Gases Handout PDF

Gases
Properties of Gases
Gas Pressure
General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry 1
Kinetic Theory of Gases

A gas consists of small particles that
 move rapidly in straight lines
 have essentially no attractive (or
repulsive) forces
 are very far apart
 have very small volumes compared
to the volumes of the containers
they occupy
 have kinetic energies that increase
with an increase in temperature
1
Properties of Gases
 Gases are described in terms of four properties:
pressure (P), volume (V), temperature (T), and
amount (n).
Gas Pressure
Gas pressure
 is the force acting on a specific area
Pressure (P) = force
area
 has units of atm, mmHg, torr, lb/in.2 and
kilopascals(kPa).
1 atm = 760 mmHg (exact)
1 atm = 760 torr
1 atm = 14.7 lb/in.2
1 atm = 101.325 kPa
General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 4
2
Learning Check
A. What is 475 mmHg expressed in atmospheres
(atm)?
1) 475 atm
2) 0.625 atm
3) 3.61 x 105 atm
B. The pressure in a tire is 2.00 atm. What is this

pressure in mmHg?
1) 2.00 mmHg
2) 1520 mmHg
3) 22 300 mmHg
Solution
A. What is 475 mmHg expressed in atm?
2) 0.625 atm
475 mmHg x 1 atm = 0.625 atm
760 mmHg
B. The pressure of a tire is measured as 2.00 atm.

What is this pressure in mmHg?
2) 1520 mmHg
2.00 atm x 760 mmHg = 1520 mmHg
1 atm
3
Atmospheric Pressure
Atmospheric pressure
 is the pressure
exerted by a column
of air from the top of
the atmosphere to the
surface of the Earth
Atmospheric Pressure (continued)

Atmospheric pressure
 is about 1 atmosphere at
sea level
 depends on the altitude
and the weather
 is lower at high altitudes
where the density of air
is less
 is higher on a rainy day
than on a sunny day
4
Barometer
A barometer
 measures the pressure
exerted by the gases in
the atmosphere
 indicates atmospheric
pressure as the height in
mm of the mercury
column
Learning Check
A. The downward pressure of the Hg in a barometer is
_____ the pressure of the atmosphere.
1) greater than 2) less than 3) the same as
B. A water barometer is 13.6 times taller than a
mercury barometer (DHg = 13.6 g/mL) because
1) H2O is less dense
2) H2O is heavier
3) air is more dense than H2O
5
Solution
A. The downward pressure of the Hg in a barometer
is 3) the same as the pressure of the atmosphere.
B. A water barometer is 13.6 times taller than a

mercury barometer (DHg = 13.6 g/mL) because
1) H2O is less dense
Gases
Pressure and Volume

(Boyle’s Law)
6
Boyle’s Law
Boyle’s law states that
 the pressure of a gas
is inversely related to
its volume when T and
n are constant
 if the pressure (P)
increases, then the
volume (V) decreases
PV Constant in Boyle’s Law

In Boyle’s law
 The product P x V is constant as long as T and n do
not change.
P1V1 = 8.0 atm x 2.0 L = 16 atm L
P2V2 = 4.0 atm x 4.0 L = 16 atm L
P3V3 = 2.0 atm x 8.0 L = 16 atm L
 Boyle’s law can be stated as
P1V1 = P2V2 (T, n constant)
7
Solving for a Gas Law Factor
The equation for Boyle’s law can be rearranged to
solve for any factor.
P1V1 = P2V2 Boyle’s Law
To solve for V2 , divide both sides by P2.

