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Notes On Chp. 10 PDF
Notes On Chp. 10 PDF
Notes
1. See, for example, Barbara Ehrenreich, The Hearts of Men: American Dreams and the Flight
from Commitment (New York: Anchor Press/Doubleday, 1983); Todd Gitlin, The Sixties:
Years of Hope, Days of Rage (New York: Bantam, 1987); Maurice Isserman, If I Had a
Hammer . . . The Death of the Old Left and the Birth of the New Left (New York: Basic Books,
1987); Marty Jezer, The Dark Ages: Life in the United States, 1945-1960 (Boston: South End
Press, 1982).
2. For an interesting examination of the idea of "postindustrial society," which emphasizes
that leftists were as enthusiastic about "the obsolescence of the economic" as were liberals
like Daniel Bell, see Howard Brick, "Optimism of the Mind: Imagining Postindustrial Society in
the 1960s and 1970s," American Quarterly 44 (September 1992):348-380.
3. Ellen Herman, "Being and Doing: Humanistic Psychology and the Spirit of the 1960s," in
Sights on the Sixties, ed. Barbara Tischler (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1992),
87-101.
4. William H. Chafe, The American Woman: Her Changing Social, Economic, and Political
Roles, 1920-1970 (New York: Oxford University Press,
1972); Sara Evans, Personal Politics: The Roots of Women's Liberation in the Civil Rights
Movement & the New Left (New York: Random House, 1979).
5. Philip Wylie, "Common Women," in Generation of Vipers (New York: Pocket Books, 1942),
188.
5. Philip Wylie, "Common Women," in Generation of Vipers (New York: Pocket Books, 1942),
188.
6. Ibid., 191.
7. Philip Wylie, "The Transmogrification of More," in Sons and Daughters of Mom (New York:
Doubleday, 1971), 41.
8. Edward A. Strecker, Their Mothers' Sons: The Psychiatrist Examines an American Problem
(Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1946), 30.
8. Edward A. Strecker, Their Mothers' Sons: The Psychiatrist Examines an American Problem
(Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1946), 30.
9. Ibid., 219-220.
10. Ferdinand Lundberg and Marynia F. Farnham, Modern Woman: The Lost Sex (New York:
Harper & Brothers, 1947), 143, 67.
10. Ferdinand Lundberg and Marynia F. Farnham, Modern Woman: The Lost Sex (New York:
Harper & Brothers, 1947), 143, 67.
11. Ibid., 356-359.
12. Robert Coughalan, "Changing Roles in Modern Marriage," Life 41 (24 December
1956):110.
12. Robert Coughalan, "Changing Roles in Modern Marriage," Life 41 (24 December
1956):110.
13. Ibid., 116.
14. Roxanne Dunbar, "Spock Sentences Women," Helix (11 December 1969), in WH, reel 2,
p. 594.
15. "Psychology Constructs the Female" is the title of an important feminist manifesto
authored by psychologist Naomi Weisstein. It is discussed in greater detail below.
16. Weisstein's piece was first published by the New England Free Press in pamphlet form
under the title, "Kinder, KÜche, Kirche as Scientific Law: Psychology Constructs the Female."
It was subsequently revised as "Psychology Constructs the Female" and was widely reprinted
in the early 1970s. The original text can be found in WH, reel 2, pp. 689-696.
17. Naomi Weisstein, "Adventures of a Woman in Science," in Women Look at Biology
Looking at Women: A Collection of Feminist Critiques, ed. Ruth Hubbard, Mary Sue Henifin,
and Barbara Fried (Boston: G. K. Hall, 1979), 188.
18. For another story about how Harvard's Psychology Department marginalized its female
graduate students and faculty members, see Miriam Lewin, "The Kurt Lewin Memorial Award
Presentation and Introduction," Journal of Social Issues 48 (1992):170.
