Professional Documents
Culture Documents
American For Spanish Speakers
American For Spanish Speakers
This book has been written as product of my long years teaching English. It
pretends to be a tool to my all those people who wants to learn English but they do
not have time to do it.
This book will provide them progressively the grammar and vocabulary knowledge
necessaries to arrive to the A2 level of the European Framework.
This is book is divided in 7 units, each one composed by 7 lessons which must be
studied with a teacher.
1
Index
1. Personal pronouns
2. Verb to be/adjectives
3. Negative and interrogative form of the verb to be/wh-questions
4. Plural
5. Indefinite article
6. Demonstrative
7. Comparative
8. Definite article
9. Possessive article
10. Have/has
11. There is/there are / Prepositions
12. At/on/in
13. Possessive pronoun
14. Superlative
2
32. Negative and interrogative of the past simple
33. Modal verbs in the past simple/ Adverbs
34. Going to in the past simple/ Personal object pronouns (indirect object)
35. Used to/ Too, too much, too many
3
4
Alphabet
Letter Name
A EI
B BI
C SI
D DI
E I
F EF
G SHYI
H EICH
I AI
J SHYEI
K KEI
L EL
M EM
N EN
O OU
P PI
Q KIU
R AR
S ES
T TI
U IU
V FVI
W DOBEL IU
X EKS
Y UAI
Z ZI
5
The Pronunciation
The consonant G in the combinations “ge” and “gi” sounds like a y but vibrant.
The consonant H when is at the beginning of a word sounds like the H in “halls”.
Vowels
The vocals in English do not have a specific pronunciation, so, they must be
remembered with every word that is learnt.
For practical proposes, we are going to use the table below while you learn the
pronunciation of every word.
6
The “e” at the end of a polysyllabic word it is never pronounced.
Digraphs
The combination s +
S + consonant consonant the s sounds
first and in a separated
syllable and the next
consonant is
pronounced normal
Kn It sounds /n/ Know /nou/
It is common in English to join the last consonant sound of a word with the first
vowel sound of the next in order to make just one word.
7
Similar things with the Spanish
Around 60 percent of English’s vocabulary 10000 most frequently words have Latin
roots. So, there are several rules that can make easier the learning of English.
These rules have exceptions, but they can do that learning the vocabulary be more
easily.
8
First Unit
Welcome to
The United
States
9
In this unit you will learn:
Topics
Alphabet
Pronunciation
Personal subject pronouns
Verb to be
Plural
Indefinite pronouns
Demonstrative
Comparative
10
First Lesson
Welcome to The United States
@h
First [ferst] primero, Lesson [leson] lección, welcome [guelkom] bienvenido], to [tu] a,
England [ingland], Inglaterra, hello [jelou] hola, my [mai], mi(s), name [neim], nombre, is
[is] es/está, and [and] y, this is [dis is] ella es, wife [waif] esposa, to live [tu lifv] vivir, now
[nau] ahora, in [in] en, with [guit] con, our [auer] nuestr@(s), children [children] niños,
son’s name [sons neim] nombre de mi hijo, student [stiudent] estudiante, daughther’s
name [dodas neim] nombre de mi hija, to love [tu lofv], beautiful [biutiful], hermoso, country
[kountri], pais. @
11
Personal subject pronouns
English has the exactly number of persons of Spanish plus one known as It, which
is used to talk about animals, things, and when in Spanish we do not use personal
subject.
*The personal pronoun “it” in impersonal sentences and when we substitute the
name of animals, things, abstract nouns and anything that it is not a person.
* The personal pronoun “Usted” does not exist in English; but the expressions “you
sir” and “you miss” have the same meaning, but they are not obligatory.
12
Second lesson
A pretty woman
1. I just saw the most beautiful woman that I’ve ever seen
2. How was she?
3. She was slim, blond and tall
4. Where’s she?
5. Over there, next to Charles?
6. She’s Charles’ wife
Second [second] Segundo, pretty [priti] lindo, woman [guomn] mujer, I’ve just seen [aifv
shyost sin] acabo de ver, the [da] el/lo/los/las, most [moust] más, woman [guomn] mujer,
ever [efva] algunas vez, how [jau] como, was [guas] era/estaba, where [uer] donde/a
donde, slim [slim] delgado, blond [blond] rubio, tall [tol] alto, there [der] ahí, next to [neks
tu] junto.
13
Verb To be
The verb to be is the equivalent of the verbs “Ser” and “Estar” of the Spanish
Dog’s is big
We use the short form in formal and informal spoken language and in informal
written language.
14
Adjectives
In contrast with Spanish, the English adjectives have not got nor genre either
plural.
For example, the sentence “we are happys” is incorrect because the –s indicates
plural.
15
Third lesson
At the bus stop
1. Good morning!
2. Good morning!
3. What’s your name?
4. Eduard, and yours?
5. Michel
6. Nice to meet you Michel
7. Otherwise.
8. Where are you from, Eduard?
9. I’m from Cambridge but I recently have moved to Texas.
10. And what do you do Eduard?
11. I work as a Spanish teacher in a school.
12. Do you work at Marshall’s school, by any chance?
13. Why do you ask me that?
14. Because you have the same uniform than me.
Good morning [gud morning] buenos dias, what’s your name [uats yor neim] como te
llamas, yours [yors] (el) tuyo, Nice to meet you [nais tum it yu] gusto en conocerte, nice to
meet you too [nais tum it y utu] igualmente, where are you from [uer ar yu from] de donde
eres, I’m from Mexico [aim from meksicou] soy de México, I recently have moved [ai risenli
jafv mufv] recientemente me he mudado, what do you do [uat du yu do] a que te dedicas,
to work [ty guerk] trabajar, as [as] como, Spanish [Spanish] español, teacher [ticha]
maestro, a [a] un/una, school [skul] escuela, by any chance [bai eni cheins] de casualidad,
why [uai] por que, to ask [tu ask] preguntar, me [mi] me, that [dat] eso, because [bicous]
porque, you’ve got [yufv got] tienes, the [da] el/lo/la/los/las, same [seim] mismo, uniform
[iuniform] uniforme, than me [dan mi] que yo.
16
Negative form of the verb to be
For building the negative form of the verb to be, it is necessary to add “not” after
the verb to be.
17
Interrogative form of the verb to be
For building the interrogative form in English, we only put the verb at the
beginning of the sentence. This rule is not used with the present simple and the
past simple. See page 51 and 87.
Notice:
a. When we ask a
question, we cannot
answer with just a yes
or No, it sounds like
when in Spanish is
answer “a, si” or “no
with sarcasm”.
For translating the “si” or
“no” of the Spanish we must say “Yes, I am” or “No, he isn’t.
b. The negative answer uses always the short form.
c. The No is pronounced /no/.
Wh-questions
18
They are put before the verb.
Wh-question Meaning
What Que
Cual
How Como
When Cuando
Where Donde
A donde
Who Quien(es)
Whose De quien
19
We use which instead of what to mean (cual) when we give options.
In formal style we put the preposition in the same place that in Spanish
Forth lesson
Numbers
20
5. What are you doing that for?
6. Because I want to remember the number of my locker
Number [nomba] numero, plus [plos] más, times is [taims is] por, divided by [difvaidid bai]
entre, minus [minus] menos, are you doing for [ar yu duing for] estas haciendo eso,
because [bikos] porque, to want [tu guant] querer, to remember [rimember] recordar, of [of]
de, my [mai] mi, locker [loka] casillero.
Plural
21
O Potato Potatoes
Consonant + y -ies Country Countries
F -ve Wolf Wolves
Fe Knife Knives
Us -i Cactus Cacti
Is -es Oasis Oases
Irregular Plural
Singular Plural
Man Men
Woman Women
Child Children
Person People
Foot Feet
Tooth Teeth
Mouse Mice
Fish Fish
Sheep Sheep
Duck Duck
Goose Geese
Medium Media
Fifth lesson
At bank
22
5. Could you repeat your last name please?
6. Of course, Martinez, M-A-R-T-I-N-E-Z, Martinez
7. Right, and what’s your address?
8. 25, Brooke Lane, Marsh town
9. What’s your telephone number?
10. It’s 217710 (two, one, double seven, one, oh)
11. What do you do, Mr. Martinez?
12. I’m a lawyer.
13. Can you sign here, please?
14. Sure
15. Here you are. Your account is open
16. Thank you
17. You’re welcome
Good morning [gud morning] buenos dias, to help [tu help] ayudar, you [yu] lo, sir [sar]
señor, to open [tu open] abrir, account [akaunt] cuenta, please [plis] por favor, certainly
[sertanly] Seguro (formal), could [kud] podria, to repeat [ripit] repetir, last name [last neim]
apellido, please [plis] por favor, Right [right] muy bien, address [adres] direccion, town
[taun] pueblo, telephone [telefon] telefonico, sorry [sorri] perdon, to repeat [tu ripit] repetir,
it [it] lo/la (todo lo que no sea humano), sure [shor] seguro (informal], what do you do? [uat
du yu du] a que se dedica, lawyer [louya], tu sign [tu sign] cantar, here you are [hia yu ar]
aqui tiene, open [open] abierto, you’re welcome [your guelkom] de nada.
Indefinite Article
Singular Plural
Affirmative It is a cat They are some cats
Negative It is not a cat They are not any cats
Interrogative Is it a cat? Are they any cats?
23
We use a before words which starts in a consonant sound.
A Boy
A Car
A House
A University
We always use an before words which start in a vowel sound, with a vowel.
An apple
An elephant
An ice
An hour
An/a vs One
In the formal speech, we can replace a/an with one without modified the meaning
of the sentence.