P1V1 = P2V2
P2 P2
V1 x P1 = V2
P2
 SP2. A gas sample occupies a volume

of 2.5 L at a pressure of 1.5 atm. What
would be the volume of the gas if its
pressure is reduced to 1 atm at the
same temperature?
 SP3. The gas inside a balloon has a
volume of 15.0 L at a pressure of 2.0
atm. Calculate the pressure of the gas if
its volume is compressed to 10.0 L at
the same temperature.
16
8
Boyle’s Law and Breathing:
Inhalation
During inhalation,
 the lungs expand
 the pressure in the
lungs decreases
 air flows towards
the lower pressure
in the lungs
Boyle’s Law and Breathing:

Exhalation
During exhalation,
 lung volume decreases
 pressure within the
lungs increases
 air flows from the
higher pressure in the
lungs to the outside
9
Guide to Calculations with Gas Laws
Calculation with Boyle’s Law

Freon-12, CCl2F2, is used in refrigeration systems. What
is the new volume (L) of an 8.0 L sample of Freon gas
after its pressure is changed from 550 mmHg to 2200
mmHg at constant T?
STEP 1 Set up a data table:
Conditions 1 Conditions 2 Know Predict

P1 = 550 mmHg P2 = 2200 mmHg P increases
V1 = 8.0 L V2 = ? V decreases
10
Calculation with Boyle’s Law
(continued)
STEP 2 Solve Boyle’s law for V2. When pressure
increases, volume decreases.
P1V1 = P2V2
V2 = V1 x P1
P2
STEP 3 Set up problem
V2 = 8.0 L x 550 mmHg = 2.0 L
2200 mmHg
pressure ratio
decreases volume
Learning Check
For a cylinder containing helium gas, indicate if cylinder
A or cylinder B represents the new volume for the
following changes (n and T are constant):
1) Pressure decreases
2) Pressure increases
11
Solution
For a cylinder containing helium gas, indicate if cylinder
A or cylinder B represents the new volume for the
following changes (n and T are constant):
1) Pressure decreases (cylinder B)
2) Pressure increases (cylinder A)
Learning Check
If a sample of helium gas has a volume of 120 mL
and a pressure of 850 mmHg, what is the new
volume if the pressure is changed to 425 mmHg?
1) 60 mL 2) 120 mL 3) 240 mL
12
Solution
3) 240 mL
P1 = 850 mmHg P2 = 425 mmHg P decreases
V1 = 120 mL V2 = ? V increases
V2 = V1 x P1 = 120 mL x 850 mmHg = 240 mL

P2 425 mmHg
Pressure ratio
increases volume
Learning Check
A sample of helium gas in a balloon has a volume of
10. L at a pressure of 0.90 atm. At 1.40 atm (T
constant), is the new volume represented by A, B, or
C?
13
Solution
A sample of helium gas in a balloon has a volume of
10. L at a pressure of 0.90 atm. At a higher pressure
(T constant), the new volume is represented by the
smaller balloon.
Learning Check
If the sample of helium gas has a volume of 6.4 L
at a pressure of 0.70 atm, what is the new
volume when the pressure is increased to 1.40
atm (T constant)?
A) 3.2 L B) 6.4 L C) 12.8 L
14
Solution
A) 3.2 L
STEP 1 Set up data table (conditions)
P1 = 0.70 atm P2 = 1.40 atm P increases
V1 = 6.4 L V2 = ? V decreases
STEP 2 Solve for Boyles law for V2

V2 = V1 x P1
P2
STEP 3 Set up problem
V2 = 6.4 L x 0.70 atm = 3.2 L
1.40 atm
Volume decreases when there is an increase in the pressure
(temperature is constant).
Learning Check
A sample of oxygen gas has a
volume of 12.0 L at 600 mmHg.
What is the new pressure when
the volume changes to 36.0 L?
(T and n constant)
1) 200 mmHg
2) 400 mmHg
3) 1200 mmHg
15
Solution
1) 200 mmHg

P1 = 600 mmHg P2 = ? P decreases
V1 = 12.0 L V2 = 36.0 L V increases
P2 = P1 x V1
V2
600 mmHg x 12.0 L = 200 mmHg
36.0 L
32
16
Gases
Temperature and Volume
(Charles’s Law)
Charles’s Law
In Charles’s law,
 the Kelvin temperature
of a gas is directly
related to the volume
 P and n are constant
 when the temperature
of a gas increases, its
volume increases
17
Charles’s Law: V and T
 For two conditions, Charles’s law is written
V1 = V2 (P and n constant)
T1 T2
 Rearranging Charles’s law to solve for V2 gives

