
2 2
W
EWD Wx
3 3
IWD MP MP ( )
1
MP 1
n
3MP MP
MP
g.i
2 2
3MP
IWD EWD
rin
3MP W
3
9MP
ee
WC
gin
En
arn
Le
EWD 2 Wx W
2
w.
IWD MP MP (2 ) 3MP
IWD EWD
3MP
ww
Wc =W/ 3Mp
The collapse load Wc = 3Mp / l and the beam will fail
101

7. A uniform beam of span 4 m and fully plastic moment MP is simply supported at one end and
rigidly clamped at other end. A concentrated load of 15 kN may be applied anywhere within
the span. Find the smallest value of MP such that collapse would first occur when the load is
in its most unfavourable position. (AUC May/June 2013)
Solution:
i) When the load is at centre:
n
g.i
rin
ee
gin
EWD 15 (2 ) 30
IWD MP MP (2 ) 3MP
IWD EWD
En
3MP 30
MP 10 kNm
arn
ii) When the load is at unfavourable position:

Le
w.
ww
1x 3x 1
1
3
102

EWD 15
IWD MP MP ( )
1 MP MP
3
7
MP
3
IWD EWD
7
MP 15
3
MP 6.43 kNm
n
The smallest value of MP is 6.43 kNm.
g.i
8. A rectangular portal frame of span L and L 2 is fixed to the ground at both ends and has a
uniform section throughout with its fully plastic moment of resistance equal to My. It is
rin
loaded with a point load W at centre of span as well as a horizontal force W 2 at its top right
corner. Calculate the value of W at collapse of the frame. (AUC May/June 2013)
Solution:
ee
gin
En
arn

Le
= (1 x 3) – 0 = 3
w.

ww
103

W
EWD =
2
IWD = Mp θ + Mp (2θ) + Mp θ = 4Mp θ
EWD = IWD
W
= 4Mp θ
2
8M p
WC =
n
g.i
rin
ee
gin
W
EWD =
4
En
IWD = Mp θ + Mpθ + Mp θ + Mp θ = 4Mp θ

EWD = IWD
arn
W = 4Mp θ
4
16 Mp
WC =
Le

w.
ww
104

W W 3W
EWD =
2 4 4
IWD = Mp θ + Mp (2θ) + Mp (2θ) + Mp θ = 6Mp θ
EWD = IWD
3W
= 6Mp θ
4
8 Mp
WC =
9. Find the collapse load for the frame shown in figure.
n
g.i
rin
Solution:
Step 1: Degree of indeterminacy: ee
gin
= (1 x 3) – 1 = 2
En

arn
Le
w.
ww
W
EWD =
2
IWD = Mp θ + Mp (2θ) + Mp θ = 4Mp θ
EWD = IWD
W = 4Mp θ
2
8M p
WC =
105

Step 3: Column Mechanism:
n
g.i
W
EWD =
4
rin
IWD = 2Mp θ + 2Mp (2θ) + Mp θ = 7 Mp θ
EWD = IWD
ee
W
= 7 Mp θ
2
gin
28Mp
WC =

En
arn
Le
w.
W
EWD =
4
ww
IWD = 2M p θ + Mpθ + Mp θ = 4M p θ
EWD = IWD
W = 4M p θ
4
16 Mp
WC =
106

n
g.i
W W 3W
EWD =
4 2 4
rin
IWD = 2Mp θ + Mp (2θ) + Mp (2θ) = 6Mp θ
EWD = IWD
ee
3W
= 6Mp θ
4
gin
8 Mp
WC =
8 Mp
Hence the collapse load, WC =
En
10. A continuous beam ABC is loaded as shown in figure. Determine the required MP if the load
factor is 3.2.
arn
Le
Solution:
w.

