Running head: CHEMISTRY 1

Chemistry Practical Report

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 CHEMISTRY 2

Chemistry Practical Report

Results

Since the concentration of the Hydrochloric acid (HCl) for all the titrations carried out

have been given as 1.33 ,1.50 and 1.51 for runs one, two and three consecutively, it is therefore

possible to calculate the volume of the hydrochloric acid used for each run using these figure

together with the general reaction equation that took place that is Sodium Carbonate and

Hydrochloric acid . This general reaction equation is given as Na 2CO3 + HCl = 2NaCl + CO2 +

H2O. the mole ration can be deduced from this general reaction to be 1:2, that is one mole of the

carbonate need to react with 2 moles of the acid in order to yield the products. The moles of the

sodium carbonate were calculated as: moles = (mass of sodium carbonate (0.8 given) / relative

molecular mass of the sodium carbonate) Moles of Na2CO3 = 0.8g/106gmol - = 7.547 x 10-3 from

this result, the moles of the HCl can then be calculated as moles of HCl = 2x 7.547 x 10 -3 =

0.01509 moles (1.5094 x 10 -2). The theoretical concentration of hydrochloric acid, therefore, is

1.5094 x 10-2M. this theoretical concentration value can be used with the practical concentration

values for the three runs carried out helps us in calculating the amount of the acid used as

follows: the volume of the acid used = theoretical concentration of HCl/ practical concentration

of the HCl [HCl]. Therefore,

for 1.33 volume of the acid used = (1.5094 x 10 -2)/ 1.33 = 11.35 ml

for 1. 50 volume of the acid used = (1.5094 x 10 -2)/ 1.50 = 10.06 ml

for 1.51 volume of the acid used = (1.5094 x 10 -2) / 1.51 = 9.996 ml

the table of results for the three runs, therefore, looks like the one below:
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Titration of the Hydrochloric acid against sodium carbonate

Run 1 2 3
Final Burette reading 11.35 21.41 31.41
Initial Burette reading 0.00 11.35 21.41
The volume of HCl 11.35 10.06 10.00
used

Average volume of the acid used = (11.35 +10.06 + 10. 00)/3 = 10.65 ml

The indicator that was used = methyl orange

Amount of indicator used = approximately three droplets

Observation of Color after the reaction = from deep yellow to faint yellow

The mean concentration of HCl = 1.45 M

Discussion

The concentrated Hydrochloric acid had a concentration of 6 M and this is usually

determined or provided by the assay written on the reagent bottle holding the acid. The 3M

hydrochloric acid was due to the dilution of the 6 M HCl by addition of about 29 ml of water.

This was the solution that was standardized by the sodium carbonate (Na 2CO3). In this titration

reaction, the indicator used was Methyl, sodium carbonate underwent the first conversion into

sodium hydrogen carbonate (NaHCO3) hence the formation of the yellowish solution, this

however helped to identify the end point of the reaction. From the graph, it was noted that during

the early stage of the reaction, there was no production of the Carbon (iv) oxide (CO 2) as

expected for titration reaction between an acid and a carbonate. However, as the titration

continued up to about half way, carbon (iv) oxide (CO2) started to be produced. From the graph it
 CHEMISTRY 4

is also clear that there are two end-points, the first end point is at about the pH of 8 and another

at around the pH of 3.1. in the first end point, pH around 8, at this point (NaHCO 3) is formed

due to the reaction of the acid ; Hydrochloric acid (HCl) and the carbonate (Na 2CO3) as in the

equation Na2CO3 + HCL = NaHCO3 + NaCl. There is No production of Carbon (iv) oxide (CO 2)

in this stage. However, the second end point, pH around 3.1, there is production of carbon (iv)

oxide (CO2) due to reaction of sodium hydrogen carbonate (NaHCO 3) with the excess acid (HCl)

as in the equation NaHCO3 + HCl = H2O + CO2 + NaCl, hence at this point, the reaction comes

to an end. Due to presence of two end points, it i, therefore, possible to use two types of

indicators for instance both methyl orange and the phenolphthalein indicators can be used but

separately since phenolphthalein will be able to change when the pH of the solution falls below

8, it specifically becomes colorless hence able to signify end point in the first Ph around 8

thereafter methyl orange can be added or used after the first end point because the colorless

phenolphthalein will not be able to obstruct or interfere with the detection of the second end

point by the methyl orange. However, the concentrations gotten using the two indicators have to

be added then divided by two in order to get the concentration of the Na2CO3 (Hoang, 2017).

Conclusion

Arguably, the concentration of the Hydrochloric acid after the titration reaction was

found to be 1.45 M. However, this value is not very far from the expected value, it is almost the

projected concentration value. It is further important.

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References

Hoang, V. D. (2017). Advances in Titration Techniques. Norderstedt, Germany: BoD – Books

on Demand.

Kenkel, J. (2002). Analytical Chemistry for Technicians. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.