UNIT 10

LESSON 1

(It will not be safe to let children cross that busy road.)
(It is important to be kind to others.)
(It is her intention to get married before the age of 30.)
(It is dangerous to drive fast along narrow lanes.)
(It is impossible not to feel frustrated that our business failed.)
(It is my plan to start work when I am 18.)

Dear Editor,
I am writing in response to your article 'New road to reduce congestion' on May 2nd. In your
article, you suggest that (it is important to) build the road for two reasons. Firstly, to reduce
journey times for commuters. Secondly, (it is the local council's aim) to encourage more
people to visit the area, and (it is impossible to do) this without better transport links.
Your article did not address the many negative aspects of this new road. The new road will
be fast and full of traffic, yet it runs straight past a school. (It would not be safe to) build a
road in such a location, where there are many small children. Also, (it is impossible not to)
worry about the impact on animals and the environment. Our town is home to a very rare
species of newt. (It is heartbreaking to) think that a new road could push these animals into
extinction.
I urge the council to wait and think before it approves this new road. (It will be too late to)
repair the damage once the road is built.

Their goal is to travel around the world by bike.

(It is their goal to travel around the world by bike.)
Not to see the speed limit signs is an impossibility.
(It is impossible not to see the speed limit signs.)
Taking your passport when you travel is a necessity.
(It is a necessity to take your passport when you travel.)
I have the aim of being a millionaire before I am 25.
(It is my aim to be a millionaire before I am 25.)
Dressing smartly is not important.
(It is not important to dress smartly.)
Reading every book ever written would not be possible.
(It would not be possible to read every book ever written.)

fence(s):
barrier:
bridge:
wall:
Not assigned: cross that ... (bridge), mend ... (fence(s)), The writing's on the ... (wall), It's
driving me up the ... (wall), language ... (barrier), sit on the ... (fence(s)), We've got our backs
to the ... (wall), it's all water under the ... (bridge)
Tony and I are friends again now. That row we had last week is all water under the (bridge).
I've told Dad how to use the computer five times, but he doesn't listen. It's like banging your
head against a brick (wall).
Lilian, I need you to give me an answer. You can't sit on the (fence).
I really want to try to mend (fences) with Annabel, but she's ignoring my messages.
This report is due in 48 hours but there's at least four days' work left to do on it. I've really got
my back to the (wall).
Can you please stop making that noise? It's driving me up the (wall).

Peter: Suzy, I've got some bad news I'm afraid.

Suzy: Oh, what's the problem?
Peter: Our shop in Tokyo still hasn't made a profit. The writing's (on) (the) (wall). We're
going to have to close it.
Suzy: Oh no! That's a shame!
Peter: I know, but our products just didn't sell there. I think it's because we never overcame
the language (barrier), so our advertising never really appealed to consumers. We tried
everything, but in the end it was like banging your (head) (against) (a) (brick) (wall).
Suzy: It's a real shame. And how about the shop in Rio? Is it doing any better?
Peter: Not really, no. We've got our (backs) (to) (the) (wall) there. We really need to make a
profit in the next six months.
Suzy: Oh no, are you thinking about closing the shop in Rio too?
Peter: Not yet. Let's cross (that) (bridge) (when) (we) (come) (to) (it). First we need to close
the Tokyo shop and wind up the business there. So I'd like to give you some tasks to do ...

LESSON 2
The Midomo was designed in Africa. (FALSE)
You carry the Midomo on your head. (FALSE)
You need to push the Midomo to get clean water. (TRUE)
It takes 2.2km to purify 50l of water. (TRUE)
Families need to boil the water from the Midomo to purify it. (FALSE)
Families probably use the Midomo every day. (TRUE)

Across Africa, there are many areas of land where there is very little (water).
Water collected from rivers and wells can be quite (dangerous) for your health.
People in the West have little (appreciation) of how difficult it is to survive in harsh rural
areas of Africa.
The Midomo is a water transportation and (purification) device.
The Midomo has not made any difference to the (distances) people need to travel to fetch
water.
The Midomo gives young girls more time and freedom so they can go to (school).

How my solar cooker started

I invented my solar cooker (when) I was visiting my relatives in Somalia. I was just 19 years
old. (One day) I was walking through the village when I met a woman carrying a huge bundle
of firewood. She told me she spent two hours every day just collecting wood to make a fire
for cooking. That's when I decided to make a solar cooker. (At first) the villagers were not
impressed. My first cooker didn't get hot enough. (Gradually) I improved the design until, six
months (later), my solar cooker was ready. It can boil water and cook meat, just using the
energy from the sun. (Three years later), I now work for an aid agency. My job is to develop
sustainable products for developing countries.

(When) I was a student, I played violin in the university orchestra.

(As) (a) young man, I played rugby for the national team.
I begged my parents for a new laptop for months, and (eventually) they agreed.
(At) (the) (age) (of) 31 I had my first child.
(A) (few) (months) ago I moved to Chicago.
(As) I opened my umbrella, the first raindrops began to fall.

Gradable adjectives:
Non-gradable adjectives:
Not assigned: amazing (Non-gradable adjectives), dry (Gradable adjectives), terrified
(Non-gradable adjectives), wonderful (Non-gradable adjectives), modest (Gradable
adjectives), foggy (Gradable adjectives), fascinating (Non-gradable adjectives), optimistic
(Gradable adjectives)

Jenna: How are you enjoying university, Hugh?