ww
107

1
EWD 16 x x 12 x 6
2
576
IWD MP MP (2 ) MP
4MP
IWD EWD
4MP 576
MP 144 kNm
n
g.i
rin
8 16 1
ee
gin
1
2
3
1
En
2 2
EWD (192 x 8 ) (288 x 4 ) 2688
IWD MP 2MP ( 1) 4MP
arn
IWD EWD
4MP 2688
MP 672 kNm
Le

w.
ww
16 8 1
1 2
108

EWD (192 x 8 ) (288 x 16 ) 6144

IWD MP 2MP (3 ) 7MP
IWD EWD
7MP 6144
MP 877.71 kNm
The required plastic moment of the beam section shall be MP 877.71 kNm.
n
g.i
rin
ee
gin
En
arn
Le
w.
ww
109

UNIT 5 - SPACE AND CABLE STRUCTURES
1. Give any two examples of beams curved in plan.(AUC Apr/May 2011)
Curved beams are found in the following structures.
 Beams in a bridge negotiating a curve

 Ring beams supporting a water tank
 Beams supporting corner lintels
n
 Beams in ramps
g.i
2. What is the nature of forces in the cables?(AUC Apr/May 2011)
rin
Cables of cable structures have only tension and no compression or
bending.
3. Define tension coefficient. For what type of structures tension

coefficient method is employed?(AUC Nov/Dec 2011)
ee
The tension coefficient for a member of a truss is defined as the pull or tension in
gin
the member divided by its length, i. e. the force in the member per unit length.
4. What are the components of forces acting on the beams curved in plan
En
and show the sign conventions of these forces?(AUC Nov/Dec 2011)

Beams curved in plan will have the following forces developed in them:
 Bending moments
arn
 Shear forces
 Torsional moments
Le
5. Define a space frame and what is the nature of joint provided in the
space trusses? (AUC May/June 2012)
w.
A space frame is a structure built up of hinged bars in space. It

is three dimensional generalization of a truss. Socket joint is provided in the
ww
space trusses.
6. What are the types of stiffening girders?(AUC May/June 2012)
 Suspension bridges with three hinged stiffening girders

Suspension bridges with two hinged stiffening girders

7. What are the methods available for the analysis of space trusses?
(AUC May/June 2013)
Tension co-efficient method is available for the analysis of space

trusses.
8. What is the need for cable structures?(AUC May/June 2013)

The main load bearing member.

n
Flexible throughout.
 It can take only direct tension and cannot take any bending moment.
g.i
9. What are cable structures? (AUC May/June 2008)
rin
Long span structures subjected to tension and uses suspension cables
for supports. Examples of cable structures are suspension bridges, cable stayed
ee
roof.
10. What is the true shape of cable structures? (AUC May/June 2011)
gin
Cable structures especially the cable of a suspension bridge is in the
form of a catenary.
En
Catenary is the shape assumed by a string / cable freely suspended

between two points.
arn
11. Mention the different types of cable structures.
Cable structures are mainly of two types:

Le
(a) Cable over a guide pulley

(b) Cable over a saddle
12. Briefly explain cable over a guide pulley.
w.
Cable over a guide pulley has the following properties:

ww
 Tension in the suspension cable = Tension in the anchor cable

 The supporting tower will be subjected to vertical pressure and
bending due to net
horizontal cable tension.
13. Briefly explain cable over saddle.
Cable over saddle has the following properties:
 Horizontal component of tension in the suspension cable =

Horizontal component of tension in the anchor cable

 The supporting tower will be subjected to only vertical pressure due to
cable tension.
14. What are the main functions of stiffening girders in suspension

bridges?
Stiffening girders have the following functions.
n
 They help in keeping the cables in shape
 They resist part of shear force and bending moment due to live loads.
g.i
rin
ee
gin
En
arn
Le
w.
ww

