Aerospace Project 2

Project Proposal
School of Engineering – BSc Aeronautical Engineering

Valved Pulse Jet Engine

Numerical Model and Analysis
Dr. Raed Kafafy
Submited by:
Mennatallah Emad Eau0816436
Muhammad Ahnuf Eau0815465
Rasha Aftab Ahmed Eau0116106
Reem Mohammad Ibrahim Eau0816496

Submitted : 6th April 2020

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 Nomenclature
V Velocity incoming m/s
M Mach Number
R Universal gas constant J/kg.K
CD Drag coefficient

γ Specific heat ratio for air

P0 Free atmospheric pressure kPa
T0 Free atmospheric temperature K

LCV Lower calorific value MJ

η Combustion efficiency

Fi Thrust N

M Mach Number

ma Mass of air kg/m3

mf Mass of fuel kg/m3

mm Mass of mixture kg/m3

P1 Pressure after closing valve kPa

T1 Temperature after closing valve K

P2 Pressure in combustion chamber kPa

T2 Temperature in combustion chamber K

T3 Temperature at the end of combustion K

P3 Pressure at the end of combustion kPa

Me Exit Mach number

Pe Exit pressure kPa

Te Exit temperature K

Ve Exit velocity m/s

Q¿ Internal heat kJ

2
h Specific enthalpy

s Specific fuel consumption

f frequency Hz

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Introduction_________________________________________________________________________5

Governing equations__________________________________________________________________5

Problem statement_________________________________________________________________________5

1 Numerical Model and Analysis_________________________________________________________6

1.1 Initial Conditions________________________________________________________________________6

1.2 Performance Parameters Evaluation________________________________________________________7

1.3 MATLAB CODING_______________________________________________________________________11

1.4 Graphs_______________________________________________________________________________12
1.4.1 Thrust and varying parameters graphs___________________________________________________________12
1.4.2 MATLAB graph coding________________________________________________________________________13

2.1 Problem Statement_____________________________________________________________________14

2.2 2D Model in Design Modeler_____________________________________________________________14

2.3 Mesh________________________________________________________________________________15

Fluent:____________________________________________________________________________17

Setup___________________________________________________________________________________17

Model Setup_____________________________________________________________________________18

Fluid Setup_______________________________________________________________________________18

Boundary Conditions_______________________________________________________________________19
Inlet Conditions__________________________________________________________________________________19
Outlet Conditions________________________________________________________________________________20

Initialization______________________________________________________________________________21

Run Calculations__________________________________________________________________________22
Residual Graph__________________________________________________________________________________23

Contours________________________________________________________________________________23
Pressure Contour_________________________________________________________________________________23
Temperature Contour_____________________________________________________________________________24
Velocity Contour_________________________________________________________________________________24
Density Contour__________________________________________________________________________________25

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Introduction
From the through literature review of the pulsejet engine carried out in Project 1 and a design
model, a study on the numerical analysis of the engine designed can be carried out to have an
insight on the performance of the engine. Using computational models like Ansys and
MATLAB, simulations and graphs help analyze results obtained to further understand the
physical operation of the valve pulsejet engine. The use of CFX software in ANSYS provides a
platform for working with equations of fluid flow. The results can be compared with varying
parameters and validated with other valid sources and literature. The part A of the following
proposal introduces an initial attempt to outline the preliminary numerical model of an unsteady
axis symmetric engine in Ansys, that will be further studied to obtain results based on the
problem statement. Part B of the proposal focuses on the same numerical model on Matlab
with mathematical coding.

Governing equations
The current study models an axisymmetric, unsteady, two-dimensional, compressible, inviscid flow.

 Continuity Equation equation.1

 Momentum Equation (x-direction equation.2

Problem statement

Perform numerical analysis using Ansys for fluid flowing through a valved pulsejet engine of length ______ and
an inlet velocity of 200m/s. The pressure at the engine exit is the atmospheric pressure 101.23kPa and a density
of 1.225 kg/m3.

