Power Transformer losses

Angelo Baggini, angelo.baggini@unibg.it, Bergamo University - Engineering Department

Via Marconi 5, 24044 Dalmine (BG) – Italy
Power Transformer losses

1. Loss classification
2. No-Load losses
3. Load Losses
4. EU Loss classes
5. Energy efficiency
6. Equivalent circuit
7. Loss measurements
Power Transformer losses

Loss classification
 Power transformer losses

P = P0 + x2 Pk
Losses:
No-Load (P0)
• Mainly into the magnetic circuit

Load losses (Pk)

• Mainly into the windings

Forced cooling system consuptions

4
Power Transformer losses

No-Load losses
• Eddy currents
• Histeresys
Magnetic core
No-Load losses

Eddy currents

Pe = k2 f2 B2

6
Magnetic core
No-Load losses

Eddy currents

Pe = k2 f2 B2

7
Magnetic core
No-Load losses

Histeresys

Ph = k1 f BMn

Id

H t

8
Magnetic core
No-Load losses

Po = k1 f BMn + k2 f2 B2

Po/f = k1 BMn + k2 f B2

Eddy currents
Histeresys
(Other)

The reduction of induction level affects no-load

losses by a power between 2 and 2,5 in
respect on the rated power value ratio

9
 Magnetic core
No-Load losses

Per unit of volume

𝑓𝑓 1,2 𝐵𝐵 2÷3
𝑝𝑝0 = 𝐶𝐶
∗
𝑓𝑓0 𝐵𝐵0

C = Amount of losses @ fo Bo

10
 Magnetic core
No-Load losses

𝑓𝑓 1,2 𝐵𝐵 2÷3
𝑝𝑝0 = 𝐶𝐶
∗
𝑓𝑓0 𝐵𝐵0

Po=γLFeAFep0

𝑃𝑃0 𝐿𝐿𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 𝐴𝐴𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 𝑓𝑓 1,2 𝐵𝐵3 𝐿𝐿𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 0,2 𝐵𝐵2

𝑃𝑃𝑃0 = = π ≡ 𝑓𝑓
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑓𝑓𝐴𝐴𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 𝐴𝐴𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 𝐴𝐴𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝐽𝐽
2
π
Sizing Power 𝑆𝑆𝑠𝑠 = 𝑓𝑓𝐴𝐴𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 𝐴𝐴𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵
2
In pu terms they are proportional to l-1 then decreasing with transformer power
* Per unit of volume
C = Amount of losses @ fo Bo
Power Transformers Losses

NO-LOAD LOSSES
Technology effects
Magnetic material
Mounting technology

.1
Magnetic core
Magnetic material
Magnetic core
Interwoven methods

a)

b)

Magnetic sheets:
a) 90° angle splices
b) 45° angle splices
Magnetic core
Interwoven methods

B B

B B

45° angle splices 90° angle splices

• They favour the circulation of • Lower manufacturing costs

magnetic flux (crystal orientation • Increased losses value
equal to the flux direction) (compensate enlarging the core
section)
Magnetic core
Interwoven methods - Step lap

Diagonal 45° angle splices:

• normal (a): the flux ways are

irregular in the air-gap
• step-lap (b): the flux ways are
regular; limited variation of
local induction but no-load
magnetising current values up
to 10 times of the rated value
because of the presence of
residual magnetic flux and of
the low reluctance of the
magnetic circuit
Magnetic core
Interwoven methods - Step lap

• normal: the flux ways are

irregular in the air-gap
Magnetic core
Interwoven methods - Step lap

• step-lap: the flux ways are regular;

limited variation of local induction but no-
load magnetising current values up to 10
times of the rated value because of the
presence of residual magnetic flux and of
the low reluctance of the magnetic circuit
Power Transformer losses

Load losses
 Windings
Load losses

Joule effect

Per unit of mass

ρ 2
𝑝𝑝𝑚𝑚 = 𝐽𝐽
γ
Resistivity Temperature ρ
Density @ 75°C
Material @20°C coefficient
(Ωmm2/m) (x 10-3)
(kg/dm3) γ
Cu 0,01724 3,93 8,9 2,4
Al 0,02825 4 2,6 13