1. A suspension bridge has a span 50 m with a 15 m wide runway. It is subjected to a load of

30 kN/m including self weight. The bridge is supported by a pair of cables having a central
dip of 4 m. find the cross sectional area of the cable necessary if the maximum permissible
stress in the cable materials is not to exceed 600 MPa. (AUC Nov/Dec 2011)
Solution:
n
g.i
rin
Step 1: Re actions :
V=0
VA +VB = 450
M@ A = 0 ee
gin
30 x 152
(VBx 50) + =0
2
En
VB 67.5 kN
VA 382.5 kN
H 0
arn
HA HB
M@C 0
(VA x 25) (H x 4) (30 x 15 x (7.5 10)) 0
Le
H 421.87 kN
Step 2 : Maximum Tension in the cable :
w.
TA VA2 H2 382.52 421.872 569.46 kN

TB VB2 H2 67.52 421.872 427.24 kN
ww
Maximum Tension in the cable, Tmax 569.46 kN.

Step 3: Area :
Tmax .A
Tmax 569.46 x 103
A
600
Area, A 949.1 mm 2.
112

2. A three hinged stiffening girder of a suspension bridge of 100 m span subjected to two point
loads 10 kN each placed at 20 m and 40 m respectively from the left hand hinge. Determine
the bending moment and shear force in the girder at section 30 m from each end. Also
determine the maximum tension in the cable which has a central dip of 10 m.
(AUC May/June 2012)
Solution:
n
g.i
rin
V=0
VA +VB = 20 ee
gin
M@ B = 0
(VA x 100) (10 x 80) (10 x 60) = 0
VA 14 kN
En
VB 6 kN
H 0
arn
HA HB
M@C 0
(VA x 50) (H x 10) (10 x 30) (10 x 10) 0
Le
H 30 kN
Step 2 : Shear force :
w.
SF at 30 m from left hand hinge.

V30 VA 10 H tan
ww
here,
4d 4 x10
tan ( 2x) (100 (2 x 30))
2
1002
tan 0.16
V30 14 10 (30 x 0.16)
V30 0.8 kN
113

SF at 30 m from right hand hinge.

V30 VB H tan
6 (30 x 0.16)
V30 1.2 kN
Step 3 : Bending Moment :
BM at 30 m from left hand hinge.
BM30 VAx 30 Hx y 10 x 10
here, y at 30 m from each end,
4d 4 x10
n
y 2 x X(
X 2) 2 x 30 (100 30)
100
g.i
y 8.4 m
BM30 (14 x 30) (30 x 8.4) 100 68 kNm.
rin
BM at 30 m from right hand hinge.
BM30 VBx 30 H x y
(6 x 30) (30 x 8.4)
BM30 72 kNm.
Step 4 : Maximum Tension in the cable : ee
gin
TA VA2 H2 142 302 33.11kN
TB VB2 H2 62 302 30.59 kN
En
Maximum Tension in the cable,Tmax 33.11 kN.

3. A suspension bridge cable of span 80 m and central dip 8 m is suspended from the same
level at two towers. The bridge cable is stiffened by a three hinged stiffening girder which
arn
carries a single concentrated load of 20 kN at a point of 30 m from one end. Sketch the SFD
for the girder. (AUC May/June 2013)
Solution:
Le
w.
ww
114

V=0
VA + VB = 20
M@ B = 0
(VA x 80) (20 x 50) = 0
VA 12.5 kN
VB 7.5 kN
H 0
HA HB
n
M@C 0
g.i
(VA x 40) (20 x 10) (H x 8) 0
H 37.5 kN
rin
SF at 40 m from left hand hinge.
V40 VA 20 H tan
here,
ee
gin
4d 4 x8
tan ( 2x) (80 (2 x 40))
2
802
tan 0
En
V40 12.5 20 (37.5 x 0)

V40 7.5 kN
4. A suspension bridge 0f 250 m span has two nos. of three hinged stiffening girders
arn
supported by cables with a central dip of 25 m. if 4 point loads of 300 kN each are placed at
the centre line of the roadway at 20, 30, 40 and 50 m from left hand hinge. Find the shear
force and bending moment in each girder at 62.5 m from each end. Calculate also the
maximum tension in the cable.
Le
Solution:
The load system is shared equally by the two girders and cables. Take the loads as 150 kN
w.
each.
ww
115

