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Impact of Inlet Air Cooling On Gas Turbine Performance
Impact of Inlet Air Cooling On Gas Turbine Performance
Abstract
This article presents different options for gas turbine inlet air cooling. The method of defining power gain
caused by air cooling, as well as the results of applying air cooling to several different gas turbines and one
gas turbine in combined cycle in domestic ambient conditions are presented and discussed. Significant turbine
power gains were obtained.
Keywords: Gas turbine, chillers, inlet air cooling
An additional advantage of this type of equipment is of cold is dictated only by the economics of the in-
enhanced pre-filtration, which extends the life span vestment costs involved. Although in the case pre-
of the main filters. sented in [2], when the amount of required power
According to Jonsson and Yan [1] an evaporative augmentation during peak hours could only be met
cooler can increase the relative humidity of the in- by using this system, even the costs of it became only
let air to about 90%, thus increasing the gas turbine a minor criterion.
power output by 5–10% and efficiency by 1.5–2.5%. Farzaneh-Gord and Deymi-Dashtebayaz [3] have
proposed another system for output power enhance-
ment. In their method, natural gas supplied to
3. Cooling by chillers a power plant in a high pressure pipeline passes
through the turbo-expander. Its temperature drops
Chillers, unlike evaporative coolers, are not lim-
and considerable cooling capacity is created, which
ited by the wet bulb temperature. The possible power
can be used for inlet air cooling. In addition, the
gain is restrained by the turbine and the capacity of
power gained from the turbo-expander increases the
the chilling device to produce coolant and heat ex-
total power output. Such solution can be considered
change limits between coils and air. Primarily the
only in cases when gas is delivered to the power plant
cooling proceeds according to the line of the constant
at high pressure.
humidity ratio. When saturation point is achieved the
water contained in the air starts to condense. Further
heat exchange cools the condensate and air, caus- 5. Local ambient conditions and choice of cooling
ing even more intense condensation. Due to the rel- method
atively high heat of vaporization of water, most of
EU Directive 2009/28/EC [4] requires Poland to
the cooling provided is consumed by the condensa-
increase the share of renewable sources in power
tion, and only a little part by the further temperature
generation and to reduce CO2 emissions. These goals
reduction. Therefore, when the cooled temperature
make it more profitable to use gas turbines for power
reaches dew point, the effectiveness of the cooling
generation. Owing to the short timeframe required
decreases. Thus chillers should be designed in a way
for gaining nominal power, gas turbines work well
that avoids excessive condensation, because this can
as balancing devices in a power system containing
be a factor in high energy consumption.
renewable energy sources, which are dependent on
Jonsson and Yan [1] concluded that chillers can
factors which are difficult to control. Also, the higher
increase gas turbine power output by 15–20% and
cost of CO2 emission allowances related to power
efficiency by 1–2% (i.e. if gas turbine exhaust gas
generated by coal-fired power plants mitigates the
energy is recovered). However, the specific invest-
high price of the fuel for gas turbines, which was
ment cost of chillers is higher than for evaporative
formerly one of the main reasons for its lack of prof-
coolers.
itability.
A review of power demand during the summer pe-
4. Alternative solutions riod over the last four years shows a growth trend.
Based on this information, it can be assumed that
Apart from evaporative coolers and chillers, other soon the gap between energy consumption in sum-
air cooling methods, such as the storing of cold, are mer and winter will close. Accordingly, the use of
considered. The aim of this process is to gain simi- gas turbine inlet air cooling during the summer sea-
lar benefits to those obtained when chillers are used, son is worth considering.
while eliminating the large energy consumption for Farzaneh-Gord and Deymi-Dashtebayaz in [5]
the cooling system’s own needs during peak hours. A presented a comparison between two standard cool-
system of this type allows almost full turbine power ing methods and one with turbo-expander inlet air
output independence from ambient conditions. The cooling to improve the performance of a refinery
rationality of choosing cooling system with storing gas turbines in Khangiran, north-east Iran, where the
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Journal of Power Technologies 92 (4) (2012) 249–257
climate is hot and dry. The two standard air cool- orative cooling the minimum cooled air temperature
ing methods used either an evaporative cooling sys- was set at 0.5◦ C higher than the wet bulb tempera-
tem or a mechanical chiller. The results indicated ture.
that in such ambient conditions, the use of chillers In order to calculate the gas turbine power increase
causes the largest increase of efficiency, while the by using inlet air cooling, the following schemes
evaporative cooling system causes the smallest in- were used:
crease. However, as the turbo-expander method has Sequence of actions for evaporative cooling is
the shortest payback period, this solution seems to be shown in Fig. 1, where:
the most advantageous.