10-40 W/kg
JAl/JCu = 0,185 @ same Pm
 Windings
Load losses

Main

Additional

21
 Windings
Load losses

S = Sm + Se

∫ S dA ∫ m
S dA ∫ e dA
S
2 2 2
ρ = ρ + ρ
P = Ka Poh

• S, Se, Sm = real current density, eddy current

density, average current density

• A = conductor cross section area

• ρ = conductor resistivity

22
 Windings
Load losses

Additional losses

• Not uniform current density

• Current circulation

• Ampère turn compensation

23
 Windings
Load losses

Additional losses

• Not uniform current density

• Current circulation

• Ampère turn compensation

24
 Windings
Load losses

Additional losses

• Not uniform current density

• Current circulation
I
• Ampère turn compensation B

Ic
I

25
 Windings
Load losses

Additional losses

• Not uniform current density

• Current circulation

• Ampère turn compensation

26
 Windings
Load losses

Dependence
from frequency and temperature
Main losses
• f indipendent
• T proportional
Additional losses
• f?
• T?

27
Power Transformer losses

EU Loss classes
Max Losses Liquid immersed Sr ≤3150 kVA
EU Regulation 548/2104

Sr AAAo AAo Ao Bo Co Sr Vcc Ak Bk Ck

kVA W W W W W kVA % W W W
25 35 63 70 90 100 25 600 725 900
50 45 90 110 125 50 750 875 1100
81
100 1250 1475 1750
100 75 131 145 180 210
160 1700 2000 2350
160 105 189 210 260 300 4
250 2350 2750 3250
NO load losses

Load losses
250 150 270 300 360 425 315 2800 3250 3900
315 180 324 360 440 520 400 3250 3850 4600
400 220 387 430 520 610 500 3900 4600 5500
500 260 459 510 610 720 630 4 or 6 4600 5400 6500
630 300 600 730 860 800 6000 7000 8400
540
1000 7600 9000 10500
800 330 585 650 800 930
1250 9500 11000 13500
1000 390 693 770 940 1100 1600 6 12000 14000 17000
1250 480 855 950 1150 1350 2000 15000 18000 21000
1600 600 1080 1200 1450 1700 2500 18500 22000 26500
2000 730 1305 1450 1800 2100 3150 23000 27500 33000
2500 880 1575 1750 2150 2500
3150 1100 1980 2200 2700 3150 Oil immersed 1,1-24 kV
EN50588-1 Excluding pole mounted
TIER 1 - July 1st 2015
Max Losses Liquid immersed Sr ≤3150 kVA
EU Regulation 548/2104

Sr AAAo AAo Ao Sr Vcc Ak Bk Ck

kVA % % % kVA % % % %
25 180% 200% 25 121%
50 180% 200% 50 117%
100 118%
100 175% 193%
160 118%
160 180% 200%
250
4
117%
NO load losses

Load losses
250 180% 200% 315 116%
315 180% 200% 400 118%
400 176% 195% 500 118%
100
500 100 177% 196% 630 4 or 6 117%
630 180% 200% 800 117%
800 177% 197% 1000 118%
1000 178% 197% 1250 116% 142%
1250 178% 198% 1600 6 117% 142%
2000 120% 140%
1600 180% 200%
2500 119% 143%
2000 179% 199%
3150 120% 143%
2500 179% 199%
3150 180% 200% Liquid immersed 1,1-24 kV
EN50588-1 Excluding pole mounted
TIER 1 - July 1st 2015
Max Losses Dry type Sr ≤3150 kVA
EU Regulation 548/2104

Rated PK PO
power Ak Bk AAAO AAO AO
kVA W W W W W
≤ 50 1500 1700 115 180 200
100 1800 2050 160 252 280
160 2600 2900 230 360 400
250 3400 3800 300 468 520
400 4500 5500 430 675 750
630 7100 7600 630 990 1100
800 8000 750 1170 1300

TIER 1 - July 1st 2015

1000 9000 890 1395 1550

Dry type 1,1-24 kV

1250 11000 1035 1620 1800
1600 13000 1265 1980 2200
2000 16000 1495 2340 2600
2500 19000 1780 2790 3100
3150 22000 2185 3420 3800
EN50588-1
Max Losses Dry type Sr ≤3150 kVA
EU Regulation 548/2104