V=0
VA + VB = 600
M@ B = 0
(VA x 250) (150x 230) (150x 220) (150x 210) (150x 200) = 0
VA 516 kN
VB 84 kN
H 0
HA HB
n
M@C 0
g.i
(VAx125) (H x 25) (150x105) (150x 95) (150x85) (150x 75) = 0
H 420 kN
rin
SF at 62.5 m from left hand hinge.
V62.5 VA 150 150 150 150 H tan
here,
ee
gin
4d 4 x 25
tan ( 2x) (250 (2 x 62.5))
2
2502
tan 0.2
En
V62.5 516 150 150 150 150 (420 x 0.2)

V62.5 168 kN
SF at 62.5 m from right hand hinge.
arn
V62.5 VB H tan
84 (420 x 0.2)
V62.5 0
Le
Step 3 : Bending Moment :

BM at 62.5 m from left hand hinge.
w.
BM62.5 VAx 62.5 (150x 42.5) (150x 32.5) (150x 22.5) (150x12.5) Hxy
here, y at 62.5 m from each end,
ww
4d 2 4 x 25
y 2
x X( X ) x 62.5(250 62.5)
250 2
y 18.75 m
BM62.5 (516 x 62.5) (150 x 42.5) (150x 32.5) (150x 22.5) (150x12.5) (420 x18.75)
BM62.5 7875kNm.
116

BM at 62.5 m from right hand hinge.

BM62.5 VBx 62.5 H x y
(84 x 62.5) (420 x18.75)
BM62.5 2625 kNm.
Bending moment for the cable,
2
w
Hd
8
H xd x8 420 x 25 x 8
n
w 1.344 kN / m
2502
2
g.i
VA VB w 1.344 x 250
168 kN
2 2
VA2 H2 1682 4202
rin
Tmax 452.35 kN
Maximum Tension in the cable, Tmax 452.35 kN.
5. A suspension bridge is of 160 m span. The cable of the bridge has a dip of 12 m. the cable is
ee
stiffened by a three hinged girder with hinges at either end and at centre. The dead load of
the girder is 15 kN/m. find the greatest positive and negative bending moments in the girder
gin
when a single concentrated load of 340 kN passes through it. Also find the maximum tension
in the cable.
Solution:
En
arn
Le
Step1: Bending Moment :

The uniformly distributed dead load will not cause any bending moment in the stiffening
girder. The live load is a sin gle concentrated moving load.
w.
Max. ve BM 0.096 W 0.096 x 340 x 160

5222.4 kNm.
ww
This will occur at 0.211 0.211 x 160

33.76 m from either end.
W 340 x 160
Max. ve BM
16 16
3400 kNm.
This will occur at 0.25 0.25 x 160
40 m from either end.
117

Step 2 : Maximum tension in the cable :

Dead load of the girder (transmitted to the cable directly)
n
pd 15 kN / m
g.i
Equivalent udl transmitted to the cable due to the moving concentrated load,
2 x 340
rin
p 4.25 kN / m
160
Total load transmitted to the cable, p pd p 15 4.25 19.25 kN / m
ee
p 19.25 x 160
Vertical reaction, V 1540 kN
2 2
2
p 19.25 x 1602
gin
Horizontal pull, H 5133.2 kN
8d 8 x 12
Maximum tension, Tmax VA2 H2 15402 5133.32
En
Tmax 5359.3 kN.
6. A suspension cable of 75 m horizontal span and central dip 6 m has a stiffening girder
arn
hinged at both ends. The dead load transmitted to the cable including its own weight is
1500 kN. The girder carries a live load of 30 kN/m uniformly distributed over the left half of
the span. Assuming the girder to be rigid, calculate the shear force and bending moment in
the girder at 20 m from left support. Also calculate the maximum tension in the cable.
Le
Solution:
w.
ww
75m; d 6 m; DL 1500 kN; LL 30 kN / m