Sixth lesson
In the zoo
1. Children, we’re seeing today the most dangerous animals in the world.
2. That animal is an elephant.
3. It lives in Africa.
4. Those animals are monkeys, they live too in Africa.
5. This is a tiger, it lives in Asia.
6. Miss Anderson
7. What animal is that?
24
8. Which one?
9. That which is waking through the lion’s cage?
10. That’s a cat
Zoo [zu] zoologíco, we´re seeing [guir sing] vamos a ver, today [tudei] hoy, dangerous
[dengerus] peligroso, animal [enimal] animal, elephant [elefant], to live [tu lifv], Africa
[eifrica] africa, monkey [monki] mono, too [tu] también, tiger [taiga] tigre, asia [eishia]
asia, which one [uich uan] cual, which [uich] cual, to walk through [guok θrau] caminar,
lion [laion] león, cage [keich] jaula, cat [kat] gato.
Demonstrative
The demonstratives are words that indicate the distance in what some one or
something is.
Este Ese/aquel
Singular This Esta That Esa/aquella
Esto Eso/aquello
25
Plural These Estos Those Esos/aquellos
Estas Esas/aquellas
The interrogative and negative form are built as it were the verb to be.
Usage
What’s this?
It’s a table.
In all the other cases, we use the demonstrative in the same way than Spanish.
Seventh lesson
Women
26
5. Because my boyfriend is going to be a sales manager in an international
company
6. But your boyfriend is in prison!
7. Maybe, but he’s better.
Boyfriend [boifriend] novio, nice [nais] agradable, but [bot] pero, so what [so uat] y que,
really [rili] realmente, don’t care [don’t keir] no me preocupa, is going to be [is going tu bi]
va a ser, sales manager [seils manaya] gerente de ventas, important [important}
importante, company [kompani], prison [prishon] carcel, maybe [meibi] tal vez/quisaz, he
will be [ji guil bi] él será.
Comparative
The comparative is used to indicate that some one or something is more or less
than another or other.
27
CVC Double consonant Hot Hotter
+ er
Y (two syllables) Er --> ier Happy Happier
Two or more More Intelligent More intelligent
syllables
Irregular Comparative
Adjective Comparative
Bad Worse
Comparative of inferiority
For building the comparative of inferiority just is needed to add the word less
before the adjective. In this structure does not exist irregular verbs.
28
Second
Unit
The Family
In this unit you will learn:
29
Describe a person
Say where the places of the city are
Say how to arrive to a place
Say how your house is
Topics
Definite Article
Possessive
Have/has
There is/there are
Prepositions
Possessive 2
Superlative
30
Eighth lesson
Poetry
Poetry [poetry] poesia, to hear [jir] oir, rose [rous] rosa, red [red] rojo, sky [skai] cielo, blue
[blu] azul, mountain [mountain] montaña, brown [braun] cafe, like [laik] como, your [yor] tu,
eye [ai] ojo, small [smol] pequeño, poem [poem] poema, raison [rison], never [neva], to
show [tu shou] mostrar, work [guork] trabajo, progress [progress] progreso.
31
The Article
The definite article indicates that some one or something is already known by the
person who speaks.
The definite article is used in the same cases that in Spanish, but there are some
where the use of this one change.
2. With the name of titles when we mentioned the name of the person.
King Charles is good
But The King is good
3. With the words breakfast, lunch and dinner and the name of meals.
I have dinner at seven
I like Enchiladas
6. With the name of sports, games, days, activities, celebrations, colors and
languages.
Ex I like soccer
I like chess.
Saturday is the sixth day of the week.
Independence Day is on 5th July
Her favorite color is pink.
English is the language more spoken in the world.
32
Ninth lesson
The family
1. Who’s this?
2. Who, the blond man?
3. Yes
4. He’s my father
5. He’s very tall
6. Yes, and my brother too
7. Who are the women in orange?
8. They are my cousins
9. And the man in black?
10. He’s my uncle and the woman next to him is my aunt.
11. And who’s child with the broken pants?
12. It’s me
Family [family] familia, man [mn] hombre, father [fada] padre, tall [tol] alto, brother [broda]
hermano, orange [oranch] naranja, cousin [kasin] primo, black [blak] negro, uncle [onkol]
tio, next to [neks tu jim] junto a el, aunt [aunt] tia, little [lirul] pequeño, boy [boi] niño,
broken [broken] roto, pants [pants], it’s me [its mi] soy yo.
33
Possessive Adjective
A possessive is a word that indicates that some one or some one belongs to
another person or thing or for indicate relationship.
My /mai/ Mi(s)
Your /yor/ Tu(s)
His Su (de él)
Her Su (de ella)
Its Su (de it)
Our /auer/ Nuestro/a/s
Your Su (de ustedes)
Their /der/ Su (de ellos/ellas)
Usage
A difference of the Spanish, the same form of the possessive for the plural
My car
My cars
34
Tenth lesson
In the museum
1. This is the David. It was built by Miguel Angello. Look at how well the
sculptor has perfectly recreated the details of the human body and how well
he has made the head, the nose and the ears. Simply, perfect.
2. What do you think, dear?
3. I think the way in which he made the arms, the hands and the fingers is well,
but he should have put more effort in the legs and in the knees, they look
like they were 88-years-old grandmother’s legs.
4. Yes, you’re right. Is he Tom?
5. Who?, the man who comes with the long black hair woman?
6. Yes
7. No, Tom doesn’t have brown hair and his wife has black hair.
8. Do they have children?
9. No, they don’t
10. But do they have a dog, don’t they?
11. Yes, they do. Why so many questions?
12. Nothing, I’m boring, let’s go for a hamburger.
Museum [miusmeum] museo, to build [tu bild] construer, sculptor [skultor] escultor,
perfectly [perfecli] perfectamente, to recreat [tu rikrieit] recrear, deatail [diteil] detalle,
human [jiuman] human, body [badi] cuerpo, head [jed] cabeza, nose [nous] nariz, ears
[irs] oreja, simply [simpli] simplemente, perfect [perfekt] perfecto, dear [dir] querida, you
think about it [tu θing] tu que piensas, way [güei] forma, arm [arm] brazo, hand [jand]
mano, finger [finga] dedo, should have [shud jafv] debio haber, effort [efort] esfuerzo,
leg [leg] pierna, knee [ni] rodilla, 88-years-old [eigty yirs old] de 88 años, grandmother
[grandmoda] abuela, you’re right [yur raight] tener razon, to come [tu kom] venir, hair
[jeir] cabello, children [children] hijos, dog [dog] perro, so many [so meni] tantas,
question [kuestion] pregunta, nothing [noθing] nada, boring [boring] aburrido, let’s go
[ lets gou] vamos, hamburger [jamburguer] hamburguesa.
35
Verb to have
Informal Formal
Affirmative form You have
Negative form You do not have
You don’t have
Do you have?
Interrogative form Yes, I do
No, I don’t
Affirmative form She has
Negative form She does not have
She doesn’t have
Does she have?
Interrogative form Yes, she does
No, she doesn’t
36
Eleventh lesson
Directions
Direction [direkshion] dirección, bank [bank] banco, street [strit] calle, to get [tu guet]
llegar , to go up [tu gou op], until [ontil] hasta (que), then [den] luego, to turn left [tu torn
left] dar vuelta a la izquierda, movie theater [mufvi θeader] cine, to walk across [guok
akros] atravezar, street [stit] calle, to go [tu gou], bus stop [bus stop] parada del
camion, to wait for [tu wueit for] esperar (a) , bus [bus] camion, to get down [guet daun]
bajar(se), white [uait] blanco, park [park] parque, to go ahead [tu gou ajed] ir(se) todo
derecho, to recognize [tu rikonaiz] reconocer, Chinese [chainis] chino, restaurant
[restaurant] restaurante, you can’t miss it [yu kent mis it] no hay pierde, thanks very
much [θenkiu] muchas gracias, that’s okay [dats okei] no hay de que.
37
There is/ there are
We use there is or there are to express that something exists. The Spanish
equivalent to this structure is “hay”
38
Twelfth lesson
Home, sweet home
1. Dear parents,
2. It has been difficult but I believe we’ve already found a house.
3. It is in Westminster neighborhood, it is a small, but it has all the amenities
and a yard.
4. This week the move truck arrived and we could seat the furniture.
5. The table and the chairs fit perfectly in the kitchen but the problem was the
sofa and the armchair that were too big to fit in the living room, and the
window of the bathroom is broken, I’ll have to fix it as soon as I have time.
6. The good thing is that the new office isn’t very far from the house, so I can
get there on foot.
7. I miss you.
8. Your son Eduard
Home, weet home [jom, suit jom] hogar, dulce hogar, Dear [dir] querido(s), parents
[parents] padres, It has been [it jas bin] ha sido, difficult [dificult] dificil, to believe [bilifv]
creer, we’ve already found [guifv alredi faund] al fin hemos encontrado, house [jaus]
casa, neighbourhood [neigbourjud] colonia, all [ol] tod(s), amenities [amenitis]
servicios, yard [yard] jardin, week [guik] semana, move truck [mufv trok] camion de
mudanza, could [kud] podria, to seat [tu sit] acomodar, furniture [fornichia] mueble(s),
table [teibol] mesa, chair [cheir] silla, to fit [tu fit] encajar, living room [lifving rum] sala,
window [guindou] ventana, bathroom [batrum] baño, broken [broken] roto, I’ll have to
[ail jafv tu] tender que, fix [fiks] arreglar, as soon as [as sun as] tan pronto como, the
good thing [da gud θing], office [ofis] oficina, so [so] asi que, can [kan] puedo, on foot
[on fut] a pie, to miss [tu mis] extrañar.