19. Weisstein, "Adventures of a Woman in Science," 189; Naomi Weisstein, Virginia Blaisdell,
and Jesse Lemisch, The Godfathers: Freudians, Marxists, and the Scientific and Political
Protection Societies (New Haven: Belladonna Publishing, 1975), 2.
20. Weisstein, "Adventures of a Woman in Science," 200.
21. Naomi Weisstein, "Psychology Constructs the Female or The Fantasy Life of the Male
Psychologist (with some attention to the fantasies of his friends, the male biologist and the
male anthropologist)," in Radical Feminism, ed. Anne Koedt, Ellen Levine, and Anita Rapone
(New York: Quadrangle, 1973), 181.
21. Naomi Weisstein, "Psychology Constructs the Female or The Fantasy Life of the Male
Psychologist (with some attention to the fantasies of his friends, the male biologist and the
male anthropologist)," in Radical Feminism, ed. Anne Koedt, Ellen Levine, and Anita Rapone
(New York: Quadrangle, 1973), 181.
22. Ibid., 179.
21. Naomi Weisstein, "Psychology Constructs the Female or The Fantasy Life of the Male
Psychologist (with some attention to the fantasies of his friends, the male biologist and the
male anthropologist)," in Radical Feminism, ed. Anne Koedt, Ellen Levine, and Anita Rapone
(New York: Quadrangle, 1973), 181.
23. Ibid., 195.
21. Naomi Weisstein, "Psychology Constructs the Female or The Fantasy Life of the Male
Psychologist (with some attention to the fantasies of his friends, the male biologist and the
male anthropologist)," in Radical Feminism, ed. Anne Koedt, Ellen Levine, and Anita Rapone
(New York: Quadrangle, 1973), 181.
24. Ibid., 181.
21. Naomi Weisstein, "Psychology Constructs the Female or The Fantasy Life of the Male
Psychologist (with some attention to the fantasies of his friends, the male biologist and the
male anthropologist)," in Radical Feminism, ed. Anne Koedt, Ellen Levine, and Anita Rapone
(New York: Quadrangle, 1973), 181.
25. Ibid., 189.
26. The phrase "ideological pollution" is from Nancy M. Henley, "Shaking the Lead Out: Action
Proposals for Psychology," paper presented at the 1971 meeting of the Eastern Psychological
Association, in WH, reel 3, p. 702.
27. Pauline B. Bart, "Sexism and Social Science: From the Gilded Cage to the Iron Cage, or,
the Perils of Pauline," Journal of Marriage and the Family (November 1971):737. See also her
"Depression in Middle-Aged Women," in Woman in Sexist Society: Studies in Power and
Powerlessness, ed. Vivian Gornick and Barbara K. Moran (New York: New American Library,
1971), 163-186, and "The Myth of a Value-Free Psychotherapy," in The Sociology of the
Future: Theory, Cases, and Annotated Bibliography, ed. Wendell Bell and James A. Mau (New
York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1971), 113-159.
28. Phyllis Chesler, "Marriage and Psychotherapy," in The Radical Therapist, ed. Jerome Agel
(New York: Ballantine Books, 1971), 175-180; "Patient and Patriarch: Women in the
Psychotherapeutic Relationship," in Woman in Sexist Society, 362-392; "Women as
44. Claude Steiner, "Radical Psychiatry Manifesto," in Claude Steiner et al., Readings in
Radical Psychiatry (New York: Grove Press), 6. This document is reprinted in Agel, ed., The
Radical Therapist, 280-282.
45. Partisans of radical therapy were sometimes sharply divided on the question of whether
anything positive could be salvaged from psychotherapy. For example, the collective that
published one of the movement's major publications, The Radical Therapist, split in early
1972 over this issue. The faction opposed to any type of psychotherapy moved to Cambridge,
Massachusetts, where it began to publish Rough Times, a quarterly whose name was
eventually changed to State and Mind. That part of the movement which continued to support
the work of radical therapists was centered in the Berkeley Radical Psychiatry Center and
published Issues in Radical Therapy.