Since the girder is rigid, the live load is transmitted to the cable as an udl whatever
the position of the load.
118

P (30 x 37.5) x 75
Horizontal force due to live load, H 1757.8 kN
8d 8x6
Horizontal force due to dead load, Hd P 1500 x 75

2343.8 kN
8d 8x6
Total horizontal force, H H Hd 1757.8 2343.8 4101.6 kN
Total load W Wd
VA VB
2 2
(30 x 37.5) 1500
1312.5 kN
2
n
Maximum tension in the cable :
g.i
Tmax H2 V2 4101.62 1312.52
Tmax 4306.5 kN
rin
Dip at x 20 m :
4d 4x6
y 2 x X(
X 2) x 20 (75 20) 4.69 m
752
tan
4d
2
( 2x)
4x6
752
x (75 2 x 20)
ee
0.149
gin
To find VA and VB :
VA VB 1125
Equating moments about A to zero
En
(VB x 75) (30 x 37.5 x 18.75) 0

VB 281.25 kN
arn
VA 843.75 kN
Bending Moment at P :
2
BM20 VA x 20 H x y w
Le
2
30 x 202
(843.75 x 20) (1757.8 x 4.69)
2
w.
BM20 2630.92 kNm.

Shear force at P :
ww
SF20 VA H x tan w 843.75 (1757.8 x 0.149) (30 x 20)

SF20 18.16 kN.
119

7. A suspension cable has a span of 120 m and a central dip of 10 m and is suspended from the
same level at both towers. The bridge is stiffened by a stiffening girder hinged at the end
supports. The girder carries a single concentrated load of 100 kN at a point 30 m from left
end. Assuming equal tension in the suspension hangers. Calculate the horizontal tension in
the cable and the maximum positive bending moment.
Solution:
n
g.i
rin
ee
V=0
gin
VA + VB = 100
M@ A = 0
(100x 30) (VB x120) = 0
En
VB 25 kN
VA 75 kN
H 0
arn
HA HB
M@C 0
Le
(VBx 60) (H x10) = 0

H 150 kN
w.

Bending moment for the cable,
ww
1 0 0 1 00
w 0.83 kN / m
120
w 0.83 x120
VA VB 50 kN
2 2
Tmax VA2 H2 502 1502 158.1kN
Maximum Tension in the cable, Tmax 158.1kN.
120

Step 3 : Maximum positive Bending Moment :

Maximum positive Bending moment will occur at under the po int load.
BM30 VAx 30 H x y
here, y at 30 m from left end,
4d 4 x10
y 2 x X( X 2) 2 x 30 (120 30)
120
y 7.5 m
BM30 (75x 30) (150x 7.5)
BM30 1125kNm.
n
8. A quarter circular beam of radius ‘R’ curved in plan is fixed at A and free at B as shown in
g.i
figure. It carries a vertical load P at its free end. Determine the deflection at free end and
draw the bending moment and torsional moment diagrams. Assume flexural rigidity (EI) =
torsional rigidity (GJ). (227) (AUC May/June 2012)
rin
ee
gin
En
Solution:
The given cantilever is a statically determinate structure. Consider any point X on the beam
arn
at an angle from OB.

CX R (1 cos )
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121

Step1: Shear force:

SF at the sec tion X, Fo W
Fo is independent of and uniform throughout.
Step 2: Bending Moment :
BM at the sec tion X, M W (CB)
M W. R sin
At 0, MB 0
At , MA WR
2
n
Step 3: Twisting Moment :
g.i
Twisting moment at the sec tion X, T W (CX)
T WR (1 cos )
rin
At 0, TB WR (1 cos ) 0
At , TA WR 1 cos WR
2 2
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Step 4 : Deflection at the free end B :