39
Prepositions
Inside Adentro
Outside Afuera
Upstairs Arriba
Downstairs Abajo
Under Abajo/debajo
Behind Atraz
In front of En frente de/ A fuera de (lugar)
Opposite Al otro lado de
En frente de (cuando hay algo enmedio
que los separa)
Near (to) Cerca
Around Alrededor
Round
By Cerca (que lo podemos ver o esta muy
cerca de dondeestamos)
Far (away) Lejos
Between Entre
Among Entre (cuando son 3 o mas cosas)
Next to Junto a
Beside Junto a (formal)
Over Sobre (sin contacto)
Against Contra
On the edge of En la orilla
Above Mas alla de
On the top of En la cima de
On the right A la derecha
On the left A la izquierda
Ahead Todo derecho
On the corner En la esquina
Past Pasando
Compare. The cat is under the table. Not The cat is under of the table.
Just the prepositions near, where the use of to is optional, and far require a
preposition.
The expressions in front of and on the top of are not prepositions, for what they use
the preposition of.
40
In, On At
We use on:
We use at:
41
42
Thirteenth lesson
Whose is this?
1. Is this my pen?
2. No, this is mine.
3. Where’s yours?
4. I don’t know, I let it on the table but it isn’t.
5. Have you looked for in your school back, yet?
6. Yes, but only my pencil, my case and my rubber are there.
7. Why don’t you ask Kate if she lends you hers?
8. No, because she´s busy and I haven’t’ given her back hers.
Whose is this [jus is dis] de quien es, pen [pen] lapis, to let [tu let] dejar, table [teibol]
mesa, pencil [pensil] lapis, case [keis] lapicera, rubber [roba] goma, school back [skul
back] mochila, to ask [tu ask] preguntar, to lend [tu lend] prestar, busy [bizi] ocupado, to
give back [tu gifv back] regresar.
43
Possessive Pronouns
*It does not have a possessive form, but the structure its own is used in this
way.
The difference between the personal adjectives and the possessive pronouns is
that the personal pronouns always go at the end.
44
Fourteenth lesson
Animals
1. The most ancient animals in the planet are the turtles and the crocodiles,
whose ancestors lived in the earth much earlier than dinosaurs.
2. The fastest animal at present is the leopard, but only in land because in the
sea the sharks are the fastest. The biggest shark is the white shark, which
can measure 20ft of length.
3. Between the birds, the crowns are the most intelligent; they can resolve
problems that only a dolphin could resolve.
4. And the most dangerous predator is the cat, which can hunt more than 100
species.
Ancient [ancient] antiguo, planet [planet] planeta, turtle [torcol] tortuga, crocrodile
[krokodail] cocodrilo, whose [jus] cuyo, ancestor [ancestor] antepasado, to live [tu lifv]
vivir, earth [eart] tierra, much [moch] mucho, early [erli] temprano, dinosaur [dainosaur]
dinosaurio, at present [at present] actualmente, leopard [leopard] leopard, only [onli]
solo/solamente, land [land] tierra, sea [si] mar, shark [shark] tiburon, white [guait]
blanco, which [uich] el cual, to meseure [meshur] medir, length [lengt] longitude, bird
[bird] pajaro, crown [kraun] cuervo, to resolve [tu risolfv] resolver, problem [problem]
problema, dolphin [dolfin] delfin, predator [predator] depredador, to hunt [tu jont],
species [spicis] especie.
45
Superlative
The superlative is used to indicate that some one or something is the best of its
specie or group.
Irregular Superlative
*In is used when we talk about a group; to use “of” instead of “in” is a common in
Spanish speakers.
Usage
46
Third Unit
Party
47
In this unit you will learn:
Topics
Present simple
Personal object pronouns
Possessive case
Reflexive pronouns
Hour
Comparative of equality
48
Fifteenth lesson
Good evening, Mister Charles
1. Mister Charles leaves from his job at five o’clock. For coming back to his
house in Brooklyn, he goes to the Waterloo station and takes the subway.
2. When he arrives at his home, he has dinner. After that, he washes the
dishes and turn on the TV.
3. He usually watches on Fox a documentary or a movie.
4. Sometimes, Mister Charles reads a page of his favorite book.
5. Before going to the bed, Mister Charles says a prayer and takes a glass of
milk not before taking out the cat.
Good evening [gud ifvning] buenas noches, mister [mista] señor, to go out [tu gou aut]
salir, from [from] de, job [shyob] trabajo, o’clock [o klock] en punto, train [trein] tren, to get
[tu guet] llegar, home [jom] casa, to have dinner [tu jafv dina] cenar, to wash the dishes [to
guash da dishis] lavar los platos, to turn on [tu turnon] prendar, documentary [dokumentari]
documental, sometimes [somtaims] algunas veces, movie [mufvi] pelicula, to go to the bed
[tu gou tu da bed] acostarse, to read [tu rid] leer, page [peish] pagina, favourite [feifvourit]
favorito], to say a praye [tu sei a preya], hacer una oracion.
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Present Simple
In of the other cases, we use the present simple in the same way than in Spanish.
We make the negative form by adding do not/don’t or does not/doesn’t (for he,she,
it) in front of the verb.
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Sixteenth lesson
A bad moment
Bad [bad] mal, moment [moment] momento, hi [jai] hola (informal), to like [tu laik] gustar, to
prefer [prefer] preferir, band [band] banda, a lot [a lot] mucho, to listen to [tu lisen tu]
escuchar, classical [klasikal] clasico, to find [faind] hacerse (parecer), boring (boring)
aburrido, to love [tu lofv] encantar/amar, to want [guant] querer, go dancing [gou dancing]
ir a bailar, of course [of kours] por supuesto, just [shyust] justo, to let [tu let] dejar, to finish
[finish] terminar, test [test].
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Affirmative form Negative form
I eat pizza I do not eat pizza
I don’t eat pizza
He eats meal He does not eat pizza
He doesn’t eat pizza
We make the interrogative form by adding do or does (for he,she, it) in front of the
personal pronoun.
There are just two irregular verbs in the present simple; the verb to be and to have.
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Seventeenth lesson
Couples
1. I love you.
2. But I love you more.
3. But I do love you.
4. Maybe, but you love more your guitar.
5. Why do you say that?
6. Because you always carry it out everywhere.
7. And I don’t want to talk about your keyboard.
8. You can’t be just one minute without it.
9. But dear, I am a musician
10. I’m sick and tired of this
11. See you!
Couple [kopol] pareja, guitar [guitar] guitarra, to say [tu sei] decir, always [algueis] siempre,
to carry out [tu karri aut] llevar , everywhere [efvriguer] en/a todas partes, to talk about [tu
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tok abaut tu] hablar , keyboard [kibord] teclado, minute [minut] minuto, without [guit aut]
sin, dear [dir] querido, musician [miusishian] musico.
We use the personal pronouns to replace people, animals or things that are after a
verb.
A difference with the Spanish we do not use the preposition to (a) when we
mention the person, animal or thing that is affected by the action the verb.
Yo Baño a l Perro
I Bath - the Dog
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Eighteenth lesson
A telephone conversation
1. Hello!
2. Hi, how are you?
3. Who’s this?
4. It’s me, Richard.
5. Oh Richard, I didn’t recognize your voice, how are you?
6. I’m fine, thank you, and you?
7. Fine, but the weather here is terrible
8. It’s cold in the morning, windy in the afternoon and it’s raining in the
evening.
9. And what’s the weather like there?
10. Well, we’re happy we haven’t had a tornado yet.
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[terribol] terrible, cold [kold] frio, to be windy [tu bi guindi] hacer aire , to rain [tu rein] llover,
evening [ifvning] noche, well [guel] bien, happy [japi] feliz, tornado [torneido] tornado, yet
[yet] todavia/aun.
In English to translate the conjunction “de” with a possessive meaning there are 6
structures to do this.
Possessive case
Example Rule
Vitoria’s house We make the possessive case by addig ‘s
Children’s bedroom
Cats’ food Plural nouns ending in –s make the possessive case
by adding ‘
Luis’s guitar
Use
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a. He is Peter’s friend.
b. This is Dog’s bone
c. This is a zombie’s brain.
2. Cities and countries
a. London’s population is growing very fast.
b. Britain’s president does not live in the royal palace.
Of possessive
From
We use from to refer the origin place or provenience of some one or something.
I am from Mexico
About
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We use about in general with verbs.
On
Adjectives
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Nineteenth lesson
In the morning
We’ve [gifv] (nosotros) hemos, Already [alruedi] ya, to talk to [tu tok tu] hablar, to do [tu du]
hacer, to wake up [tu gueik op] despertarse, alarm clock [alark clock] alarma, to ring [tu
ring] sonar, to get up [tu guet op] levantarse, slowly [slouuly] lentamente, to clean [tu clin]
limpiar, water [guata] agua, after that [after dat] despues de eso, to take a shower [tu teik a
shogua] bañarse (en la regadera), to raze [tu reiz] rasurarse, to brush the teeth [tu brosh
the tit] lavarse los dientes, to come back [tu kom back] regresar, bedroom [bedrum]
recamara, to get dressed [tu guet drest] vestirse, during [during] durante, workdays
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[workdeis] dias lavorales/entre semana, to wear [tu guer] vestir, shirt [shirt] camisa, dark
[dark] obscuro, green [grin] verde, tie [tai] corbata, suit [suit] traje, before [bifor] antes (de),
to leave [lifve] salir, to take [tu teik] tomar, umbrella [ombrela] paraguas, case [keis] en
caso de que, to be ready [tu bi ridi] estar listo, to start [tu start] empezar , hour [auer] hora,
train [trein] tren, trip [trip] viaje, suburbs [soborbs] zona conurbada.
Reflexive verbs
In English the most of the verbs do not need a reflexive pronoun, they are
reflexives by themselves, but there is other that requires it.
1. We want to indicate that the action of the verb falls in the subject.
2. When we want to say that we enjoy doing something alone, that we can do
something without help or alone.
I like going to the cinema by myself.
A difference to the Spanish, most of the verbs in English do not require a reflexive
pronoun.