T2 x V1 = V2 x T2
T1 T2
V2 = V1 x T 2
T1
Learning Check
Solve Charles’s law expression for T2.
V1 = V2
T1 T2
18
Solution
Solve Charles’s law expression for T2.
V1 = V2
T1 T2
Cross multiply to give:

V1T2 = V2T1
Solve for T2 by dividing through by V1:

V1T2 = V2T1 so T2 = T1 x V2
V1 V1 V1
 SP4. At 30oC, the volume of a sample

of air was 5.8 L. What would be the
volume of the air sample if it is heated
to 60oC at the same pressure?
 SP5. A given amount of oxygen gas has
a volume of 25.0 L at a temperature of
37oC and a pressure of 1.0 atm. At what
temperature would this gas occupy a
volume of 22.0 L at a pressure of 1.0
atm?
38
19
Calculations Using Charles’s Law
A balloon has a volume of 785 mL at 21 °C. If the
temperature drops to 0 °C, what is the new volume of
the balloon (P constant)?
STEP 1 Set up data table:

V1 = 785 mL V2 = ? V decreases
T1 = 21 °C T2 = 0 °C
= 294 K = 273 K T decreases
Be sure to use the Kelvin (K) temperature in gas
calculations.
Calculations Using Charles’s Law

(continued)
STEP 2 Solve Charles’s law for V2:
V1 = V2
T1 T2
V2 = V1 x T2
T1
Temperature factor
decreases T
STEP 3 Set up calculation with data:

V2 = 785 mL x 273 K = 729 mL
294 K
20
Learning Check
A sample of oxygen gas has a volume of 420 mL at a
temperature of 18 °C. At what temperature (in °C) will
the volume of the oxygen be 640 mL (P and n
constant)?
1) 443 °C
2) 170 °C
3) –82 °C
Solution
A sample of oxygen gas has a volume of 420 mL at a
temperature of 18 °C. At what temperature (in °C) will the
volume of the oxygen be 640 mL (P and n constant)?
2) 170°C
STEP 1 Set up data table:

V1 = 420 mL V2 = 640 mL V increases
T1 = 18 °C T2 = ? T increases
= 291 K
21
Solution (continued)
STEP 2 Solve Charles’s law for T2:
T 2 = T 1 x V2
V1
STEP 3 Substitute values and calculate:
T2 = 291 K x 640 mL = 443 K

420 mL
Volume factor
increases T
= 443 K – 273 K = 170 °C
Learning Check
Use the gas laws to complete the following statements
with 1) increases or 2) decreases.
A. Pressure _______, when V decreases.

B. When T decreases, V _______.
C. Pressure _______ when V changes from 12 L to
4L
D. Volume _______ when T changes from 15 °C to
45 °C.
22
Solution
A. Pressure 1) increases, when V decreases.
B. When T decreases, V 2) decreases.
C. Pressure 2) decreases when V changes from 12 L
to 24 L.
D. Volume 1) increases when T changes from 15 °C to
45 °C.
46
23
Gases
Temperature and Pressure
(Gay-Lussac’s Law)
Gay-Lussac’s Law: P and T

In Gay-Lussac’s law,
 the pressure exerted by a
gas is directly related to
the Kelvin temperature
 V and n are constant
P1 = P2
T1 T2
24
 SP6. 1.0 mole of a gas occupies a
volume of 22.4 L gas at 0oC and 1
atm. What would be the volume of
7.5 mol of the gas at the same
temperature and pressure?
 SP7. The volume of a gas sample
at 0oC and 1.0 atm is 10.0 L. How
many moles of gas are contained in
the sample?
49
Learning Check
Solve Gay-Lussac’s law for P2.
P1 = P2
T1 T2
25
Solution
Solve Gay-Lussac’s law for P2.
P1 = P2
T1 T2
Multiply both sides by T2 and cancel:

P1 x T2 = P2 x T2
T1 T2
P2 = P1 x T 2
T1
Calculation with Gay-Lussac’s

Law
A gas has a pressure at 2.0 atm at 18 °C. What is the
new pressure when the temperature is 62 °C? (V and n
constant)

P1 = 2.0 atm P2 = ? P increases
T1 = 18 °C + 273 T2 = 62 °C + 273 T increases
= 291 K = 335 K
26
Calculation with Gay-Lussac’s
Law (continued)
STEP 2 Solve Gay-Lussac’s Law for P2:
P1 = P2
T1 T2
P2 = P1 x T2
T1
STEP 3 Substitute values to solve for unknown:
P2 = 2.0 atm x 335 K = 2.3 atm
291 K
Temperature ratio
increases pressure
Learning Check
A gas has a pressure of 645 mmHg at 128 °C. What is
the temperature in Celsius if the pressure increases to
824 mmHg (n and V remain constant)?
27
Solution
A gas has a pressure of 645 mmHg at 128 °C. What is
the temperature in Celsius if the pressure increases to
1.50 atm (n and V remain constant)?
P2 = 1.50 atm x 760 mmHg = 1140 mmHg
1 atm

P1 = 645 mmHg P2 = 1140 mmHg P increases
T1 = 128 °C + 273 T2 = K – 273 T increases
= 401 K = ? °C
STEP 2 Solve Gay-Lussac’s Law for T2:
P1 = P2
T1 T2
T2 = T 1 x P2
P1
STEP 3 Substitute values to solve for unknown:
T2 = 401 K x 1140 mmHg = 709 K – 273 = 436 °C
645 mmHg
Pressure ratio
increases temperature
28
Vapor Pressure
The vapor pressure of water
 is the pressure above
water at equilibrium in a
closed container
 at the boiling point is equal
to the external
(atmospheric) pressure
Vapor Pressure and Boiling Point

Vapor pressure
 is the pressure of gas
molecules above the
surface of a liquid
 at the boiling point,
becomes equal to the
external pressure
29
Boiling Point of Water
The boiling point of water
 depends on the vapor
pressure
 is lower at higher altitudes
 is increased by using an
autoclave to increase
external pressure
Learning Check
In which pair of temperatures for water will boiling
occur?
Atmospheric pressure Vapor Pressure
A. 760 mmHg 760 mmHg
B. 960 mmHg 760 mmHg
C. 520 mmHg 620 mmHg
30
Solution
In which pair of temperatures for water will boiling
occur?
Atmospheric Vapor Boiling
Pressure Pressure Occurs?
A. 760 mmHg 760 mmHg yes
B. 960 mmHg 760 mmHg no
C. 520 mmHg 620 mmHg yes
Gases
The Combined Gas Law
31
Summary of Gas Laws
The gas laws can be summarized as follows:
Combined Gas Law

 The combined gas law uses Boyle’s Law, Charles’s
Law, and Gay-Lussac’s Law (n is constant).
P1 V1 = P2V2
T1 T2
32
Combined Gas Law Calculation
A sample of helium gas has a volume of 0.180 L, a
pressure of 0.800 atm and a temperature of 29 °C. At
what temperature (°C) will the helium have a volume of
90.0 mL and a pressure of 3.20 atm (n constant)?
Step 1 Set up data table:
Conditions 1 Conditions 2
P1 = 0.800 atm P2 = 3.20 atm
V1 = 0.180 L (180 mL) V2 = 90.0 mL
T1 = 29 °C + 273 = 302 K T2 = ?
Combined Gas Law Calculation

(continued)
STEP 2 Solve for T2 P1 V1 = P2 V2
T1 T2
T2 = T1 x P2 x V2
P1 V1
STEP 3 Substitute values to solve for unknown.
T2 = 302 K x 3.20 atm x 90.0 mL = 604 K