Considering the pressure of gas supplying Polish • t0 is ambient temperature
power plants, the application of an inlet air cooling • f0 is ambient relative humidity
system based on a turbo-expander is impossible, be-
cause usually there is no pressure reduction point to • x0 is ambient specific humidity
be replaced by a turbo-expander.
As currently, the largest power demand in Poland • tw is wet bulb temperature
occurs during winter, the Polish power system has • t1 is temperature of cooled air
a power reserve during peak hours in summer and
energy prices are not dramatically high then. There- • x1 is specific humidity of cooled air
fore, the installation of an expensive system for the
storage of cold, which aims to maximize the capac- • f1 is cooled air relative humidity set at 1.0
ity of energy production in the summer peak hours, is • m is mass of water injected during cooling for
economically inefficient. Even if energy demand in 1 kg of air
winter and summer become equal, prices will not be
sufficiently high to justify the costs of investment, be- • N is output power
cause the power reserve from coal-fired power plants
will still be large enough. • G is inlet air flow
Taking these disadvantages into account only two • ∆N is gas turbine power increase
methods of inlet air cooling, which are efficient in
Polish conditions, are discussed further: evaporative • ∆N is relative power increase
cooling and cooling by chillers.
Sequence of actions in case of using chillers is shown
in Fig. 1, where:
6. Method of calculation
• t0 is ambient temperature
The Polish summer has a temperature range of
15◦ C to 30◦ C and variable humidity. The following • f0 is ambient relative humidity
simulations were conducted in these climatic condi-
tions for four different simple cycle gas turbines and • x0 is ambient specific humidity
one in combined cycle. The lowest temperature of • t1i is cooled air temperature for ’i’ step
cooled air was set at 5◦ C, because of the hazard of
icing on the compressor’s inlet guide vanes. For the • ∆t is change of temperature for one step
purpose of calculating the gained power increase in
case of cooling by chillers, a coefficient of perfor- • x1i is specific humidity of cooled air for ’i’ step
mance COP was set at the value of 4.21, and in the • f1i is cooled air relative humidity for ’i’ step set
case of evaporative cooling, the power consumed for at 1.0
water injection of 1 kg/s (NP) was set at the value of
10 kW (based on an analysis of data shared by pro- • ∆h1i (t0 , t1i , x0 , x1i ) is change of enthalpy of hu-
ducers [6]). As an additional assumption, for evap- mid air for ’i’ step
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Journal of Power Technologies 92 (4) (2012) 249–257
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Journal of Power Technologies 92 (4) (2012) 249–257
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Journal of Power Technologies 92 (4) (2012) 249–257
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Journal of Power Technologies 92 (4) (2012) 249–257
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Journal of Power Technologies 92 (4) (2012) 249–257
ergy, Exploration & Exploitation 26 (2) (2008) 71–82. Figure 8: Relative increase in gas turbine power with cooling
doi:10.1260/014459808785260508. by chillers
[4] DIRECTIVE 2009/28/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PAR-
LIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 23 April 2009.
[5] M. Farzaneh-Gord, M. Deymi-Dashtebayaz, Effect of
various inlet air cooling methods on gas turbine
performance, Energy 36 (2) (2011) 1196 – 1205.
doi:10.1016/j.energy.2010.11.027.
[6] Diesel & Gas Turbine Worldwide: Inlet Air Cooling. June
2001.
[7] T. Giampaolo, MSME, PE, Gas Turbine Handbook: Prin-
ciples and Practices, 3rd Edition, The Fairmont Press,
2006.
[8] C. Strumiłło, Podstawy teorii I techniki suszenia, WNT,
Warszawa, 1983.
[9] Rolls Royce, USA, RB211 Gas Turbines (2011).
[10] Siemens AG Energy Sector, Sweden, Meet the SGT-750
(2010).
[11] Siemens AG Energy Sector, USA, Siemens Gas Turbine
SGT6-5000F Application Overview (2008).
[12] GE Oil & Gas, Sagraf, GE10-1 Gas Turbine (2005).
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Journal of Power Technologies 92 (4) (2012) 249–257
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