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Even so, English use the reflexive with children, animals and when the person was
cannot do it alone.
We can use the reflexive pronouns with the preposition by to mean (por si mismo).
I could repair the car by myself. (pude reparar el carro por mi mismo)
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Adverbs of frequency
We put the adverbs of frequency after the auxiliary or the verb to be and before the
main verb.
I am always early.
Notice:
In short answers we put the adverbs of frequency before the auxiliary verb.
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We do not use the Seldom, rarely and never in negative sentences.
I have never seen an UFO. Not I have not seen never an UFO.
Twentieth lesson
What time is it?
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What time is it [uat taim is it] que horas son, match [match] partido, to start [tu start]
empezr, work [guork] trabajo, here [jia], you’d better [yud beta] mesa major que, to hurry
up [tu jorri op] daarse prisa, miss [mis] perder, don’t worry [don’t guorri] no te preocupes,
to leave [tu lifv] salir.
Hour
The first is like we use in Spanish, that is to tell first the hour and after the minutes.
The British system, that is the most common way to say the time.
8:00 it’s eight o’clock (we use o’clock when the hour has not got minutes)
8:05 It’s five past eight (we use past with minutes from 1 to 29 , except with 15)
8:15 it’s quarter past eight (we use quarter past with 15 minutes)
8:30 it’s eight and a half (we use and a half with 30 minutes)
8:35 It’s twenty-five to nine ( we use with the minutes from 31 to 59, except 45)
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Twenty first lesson
Women II
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To think [θhink] pensar, dress [dres] vestido, grey [grei] gris, shoe [shu] zapato, to be right
[tu bi raight] tener razon, Did you hear the news [did yu jir da nius] ya te enteraste,
pregnant [pregnant] embarazada, again [aguein] otra vez, although [olθoug] aunque, if I
had [if ai jad] si tuviera, money [moni] dinero.
Comparative of equality
We use the comparative of equality to indicate that two things have similar
characteristics.
I am as happy as you.
He is as well as her.
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Forth Unit
Meal
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In this unit you will:
Topics
Modal verbs
Partitive
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Twenty-second lesson
The weather
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Mom [mom] mama, park [park] parque, to be sure [tu bi shor] estar seguro, homework
[jomwork] tarea, to promise [promais] prometer, as soon as [es sun es] tan pronto como,
late [leit] tarde, only [only] solo, to look at [tu luk at] mirar, cloud [claud] nuve, winter
[guinta] invierno.
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Twenty-third lesson
Psychologists
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Good morning [gud morning] buenos dias, madame [madam] señora, to tell [tu tel] decir,
problem [problem] problema, boyfriend [boyfriend] novio, I’ve tried [ifv traid] he intentado,
to continue [tu continiu] continuar, to try [tut rai] intentar, to look for, to be sorry, time, to be
over, see you, next, week.
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Twenty-fourth lesson
Rules
1. Son, if you want to go out with your friends, you must do what I tell you.
2. Ok, Mom, what do I have to do?
3. You have to tidy your room.
4. I’ve already done it mom, what else do I have to do?
5. You have to clean the floor and wash the dishes.
6. Do I have to do the washing-up?
7. No, you don’t have to do it, but you have to walk the dog.
8. Ok, mom, I’ll stay in.
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Friend [friend] amigo, what [guat] lo que, to tidy your room [tu tidi yor rum] recoger tu
cuarto, to clean [tu klin] limpiar, floor [flor] piso, to wash the dishes [guash da dishes]
lavar los trastes, to do the washing-up [du da guashing op] lavar la ropa (en la
lavadora), to walk the dog [tu guok da dog] pasear al perro, to stay in [tu stei in]
quedarse en casa.
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Twenty-fifth lesson
At hotel
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Hotel [jotel] hotel, palace [palas] palacio, double [dobul] doble, single room [singul rum]
habitacion individual, night [naigt] noche, key [ki] llave, regulations [reguleichions], to follow
[tu folou] seguir, to be not allowed [its not alout] no estar permitido, swimming pool [siming
pul] alberca, guest [guest] huesped, party [parti] fiesta, pet [pet] mascota, to bring [tu bring]
traer.
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Twenty-sixth lesson
Meal
1. The Americans have breakfast at 7am. They usually have first meal of the
day is breakfast, usually eaten between about 7:30 and 9:00.
2. Many British people eat toast with some butter or margarine and jam, others
have simply a bowl of cereal or a porridge.
3. Many people have a tea-break about 11:00. If a meal is eaten in the late
morning instead of both breakfast and lunch, it is called brunch.
5. Tea-time is a small meal eaten in the late afternoon (usually between about
3:30 and 5:00). People may drink tea, and often eat biscuits, cakes or
savoury foods such as sandwiches, crumpets or tea-cakes.
6. High tea is a light meal eaten in the early evening (for example, 6 o'clock)
served with a pot of tea; this is popular in north England and Scotland.
7. Supper is the most common name for the meal eaten in the evening (usually
between 7:00 and 8:30). Dinner is another common name for supper.
8. A dinner party is a formal evening meal in which guests have been invited,
but remember, even when you haven’t been invited, go and enjoy a cup of
tea.
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Meal [mil] comida (hecha), breakfast [breikfast] desayuno, eaten [iten] comido, british
[british] britanico, toast [toust] pan tostado, butter [bota] mantequilla, margarine [margarin]
sutituto de mantequilla, jam [shyam] mermelada, bowl [boul] tazon, cereal [cirial] cereal,
porridge [porreich] atole, instead [insted] en lugar de, both breakfast and lunch [bot
breikfast and lonch] tanto del desayuno como, sándwich [sandguich] sanwich, simple
[simpol] simple, cheese [chis] queso, biscuit [biscuit] galleta, soup [soup] sopa, bread
[bred] pan, to drink [tu drink] beber, tea [ti] te, often [ofen] seguido, to eat [tu it] comer,
cake [keik] pastel, savoury [seifveri] entremes, food [fud] comida, such as [soch es] tal(es)
como, light [laight] ligero, early [erli] temprano, to serve [tu serfv] servir, pot [pot] olla,
popular [popiular] popular, north [nort] norte, England [ingland] Inglaterra, Scotland
[scotland] Escocia, dinner [dina] cena, common [komon] comun, supper [sopa] cena,
formal [formal] formal, in which [in guich] en la cual.
The Partitive
The partitive is a kind of article that indicates us that we are going to take a part of
something that is considered as a whole thing.
1. Liquids
2. Meals
3. Small things
4. Powder
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Some becomes any in negative and interrogative sentences.
Twenty-seventh lesson
At restaurant
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Good evening [gud ifvning] buenas noches, plate [pleit] plato, spaguetti [spagueti]
espagueti, tonight [tunaigt] esta noche, roast [roust] rostizado, chicken [chiken] pollo, beef
[bif] carne de res, to boil [tu boil] hervir, vegetable [fveishtabol] vegetal, fish [fish] pescado,
rice [rais] arroz, wine [guain] vino, there’s no red wine left [der isnt red guin left , beer [bir]
cerveza, bitter [bita] cerveza obscura, to offer [tu ofer] ofrecer, dessert [desert] postre, bill
[bil] cuenta, to accept [asept] aceptar, credit card [credit card] tarjeta de credito, I’ve
forgotten [aifv fortoten] he olvidado, wallet [gualet] cartera, to pay [tu pei] pagar, last time
[last taim] ultima vez.
Containers
Pound Libra
Kilo Kilo
Bag Bolsa
Bunch Racimo
Dozen Docena
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Piece Pieza
Slice Rebanada
Loaf Pan individual
Bar Barra
Packet Paquete
Littre Litro
Glass Vaso
Cup Copa
Bottle Botella
Cartoon Caja de
Bowl Tazon
Twenty-eighth lesson
Languages
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French [french] francés , English [inglish] ingles, to learn [tu learn] aprender, easily [isili]
facilmente, I’ve been studying [aifv bin stiuding] he estado estudiando, book [buk] libro, old
[old] viejo.
Proportional sentences
The more I learn, the less I know (entre mas aprendo, menos se)
We use No:
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b. To replace a negative sentence with any not
I haven’t got any water
I have no water.
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Fifth Unit
The Past
In this unit you will learn:
Topics
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Twenty-nine lesson
Relatives
85
Long time no see you [long taim] hace mucho que no te veia, last time [last taim] la ultima
vez, a little bit [a lirul bit] un poquito, good-looking [gud luking] guapo, to bother [tu boder]
molestar, tail [teil] cola, until [ontil] hasta (que), to scratch [skratch] arañar, chubby [chobi]
gordito, candy [kandi] dulce, to introduce [tu introdius] presenter, girlfriend [gerlfrend]
novia.
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We use the verb to be in the past simple in the same way we use the verbs “ser”
and “estar” in past in Spanish.
Thirtieth lesson
An unwelcome moment
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9. It was wrong number
10. So, let’s go to Johnson street, I remember there were good restaurants
when we went there.
11. We never went there.
Unwelcome [onguelkom] inesperado, yesterday [yesterdei] ayer, to drive by [tu draifv bai]
pasar (en carro), maybe [meibi] tal vez/ quisas, to go broke [tu gou brouk] ir a la quiebra,
everything [efvrithing] todo, city [siti] ciudad, other [oda] otro, place [pleis] lugar, to be sick
and tired [tu bi sik and tairt] estar harto, to eat out [tu it aut] comer afuera/salir a comer,
tonight [tunaigt] esta noche, that’s a good idea [dats a gud aidia] es una buena idea, to feel
like [tu fil laik] tener ganas de, to order [tu order] ordenar, something [somthing] algo, that
would be great [dat gud bi greit] estaria bien, finish [finish] finlandes, fridge [fridch] refri,
wrong number [rong nomba] numero equivocado, let’s go [lets gou] vamos, street [strit]
calle.