0.800 atm 180. mL
T2 = 604 K  273 = 331 °C
33
Learning Check
A gas has a volume of 675 mL at 35 °C and 0.850
atm pressure. What is the volume (mL) of the gas at
-95 °C and a pressure of 802 mmHg (n constant)?
Solution
STEP 1 Set up data table
Conditions 1 Conditions 2
T1 = 308 K T2 = -95 °C + 273 = 178 K
V1 = 675 mL V2 = ?
P1 = 646 mmHg P2 = 802 mmHg
STEP 2 Solve for V2
V2 = V1 x P1 x T2
P2 T1
STEP 3 Substitute values to solve for unknown.
V2 = 675 mL x 646 mmHg x 178 K = 314 mL
802 mmHg x 308 K
34
Gases
Volume and Moles
(Avogadro’s Law)
Avogadro's Law: Volume and

Moles
Avogadro’s law states that
 the volume of a gas is
directly related to the
number of moles (n) of
gas
 T and P are constant
V1 = V2
n1 n2
35
Learning Check
If 0.75 mole of helium gas

occupies a volume of 1.5 L,
what volume will 1.2 moles of
helium occupy at the same
temperature and pressure?
1) 0.94 L
2) 1.8 L
3) 2.4 L
Solution
3) 2.4 L
STEP 1
V1 = 1.5 L V2 = ? V increases
n1 = 0.75 mole n2 = 1.2 moles n increases
STEP 2 Solve for unknown V2:
V2 = V1 x n2
n1
STEP 3 Substitute values and solve for V2:
V2 = 1.5 L x 1.2 moles He = 2.4 L
0.75 mole He
36
STP
The volumes of gases can be compared at STP

(Standard Temperature and Pressure) when they
have
 the same temperature
Standard temperature (T) = 0 °C or 273 K
 the same pressure
Standard pressure (P) = 1 atm (760 mmHg)
Molar Volume
The molar volume of a gas
 is measured at STP (standard temperature and
pressure)
 is 22.4 L for 1 mole of any gas
37
Molar Volume as a Conversion
Factor
The molar volume at STP
 has about the same volume as 3 basketballs
 can be used to form 2 conversion factors:
22.4 L and 1 mole

1 mole 22.4 L
Gases in Chemical Reactions

The volume or amount of a gas at STP in a chemical
reaction can be calculated from
 STP conditions
 mole factors from the balanced equation
38
Gases
The Ideal Gas Law
Ideal Gas Law

 The relationship between the four properties (P, V, n,
and T) of gases can be written equal to a constant R.
PV = R
nT
 Rearranging this expression gives the expression
called the ideal gas law.
PV = nRT
39
Universal Gas Constant, R
The universal gas constant, R,
 can be calculated using the molar volume at STP
 when calculated at STP, uses a temperature of 273 K,
a pressure of 1.00 atm, a quantity of 1.00 mole of a
gas, and a molar volume of 22.4 L.
P V
R = PV = (1.00 atm)(22.4 L)
nT (1.00 mole)(273K)
n T
= 0.0821 Latm
mole K
 SP8. A gas sample occupies a volume

of 12.0 L at 50oC and 700 Torr. How
many moles of gas are contained in the
sample?
 SP9. Calculate the volume that will be
occupied by 20.0 g carbon dioxide at
25oC and 1.25 atm.
 SP10. What would be the pressure of
6.40 g oxygen gas in a vessel with a
volume of 4.5 L at 20oC?
80
40
Learning Check
Another value for the universal gas constant is obtained
using mmHg for the STP pressure.
What is the value of R when a pressure of 760 mmHg