Method of strain energy is used to find the deflection at the free end B.
M 2 ds T 2 ds
w.
Strain energy, U
2 EI 2 GJ
22
1 1
ww
22
( WR sin ) R d [ WR (1 cos )] R d
2 EI 00 2 GJ
2 2
1 2 2 22 2 1 2
2 cos ) R d
(W R sin )Rd [W R (1 cos
2 EI 0 2 GJ 0
2 2
1 1 cos 2 1 1 cos 2
W 2R3 d x W 2R3 1 2 cos d
2 EI 0
2 2 GJ 0
2
122

2 2
W 2R3 W 2R3
1 cos 2 d x 2 1 cos 2 4 cos d
4 EI 0 4 GJ 0
2 2
W2R 3 sin 2 W2R 3 x sin 2
3 4sin
4 EI 2 0 4 GJ 2 0
2 3
WR W2R 3 3
4
4 EI 2 4 GJ 2
W 2R3 W 2R3
U (3 8)
8 EI 8GJ
n
dU
B
g.i
dW
WR3 WR3
B
(3 8)
4 EI 4 GJ
rin
9. A semicircular beam of radius ‘R’ in plan is subjected to udl and simply supported by three
columns spaced equally. Derive the expression for bending moment and torsional moment
at x be a point on the beam making an angle a’ with axis passing through the base of the
circle.
Solution:
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(AUC Apr/May 2011) (AUC May/June 2013) (AUC Nov/Dec 2011)
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2016 – 17 Even Semester

Year and Semester: III and VI

2. S.SATHYADEVI AP/Civil CET

CCEC DLI CLI

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ANNA UNIVERSITY, CHENNAI-25

UNIT IV PLASTIC ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES 9

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1. Ghali.A, Nebille,A.M. and Brown,T.G. “Structural Analysis” A unified classical and

b Detailed Lesson Plan

e Unit II - Stiffness Matrix Method -Part-A 34

g Unit III - Finite Element Method -Part-A 66

Unit IV - Plastic Analysis Of Structures -

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Unit V - Space And Cable Structures -

m University Question Papers 127

AIM AND OBJECTIVE OF THE SUBJECT

• To analyse the indeterminate structures such as frames and beam with

• To study about the finite element and space structures.

• To extend the concept in structural analysis I (determinate structures to

• To make the students familiar with latest computational techniques

NEED AND IMPORTANCE FOR STUDY OF THE SUBJECT

• Ability to model loads on structures using current loads and standards.

• Correlation between two and three dimensional finite element analysis

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19. 3 Introduction 1 19 TB1,TB2

22. 3 Truss element 1 22 TB1,TB2

24. 3 Plane stress and plane strain 1 24 TB1,TB2

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35. 4 Plastic analysis of indeterminate frames 1 35 TB1,TB2

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UNIT 1- FLEXIBILITY METHOD

1. Find degree of indeterminacy of the following.(AUC Apr/May 2011)

When a structure is subjected to loads, each joint will undergo

displacements in the form of translations and rotations. Kinematic redundancy of

3. Give the mathematical expression for the degree of static indeterminacy

of rigid jointedplane frames.(AUC Nov/Dec 2011)

Degree of static indeterminacy = (No. of closed loops x 3) – No. of

4. What are the properties which characterize the structure response by

means of force-displacement relationship?(AUC Nov/Dec 2011)

 Each element of a flexibility matrix represents a displacement at a

 If the matrix of the structure is known, we know the behaviour of the

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(H = 0; V = 0;M = 0). No other conditions are required.

Indeterminate structures cannot be solved using conditions of equilibrium

Internal indeterminacy = m-(2 j-3)

 Unit load method

 Slope deflection method

 Strain energy method

8. What are the requirements to be satisfied while analyzing a structure?

The three conditions to be satisfied are:

(i) Equilibrium condition

(ii) Compatibility condition

(iii) Force displacement condition

9. What is meant by force method in structural analysis?

A method in which the forces are treated as unknowns is known as force