There was/were
Singular Plural
Affirmative There was a bank in that There were trees in this
street avenue
Negative There was not/wasn’t a bank There were not/weren’t trees
in that street in this avenue
Interrogative Was there a bank in that Were there trees in this
street avenue
We use there was/were to talk about the existence of something in the past.
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Thirty first lesson
Sheakspear
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Past simple
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Affirmative form Negative form
I called you I did not call you
I didn’t call you
We make the interrogative form by adding did in front of the personal pronoun.
Usage
We use the past simple to translate the “preterito perfecto” and the “preterito
imperfect” of the Spanish.
1. Dear parents,
2. Yesterday I came back from Cancun.
3. I did lots of things and I met a lot of people.
4. The first day I was there, I went to the beach. I swam and snorkeled.
5. The next day, I visited Chichenitza; it’s a beautiful place. I went up to the top
of the pyramid and took some photos.
6. The last day, I went to a Mexican restaurant and ate Enchiladas, it was
delicious.
7. Yesterday, I came back, I hope you see you soon because I brought you
some presents, I’m sure you’ll like.
8. Loves Mary
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We make the negative form by adding did/didn’t in front of the verb.
We make the interrogative form by adding did in front of the personal pronoun.
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Thirty third lesson
Youngsters
1. Tell us, grandpa, how were you when you were young?
2. When I was young, I was very different from I’m today.
3. I used to be stronger and more adventurous.
4. I could easily walk kilometers and I could easily run fast than you.
5. And how was the grandma?
6. You know, she was very beautiful, she had a long brown hair I liked it a lot.
7. She was a very cheerful person, she always slimed and made the others
around her feel happy.
8. The problem was I had to let her in her house before 10.
9. And what time did you take her to her house?
10. At 10 am.
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Modal verbs in the past simple
The most of the modal verbs do not have a past form; the only modal verbs that
have a past form are can (could) and have/has got to and must that become (had).
Adverbs
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Adjective Adverb
Strong Strongly
Happy Happily
Gentle Gently
1. General rule says that we build an adverb by adding –ly to the adjective.
Strong becomes strongly
2. When an adjective ends in “consonant + y”, we change the “y” for “ily”
Happy becomes happily
When the adjective ends in –le, we change the “e” for “y”.
Gentle becomes gently
Irregular adjectives
Adjective Adverb
Good Well
Fast Fast
Hard Hard
Early Early
Long Long
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To be going to in the past
We use “to be in the past simple + going to” (iba a) in the same way than in
Spanish.
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Personal Object Pronouns as indirect Object
The indirect object is the person, animal or thing that doesn’t receive the action of
the verb but that is beneficiated by the action of it.
In the last sentences, we know that the indirect object is the class because the
action of the verb “buy” fall into the cake, her mother didn’t buy the class, but the
class was beneficiated by the action of the verb.
Sometimes we can omit the direct object, but we recognize it by the preposition (to)
In informal speech this difference is diapering and people usually say I wrote you in
both cases.
1. Grandpa, tell us, what did you do when you were child.
2. Well, as in that time there wasn’t a lot of money, my friends and I had to
work.
3. I remember we worked at the greengrocer’s that was opposite the church of
the town. I remember the owner used to give sweet potato that we used to
eat with honey and milk.
4. On weekend, we used to go to the playground which was next to the teatre.
Also, we went to the forest where we liked fishing and climbing trees. Once,
my friends and I were telling horror stories when a bear appeared, we were
very scared. Fortunately, the bear went and let us have a good time.
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Used to
I used to study English at school We use “used to” with all the people.
I didn’t use to play soccer in the park we use didn’t used to for negating
Did you used to 10 hours a day? We use Did … used to for asking?
Yes, I did
No, I didn’t
Use
We use “used to” in general to translate the “preterito imperfecto” del español.
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“conducia largas horas cuando trabajaba de taxista”
We do not use “used to” with the expression “When I was/you were/etc”
We can change used to for the past simple without change in the meaning”
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Sixth Unit
The Future
Topics
Future simple
There will be
Modal verbs in the future simple
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Substitution personal object pronouns
To be going to
Present continuous and present simple for the future
Future simple, going to and present simple
Connectors of addition and contrast
Comparative and superlative of adverbs
Thirty-six lesson
At the supermarket
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11. Good morning, sir, have you found everything you were looking for?
12. Yes, how much are they?
13. 10 pounds and a penny.
14. Oh good, I’ve forgotten my wallet in the car. Dear, could you lend me?
15. Yes, but I swear this is the last time.
Future simple
102
Use
3. With promises.
I'll be on time, don't worry!
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8. I think you’ve drunk a lot, could you retire, please?
9. No problem, there will be a bottle of whiskey waiting for me at home any
way.
There will be
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There won’t be as many species animals as today.
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8. Where do you work?
9. I work in a multimillionaire international company.
10. It must be a good place to work.
11. Yes, if you like hamburgers.
Going to
We make the negative and interrogative form of going to in the same way we make
it with the verb to be.
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I’m not going to go to Hawaii
Yes, I am
I’m going to buy a new car. = I’m gonna buy a new car
Usage
1. Hey, John!
2. Hey, Catherin, how are you?
3. Good, what about you?
4. Good
5. What are you doing this weekend?
6. We’re going to the movies.
7. What movie are you going to see?
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8. We’re seeing Peaches’ season.
9. What is it about?
10. The plot said that was the story about a man who fell in love with a woman,
while he had a passion with other one while he had a girlfriend.
11. What story!
12. I suppose it’s a romantic movie.
13. In fact, it said it was a thriller
14. I don’t like thrillers, I find them boring, I prefer horror movies.
15. So do we, but this time we want to see something different.
16. I see
17. Do you want to come?
18. What time does the movie starts?
19. At seven.
20. We can’t, at that time we’ll be very busy seeing a movie?
21. Which?
22. Peaches’ season.
In some cases we can use the present continuous and the present simple to talk
about future events
Present continuous
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Personal subject pronoun Verb to be Gerund
I Am Going
You Are Playing
He/she/it Is Studying
We/you/they Are Dying
We use the present continuous to talk about fixed arrangements (cosas que estan
en la agenda)
Present Simple
We use the present simple to talk about future with timetables and schedules.
Forty lesson
Guest list
1. So, Beth, have you told your parents how many invitations they’ll want?
2. My mother told me we reserved 4 for her and other fifty for her friends.
3. So, let’s to call to the Buffet people to tell them that there’s going to be one
hundred guests.
4. Will we invite all of them to the party?
5. I don’t know, what do you think?
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6. I believe is going to be better if we just invite the closest to the church and
the others to the wedding.
7. Is the civil registry judge arriving at the church or at the wedding hall?
8. In the church, I’ve already talked to him.
9. Have you talked to the pray?
10. No, I’ll call him this afternoon
11. Right, have you talked to your bridesmaids?
12. Yes, they’re wearing a green dress, and have you talked to your friends?
13. They’re wearing a black suit.
14. Right, so see you later.
15. See you later, love.
16. I love you
17. Me too.
Sometime these three tenses can be confused, so we can analysis them by the
distance in the future and the probability something happen.
We use the future simple to talk The man will visit other galaxies in the
about things that will happen in a future.
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long future (more than one year).
When we are doing something to I will get married next year. (You do not
come true we want to do, we use have a girlfriend)
Future simple going to.
I’m going to get married next year
(you’ve already got girlfriend but you
haven’t talk about it or you are talking
about it but you have not decided when.
We use going to to talk about I’m going to buy a new car in March.
Going to things that will happen in a near
future (less than a year but more
than a week)
We use the present simple to talk What are doing this weekend?
about future events in a very near I’m meeting my friends
future. (Maximum one week) I’m getting married Saturday evening
Present
continuous When we have already made the
appointment we can use the I’m getting married next year
present continuous to talk about
longer future events.
1. Good evening ladies and gentlemen and welcome to this conference about
environment.
2. As everyone knows, the global warming is a problem that has caused that
the level of the sea and the temperatures raise and the poles melt.
3. Although the efforts of different institutions the levels of pollution continue
raising.
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4. The main contaminants are the emissions of the companies, the trash, and
in the case of the see the oil spills.
5. However, we’ve seen that the recycling and consciousnesses campaigns
have paid dividends.
6. Also, something that has helped us is that the renewable energies have
become cheaper and cheaper and the people worries more for having a
green life.
7. In all, there’s still a long way to go across, but we’re on the way.
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On the contrary
To the contrary Por el contrario
On the contrary
In spite of A pesar de
Despite
Even though Si bien
Despite that Com todo y eso
More like Mas bien
Rather (formal)
Instead En cambio
However Ahora bien
Regardless De todas maneras
Anyway De todas formas
In any case De cualquier forma
Neither Tampoco
Nevertheless Aun asi
On the other hand Por outro lado
In addition Ademas
Yet
In addition to Ademas (de)
As well as
Besides
Even Incluso
Equally Igualmente
By the same token (formal)
Furthermore Es mas
What is more
Therefore Por lo tanto
Whereas Mientras que
No matter how No importa como
Regardless Sin considerer
Or Ni
In all En conclusion
More importantly Otro elemnto importante
1. The more the time advance, the more we can see the effects caused by the
overpopulation.
2. Let’s to interview the specialist in environment Melanie Mateo.
3. Thank you, nowadays the overpopulation is one of the main problems in the
big cities and New York isn’t an exception.
113
4. Melanie, could you tell us what some of the problems that the
overpopulation causes are?
5. The main problems that overpopulation causes are the pollution, the lack of
resources and transportation.
6. Melanie, could you tell us more about one of these problems that affect so
much to the Londoners?
7. Of course, we take the problem of the transportation. Because of the traffic
and the jams, we’ve arrived to the point where in some parts of the city at
the rush hour you can get fast your job by walking than driving.