Consider the following assumptions

 Two-dimensional
 Unsteady
 Compressible
 Inviscid
 Laminar flow

The following analysis will allow obtaining

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  Velocity contours
 Pressure contours
 Pressure at tail pipe with varying lengths of the tail pipe
 Temperature distribution contour

1 Numerical Model and Analysis

1.1 Initial Conditions
The numerical analysis of the pulse jet includes estimating key operating conditions and analyzing engine
performance parameters. The figure below depicts pressure, temperature and velocity changes in numerous
parts of the engine.

Figure 1:Varying operating conditions

The primary objective of numerical analysis to evaluate operating conditions such as temperature, pressure at
each component of the engine axially. Other parameters such as velocity at inlet and exit, enthalpy and mass
flow rate are obtained also. These parameters when obtained are used to create a problem statement for an
axisymmetric CFD analysis of the pulsejet engine.

The engine is analyzed at sea level conditions and the flow is assumed to compressible. The table below depicts
the operating conditions.

1 V Velocity incoming 200 m/s

2 M Mach Number 0.59

J
287( )
3 R Universal gas constant kg .k

CD 0.7
4 Drag coefficient

γ
5 Specific heat ratio for air 1.4

6 P0 Free atmospheric pressure 101 kPa

7 T0 Free atmospheric temperature 288.15 K

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 LCV
8 Lower calorific value 44(MJ)

η
9 Combustion efficiency 50%

Table 1: Initial Operating conditions

1.2 Performance Parameters Evaluation

The initial operating conditions in table 1 are used to evaluate operating conditions of the complete engine. The
table below depicts the estimated operating conditions of the engine.

Table 2: Engine performance parameters

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 Result
No Symbol Definition Formula
(metric)

1
1 Fi Thrust D=F i= ρ V 2 A C D 99 N
2

V
M= 0.59
2 M Mach Number √ γR T 0

m a= ρV Ac
3 ma Mass of air 1 5.668 kg/m3

1
4 mf Mass of fuel mf = m 1.043 kg /m3
15 a

5 mm Mass of mixture m m=mf +ma 1 6.711 kg /m3

γ
Pressure after γ −1 2
6 P1
closing valve
P1=( P0 ) 1+ ( 2
M0 ) γ −1
127.8 kPa

Temperature after γ−1 2

7 T1
closing valve
T 1=T 0 1+ ( 2
M0 ) 308.2 K

Pressure in
8 P2 combustion p 1 p1 63.91 kPa
2=
2
chamber

Temperature in T 2=T 1
9 T2 combustion 308.2 K
chamber

Temperature at η∗mm∗LCV
T 3= +T 2
10 T3 the end of C P ma 331 K
combustion

Pressure at the P2 T 3
11 P3 end of P 3= 68 kPa
combustion
T2

γ +1
γ −1 2
12 Me Exit Mach number γ+1 −γ +1 ( 1+
2
Me ) 2(γ−1)
1.2
1= ( ) 2
2(γ −1 )
Me

Pe
=¿
13 Pe Exit pressure
P2 26.35 kPa

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Te
14 Te Exit temperature =¿ 248.55 K
T2
The performance parameters indicate certain trends. These trends are illustrated by the figures below.

Varying Temperature (K) in each component

350
300
Temperature (K)

250
200
150
100
50
0
1 2 3 4 5
Components

Figure 2: Varying temperature in each component

Varying Pressure (kPa) in each component

140

120

100
Pressure (kPa)

80

60

40

20

0
1 2 3 4 5
Components

Figure 3: Varying pressure in each component

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1.3 MATLAB CODING
%Engine Initial operating Conditions
Ro=1.225 %density at sea level (kg/m^3)
R=287; %Universal gas constant (J/kg.K)
CD=0.7; %Drag Coefficient
Gama=1.4; %Specific heat ratio for air
LCV=44; %Lower caloric value
n=0.5; %Combustion efficiency
Cpm=1; %Specific gas
V=200; %Velocity incoming (m/s)
Ac=0.0538; %Cross sectional area of engine inlet (m^2)
Le=0.242; %Exhaust pipe length (m)
a=334; %Speed of sound (m/s)