46. A few theorists took a harder line. See, for example, Dorothy Tennov Hoffman,
"Psychotherapy as an Agent of Patriarchy," typescript, talk delivered to Pittsburgh
Psychological Association, 23 April 1971, in WH, reel 2, pp. 804-820. Hoffman termed
psychotherapy "a monster in our midst" and "a kind of opiate." Her tone moderated
somewhat over the next several years. See Dorothy Tennov, ''Feminism, Psychotherapy and
Professionalism," Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy 5 (Summer 1973):107-111. She
eventually published a book that reclassified psychotherapy from monstrous to "hazardous."
See Dorothy Tennov, Psychotherapy: The Hazardous Cure (New York: Abelard-Schumen,
1975).
Several years later, Mary Daly also argued that "the concept of 'feminist' therapy is
inherently a contradiction." Psychotherapy of any sort was, in Daly's analysis, the equivalent
of "mind rape." "A woman seduced into treatment is
'inspired' with dis-ease she had never before even suspected. . . . The multiplicity of
therapies feeds into this dis-ease, for they constitute an arsenal for the manufacture of the
many forms of semantic bullets used to bombard the minds of women struggling to survive in
the therapeutically polluted environment." Mary Daly, Gyn/Ecology: The Metaethics of Radical
Feminism (Boston: Beacon Press, 1979), 282, 287, 276.
47. A number of documents relating to these types of actions can be found in WH.
48. San Francisco Redstockings, "Radical Psychiatrists," letter following 1970 American
Psychiatric Association convention, in WH, reel 2, p. 787. This document is also reprinted in
Agel, ed., The Radical Therapist, 173-174.
49. David Perlman, "The Psychiatrists & the Protestors," San Francisco Sunday Examiner &
Chronicle, 24 May 1970, in WH, reel 2, p. 727.
50. Untitled document presented to business meeting, Radical Caucus of the American
Psychiatric Association, documents from the May 1970 ApA convention, in WH, reel 2, p.
1149.
51. Perhaps the best illustration of this came in 1973, when a protracted campaign organized
by gay liberationists, feminists, and professional supporters finally resulted in the deletion of
homosexuality from the third edition of psychiatry's roster of mental illnesses, DSM-III. See
Ronald Bayer, Homosexuality and American Psychiatry: The Politics of Diagnosis (Princeton:
Princeton University, Press, 1987), and Eric Marcus, Making History: The Struggle for Gay
and Lesbian Equal Rights, 1945-1990, An Oral History (New York: Harper Collins, 1992), 221-
225, 250-255.
52. Radical Caucus of the American Psychiatric Association, documents from the May 1970
ApA convention, in WH, reel 2, p. 1153.
52. Radical Caucus of the American Psychiatric Association, documents from the May 1970
ApA convention, in WH, reel 2, p. 1153.
53. Ibid., 1150, emphasis in original.
54. The only overview of Association for Women in Psychology history is Leonore Tiefer, "A
Brief History of the Association for Women in Psychology, 1969-1991," Psychology of Women
97. Marilyn Zweig, "Is Women's Liberation a Therapy Group?" in The Radical Therapist, 160-
163.
98. Sarachild, "A Program for Feminist 'Consciousness Raising,' " 154-157.
99. Gail Paradise Kelly, "Women's Liberation and the Cultural Revolution," Radical America 4
(February 1970):24.
100. Betty Friedan, "Critique of Sexual Politics" (1970), in It Changed My Life, 163.
101. For reviews of this literature, see Barbara Kirsh, "Consciousness-Raising Groups as
Therapy for Women," in Women in Therapy: New Psychotherapies for a Changing Society, ed.
Violet Franks and Vasanti Burtle (New York: Brunner/Mazel, 1974), 342-350; and Diane
Kravetz, "Consciousness-Raising and Self-Help," in Women and Psychotherapy: An
Assessment of Research and Practice, ed. Annette M. Brodsky and Rachel T. Hare-Mustin
(New York: Guilford Press, 1980), 270-274.