8. Talking about the transport, it’s true that we count with several mains of
transport such as the subway, the buses and the train in the city. However,
these can be easy exceed because of the big quantity of people that use
them every day.
9. In all, there’s still a lot to do in main of overpopulation.
114
I walk more slowly than you (camino mas lento que tu)
2. The adverbs fast, hard, early and soon make the comparative by adding –
er.
I run faster than you
4. Adverbs which have the same form that the adjective add –est.
I run the fastest
6. The adverbs which have an irregular form maintain the irregular form.
he eat least meat in our family
Irregular adverbs
115
Seventh Unit
Subjunctive
116
In this unit you will learn:
Topics:
Subjunctive present
Subordinated conjunctions
Personal object pronouns (two objects)
Imperative
Indefinite pronouns
Relative pronouns
Connectors of cause and effect
Prepositions of movement
117
Forty third lesson
Friends
118
Subjunctive
Notice that it is said “I recommend that you ” and not “I recommend you that “
The verbs want, tell, ask, advise and like have an special construction
119
Forty forth lesson
Friends II
120
Subjunctive conjunction
Because Ya que
Puesto que
Unless A no ser que
A menos que
Salvo que
Since Dado que
Desde que
So De manera que
So that De modo que
De tal suerte
In order for De forma que
In a way De tal modo que
De tal forma que
So that Para que
In order to A fin de que
That Que
Before Antes de que
Until Hasta que
While Mientras que
Whereas (formal)
After Despues de que
Whenever Siempre que
Without having to Sin que
For fear that Por miedo de que
Despite Pese a que
In spite of
121
Forty fifth lesson
Meal II
1. Good morning, ladies and gentlemen and welcome to another edition of our
program Cooking with us.
2. Today, we’re going to learn how to cook Cornish pasty.
3. First, place the flour, salt, and butter into a large bowl.
4. Using your fingertips, rub the butter into the flour and salt until the mixture
resembles fine breadcrumbs, working as quickly as possible to prevent the
dough from becoming warm.
5. Add the cold water to the mixture and, using a cold knife, stir until the dough
binds together, adding more cold water a teaspoon at a time if the mixture is
too dry.
6. Wrap the dough in plastic wrap and chill for a minimum of 15 minutes and
up to 30 minutes.
7. Start making the Cornish pasty.
8. Gather the ingredients. (onion, potato, rump steak)
9. Heat the oven to 220 C/425 F/Gas 7.
10. Divide the pastry into 4 equal pieces and roll each piece into rounds the size
of a tea plate - approximately 6 to 7 inches in diameter.
11. Place the onion, potato, swede, and meat into a large mixing bowl and
combine thoroughly. Season well with salt and pepper.
12. Divide the meat mixture evenly among each pastry circle and place to one
side. Brush the edges with beaten egg.
13. Fold the circle in half over the filling so the two edges meet. Crimp the two
edges together to create a tight seal. Brush each pasty all over with the
remaining beaten egg.
14. Place the pasties on a greased baking sheet and bake for 45 minutes until
golden brown.
15. Serve hot or cold and enjoy!
122
Imperative
Verb Imperative
To do Do
Do
Don’t do
Come in!
Usage
123
Forty sixth lesson
An interesting story
1. It was a cold day of winter. It had been a long day and the only thing in
which I thought was sleeping. When I arrived at home, I only had some
cookies for dinner and went to the bed.
2. When I was about to sleep, I heard a noise which came from the downstairs
floor.
3. I got up and I came downstairs. I looked for everywhere, but I couldn’t find
out where the noise had come. When I was in the living room, I heard again
the noise. It came from the kitchen
4. Thinking that maybe someone had broken into the house, I took a knife and
went slowly to the kitchen. When I came in, there was nobody, suddenly I
heard a noise coming behind me, I turned the head fast and when I saw it
was only a small cat.
5. And then?
6. Nothing, it is the cat I have today
7. What interesting story!
124
Indefinite pronouns
Does somebody want more coffee? (we expect they want more)
Yes
125
Forty seventh lesson
In New York
126
Relative pronouns
The relative pronouns can be omitted in informal style when it joins two sentences.
127
Forty-eight lesson
Vacations
1. Dear, are you sure we have everything we need for the trip?
2. Yes, we have the tickets, the reservation of the hotel and the map.
3. Should we exchange the money before flying or after?
4. After, I believe we can have better prices there.
5. Dear, have you seen my trunks?
6. They are in your suitcase
7. And my towel?
8. It’s too in your suitcase.
9. Should we take an umbrella with us?
10. Yes, in case it rains
In the airport
128
Connectors of cause and effect
To Para
In order to Para (formal)
So as to
In order not to Para no
So as not
So that Para + oracion
For Para (para que se usa algo)
In case + past tense Para que
Because of A causa de
In order to A fin de
So Así que
Even when Aun cuando
With the purpose of Con el fin de
On the occasion of Con motivo de
In case En caso de
In case En caso de que
Thanks to Gracias a
So Por lo tanto
Although Si bien
As a result (of) Como resultado (de)
Because of Por (debido a)
Consequently En consecuencia
129
Forty ninth lesson
Memories
1. I remember when I was a child, I used to live in a small town by the sea.
2. I used to like to walk along the beach and sail in my boat.
3. Once I was on my boat with my sister and I fell into the sea, my sister
laughed a lot.
4. I remember that in that time, there wasn’t a road, so we had to go cross an
old bridge that was outside of the city. My friends and I used to like going
that bridge because we could fish and jumped into the water from it.
5. As we lived in a cliff, I used to like looking through the window how the ships
arrived at the port.
6. I remember I used to have a cat, I like it a lot, I can still remember how it
liked being onto my mother’s desk. I found it very funny, but my mother
always told me to let it down.
7. There were good times.
130
Prepositions of movement
Into En
Onto En
Up Hacia arriva
Down Hacia abajo
Along A lo largo de
Through Atraves de
Toward Hacia
131
Eighth Unit
Vacations
132
In this unit you will learn:
Topics:
Present continuous
Stative verbs
Past continuous
Phrasal verbs
Future continuous
Relative pronouns II
Other comparative structures
133
Fiftieth lesson
Good friends
1. Hi, John!
2. Hi, Anne, how are you?
3. Very good, what about you?
4. Very good, I hadn’t seen you since we finished the university
5. Yes, there were good times
6. Do you continue studying?
7. Yes, now I’m majoring in medicine
8. And what about you?
9. Do you continue study?
10. No, I finished the university and started to work
11. And where do you work?
12. I work in an British company as manager of international business, but it
won’t be for a long time because I’m moving next week to the California to
come true my dream to be a surf instructor.
13. I hope you can realize your dream
14. Me too, it’s getting late, we’d better go
15. You’re right, I hope to see you soon
16. Me too
17. Send me a postcard and a white shark tooth
18. A shark tooth?
19. Yes, there are a lot of white sharks in California.
134
Present Continuous
I Am
You Are
He
She Is Eating
It
We
You are
They
We make the negative and interrogative form of the present continuous in the
same way we make it with the verb to be.
2. Temporal situations.
We are eating less while I find another work.
135
Fifty first lesson
A getaway
1. Dear parents, we’ve had a good time here in New York, at the beginning it
was difficult to get used to the people, the costumes and the weather but we
no longer miss badly Mexico. Actually, the children are happy to be here,
and they look to get on well with the other children.
2. We’re now thinking about going on vacations. We want to get away along
the country.
3. We want to visit Michigan, Seattle and if we won’t have run out of the money
by that time, we want to go to Las Vegas. We’ve been saving up money by
cutting down some expenses, so we think we’ll have enough money for
doing that.
4. Maria told me to book a hotel room but I told her it wouldn’t be a good idea
because the most of the time, we’ll have to stop over in our way to Las
Vegas. Anyway, I hope there isn’t a lot of traffic because the car broke down
last week and we aren’t sure if it can support the long trip.
5. I hope to see you soon, your son Joao.
136
Stative Verbs
Some verbs cannot be used in a progressive structure; these verbs ones are called
stative verbs.
a. The verbs which express sense (see, hear, smell, taste, touch), except feel.
b. Verbs of perception (know, believe, understand, realise, remember, forget)
c. Verbs which express feelings, emotions, likes and dislikes (like, love, hate,
enjoy, prefer, detest, desire, want)
d. Some other verbs (be, contain, include, belong, fit, need, matter, cost, own,
want, own, weight, wish, have and keep)
Special Cases
a. The verb enjoy can be used in a progressive form to indicate you like you
are doing at the moment
b. The verbs look (when we refer somebody’s appearance), hurt and ache can
be used in a simple o progressive form without change in the meaning.
137
Fifty second lesson
An unwelcome surprise
1. It was a cold day of winter, it was snowing and I couldn’t see anything.
2. I was going back to the airport because I had forgotten to pick up a packet
that my boss had sent me off from Glasgow when I saw a young woman
walking on the road.
3. Being afraid of the poor woman froze, I decided to do a U-turn and set off
the poor woman. I came her up slowly and I pulled up the car next to her,
when I did it, she looked up, her face was covered by a hood.
4. I asked her if she needed some help, what she replied no.
5. I asked her if she want me to give her a ride what she answered with a
polite “no thank you”
6. I found that weird but as I was late I decided not to insist and go to the
airport.
7. When I was coming back to my house, I could see the poor woman
continued walking. This time it started to snow harder. So I risked to ask her
again if she wanted that I gave her a ride what she said this time yes.
8. She got in a we continued to the town. On the way, I asked her if she
wanted to call up some one but she said no.
9. Feeling a little bit of fear, I turned on the radio but she told me immediately
to turn it down.