Hugh: Oh, it's (absolutely) amazing. I love it!
Jenna: That's good. Do you have a lot of exams?
Hugh: Not really, but we have a lot of coursework. I stay up late working most nights so I'm
often
quite (tired). But I'm doing well and I feel very (confident) at the moment.
How about you? Are you enjoying your job?
Jenna: Not really, no. I'm not finding it (very) easy, to be honest with you. There's so much
work to do, and so little time. I'm not completely (certain) I want to stay in my
current job.
Hugh: I'm (very) sorry to hear that, Jenna. Can I help in any way? Do you need someone
to read through your CV or help look for jobs?
Jenna: Not yet, Hugh. But thanks very much. That's very (nice) of you.

(m u g g y)
(d a m p)
(a r i d)
(p a r c h e d)
(h u m i d)
(s o a k e d)
(w a t e r l o g g e d)
(c l a m m y)
(m o i s t)

It's (an arid) area so you should take drinking water with you on your camping trip.
I was really nervous before the interview and my hands were cold and (clammy).
The earth is so (parched) that nothing can grow here.
The rain poured down. By the time we finished our walk, we were (soaked).
The air feels really (muggy). I expect we'll have a thunderstorm soon.
The football match has been cancelled because the ground is (waterlogged).

LESSON 3
Solar farms are helping to (reduce climate change.)
Solar farms are often in just (the same areas as traditional farms.)
Some solar farms were paid for by (groups of ordinary people.)
Solar farms reduce the amount of (pollution released into the air.)
Setting up a solar farm (is not cheap.)
Governments want to encourage people to (set up solar farms.)

A traditional farm makes less profit than a solar farm. (NO INFORMATION)
Power from solar farms is not sold to individual households. (TRUE)
Some individuals have formed groups to pay for solar farms. (TRUE)
Most solar farms are located in California. (NO INFORMATION)
The Arnedo Solar Plant in Spain can power just 1,200 homes. (FALSE)
When the solar panels stop working, they are recycled. (NO INFORMATION)
The Arnedo Power Plant helps reduce CO₂ emissions
because fewer fossil fuels are burnt. (TRUE)
You don't need much space to set up a solar farm. (FALSE)

Cherie: Hey, Zayne, what are you doing at the weekend?

Zayne: This weekend? Um, I don't know. Why?
Cherie: Well, Mia and I are baking some cakes. You know, for the refugee charity down the
road.
We're going to sell the cakes to raise money, so we need lots of them.
(It would be really great if you could join us.)
(Zayne: Er, I'm not sure. I'd love to help but I can't cook!)
Cherie: Oh come on, surely you can bake a cake?
(Zayne: No, really! Wouldn't the best thing be to find someone who can cook?)
Cherie: Oh, that's a shame.
(Zayne: I'd help if I could. Sorry.)
Cherie: Well, we need someone to help us with the shopping, to buy all the ingredients at the
supermarket.
(You can help us with that, surely?)
Zayne: Er, yeah, I suppose so.
(Cherie: Great! Let's meet tomorrow evening. Shall we say 7.30pm, outside the
supermarket?)

Marco: Jen, I'm organising this year's fun run. Who should we raise money for this year, do
you think?
Jen: Ooh, I don't know. What ideas have you come up with?
Marco: I haven't, that's the problem. Let's put our (heads) together. Have you got time now?
Jen: I suppose I might be able to (manage) ten minutes or so.
Marco: Great! Which charities or groups really need help?
Jen: How about the homeless? No one (pays) much attention to them.
Marco: Good idea. Or what about an animal charity?
Jen: Oh, you and your animals! You're always thinking about animals.
Marco: Sorry, I like them. That's all.
Jen: Yeah well. Sorry, I'm not having a (go) at you. It would just be good to think of a
different group that needs our help for once.
Marco: OK, let's go with the homeless, then. I've got these posters printed. We could put
some (up) in the library. What do you think?
Jen: Good idea. And what about a fun-run T-shirt? That might be good.
Marco: Definitely. Maybe you (could) ask one of your friends in the art department to design
something for us?
Jen: Sure, no problem.

(It's just horrible.)

(We've only just arrived.)
(That's just what I thought.)
(That's just pie in the sky.)
Can I speak to you, just for a minute or two?)
(You'll just have to ask your boss for some time off.)

(Can I just see you for a few minutes? I need to talk to you.)
(I don't think so. I've only just heard about you and Laura and I'm still unbelievably angry.)
(But what have you heard? We're just friends.)
(We were just having coffee together.)
(Sandra said that you were laughing and holding hands. It's just heartbreaking for me.)
She said you looked like you're in love.
(That's just pie in the sky. We were practising for the play next week. We're in Romeo and
Juliet together.)
Really?
(I promise you. It was just acting!)
(OK, well come round tonight and you can explain it to me. But just for a few minutes. OK?)
OK! See you later.

All the waste from the hospital is (incinerated) to avoid infection.

We could (recycle) that jar and make it into a nice vase.
This village is so pretty, apart from that rubbish that's been (dumped) on the pavement.
Guests are requested to (dispose) of their rubbish in the bins provided.
I never (throw away) books. I lend them to friends or give them away.
I try to (recycle) all my waste paper, cardboard, plastic, metal and glass. I feel like I'm
helping the environment.

The secret documents were (incinerated) so no one could ever read them.
We put all our plastic, paper and glass rubbish in a separate bin so we can (recycle) it.
Don't (throw) that jar (away)! I'm sure I can use it for something!
How do you (dispose) (of) your old books and DVDs?
Don't just (dump) your clothes on the floor. Put them away in the wardrobe!
My aunt never (throws) anything (away). Her house is full of old newspapers and clothes.