102. For two such studies claiming the success of CR had little to do with the rhetoric of
women's collective action and much to do with the therapeutic benefits feminist groups
offered, see Morton A. Lieberman and Gary R. Bond, "The Problem of Being a Woman: A
Survey of 1700 Women in Consciousness-Raising Groups," Journal of Applied Behavioral
Science 12 (July-August-September 1976):363-379; and Morton A. Lieberman, Nancy Solow,
Gary R Bond, and Janet Reibstein, "The Psychotherapeutic Impact of Women's Consciousness-
Raising Groups," in Women and Mental Health, ed. Elizabeth
Howell and Marjorie Bayes (New York: Basic Books, 1981), 581-599, originally published in
Archives of General Psychiatry 36 (February 1979):161-168. A slightly different analysis did
not suggest that the movement's political aims were deceptive, but did suggest that
"personal change, as opposed to political or ideological change, is the most important benefit
of a consciousness-raising experience. . .. The consciousness-raising group emerges as a new
form of therapy for women." Lynda W. Warren, "The Therapeutic Status of Consciousness-
Raising Groups," Professional Psychology 7 (May 1976): 139.
103. Annette M. Brodsky, "Therapeutic Aspects of Consciousness-Raising Groups," in
Psychotherapy for Women: Treatment Toward Equality, ed. Edna I. Rawlings and Dianne K.
Carter (Springfield, Ill.: Charles C. Thomas, 1977), 300. For similar perspectives, see Carol J.
Barrett et al., "Implications of Women's Liberation and the Future of Psychotherapy,"
Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice 11 (Spring 1974):11-15; Joy K Rice and David
G. Rice, "Implications of the Women's Liberation Movement for Psychotherapy," American
Journal of Psychiatry 130 (February 1973): 191-196.
104. Allen, "Free Space," 278.
105. Kathy McAfee and Myrna Wood, "Bread and Roses," in Voices from Women's Liberation,
416, 4:19.
106. Carol Williams Payne, "Consciousness Raising: A Dead End?" in Radical Feminism, 283.
107. Susan, "About My Consciousness Raising," 242.
108. Echols, Daring to Be Bad.
109. Kathie Sarachild, "Consciousness-Raising: A Radical Weapon," quoted in Echols, Daring
to Be Bad, 90.
110. These are both rifles of books by feminist poet and theorist Adrienne Rich. Sec The
Dream of a Common Language (New York: W. W. Norton, 1978) and On Lies, Secrets and
Silence (New York: W. W. Norton, 1979).
111. In the late 1970s and 1980s, race became the leading edge of the "difference"
discussion among feminists. See, for example, Cherríe Moraga and Gloria Anzaldúa, This
Bridge Called My Back (Kitchen Table: Women of Color Press, 1983).
112. Annette M. Brodsky, "The Consciousness-Raising Group as a Model of Therapy for
Women," in Women and Mental Health, 577 ; originally published in Psychotherapy: Theory,
Research and Practice 10 (Spring 1973):24-29. See also the revised version of this article,
"Therapeutic Aspects of Consciousness-Raising Groups," 300-309.
113. Anica Vesel Mander and Anne Kent Rush, Feminism as Therapy (New York and Berkeley:
Random House and Bookworks, 1974), 37. For a shorter version, see Anica Vesel Mander,
"Feminism as Therapy," in Psychotherapy for Women, 285-299.
114. Elizabeth Howell, "Psychotherapy with Women Clients: The Impact of Feminism," in
Women and Mental Health, 509-513; Edna I. Rawlings and Dianne K Carter, "Feminist and
Nonsexist Therapies," in Psychotherapy for Women, 49-76.
115. Tiefer, "A Brief History of the Association for Women in Psychology, 1969-1991," 15-16.
116. AWP Newsletter, April 1971.
117. WH, reel 2, p. 66.
117. WH, reel 2, p. 66.
118. Ibid., 69-80.
Notes