10. We were about to get to the city, she told me that her name was Raya. What
I said “Raya”
11. To be continued …
138
Past Continuous
I Was
You Were
He Eating
She Was
It
We
You were
They
We make the negative and interrogative form of the present continuous in the
same way we make it with the verb to be.
Usage
b. to talk about things which were happening when we talk about a story.
In all the other cases, we use the past continuous in the same way than in
Spanish.
139
Fifty third lesson
In the airport II
1. Don’t worry dear, by this time tomorrow we’ll be lying down on the beach.
2. I know but I’m scary about being 10000 meters over sea level.
3. I know dear, but you’ll see you’ll feel better as soon as the airplane has
taken off, just try to calm down.
4. I believe you’re right
On the flight
On land
140
Future Continuous
I
You
He
She Will be Eating
It
We
You
They
We make the negative and interrogative form of the future continuous in the same
way we do it in the future simple.
We use the future continuous to talk about an action that will be in progress in the
future.
141
Fifty fifth lesson
In Mexico
1. Hello Carlos
2. Hello, Michel, long time no see you
3. Yes, since I came back to the United States.
4. Yes, and who’s this pretty girl.
5. Oh I’m sorry
6. Carlos, this is my wife Elizabeth.
7. Nice to meet you
8. Otherwise
9. Dear, this is my friend Carlos
10. Nice to meet you
11. Otherwise
12. So, let’s go.
13. And why were you late?
14. I’m sorry, we were late because the airplane fell behind.
15. Yes, it always happens at this part of the year because a lot of tourist come
to see the pyramids.
16. I see, Carlos do you know a place to eat, we’re starving.
17. If you want, I can take you to the place where my wife and I eat.
18. That’s a good idea.
19. Do you like Gorditas?
20. Are you joking, that’s the reason why we’re here.
142
Relative pronouns II
143
Fifty sixth lesson
Neighbors
144
Other comparative structures
The adjectives clever, common, friendly, gentle, pleasant, polite, shallow, simple,
stupid and quiet have two comparative superlative forms.
145
Ninth Unit
Education
146
In this unit you will learn:
Topics:
Conditional type 0
Conditional type 1
Conditional type 2
Definite and non-definite clauses
Infinitive
Gerunds
Past participle and present participle
147
Fifty seventh lesson
In the high school
1. Good morning!
2. Good morning, Mister Charles!
3. Have you done your homework?
4. Yes
5. So let’s to see how much you’ve learnt.
6. If a man throws a rock from a 98-height building, how long does the rocks
last in arriving to the floor?
7. I work out it can get to ….
8. Don’t speak in that way, you’re at school
9. Ok, I reckon it gets to the floor in 9.8 seconds.
10. You’re right, next
11. If you put a glass of water outside your house in winter, what temperature
does the water become ice?
12. It becomes ice at 0 degrees.
13. Correct
14. And the last
15. If you sleep during the class, how much does the teacher score me in the
test?
148
Conditional type Zero
Note:
a. We can change the order of the sentence by putting the if-clause at the
final.
149
Fifty eighth lesson
The environment II
150
Conditional type one
Note:
151
Fifty ninth lesson
Lottery
1. Welcome again to other edition of our program “knowing USA” the phone-in
most famous program about our country. Today in the studio we have
Martha.
2. Martha, how do you feel today?
3. Very excited about being here, John.
4. Martha, tell us what would you do if you won the big price?
5. If I won the big price, the first I would do would be to buy a car
6. And what would you with a car?
7. If I had a car, I would go to Australia.
8. But Australia is in the other part of the word!
9. Yes, but if I won the big price, I could buy a ship which take me and my car
to Australia.
152
Conditional type Two
We can change the order of the sentence by putting the if-clause at the final.
If I had money, I’d buy a house = I’d buy a house if I had money
Usage
We use the conditional type two in the same way that in Spanish.
153
Sixtieth Lesson
In the university
1. How can you join the sentences “It is the dog which I won last summer” and
“It was stolen”?
2. The dog, which I bought last summer, was stolen.
3. Next example, how do you join the sentences “He is the neighbor whose
son studies medicine” and “He is moving”
4. The neighbor, whose son studies medicine, is moving
5. Last example
6. The sentences “My uncle is the man who is next to Sarah” “He lives in
Portugal”
7. My uncle, who is next to Sarah, lives in Portugal.
154
Defining/non defining clauses
Relative clauses are divided in two: defining relative clauses and non-defining
clauses
This information can be omitted without affect the meaning of the main sentences.
155
Sixty first lesson
In the primary school
1. Ok, children, today we’re going to see the non-personal forms of the verb.
2. Who can tell me what the non-personal forms of the verb are?
3. The infinitive, the gerund and the participle
4. Correct,
5. And why are they non-personal?
6. Because they don’t tell us what the subject is.
7. Correct Mauricio
8. Who can tell me three examples of the infinitive?
9. To sing, running and sleep, teacher
10. Very good, Oliver.
11. Who can tell me three examples of gerund?
12. Me, me, teacher. Eating, drinking and chewing.
13. Correct, but why all of them are related with the food?
14. Because it’s already the lunch time.
15. You’re right, see you after lunch.
156
Infinitive
The infinitive is the form of the verb which expresses an action without indicating
the person and the tense. In English exist three kinds of infinitive (the To Infinitive,
The bare Infinitive and the Ing- infinitive)
To Infinitive
Around 85 percent of the English verbs use the To Infinitive. We use the to
infinitive :
Bare Infinitive
Ing infinitive
157
Sixty second lesson
The meal
2. After prepositions
I use the knife for cutting the eat
4. With just the verbs admit, appreciate, avoid, bother, consider, continue,
deny, dislike, enjoy, fancy, finish, go (when we refer to activities), hate,
imagine, involve, keep, like, love, mind, miss, postpone, practice, prevent,
quit, risk, save, spend (spend), suggest and stop.
I imagine living with you
5. After the phrases it’s no use, it’s worth, it’s no good, be busy, what’s the use
of, can’t help, have difficulty (in).
158
Gerund
To infinitive Gerund
Drink Drinking
Arrive Arriving
Die Dying
159
Sixty third Lesson
In the high school II
1. Ok, let’s continue, who can tell me how many participles do we have in
English?
2. Two, teacher
3. What are they?
4. Past participle and present participle
5. Correct
6. Who can tell me two examples of past participle?
7. Me, me
8. Tom
9. Cleaned, died and cancelled
10. Very good, and of present participle?
11. Loving, dying, frying
12. And when do we use the past participle?
13. Me, me, teacher
14. Tom
15. With the perfect tense.
16. Teacher
17. Yes John
18. I have a question
19. Tell me, Tom
20. What are the perfect tenses?
21. Don’t worry Tom, we’re seeing them next week, now have a nice weekend.
160
Past Participle
Present Participle
161
Verbs
Verb Meaning
Ta abandon Abandonar
To embrace Abrazar
To open Abrir
To bore Aburrir
To accept Aceptar
To advise Aconsejar
To remember Acordar
To act Actuar
To accuse Acusar
To guess Adivinar
To admire Admirar
To accept Admitir
To adore Adorar
To warn Advertir
To affect Afectar
To affirm Afirmar
To thank Agradecer
To drown Ahogar
To love Amar
To announce Anunciar
To appear Aparecer
To separate Apartar
To applaud Aplaudir
To contribute Aportar
To lean Apoyar
To appreciate Apreciar
To learn Aprender
To approve Aprobar
To pull Arrastrar
To repair Arreglar
To regret Arrepentir
To arrest Arrestar
To risk Arriesgar
To murder Asesinar
To assassinate
To secure Asegurar
To attend Asistir
162
To scared Asustar
To attack Atacar
To attract Atraer
To catch Atrapar
To cross Atravesar
To increase Aumentar
To advance Avanzar
To shame Avergonzar
To help Ayudar
To dance Bailar
To bath Bañar
To whip Batir
To drink Beber
To kiss Besar
To tan Broncear
To fall Caerse
To calm Calmar
To change Cambiar
To walk Caminar
To cancel Cancelar
To tire Cansar
To sing Cantar
To marry Casar
To dig Cavar
To hunt Cazar
To close Cerrar
To earn Cobrar
To cook Cocinar
To fuck Coger
To place Colocar
To colour Colorear
To combine Combinar
To begin Comenzar
To eat Comer
To share Compartir
To complete Completar
To repair Componer
To behave Comportar
To buy Comprar
To understand Comprender
To compete Concursar
To trust Confiar
To confirm Confirmar
To drive Conducir
To conjugate Conjugar
163
To know Conocer
To conquer Conquistar
To get Conseguir
To maintain Conservar
To consider Considerar
To build Construir
To count Contar
To answer Contestar
To continue Continuar
To control Controlar
To copy Copiar
To correct Corregir
To run Correr
To cut Cortar
To cost Costar
To create Crear
To grown Crecer
To believe Creer
To cover Cubrir
To recover Curar
To damage Dañar
To give Dar
To say Decir
To tell
To decide Decidir
To declare Declarar
To dedicate Dedicar
To defend Defender
To let Dejar
To spell Deletrear
To demonstrate Demostrar
To disappear Desaparecer
To develop Desarrollarse
To unplug Desconectar
To describe Describir
To discover Descubrir