%Performance Parameters

%Mach Number
M=V/sqrt(Gama*R*T0);
%Thrust produced (Newtons)
F=0.5*Ro*Ac*CD*V^2;
%Air mass (kg/m^3)
ma=Ro*V*Ac;
%Fuel mass (kg/m^3)
mf=(1/15)*ma;
%Air fuel mixture mass (kg/m^3)
mm=mf+ma;

%Free Stream Conditions

%Pressure freestream (kPa)

P0=101;
%Temperature Freestream (K)
T0=288;

%Inlet Conditions after closing valve

%Pressure after closing valves (kPa)

P1=(1+(Gama-1)/2*M^2)^(Gama/(Gama-1))*P0;
%Temperature after closing valves (K)
T1=(1+(Gama-1)/2*M^2)*T0;

%Combustion chamber inside conditions

%Pressure inside the combustion chamber

P2=0.5*P1;
%Temperature inside combustion chamber
T2=T1;

%Combustion chamber exit conditions

%Temperature at combustion chamber exit

T3=((n*LCV*mm)/(Cpm*ma))+T2;
%Pressure at combustion chamber exit
P3=(P2*T3)/T2;

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%Engine Exit Conditions

%Exit Mach number

Me=1.2;
%Exit Temperature
Te=T2*(1+Me^2*((Gama-1)/2))^-1;
%Exit Pressure
Pe=(1+(Gama-1)/2*Me^2)^(-Gama/(Gama-1))*P2;
%Exit Velocity
Ve=Me*sqrt(Gama*R*Te);

%Heat (KJ)
Q=mm*Cpm*(T3-T2);

%Enthalpy (°K)

h=Q/mm;
%Specific fuel consumption (kg/-)

SFC=(3600*h)/(778*LCV*n*(Ve-V))

%Frequency (Hz)
f=a/(4*Le)

1.4 Graphs
1.4.1 Thrust and varying parameters graphs

Figure 4: Thrust vs Altitude

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 Figure 5. Thrust vs Mach number graph

1.4.2 MATLAB graph coding

Altitude=[0,1000,2000,3000,4000,5000,6000,7000,8000,9000,10000,12000];
Density=[1.225,1.112,1.007,0.9093,0.8194,0.7364,0.6601,0.59,0.5258,0.4671,0.4135,0.3
108];
Velocity=200
Thrust=0.5.*Density*Velocity^2.*Ac*CD
Gama=1.4

%Thrust vs Altitude Graph

plot(Altitude,Thrust,'-o',Altitude,Thrust,'r')
xlim([0 14000])
ylim([0 120])
ylabel('Thrust, N');
xlabel('Altitude,m');

%Thrust vs Mach number graph

M=[0.1,0.2,0.3,0.4,0.5,0.6,0.7,0.8,0.9];
V_variable=M.*a
Thrust_1=0.5*Ro.*V_variable.^2*Ac*CD
xlim([0 1])
ylim([0 250])
plot(M,Thrust_1,'-o',M,Thrust_1,'r')
ylabel('Thrust, N');
xlabel('Mach Number');

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2 ANSYS flow simulation and Results
2.1 Problem Statement

2.2 2D Model in Design Modeler

Figure 6: 2D Axisymmetric Model

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2.3 Mesh

Figure 7: Mesh of pulsejet model

Figure 8: Inlet named section

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Figure 9: Outlet named section

Figure 10: Walls named

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Fluent:
Setup

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Model Setup

Fluid Setup

17
Boundary Conditions
Inlet Conditions

Velocity Settings

Temperature Settings

18
Operating pressure conditions

Outlet Conditions
Pressure settings

19
Temperature settings

Initialization

20
Run Calculations

21
Residual Graph

Contours
Pressure Contour

22
Temperature Contour

Velocity Contour

23
Density Contour

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