Rated PK PO
power Ak Bk AAAO AAO AO
kVA % % % % %
≤ 50 113% 157% 174%
100 114% 158% 175%
160 112% 157% 174%
250 112% 156% 173%
400 122% 157% 174%
630 107% 157% 175%
800 100% 100% 156% 173%

TIER 1 - July 1st 2015

1000 157% 174%

Dry type 1,1-24 kV

1250 157% 174%
1600 157% 174%
2000 157% 174%
2500 157% 174%
3150 157% 174%
EN50588-1
Max Losses Sr ≤3150 kVA
EU Regulation 548/2104

Sr Ak AAAO
kVA % %
≤ 50 200% 256%
100 144% 213%
160 153% 219%

Dry type / Liquid immersed 1,1-24 kV

250 145% 200%
400 161% 239%
630 218% 286%

TIER 1 - July 1st 2015

800 205% 288%
1000 196% 297%
1250 183% 314%
1600 171% 324%
2000 168% 311%
2500 158% 297%
3150 147% 299%
Power Transformer losses

Energy efficiency
 Energy efficiency

100
Energy efficiency (%)

0 20 40 60 80 100 Load (%)

* Usually 40–50%
P0
η=
xPr
x=
( xPr + P0 + x 2Pk ) Pk
35
Peak Efficiency Index

on implementing Directive 2009/125/EC of the European Parliament and of

2(P0 +Pc0 )

the Council with regard to small, medium and large power transformers
PEI = 1 −
P0 +Pc0
Sr

COMMISSION REGULATION (EU) No 548/2014

Pk

• Reactive power transmission is very
important for network operation
 P0 = no load losses*
 Pc0 = electrical power required by the
cooling system for no load operation
 Pk = load losses* corrected to reference
temperature**
 Sr = rated power of the transformer on
which Pk is based
* measured at rated voltage and rated frequency, on the rated tap
** 20 °C + Average winding rise (i.e. 90 °C for OD cooled
transformers, 85 °C for ON or OF cooled transformers)
Power Transformer losses

Equivalent circuit
Transformer
Equivalent circuit

i R L R L i

v R L e e v

N N

 d i1
ν 1 = R1i1 + L1d + e1
 dt

v = −R i − L d i2 + e


2 2 2 2d
dt
2
Transformer
Equivalent circuit

i R L R L i

v R L e e v

N N

 d i1
ν 1 = R1i1 + L1d + e1
 dt

v = −R i − L d i2 + e


2 2 2 2d
dt
2
Transformer
Equivalent circuit

Z Z I
I

V Y V

S = E1I1 = E 2I 2

I22 Z 2 = I12 Z '2

2
I22  N1 
Z '2 = Z2 2 = Z 2  
I1  N2 
Transformer
Equivalent circuit

I Z Z’ I

V Y V

I Z Z I

V Y V
Transformer
Equivalent circuit

I Z I

V V

I I

V V
Power Transformer losses

Loss measurements
Power Transformers Losses

LOSS MEASUREMENTS

NO-LOAD TEST

.1
No load test

Z
A *W
*
E U Y
No load test

Z
A *W
*
E U Y G B

A
Y0 = G0 V 2 = W B0 = Y02 − G02
V
Power Transformers Losses

LOSS MEASUREMENTS

SHORT CIRCUIT TEST

.2
Short circuit test

Z
A * W*

E U Y
Short circuit test

Z RCC XLCC
A * W*

E U

V W
Z CC = RCC = 2 XCC = Z CC
2
− R CC
2
A A
Power Transformers Losses

LOSS MEASUREMENTS

TOLERANCES

.3
Tolerances

IEC 60076-1

EU 548/15
Power Transformer losses

1. Loss classification
2. No-Load losses
3. Load Losses
4. EU Loss classes
5. Energy efficiency
6. Equivalent circuit
7. Loss measurements
 Thank you
For more information please contact

Angelo Baggini
Università di Bergamo
Dipartimento di Ingegneria
Viale Marconi 5,
24044 Dalmine (BG) Italy
email: angelo.baggini@unibg.it

ECD Engineering Consulting and Design

Via Maffi 21 27100 PAVIA Italy

| Presentation title and date