To neglect Descuidar
To destroy Destruir
To wish Desear
To disobey Desobedecer
To detest Detestar
To undress Desvestir
To draw Dibujar
To apologize Disculpar
To discuss Discutir
164
To enjoy Disfrutar
To design Diseñar
To provide Disponer
To distinguish Distinguir
To amuse Divertir
To hurt Doler
To divorce Divorciar
To donate Donar
To sleep Dormir
To doubt Dudar
To last Durar
To choose Elegir
To push Empujar
To bewitch Encantar
To find Encontrar
To deceive Engañar
To anger Enojar
To enrich Enriquecer
To practice Ensayar
To teach Enseñar
To understand Entender
To give Entregar
To train Entrenar
To send Enviar
To climb Escalar
To choose Escoger
To listen Escuchar
To write Escribir
To wait Esperar
To hope
To study Estudiar
To avoid Evitar
To dig Excavar
To exist Existir
To experiment Experimentar
To explain Explicar
To explore Explorar
To express Expresar
To miss Extrañar
To import Importar
To fail Fallar
To form Formar
To fry Freír
To work Funcionar
To smoke Fumar
165
To win Ganar
To guarantee Garantizar
To spend Gastar
To shout Gritar
To keep Guardar
To guide Guiar
To like Gustar
To talk Hablar
To do Hacer
To make
To boil Hervir
To injure Herir
To bake Hornear
To flee Huir
To sink Hundir
To identify Identificar
To imagine Imaginar
To begin Iniciar
To register Inscribir
To inspire Inspirar
To try Intentar
To interest Interesar
To interrogate Interrogar
To flood Inundar
To invent Inventar
To research Investigar
To go Ir
To invite Invitar
To pull Jalar
To play Jugar
To swear Jurar
To regret Lamentar
To hurt Lastimar
To wash Lavar
To read Leer
To clean Limpiar
To call Llamar
To arrive Llegar
To fill Llenar
To cry Llorar
To rain Llover
To achieve Lograr
To fight Luchar
To maltreat Maltratar
To send Mandar
166
To order Mandar (dar
órdenes)
To drive Manejar
To support Mantener
To mark Marcar
To cheaw Masticar
To kill Matar
To measure Medir
To improve Mejorar
To memorize Memorizar
To lie Mentir
To mix Mesclar
To put Meter
To look Mirar
To wet Mojar
To bother Molestar
Mirir Morir
To show Mostrar
Move Mover
To swim Nadar
To need Necesitar
To negate Negar
To snow Nevar
To obligate Obligar
To watch Observar
To hide Ocultar
To hear Oír
To forget Olvidar
To order Ordenar
To tidy Ordenar (poner en
orden)
To hate Odiar
To organize Organizar
To offer Ofrecer
To pay Pagar
To stop Parar
To participate Participar
To split Partir
to leave Partir (irse)
To pass Pasar
To ask Pedir
To beat Pegar
To attach Pegar
(pegamento)
To comb Peinar
167
To fight Pelear
To think Pensar
To loose Perder
To forgive Perdonar
To allow Permitir
To put Poner
To prefer Preferir
To ask Preguntar
To worry Preocupar
To present Presentar
To borrow Prestar
To lend (a alguien)
To prevent Prevenir
To prove Probar
To produce Producir
To prohibit Prohibir
To promise Prometer
To pronounce Pronunciar
To protect Proteger
To stay Quedar
(permanecer)
To complain Quejar
To burn Quemar
To want Querer
To take Quitar
To receive Recibir
To reject Rechazar
To protest Reclamar
To collect Recoger
To recommend Recomendar
To recognize Reconocer
To remember Recordar
To laugh Reír
To give Regalar
To repair Reparar
To distribute Repartir
To repeat Repetir
To rescue Rescatar
To resist Resistir
To resolve Resolver
To answer Responder
To review Revisar
To steal (general) Robar
To mug (en la
calle o en el
168
transporte publico)
To rob (banco)
To break Romper
To know Saber
To jump Saltar
To leave Salir
To greet Saludar
To save Salvar
To dry Secar
To follow Seguir
To sit Sentar
To feel Sentir
To ask Solicitar
To sound Sonar
To smile Sonreír
To dream Soñar
To blow Soplar
To support Soportar
To surprise Sorprender
To survive Sobrevivir
To raise Subir
To highlight Subrayar
To happen Suceder
To suffer Sufrir
To suggest Sugerir
To suppose Suponer
To throw Tirar
To call Telefonear
To finish Terminar
To touch Tocar
To play Tocar
(instrumento)
To take Tomar
To work Trabajar
To translate Traducir
To bring Traer
To try Tratar
To use Usar/utilizar
To see Ver
To sell Vender
To come Venir
To win Vencer
To dress Vestir
To travel Viajar
To visit Visitar
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To live Vivir
To fly Volar
To become Volver (se)
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Phrasal Verbs
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Dress up Vestir (de gala)
End up Terminar
Face up with Afrontar
Fall apart Desacerse
Fall behind Atrarse
Fall out Pelear(se)
Feel like Tener ganas de
Fill in Llenar (un espacio en blanco/una forma)
Find out Descubrir
Fit in Acomodarse/verse (tener tiempo)
Fit with in Encajar
Get ahead Salir adelante
Get around Moverse (desplazarse de un lugar a otro)
Get away Escapar (de un peligro)
Irse de vacaciones
Get away with Salirse con las suya
Get by Arreglarselas
Get down to Ir al grano
Get from Escaparse (de alguien)
Get in Entrar (carro)
Get on Llevarse bien
Lazarse (hacer algo o ir a un lugar)
Continuar hacienda algo que ya no se hacia o que se tiene
miedo de continuar)
Get out of Evitar hacer algo que no quieres, especialmente poniendo
escusas
Get over Recuperarse
Mejorarse (enfermedad)
Get over with Hacer/terminar (algo que no quieres hacer)
Get through Terminar (algo)
Give away Donar
regalar
Give in darse por vencido
Give off Emitir
Give out Distribuir
No resistir
Give up Rendirse
Go ahead Llevar acabo
Go around Ir por ahi
Go back Ir de regreso
Go by Pasar (el tiempo)
Go downstairs Bajar (las escaleras)
Go for Elegir
Go off Explotar (una bomba)
Dejar de gustar
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Go on Pasar
Go out Salir
Go over Darle vueltas
Go through Ir mal
Tener que pasar
Go up Aumentar
Subir
Go upstairs Subir (las escaleras)
Hang around Pasar (el tiempo con alguien)
Hang up Colgar (telefono)
Hit back Atacar a alguien que te ataco o te critico
Hit it off Llevarse bien (la primera vez que se conocieron)
Hold back Aguantar(se)/contener (emosion)
Hold on Esperar (telefono)
Agarrarse (sujetarse)
Hold up Hacer esperar
Hacer que alguien llegue tarde
Atracar
Keep away Mantenerse lejos
Keep on Insister
Keep in Castirgar (un niño)
Keep down Disminuir
Keep to Seguir adelante con
Keep up Seguir el ritmo
Key in Teclear
Knock out Noquear
Knock down Demoler
Let off Quedar libre
Live up to Estar a la altura
Log off Cerrar sesion
Look after Cuidar
Look for Buscar
Look forward to Tener muchas ganas de (que algo pase)
Look into Investigar
Look thought Leer (normalmente rapidamente)
Look up Buscar (en el diccionario o en el directorio)
Look up to Admirar
Make for Dirigirse hacia
Make out Alcanzar a ver/escuchar/
Poder entender
Make up Hacer las pases
Maquillarse
Inventar
Make up for Compensar
Miss out Perder (la oportundiad de hacer algo)
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Move in Mudarse
Pay off Liquidar/pagar (una deuda)
Pick up Aprender (un idioma o habilidad)
Recoger
Pull away Arrancar
Pull on Vestirse (rapidamente)
Pull up Detenerse (carro)
Put down Bajar (algo que estas agarrando)
Put off Desalentar
Posponer
Put out Apagar (fuego, luz)
Put through Pasar (por telefono)
Put together Armar (algo)
Put up Protestar
Dar alojamiento
Put up with Tolelar
Save up Ahorrar
Sell out Agotarse (algo en venta)
Send off Enviar
Set about Ponerse a
Set aside Dejar de (momentaneamente)
Set back Retrasar(se)
Set off/out Salir de viaje
Set up Poner (un negocio)
Slip on Ponerse (algo rapidamente)
Slip out Salirse (comentario)
Stand out Resaltar
Start out Empezar a trabajar
Stop over Quedarse (en un lugar camino una o dos noches cuando se
va en camino a otro lugar o de regreso a casa)
Take after Parecerse (a alguien de la familia)
Actuar como/ser como (alguien de la familia)
Take back Regresar
Take in Captar (entender)
Engañar (passive)
Take off Despegar
Take on Hacerse cargo de
Take out Sacar
Take over Encangarse de
Take up Empezar (un nuevo hobby o deporte)
Ocupar 8tiempo)
Talk into Convencer (a alguien de que haga algo)
Tell apart Distinguir
Diferenciar
Turn back Regresar (un camino cuando se tiene un mal precentimiento)
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Turn down Bajar (el volumen)
Turn into Convertirse en
Turn off Apagar
Turn on Prender
Turn out Acudir
Turn up Subir (volume)
Calentarse (maquina)
Aparecer
Wear off Desaparecer (sentimiento o efecto de algo)
Work on Hacer (algo que se lleva rato haciendo o que se esta
desarrollando
Work out Calculary
Resolver
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Numbers
0 Zero 10 Ten
1 One 11 Eleven
2 Two 12 Twelve
3 Three 13 Thirteen
4 Four 14 Fourteen
5 Five 15 Fifteen
6 Six 16 Sixteen
7 Seven 17 Seventeen
8 Eight 18 Eighteen
9 Nine 19 Nineteen
Numbers from 20 to 99
20 Twenty 60 Sixty
30 Thirty 70 Seventy
40 Forty 80 Eighty
50 Fifty 90 Ninety
The numbers with ten and unit are built by putting the ten + hyphen + unit.
Example: 21 = Twenty-one
32 = Thirty-two
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The numbers with hundred has got ten, unit or they both, it puts “and” between the
hundred and the rest of the number.
When we talk about years, we pronounce the numbers as they were separated
tens.
Ex. The year 1994 is pronounced as nineteen ninety-four, and not “one thousand
nine hundred and ninety-four.
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Biography
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