is placed in the expression?
Solution
What is the value of the universal gas constant, R,
when the pressure of 760 mmHg is placed in the
expression?
R = PV = (760 mmHg)(22.4 L)
nT (1 mole)(273 K)
= 62.4 LmmHg
moleK
41
Summary of Units for Ideal Gas
Constants
Guide to Using the Ideal Gas Law
42
Learning Check
Dinitrogen oxide (N2O), laughing gas, is used by
dentists as an anesthetic. If a 20.0 L tank of laughing
gas contains 2.86 moles of N2O at 23 °C, what is the
pressure (mmHg) in the tank?
Solution
If a 20.0 L tank of laughing gas contains 2.86 moles of
N2O at 23 °C, what is the pressure (mmHg) in the tank?
STEP 1 Organize data and adjust units to match the
units of R.
V = 20.0 L
T = 23 °C + 273 = 296 K
n = 2.86 moles
R = 62.4 LmmHg
moleK
P = ? mmHg
43
Solution
STEP 2 Rearrange the ideal gas law for P.
PV = nRT
P = nRT
V
STEP 3 Substitute gas data and solve for unknown.
P = (2.86 moles)(62.4 Lmm Hg)(296 K)

(20.0 L)(moleK)
= 2.64 x 103 mmHg
Learning Check
A cylinder contains 5.0 L of
O2 at 20.0 °C and 0.85
atm.
How many grams of

oxygen are in the cylinder?
1) 0.18 g of O2
2) 5.8 g of O2
3) 180 g of O2
44
Solution
STEP 1 Organize the gas data and adjust units for R.
P = 0.85 atm
V = 5.0 L
T = 293 K,
n = ? g of O2
R = 0.0821 Latm
moleK
General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
STEP 2 Rearrange the ideal gas law for n (moles).
n = PV
RT
STEP 3 Substitute gas data and solve for moles.

n = (0.85 atm)(5.0 L)(moleK) = 0.18 mole of O2
(0.0821Latm)(293 K)
Convert moles to grams using molar mass.

n = 0. 18 mole O2 x 32.0 g O2 = 5.8 g of O2
1 mole O2
45

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Gases

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry 1

Kinetic Theory of Gases

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry 2

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry 3

B. The pressure in a tire is 2.00 atm. What is this

B. The pressure of a tire is measured as 2.00 atm.

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry 7

Atmospheric Pressure (continued)

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry 8

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry 9

B. A water barometer is 13.6 times taller than a

Pressure and Volume

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry 12

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry 13

PV Constant in Boyle’s Law

To solve for V2 , divide both sides by P2.

 SP2. A gas sample occupies a volume

Boyle’s Law and Breathing:

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry 19

Calculation with Boyle’s Law

STEP 1 Set up a data table:

Conditions 1 Conditions 2 Know Predict

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry 22

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry 23

V2 = V1 x P1 = 120 mL x 850 mmHg = 240 mL

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry 26

STEP 2 Solve for Boyles law for V2

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry 30

Conditions 1 Conditions 2 Know Predict

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry 34

 Rearranging Charles’s law to solve for V2 gives

Cross multiply to give:

Solve for T2 by dividing through by V1:

 SP4. At 30oC, the volume of a sample

Conditions 1 Conditions 2 Know Predict

Calculations Using Charles’s Law

STEP 3 Set up calculation with data:

Conditions 1 Conditions 2 Know Predict

T2 = 291 K x 640 mL = 443 K

= 443 K – 273 K = 170 °C

A. Pressure _______, when V decreases.

Gay-Lussac’s Law: P and T

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry 48

Multiply both sides by T2 and cancel:

Calculation with Gay-Lussac’s

Conditions 1 Conditions 2 Know Predict

STEP 1 Set up a data table:

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry 57

Vapor Pressure and Boiling Point

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry 58

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry 59

The Combined Gas Law

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry 62

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry 63

Combined Gas Law

Combined Gas Law Calculation

T2 = 302 K x 3.20 atm x 90.0 mL = 604 K

T2 = 604 K  273 = 331 °C

Avogadro's Law: Volume and

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry 70

If 0.75 mole of helium gas

The volumes of gases can be compared at STP